T 


w^  \r  # 


y 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


US  lii   122 

HBauafe 


6" 


PholDgra{iBc 

Sciences 

Corporation 


\%  WIST  MAM  STRUT 

WiBSTIR.N.Y.  UStO 

(716)S71i-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microfeproductions  historiques 


■^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 


n 
n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peilicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


r~71    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couteur 


Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  sjrrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
heve  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blaiiches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exempleire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


n   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


r     I    Pages  damaged/ 
I I    Pages  endommagdes 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

r~T|    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


D 


Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiimentaire 

Only  edition  avail&bie/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~y]  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  avail&bie/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  6t6  film^es  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  poscibie. 


This  item  is  filmed  a\  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  tu  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessout. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

aox 

a4x 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library 
Agriculture  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, '  ( the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  IKustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  olates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  filmi  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6nArosit6  de: 

Bibiiothique 
AgricuKura  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  f  ilm6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  iie  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  «tc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  ii  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bes,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagef)  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


f  , 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

n^ 


DEPARTMENT   OF   THE  INTERIOR, 

CEISrSXJS    OFFICE. 


ir-BA.NCIS    A.    ^VALKER,    Superintendent. 

Appointed  April  1, 1879;  resisncd  November  3, 1881. 


CHAS.    -W.    SEATON",   Snperintoadent. 

Appointed  NoTember  4,  U8L 


REPORT 


ON  THE 


FORESTS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

(EXCLUSIVE    OF   MEXICO), 


BY 


CHARLES    S.    SARGENT, 

AKNOLU   PROFESSOR   OF   ARIJORICITLTIRE    IX    HARVARD    COLLEGE^ 
SPECIAL    AGKNa"    TEXTH    CENSUS. 


9^    « 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1884. 


f     ! 


i 


i 


■an 


LETTER   OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


y 


Departjosnt  of  the  Inteeioe, 

Cknsus  Office, 

Washington,  D.  C,  September  1,  1884. 
Hou.  H.  M.  Teller, 

Secretary  of  the  IntcAor. 

SlE :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  the  Report  on  the  Forests  of  Iforth  America  (exchisive  of  Mexico), 
iby  Charles  S.  Sargent,  Arnold  Professor  of  Arboriculture  in  Harvard  College. 

This  report  constitutes  the  ninth  volume  of  the  series  forming  the  final  report  on  the  Tenth  Census. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  most  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

CHAS.  W.  S EATON, 

Superintendent  of  Census. 


i' 


t^' 


If ' 


^6 


If 


Ir 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Letter  of  Transmittal  . 


Page, 
ix 


PART  I. 

THE  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXlCO. 

The  Forests  of  North  America— General  remarks 3-16 

The  Atlantic  region 3-0 

The  Pacific  region 6-10 

Distribution  of  genera 10-12 

Distribution  of  species Id-lO 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Forest  Trees  of  North  America,  exclusive  of  Mexico,  with  remarks  upon  their  Synonomy, 

Bibliookapiiical  History,  Distribution,  Economic  Values,  and  Uses 17-219 

Index  to  Catalogue , 220-243 

PART  II. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Preliminary  rbmarks 247 

Specific  gravity  and  ash 248-251 

Fuel  value 251,252 

The  strength  of  wood 252 

Comparative  values 252 

Table  of  relative  values 253-255 

Table  op  averages 256-259 

Table  illustrating  the  relation  between  transverse  strength  and  specific  gravity  in  thk  wood  of  certain 

species 259-264 

General  remarks 20<l,265 

Tannin  values 265 

Table     I. — Specific  gravity,  ash,  and  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the  woods  of  the  United  States.  266-349 

Table    II.— Actual  fuel  value  of  some  of  the  more  i.mportaxt  woods  of  the  United  States 350-353 

Table  III. — Behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under  tuansveuse  strain 354-115 

Table  IV.— Behavior  of  some   op  the  woods  of  the   United  States   under  THANSVEnsE   strain:  specimens  eight 

centimeters  square 414-'117 

Table  V.— Behavior  of  the  'principal  woods  of  the  United  States  undek  compression 418-481 


Part  III. 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THEIR  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 

General  remarks 485 

The  lumber  industry 485-489 

Fuel 489 

Wood  used  as  fuel  for  various  purposes 489 

Estimated  consumption  of  wood  for  do.mestic  purposes 489 

Consumption  of  charcoai 489 

Forest  fires 491-493 

Table  of  forest  fires  occurring  during  the  census  year 491,492 

North  Atlantic  division 494-510 

Maine 494-496 

New  Hampshire 49t)-498 

Vermont 498-500 

Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut 500,-501 

New  York 501-506 

New  Jersey 500 

Pennsylvania 506-510 

V 


VI 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


'  11 


I 


1 


P»KO. 

South  Atlantic  division 511-523 

Dklawake • 511 

Mauylaxd 511 

District  of  Columbia 511 

ViitoiMA 511,512 

West  Viuginia 512-515 

XoitTii  Cauolisa 515-518 

Nuviil  stoics 516,517 

South  Caisolina 518,519 

lluriiiiij;  ott'dtNul  herbugo - 518 

Geokgia 5ir,520 

Tloiiida 520-523 

Pi'Ufil  cedar 52i 

Cyi.ress 522 

SOUTIlEIiX  CKXTUAL  DIVISION' 524-54G 

Alauama 524-5:{0 

Tl;o  Maritime  jiitio  region - 525-527 

t'ypress  »«iiniiis  of  tlic  Tensas  riviT 525-527 

Tlio  forests  of  the  Chat'.iihooeliei-  in  eastern  Alabama,  mixed  forest  growth,  etc 527,538 

Forests  of  (lie  Tennessee  valley - 528,529 

Central  remarks 529 

Tlic  i>i.ie  belt  of  central  Alabama 529 

The  pine  refj;i<)n  of  the  Coosa —  • 529 

Naval  stores 529,5:i0 

Mississu'Pi 530-536 

The  i>iiie  foi'e-.ts  of  sontliirn  Mississiijpi 531,532 

The  northeastern  I'onniies 532-534 

Central  ]iini'  hills ^ 534 

Western  .Mississippi .'■>34,535 

The  Vazoo  delta 5:5,^,530 

r.uiisiANA 53C-540 

JIiiss  giiMiiii;;- 536.537 

Ti:xAs.... 540-543 

Indian  tkimmihuy 543 

AitliANSAS 543, 544 

Tknnksskic 544,545 

Kfi'iet  of  liies  !i|i()n  the  forest 545 

Ki:n TiCKV  545,546 

J'asi  ur.ij;e  of  woodlands 546 

Noi!TIii;i:n  CiiNiitAL  i>i\  LsiDX 547-563 

Ohio 547 

Indiana 547 

Illinois r47-5i\0 

WicHUi AX . .  5.Mi-5ri4 

Forest  tires •. 050, 551 

Statistics  of  growing  timber 551 

Wisconsin 554-558 

MiNXKsiiTA 558-5()0 

Forests  on  Indian  reservations 559,  fitiO 

Iowa 560 

Missouiii 5()0, 501 

Dakota 561,562 

Nebhaska 562 

Kansas 562,  5(i3 

M'kstlkn  division ,564-580 

Miintana 564-5()li 

WviiMiNc 5()6, 5(i7 

Cdl.oKADo 507,r>68 

New   Mkxk'ii 568 

Aiii/iiXA 5tW,509 

Ftah 569-571 

Lake  range,  west  of  Utah  lake 5* t( 

Sanpete  Valley  range 570 

Sevier  Kiver  mountains ,570 

\i:\'ADA 571 

Idaho 571-573 

Washington ,'^.73-5Tl> 

Ohegon 576-57S 

California 578-5150 

rastnnigo  of  monutain  forests 579,580 

AlASKA 580 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Vll 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Map  of  tuk  United  Btatrs,  showing  thk  character  of  thk  Fukl  uskd  in  thb  different  sections  of  the  settled 

portion  of  the  country... 489 

Map  OF  THE  Uhted  States,  showing  the  proportion  of  Woodland  within  the  settled  area  burned  over  durino  the 

CENSUS  year 491 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania 495 

Map  of  Maine,  showing  the  Distribution  of  Pine  and  Spruce  FoiiESTS 496 

Map  of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  and  Spruce  Forests 497 

Map  of  Pennsylvania,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  and  Hemlock  Forests 506 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Delaware,  Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Virgima,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 

Tennessee,  Indiana,  and  Illinois 511 

Map  of  West  Virginia,  showino  the  Distribution  of  the  Hardwood,  Spruce,  and  Pine  Forests 512 

Map  op  North  Carolina,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 515 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana 518 

Map  of  South  Carolina,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 519 

Map  ok  Georgia,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 520 

Map  of  Florida,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  the  Pine  Forests ; 522 

Map  ok  Alabama,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 524 

Map  OF  Mississippi,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  the  Pine  Forests 530 

Map  oi  Louisiana,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 536 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Texas 540 

Map  of  Texas,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pine  Forests 541 

Map  showing  Density  ok  Forests  in  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Indian  Territory 543 

Map  of  Arkansas,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Pink  and  Hardwood  Forests 544 

Map  SHOWING  Density  of  Forests  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  Iowa 550 

Map  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  ok  Michigan,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  the  Hardwood  and  Pink  Forests 551 

Map  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  showino  the  Distribution  op  the  Hardwood  and  Pine  Forests 551 

Map  of  Wisconsin,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  the  Hardwood  and  Pine  Forests 554 

Map  of  Minnesota,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  Hardwood  and  Pine  Forests 558 

Map  showing  Density  ok  Forests  in  Dakota 561 

Map  showing  Density  op  Forests  in  Nebraska 562 

Map  showing  Density  op  Forests  in  Montana '. 564 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Wyoming 566 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Colorado 567 

Map  showing  Density  of  Fore.-ts  in  New  Mexico 568 

Map  showing  Density  ok  Forests  in  Arizona 569 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Utah 570 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Nevada  571 

Map  showing  Density  ok  Forests  in  Idaho 572 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Washington 574 

Map  showing  Density  of  Forests  in  Oregon 576 

Map  showing  Density  op  Forests  in  California 578 

Map  of  a  portion  ok  Calikornia,  showing  the  Distribution  op  the  Redwood  Forests 580 

MAPS  CONTAINED  IN  PORTFOLIO  ACCOMPANYING  THIS  VOLUME. 

No.    1.— Map  showing  the  position  of  the  Forest,  Prairie,  and  Treeless  Regions  of  North  America,  exclusive  op  Mexico. 

No.    2.— Map  showing  the  Natural  Divisions  of  the  North  American  Forests,  exclusive  of  Mexico. 

No.    3.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  genus  Fraxinus  (the  Ashes)  in  North  America,  exclusive  of  Mexico. 

No.    4.— Map  of  the  United  States,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  the  genera  Carya  and  Umbellularia  (the  Hickories  and 

Calikornia  Laurel). 
No.    5.— Map  ok  the  United  States,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  genus  Juglans  (the  Walnuts). 
No.    6.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  op  the  genus  Quercus  (the  Oaks)  in  North  America,  exclusive  of  Mexico. 
No.    7.— Map  of  the  United  States,  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  genera  Castanea  and  Castanopsis  (the  Chestnuts 

AND  Chinquapins). 
No.    S.-Map  showing  the  Distribution  op  the  genus  Pinus  (the  Pines)  in  North  America,  exclusive  ok  Mexico. 
No.    9.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  op  the  genera  Abies  and  Picea  (the  Firs  and  Spruces)  in  North  America,  exclu- 
sive OF  Mexico. 
No.  10.— Map  ok  the  United  States,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  Liuiodendron  Tulipipera  and  Pinus  Lambertiana. 
No.  11.— Map  of  the  United  States,  showing  the  Distribution  ok  Phosopis  Juliflora,  Quercus  Alba,  and  Quercus  Densiflora. 
No.  12.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  of  Fraxinus  Americana  and  Pinus  Ponderosa  in  North  America,  exclusive  of 

Mexico. 
No.  13.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  genera  CiiAMiECVPARis  and  Cupressus  in  North  America,  exclusive  of 

Mexico. 
No.  14. — Map  showing  the  Distribution  of  the  genera  Thuya,  Taxodium,  and  Sequoia  in  North  America,  exclusive  of 

Mexico. 
No.  15.— Map  showing  the  Distribution  of  Pinus  J'trobus,  Pinus  Palustris,  and  Pseudotsuoa  Douolasii  in  North  America, 

exclusive  of  Mexico. 
No.  16.— Map  of  the  United  States,  sh-wing  the  Relative  Average  Density  op  Existing  For.ESTS. 


If, 


Br 


H 


i  i 


LETTER    OF   TRANSMITTAL. 


BUOOKLINE,  MASSACnUSETia,  July  1,  1883. 
To  THE  SUPBEINTENDBNT  OP  CENSUS. 

Sib:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  ujion  the  nature  and  condition  of  the  forests  of  the' 
United  States,  to  which  are  added  statistics  of  the  lumber  and  other  industries  directly  dependent  upon  the  forest 
for  their  8ni>port. 

Mr.  Andrew  Robeson,  of  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  has  prepared  the  maps  which  accompany  this  report;  ho 
has  supervised  the  entire  statistical  work  of  this  division  and  has  conducted  its  correspondence. 

Mr.  Stephen  P.  Sharpies,  of  Cambridge,  Massacluisetts,  has  conducted  the  various  experiments  undertaken 
with  the  view  of  determining  the  value  of  the  different  woods  produced  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle,  of  East  (Charlotte,  Vermont,  has  examined  the  forests  of  northern  5fcw  England  and  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  West  Virginia ;  and  subsequently,  as  an  agent  for  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  has  greatly  increased  our  knowledge  of  the  trees  of  Arizona  and  southern  California. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss,  of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  has  studied  the  forests  of  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  subsequently, 
as  an  agent  of  the  American  Muiseum  of  Natural  History,  has  added  to  our  knowledge  of  the  semi-tropical  torests 
of  southern  Florida. 

Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile,  Alabama,  has  explored  the  forests  of  the  Gull  states. 

Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam,  of  Eau  Claire,  Wisconsin,  has  gathered  the  forest  statistics  of  Pennsylvania,  IMiciiigun, 
Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 

Mr.  George  W.  Letterman,  of  Allenton,  Missouri,  has  examined  the  forests  extending  west  of  tlio  Lower 
Mississippi  River,  and  Professor  F.  L.  Harvey,  of  Fayetteville,  Arkansas,  has  gathered  the  forest  statistics  of  that 
state. 

Mr.  Sereno  Watson,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  has  studied,  during  a  long  and  arduous  journey,  the  forests 
of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountain  region,,  and  Mr.  Robert  Douglas,  of  Waukegun,  Illinois,  those  of  the  Black  hillti 
of  Dakota. 

I  take  this  opportunity  to  call  your  attention  to  the  faithful  and  aduiiraole  manner  in  which  my  associates 
have  performed  the  difficult  duties  to  which  they  were  assigned;  their  zeal  ana  intelligence  have  made  possible 
the  preparation  of  this  report. 

It  is  my  pleasant  duty  also  to  .;all  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  this  investigation  has  been  greatly  aided 
from  the  Urst  by  the  experience  and  knowledge  of  Messrs.  G.  M.  Dawson,  John  Macoun,  aud  Robert  Bell,  members 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada;  the  information  in  regard  to  the  distribution  iiorthward  of  the  trees  of  tiie 
eastern  United  States  is  entirely  derived  from  the  latter's  paper  upon  the  Canadian  forests,  published  in  the 
Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  for  the  years  1879-80. 

I  am  under  special  obligation  to  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  Saint  Louis,  Missouri,  my  companion  in  a  long 
jcnirney  through  the  forests  of  the  Pacific  region,  for  valuable  assistance  and  auvice;  his  unrivaled  knowledge  of 
our  oaks,  pines,  firs,  and  other  trees  has  been  lavishly  placed  at  my  disposal. 

Mr.  M.  S.  Beljb,  of  Rockford,  Illinois,  the  highest  American  authority  upon  the  willow,  has  given  me  the 
benefit  of  his  critical  advice  in  the  study  of  this  diflicult  genus.  I  desire  to  express  to  him  and  to  Dr.  Laurence 
Johnson,  of  New  York,  who  has  furnished  me  with  a  full  series  of  notes  upon  the  medical  properties  ot  the  trees 
of  the  United  States,  the  deep  sense  of  my  obligation.  My  thanks  are  also  due  to  Mr.  Henry  Gannett,  Geographer 
of  the  Tenth  Census,  for  cordial  cooperation  in  the  work  of  this  division ;  to  Colonel  T.  T.  S.  Laidley,  of  the 
United  States  army,  in  command  of  the  arsenal  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  and  to  Mr.  James  E.  Howard,  in 
charge  of  the  testing  machine  there,  for  advice  and  assistance  afforded  Mr.  Sharpies  while  conducting  the 
exi>eriments  upon  the  strength  f  woods,  as  well  as  to  a  large  number  of  correspondents  in  ad  parts  of  the  United 
States  who  have  favored  me  with  their  cordial  co-operation. 
I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

CHARLES  S.  SARGENT, 

Special  Agent. 


St 


% 


t 


], 


1 


P^KT    I. 


THE  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO. 


I  ^T.yjTac.T'.^^^^'r'^'^.^gst^.rgvnT " 


4k  I 


THE    FORESTS    OF   ]^ORTH    AMERICA. 


GENERAL  KEMARKS. 

Tli'i  North  American  continent,  or  that  part  of  it  situated  north  of  Mexico,  which  will  alone  be  considered  here, 
may  be  conveniently  divided,  with  reference  to  its  forest  geography,  into  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  a 
line  following  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and  its  outlying  eastern  ranges  from  the  Arctic  circle  to 
the  Rio  Grande.  The  forests  which  cover  these  two  divisions  of  the  continent  differ  as  widely,  in  natural  features, 
composition,  and  distribution,  as  the  climate  and  topography  of  eastern  America  differ  from  the  climate  and 
topography  of  the  Pacific  slope.  The  causes  which  have  produced  the  dissimilar  composition  of  these  two  forests 
must  be  sought  in  the  climatic  conditions  of  a  geological  era  earlier  than  our  own  and  in  the  actual  topograi^hical 
formation  of  the  continent;  they  need  not  be  discussed  here. 

The  forests  of  the  Ailautic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  dissimilar  in  composition  in  the  central  part  of  the  continent, 
are  united  at  the  north  by  a  broad  belt  of  subarctic  forests  extending  across  the  continent  north  of  the  fiftieth 
degree  of  latitude.  One-half  of  tlie  species  of  which  this  northern  forest  is  composed  extends  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific ;  and  its  general  features,  although  differing  east  and  west  of  the  continental  divide,  in  conformity  with  the 
climatic  conditions  pecaliar  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  sides  of  the  continent,  still  possess  considerable 
uniformity.  The  forests  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions  are  also  united  at  the  south  by  a  narrow  strip  of  the 
flora  peculiar  to  the  plateau  of  northern  Mexico,  here  extending  northward  into  the  United  States.  Certain 
characteristic  species  of  this  flora  extend  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  and  while  the  peculiar 
featurer.  of  the  eastern  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  interior  mountain  system  of  the  continent  are  still  maintained 
here,  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions  of  the  Mexican  forest  belt  possess  many  general  features  in  common.  Typical 
North  American  species,  moreover,  peculiar  to  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  or  of  the  Pacific,  mingle  uiwu  the  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  and  upon  the  Guadalupe  and  other  mountains  of  westerti  Texas,  the  extreme  eastern  ridges  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  range,  and  the  outposts  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 


THE  ATLANTIC  REGION. 

The  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  may  be  consideretl  under  six  natural  divisions:  the  Northern  Forest,  the 
Northern  Pine  Belt,  the  Southern  ^laritime  Pine  Belt,  the  Deciduous  Forest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the 
Atlantic  Plain,  the  Semi-tropical  Forest  of  Florida,  and  the  Mexican  Forest  of  Southern  Texas  (Map  No.  3, 
lK)rtfolio). 

These  natural  divisions,  although  composed  in  part  of  si)ecies  found  in  other  divisions  )>nd  possessing  many 
general  features  in  common,  are  still  for  the  most  part  well  characterized  by  predominant  species  or  groups  of 
speci'.'s,  making  such  a  separation  natural  and  convenient. 

The  Xortlient  Forext  stret«!hes  along  the  northern  shores  of  Labrador  nearly  to  the  sixtieth  degree  of  north 
latitude,  sweeps  to  the  sojith  of  Hudson  bay,  and  then  north wesisvard  to  within  the  Arctic  circle.  This  Northern 
Forest  extends  southward  to  the  flifieth  degree  of  north  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  nearly  to  the  fifty-fourth 
degree  at  the  100th  nu>ridiaL<.  It  occupies  10  degrees  of  latitude  upon  the  Atlantic  sea- board  and  nearly  20  degrees  iu 
its  greatest  extension  north  and  south  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  region  occupied  by  this 
Northern  Forest,  except  toward  its  southwestern  limits,  enjoys  a  copious  rainfall;  it  is  divided  by  iunumeiablo 
streams  and  lakes,  and  abounds  in  swampy  areas  often  of  great  extent.  The  nature  of  the  surface  and  the  low 
annual  mean  temperature  check  the  spread  of  forest  growth  and  reduce  the  numl)er  of  arborescent  species,  of 
which  this  forest  is  composed,  to  eiglit ;  of  these,  four  cross  to  the  Pacific  coast,  while  the  remainder,  with  a  single 
exception,  are  replace<l  west  of  the  continental  divide  by  closely  allied  forms  of  the  Pacific  forest.  The  white  and  the 
black  spnices  arc  characteristic  trees  of  this  region  ;  they  form  an  open,  stunted  forest  upon  the  low  divides  of  the 


4  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

water  sheds,  and  reach, a  higher  latitude  thau  any  other  arborescent  si)ecies  of  the  continent;  the  valleys  and 
wide  bottoms  are  clothed  with  broad  sheets  of  poplars,  dwarf  birches,  and  willows.  The  forest  of  this  entire 
region  is  scattered,  open,  stunted,  and  of  no  great  economic  value.  It  embraces,  south  of  the  sixtieth  degree  of 
north  latitude,  the  northern  extension  of  the  great  midcontiuental  plateau,  which  will  be  considered  hereafter. 

South  of  tlie  Northern  Forest  the  Xorthern  Pine  Belt  extends  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  ninety-sixth  meridian 
of  longitude;  east  of  the  Apalachian  Mountain  system  it  extends  south  over  nearly  (5  degrees  of  latitude,  with  a 
long,  narrow  spur  following  the  higher  Alleghany  ridges  for  nearly  .}  degrees  farther  south ;  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes,  the  pine  forest  is  replaced  south  of  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude  by 
the  deciduous  growth  of  the  Mississii)pi  basin.  This  second  division  of  the  Atlantic  forest  may  be  characterized 
by  tlie  white  i)ine  (Puihs  ^trohiis),  its  most  important,  if  not  its  most  generally-distributed,  si)ecies.  East  of  the 
Apahu'-hian  system  this  tree  often  forms  extensive  forests  upon  the  gravelly  drift  plain  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
basin,  or  farther  south  and  west  appears  iu  isolated  groves,  often  of  considerable  extent,  scattered  through  the 
deciduous  forest.  Forests  of  black  spruce  are  still  an  imjjortant  feature  of  this  region,  especially  at  the  north, 
and  within  its  boundaries  the  hendock,  the  yellow  cedar,  the  basswood,  the  black  and  the  white  ash,  the  sugar 
maple,  and  several  si)ecies  of  birch  and  elm  find  their  northern  limits  and  the  center  of  their  most  important 
distribution.  The  hickories  and  tlie  oaks,  characteristic  features  of  the  deciduous  forests  of  all  the  central 
portion  of  the  Atlantic  region,  reach  here  the  northern  limits  of  their  distribution,  as  do  the  chestnut,  the 
sassafras,  the  tulip  tree,  the  magnolia,  here  represented  by  a  single  species,  the  red  cedar,  the  tupelo,  the  sycamore, 
the  beech,  and  other  imj)ortant  genera. 

The  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt  extends  from  the  thirty  sixth  degree  of  north  latitude  along  the  coast  in  a 
narrow  belt,  varying  iroin  one  hundred  to  two  hundred  miles  in  width,  as  far  south  Us  cape  Malabar  and  Tami)a  bay ; 
it  stretches  across  tl'C  Florida  peninsula  and  along  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  until  the  alluvial  dejtosits  of  the 
Mississippi  are  encountered;  it  reapjiears  west  of  that  river  in  Louisiana,  noi'th  and  south  of  the  Ked  liver,  and 
here  gradually  mingles  with  the  deciduous  forests  of  the  Mississi]>pi  basin  in  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas.  This 
belt  is  well  chara(!terized  by  the  almost  continuous  growth,  outside  of  the  broad  river  bottoms  and  the  immediate 
neigliborhood  of  the  coast,  by  the  open  forest  of  the  long  leaved  pine  (P.  ixtliisirin).  The  live  oak,  the  i)almetto, 
and  various  species  of  pine  characterize  the  coast  forest  of  this  region;  tlirougli  the  river  bottoms  and  along  the 
holders  of  the  sinillow  ponds,  scattered  through  the  pine  forest,  diU'erent  gums,  water  oaks,  hickories,  and 
ashes  attain  noble  dimeusious.  The  southern  cypress  ('Auw//«i«),  although  extending  far  beyond  the  limits  of 
this  natural  division,  here  attains  its  greatest  development  and  value,  ami,  next  to  the  long-leaved  pine,  may  be 
considered  the  characteristic  species  of  the  maritime  jiine  belt. 

Tlie  DevidiioiiH  Fonst  of  the  Missinnippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain  occui)ies,  with  two  unimitortant  exceptions 
to  be  considered  hereafter,  the  remainder  of  the  Atlantic  region.  Through  this  deciduous  forest,  where  i)eculiar 
geoluj^iial  features  have  favored  the  growth  of  Coni/ertv,  belts  of  i»ine,  growing  gregariously  or  mixed  with  onks 
and  other  broad-leaved  trees,  occur,  esiiecially  iii)on  some  portions  of  the  Atlantic  plain  and  toward  the  limits  of 
the  Southern  Maritime  Fine  l»elt,  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  characteristic  features  of  the  forest  of  this 
whole  region  are  tbiind,  however,  in  the  broad-leaved  species  of  which  it  is  largely  composed.  Oaks,  hickories, 
walnuts,  magnolias,  and  ashes  give  variety  and  value  to  this  forest,  ami  here,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  sjiecies 
peculiiir  to  a  more  northern  latitude,  the  deciduous  trees  of  the  Atlantic  region  attain  their  greatest  development 
and  value.  Upon  the  sh)i)es  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains  and  iu  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ked  river,  regions 
of  copious  rainfall  and  rich  soil,  the  deciduous  forest  of  the  continent  attains  unsurpassed  variety  and  richness. 
Upon  the  Alleghany  mountains  northern  and  southern  species  are  mingled,  or  are  only  separated  by  the  altitude 
of  these  mountains ;  rhododendrons,  laurels,  and  magnolias,  here  attaining  their  maximum  development,  enliven  the 
forests  of  northern  pines  and  hemlocks  which  clothe  the  flanks  of  these  mountains  or  are  scattered  through  forests 
of  other  broad  leaved  species.  The  cherry,  the  tulip  tree,  and  the  chestnut  here  reach  a  size  unknown  in  other 
parts  of  the  c(nintry.  The  forest  of  the  lied  Kiver  valley  is  hardly  less  varied.  The  northern  species  which  the 
elevation  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  has  carried  south  are  wanting,  but  other  species  peculiar  to  the  southern 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  are  here  mingled  with  ])lauts  of  the  southern  deciduous  forest.  The  seven  species  of 
Carya  (the  hickories)  are  nowhere  else  closely  associated.  A  great  variety  of  the  most  important  oaks  grow  here 
side  by  side  ;  here  is  the  center  of  distribution  of  the  North  American  hawthorns,  which  do  not  elsewhere  attain 
such  size  and  beauty.  The  osagc  orange  is  peculiar  to  this  region ;  the  red  cedar,  the  most  widely  distributed  of 
American  Coni/era;  the  southern  and  the  yellow  pine  (Pinus  pahmtris  and  mitin]  here  reach  their  best  development. 
Just  outside  of  this  region,  ui)on  the  "  bluff"  formation  of  the  lower  ilississii)i»i  valley  and  of  western  Louisiana,  the 
stately  southern  magnolia,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  the  North  American  trees,  and  the  beech  assume  their 
jrreatest  beauty,  and  give  a  peculiar  charm  to  this  southern  forest. 

The  western  third  of  the  Atlantic  region  is  subjected  to  very  ditt'erent  climatic  conditions  from  those  prevailing 
ill  the  eastern  portion  of  the  continent ;  it  consists  of  an  elevated  plateau  which  falls  away  from  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Rocky  mouutaius,  forming  wliat  is  known  as  the  Great  IMains.  This  great  interior  region,  on  account  of  its 
remoteness  from  natural  reservoirs  of  moisture,  receives  a  meager  and  uncertain  rainfall,  sutlicient  to  insure  a 
growth  of  herbage,  but  not  sufflcieut  to  supitort,  outside  the  narrow  bottoms  of  the  infrequent  streams,  the  scantiest 


Ml 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


forests.  This  treeless  plateau  extends  uorth  to  the  fifty-second  degree  of  nortli  latitude ;  it  follows  southward  the 
trend  of  the  Eocky  mountains  far  into  Mexico,  extending  eastward  at  the  i)oint  of  its  greatest  width,  in  about  latitude 
4G<^  N.,  nearly  to  tlie  ninety-seventh  meridian.  This  wliole  region  is  generally  destitute  of  forest.  The  narrow  bottoms 
of  the  large  streams  are  lined,  however,  with  willows,  ])oi)Iars,  elms,  and  hackberries,  trees  adapted  to  llourish 
under  such  unfavorable  conditions.  These  diminisli  in  size  an<l  number  witli  the  rainfall,  and  often  disiippear 
entirely  from  the  banks  of  even  the  largest  streams  toward  the  western  limits  of  the  pliiteau,  south  of  the  ibrfy  tilth 
degree  of  latitude.  Xorth  and  east  of  tiiese  central  treeless  ])laii.)s  a  belt  of  prairii- extends  from  tliesixliclh  degree 
of  north  latitude  to  southern  Texas.  The  average  width  east  and  west  of  this  ju-airie  region,  tlirough  much  of  its 
extent,  is  not  far  from  lot)  miles.  Its  eiistern  extension,  between  tiie  Ibitieth  and  forty-liftli  degrees  of  liititude,  is 
mucli  greater,  however,  here  reaching  the  western  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and  forming  a  great  recess  iu  tiie  westeru 
line  of  the  heavy  forest  of  the  Atlantic  region  with  a  depth  of  nearly  COO  miles.  Tlie  transition  from  tlie  heavy 
forest  of  the  eastern  and  central  ])ortions  of  tlie  Atlantic  region  to  tlie  treeless  plateau  is  gradual.  Tlie  eltaiige 
occurs  within  the  prairie  region.  Here  is  the  strip  of  debatable  ground  wliere  a  continuous  struggle  l)etween  tlie 
forest  and  the  jdain  takes  jdace.  There  is  here  suHicient  ]n-ecipitatioii  of  moisture  tocause,  under  normal  conditions, 
a  growth  of  oi)en  forest,  but  .so  nicely  balanced  is  the  struggle  tliat  any  interference  (piickly  turns  tlie  scnle.  'I'rees 
planted  within  this  prairie  belt  thrive  if  protected  from  lire  and  the  encroaciiment  of  the  tough  prairie  .sod,  and  so 
extend  the  forest  line  westward ;  if  tlie  forest  which  fringes  tlie  eastern  edge  of  the  i)rairic  is  destroyed  it  does  not 
soon  regain  jmssessioii  of  the  soil,  and  the  pnurie  is  gradually  i»iislied  eastward. 

The  eastern  line  of  the  i)lain  where  arborescent  vegetation  is  conlined  to  tlie  river  bottoms,  and  which  divides 
it  from  the  prairie  where  trees  grow  naturally,  to  some  extent,  outside  of  the  bottoms,  and  where  they  may  be  made 
to  grow  under  favorable  conditions  everywhere,  is  determined  by  the  rainfall  enjoyed  by  tliis  i)aitof  the  continent. 
The  extreme  eastern  i)oint  reached  by  this  line  is  found,  ni)on  the  Ibrtieth  degree  of  north  latitude,  near  the  northern 
boundary  of  tlie  state  of  Kansas.  North  of  the  fortieth  degree  it  gradually  trends  to  the  west,  reaching  the  easterm 
base  of  the  Eocky  mountains  in  about  latitude  i't'2'^.  This  northwestern  trend  of  the  eastern  jtliiin  line  may  bo 
ascribed  to  the  comparatively  small  evaiioration  wliich  takes  place  during  tlie  shorter  summer  of  the  north  and  to 
a  slight  local  increase  of  .spring  and  summer  iiiinfHlI.  yrmth  of  the  iiutielh  degree  the  plain  line  graduidly  trends 
to  tlie  southwest  under  the  intluence  of  the  gulf  vt'  .Mexico,  reaching  its  extreme  western  point  in  Texas  upon  the 
one  hundredth  meridian. 

Other  causes,  however,  than  in.suflicient  rainfall  and  a  nicely  balanced  struggle  between  the  forest  aial  the 
plain  have  i)revi'iited  the  general  growth  of  trees  in  the  prairie  region  east  of  the  ninety  fiftli  meridiiin.  The  riiintall 
of  this  region  is  sutlicient  to  insure  the  growth  of  a  lu  .ivy  Ibiest.  The  rain  faliing  upon  tlu'  prairies  of  Minnesota, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  ^lissouri  eipuds  in  iimount  that  enjoyed  by  the  Michigan  iieiiinsnla  and  the  whole 
region  south  of  lakes  Ontario  and  l^rie,  while  priiiries  exist  within  the  region  of  the  heaviest  tbrest  growth.  It  is 
not  want  of  suliieient  lirat,  or  of  siillicieiit  or  ei|Ually  distributed  moisture,  which  has  cheeked  the  geiieial  sjiread  of 
forest  over  tiicse  prairies.  Tlie  soil  of  which  the  prairiesarc  coni]tosetl,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  tlial  !  rees  planted  upon 
them  grow  with  vigor  and  ra|)idity,  is  not  uusuite<l  to  tree  growtli.  It  is  not  peiliaps  improbable  that  the  Ibrests 
of  the  Atlantic;  region  once  (extended  continuously  as  far  west  at  least  as  the  ninety  liftli  iiieiidian,  although 
circumstantial  evidence  of  such  a  theory  does  not  exist;  and  the  causes  which  lirst  leil  to  tliedestinclion  of  the  forests 
in  this  r(>gioii.  siip|iosing  tl.at  tliey  ever  existed,  eaniiKt  witli  I  he  jireseiit  luiowledge  of  the  subject  be  even  guessed  at. 
It  is,  however,  fair  to  assniiu'  that  fiuests  once  existed  in  a  region  adapted,  by  climate,  rainfall,  and  soil,  to  produce 
forests,  and  that  tlieir  absence  under  such  conditions  must  lie  traced  to  accidental  cuiim's.  It  is  not  dillieult  to 
lU'dcrstand  that  the  tbrest  t)nce  destroyed  over  such  a  vast  ari'a  could  not  easily  regain  possession  of  the  .soil 
lU'otected  by  an  iuipeuetrable  covering  of  sod  and  siilijected  to  the  annual  burnings  which  lia\'e  o(;eurred  down  to 
the  present  time;  while  the  force  of  the  wind,  unchecktd  by  any  forest  barrier,  over  such  an  area  would,  "veii  witluait 
the  aid  of  fires,  havc^  made  the  spread  of  forest  growth  slow  and  ditfieiilt.  The  assiuiii»tion  that  these  eastern 
prairies  may  have  oiuu;  been  covered  with  foi'csts  is  strengtlieneil  by  the  fact  that  since  they  have  been  devoted 
to  agriculture,  and  the  annual  burning  has  been  stoi»pe<l,  trees  which  were  formerly  conlined  to  the  river  boitoms 
have  gradually  spread  to  the  uidaiids.  Small  jirairies  situated  Just  within  the  western  edge  of  tlu;  forest  have 
entirely  disappeared  within  the  luemory  of  persons  still  living  ;  the  oak  opening.s — open  Ibrests  of  large  oaks  through 
Mhieii  the  annual  fires  played  without  greatly  injuring  the  full-grown  trees — once  the  characteristicfeatureofthe.se 
l)rairies,  have  disai)i)eared.  They  are  rejdaced  by  dens<'  forests  of  oak,  which  only  recpiire  iiroleetiou  from  fire  to 
spring  into  existence.  In  western  Texas,  the  me.sipiit,  forced  by  annual  luuning  to  grow  almost  entirely  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  is,  now  that  jirairie  fires  aic  less  common  and  destiuctive,  sjueading  over  what  a  taw 
years  ago  was  treeless  jtrairie.  The  ])rairies,  then,  or  the  eastern  jiorlions  of  them  situated  in  the  legion  of  abundant 
rainfall,  are  fast  losing  their  treeles.'t  character,  and  the  forest  protected  from  tire  is  gradually  gaining  in  every 
direction  ;  regions  which  fifty  years  ago  were  treeless  outside  the  river  bottoms  now  contain  forests  covering  10  or 
even  20  per  cent,  of  their  area.  These  eastern,  well-watered  prairies  must  not,  however,  be  confoundiMl  with 
their  dry  western  riin  adjoining  the  plains — the  debatable  ground  between  forest  an«l  plain — or  with  the;  plains 
themselves.  There  is  now  no  gradual, constant  spre.id  of  forewt  growth  upon  the  jdains.  They  are  treeless,  on  account 
of  insulUcieut  moisture  to  develop  forest  growth ;  an<i  while  trees  may,  jierhaps,  if  plantetl,  survive  during  a  few  years 


6 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


beyond  the  western  limits  of  the  prairie  as  here  hiiil  down,  the  permanent  establishment  of  forests  there  does  not 
seem  practicable,  and,  sooner  or  later,  a  period  of  unusnal  drought  must  put  an  end  to  all  attemi)ts  at  forest 
cnltivation  in  a  region  of  such  insufficient  and  uncertain  rninfall  (Mnp  No.  1,  i)ortfolio). 

It  remains  to  consider  the  Semitropical  Forest  of  Florida  and  the  Mexican  Forest  of  Southern  Texas. 

A  group  of  arborescent  sjjecies  of  West  Indiiin  origin  occupies  the  narrow  strip  of  coast  and  islands  of 
southern  Florida.  This  belt  of  semi-tropical  vegetation  is  confined  to  the  immediate  neighborliood  of  tluMioast 
and  to  occasional  hummocks  or  islands  of  higli  ground  situated  in  the  savannas  which  cover  a  great  ])orti<)M  of 
southern  Fioi  ula,  checking,  by  tlic  nature  of  tiie  soil  and  want  ol'  drainage,  the  spread  of  forest  growth  across  the 
peninsula.  This  senii-tro]>ical  lorest  belt  reaches  cajjc  Malabar  on  tlie  east  and  tlie  sliores  of  Tampa  bay  on  the 
west  coast,  while  sonu^  of  its  representatives  extend  fully  li  degrees  farther  nortii.  It  is  rich  in  composition  •, 
nearly  a  (piarter  of  all  the  artiorescent  s])ecies  of  the  Atlantic  forest  are  found  witliin  tiiis  insignilicant  region. 
Tlie  semi-tropical  forest,  in  spite  of  its  variety,  is  of  little  economic  iinportaime.  The  species  of  which  it  is  compused 
here  reach  tlie  extreme  northern  limit  of  their  distrihution ;  they  are  generally  small,  stunted,  aiul  of  comparatively 
little  value.  Certain  species,  however,  attain  resjM'ctable  i»roportions;  the  mahogany,  the  mastic,  the  royal  i»alm, 
the  mangj'ove,  the  sea-graiie.  the  Jamaica  dogwood,  ihe  nuuK^hineel,  and  other  si»ecies  here  beconu>  considerable 
and  important  trees. 

In  western  and  .soutliern  Texas  the  trees  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  <rhe(!ked  by  insufficient  moisture  from  farther 
extension  southward  outside  the  river  bottoms,  are  replaced  by  species  of  the  jdateau  of  northern  Mexico.  The 
streams  llowing  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  are  still  lined,  however,  east  of  the  one-hundredth  meridian,  with  the  species 
of  the  Atlantic  basin,  which  thus  reach  southward  to  beyond  the  Ifio  Grande.  The  Mexican  forest  belt  ot  T»xas 
extends  from  tlie  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  near  the  ninety  eighth  meridian,  to  the  IMo  Grande.  It  touches  the 
coast  not  far  from  the  Nueces  river  and  extends  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountain  ranges  west  of  the  Pim-os; 
here  tlie  species  of  which  it  is  comiiosed  mingle  with  those  peculiar  to  the  I'acitic-Mexican  forest.  The  forest  of 
this  region,  like  that  of  all  countries  of  insufficient  moisture,  is  open,  stunted,  and  comparatively  of  little  value. 
It  is  chara(!terized  by  enormous  areas  covered  with  chaparral  (dense  and  often  impenetrable  thitikets  of  thorny 
shrubs  and  small  trees),  by  a  stunted  and  occasional  arbores(;ent  growth  upon  the  hill-i  and  i)laiiis,  and  by  fringes 
of  heavier  timber  along  the  river  bottoms.  The  most  valuable  and  jierhaps  the  most  characteristic  sjiecies  of  this 
whole  region,  the  inesquit,  extendu  to  the  Pacitic  coast.  With  this  exception,  none  of  the  arborescent  sjiecies 
peculiar  to  this  region  attain  any  considerable  size  or  importance,  although  the  forest  of  small  .junipers  which 
covers  the  low  limestone  hills  of  the  Colorado  valley  are  locally  valuable  in  a  country  so  generally  destitute  of 
trees.  The  region  immediately  adjoining  the  Rio  Grande  abounds  in  ditt'erent  speciesof  Acacia,  Leucwna,  and  other 
Mexican  Legmninosa' ;  and  farther  west,  upon  the  dry  plains  of  the  Presidio,  the  Spanish  bayonet  {Yucca  baccata) 
covers  wide  areas  with  a  low,  open,  and  characteristic  forest  growth. 


THE  PACIFIC  REGION. 

The  Pacific  forest  region  is  coextensive  with  the  great  Cordilleran  Mountain  .system  of  the  continent.  The  causes 
which  have  influenced  the  present  jmsition  and  density  of  the.se  forests  must  be  sought  in  the  peculiar  distribution 
of  the  rainfall  of  the  region.  The  precipitation  of  moisture  upon  the  northwest  coast  is  unequaled  by  tluit  of  any 
other  part  of  the  continent.  It  grailually  decreases  with  the  latitude  until,  in  .southern  California,  the  temperature 
of  the  land  so  far  exceeds  that  of  the  ocean  that  precipitation  is  imjiossible  tlirough  a  large  i)art  of  the  year.  The 
interior  of  all  this  great  region,  shut  otf  by  the  high  mountain  ranges  which  face  the  ocean  along  its  entire  extent, 
is  very  iinperfe(!tly  supplied  with  moisture.  It  is  a  region  of  light,  uncertain,  and  unequally  distributed  rainfall, 
heavier  at  the  north,  as  upon  the  coast,  and  decreasing  gradually  with  the  latitude  in  ne.irly  the  same  proportion. 
This  entire  region  is  composed  of  a  mass  of  mountain  ranges  with  a  general  nortli  and  south  trend,  separating  long 
and  generally  narrow  valleys.  The  precipitation  of  moisture  within  the  interior  region  is  largely  regulateil  by  the 
position  of  the  mountain  chains.  Warm  currents  ascending  their  sides  becoin«'  cold  and  are  forced  to  deposit  the 
moisture  they  contain.  It  follows  that,  while  the  interior  valleys  are  rainless  or  nearly  so,  the  mountain  ranges, 
and  es|)e(!ially  the  high  ones,  receive  during  the  year  a  considerable  jHecipitation  of  liotli  rain  and  snow.  If  the 
distribution  of  the  forests  of  any  region  is  dependent  upon  the  distribution  and  amount  of  moisture  it  receives, 
forests  ex(!ee<ling  in  density  those  of  any  other  jiart  of  the  (tontinent  would  be  found  u])on  the  northwest  coast; 
they  would  gradually  <liniiitish  toward  the  south,  and  entirely  disajipear  near  tiie  southern  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  whihi  the  forests  of  all  the  iiiteri  ir  regicni,  from  the  smnniit  of  the  princi|>ai  t'oast  Ranges  to  the  eusterii  base 
of  the  Rocky  nionntains,  woul'J  be  <'onflned  to  the  thinks  and  summits  of  the  mountains.  These  forests  would  be 
heavy  upon  the  high  ranges,  especially  toward  the  north;  they  would  disapj)ear  entirely  from  the  valleys  and 
low  mountain  ranges.  An  examination  of  the  forests  of  the  Pacitic  region  will  show  that  in  general  distrilmtion 
and  density  they  actually  follow  the  distribution  of  the  raintall  of  Ww  regiim.  These  forests  well  illustrate  the 
infldcnce  of  moisture  iii)on  forest  growth.  Within  the  Pacitic  region  the  heaviest  and  the  lightest  forests  of  the 
continent  coexist  with  its  heaviest  and  lighti'st  rainfall. 

The  forests  of  the  Pacitic  region  maybe  considered  under  four  divisions:  the  Northern  Forest,  the  Coast 
Forest,  the  Interior  Forest,  and  the  Mexican  Forest  (Map  ^fo.  li,  portfolio). 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


The  Northern  Forest  of  the  Pacittc  regiou  exteiuls  from  nearly  the  seveutieth  to  about  the  flftyeiKhth  degree  of 
north  hititudc,  or,  immediately  u}»on  the  coast,  is  replaced  by  the  Coast  Forest  nearly  2  degrees  farther  north;  it 
extends  from  the  continental  divide,  here  mingled  with  the  JJorthern  Forest  of  the  Atlantic  region,  to  the  shores  of 
the  I'acitic.  The  southern  limit  of  this  open,  scanty  Northern  Forest,  composed  of  sjjecies  \yliich  extend  across  the 
continent,  or  of  species  closely  allied  to  those  of  the  Northern  Forest  of  the  Atlantic  region,  is  still  imi)erfect.ly 
known,  especially  in  the  interior.  The  determination  of  the  southern  range  in  Alaska  and  liritish  Columbia  of 
several  species,  as  well  as  the  northern  range  here  of  a  few  others,  must  still  be  left  to  further  exploration.  The 
white  spruce,  the  most  important  and  the  most  northern  species  oi  the  forest  of  tlie  North  Atlantic  regiou,  is  here 
also  the  most  important  species.  It  attains  a  considerable  size  as  far  north  as  the  sixty-fifth  degree,  forming,  iu 
the  valley  of  the  Yukon,  forests  of  no  little  local  importance.  The  canoebirch,  the  balsam  i>oplar,  and  the  aspen, 
familiar  trees  of  the  North  Atlantic;  region,  also  occur  here.  The  gray  pine  and  the  oalsam  lir  of  the  Atlantic 
region  ale  replaced  by  allied  forms  of  the  same  genera.  The  larch  alone,  of  the  denizens  of  the  extreme  Northern 
Forest  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  finds  no  congener  here  in  the  northern  Pacific  forest. 

The  Pacific  Coant  Forest,  vhe  heaviest,  although  far  from  the  most  varied,  forest  of  the  continent,  extends  south 
along  the  coast  in  a  narrow  strip  from  the  sixtieth  to  the  fiftieth  i)arallel ;  here  it  widens,  embracing  the  sliores  of 
Paget  sound  and  extending  eastward  over  the  high  mountain  ranges  north  and  south  of  the  boundary  of  the 
United  States.  This  interior  development  of  the  Coast  Forest,  following  the  abundant  rainfall  of  the  region,  is 
carried  northward  over  the  Gold,  Selkirk,  and  other  interior  ranges  of  British  Columbia  iu  a  narrow  spur  extending 
north  nearly  to  the  fifty-fourth  parallel.  It  reaches  southward  along  the  Cteur  d'Alene,  Bitter-Koot,  and  the 
western  ranges  of  the  Kocky  Mountain  system  to  about  latitude  47°  30',  covering  northern  Wt.sliington  territory, 
Idaho,  and  portions  of  western  Montana. 

The  Coast  Forest  south  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude  occupies  the  region  between  the  ocean  and  tlie  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Cascade  Kange;  in  California  the  summits  of  the  priucipal  soutliern  prolongation  of  these  mountains, 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  marks  the  eastern  limits  of  the  Coast  Forest,  which  gradually  disappears  south  of  the  thirty-fifth 
parallel,  althoug>i  still  carried  by  the  liigh  ridges  of  the  southern  Coast  liauge  nearly  to  the  soutliern  boundary  of  the 
United  States.  The  Coast  Forest,  like  tlie  forests  of  the  wliole  Pacific  region,  is  largely  composed  of  a  few  coniferous 
species,  generally  of  wide  distribution.  The  absence  of  broad- leaved  trees  in  the  Pacific  region  is  striking;  they 
nowhere  form  great  forests  as  in  the  Atlantic  region;  when  they  occur  they  are  confined  to  tlie  valleys  of  the  coast 
and  to  the  banks  of  mountain  streams,  and,  economically,  are  of  coinparatively  little  value  or  importance.  The 
■characteristic  and  most  valuable  species  of  the  northern  Coast  Forest  are  the  Alaska  cedar  {Chamwcyparis),  the 
title-land  spruce,  and  the  hemlock.  These  form  the  ])rincipal  forest  growth  which  covers  the  ranges  and  islands  of 
the  coast  between  the  sixty-first  and  the  fiftieth  ])arallels.  Other  species  of  the  Coast  Forest  reach  here  the  northern 
Jimits  of  their  distribution,  although  the  center  of  their  greatest  development  is  found  farther  south. 

The  red  fir  (Pseudotsuga),  the  most  important  and  widely-distributed  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  region,  reaches 
the  coast  archipelago  in  latitude  51° ;  farther  inland  it  extends  fully  4  degrees  farther  north,  and  in  the  region  of 
Puget  sound  and  through  the  Coast  Forest  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  it  is  the  prevailing  forest  tree. 
The  characteristic  forest  of  the  northwest  coast,  although  represented  by  several  species  extending  south  as  far  as 
cape  Mendicino,  near  the  fortieth  parallel,  is  replaced  south  of  the  Rogue  Kiver  valley  by  a  forest  in  which  forms 
peculiar  to  the  south  rather  than  to  the  north  gradually  predominate.  The  forest  of  the  northwest  coast  reaches 
its  greatest  density  and  variety  in  the  narrow  region  between  the  summits  of  the  Cascade  Itange  and  the  ocean. 
North  of  the  fifty-first  parallel  it  gradually  deiireases  in  devsity,  and  south  of  the  forty-tliird  parallel  it  changes 
in  composition  and  character.  This  belt  of  Coast  Forest  is  only  surpassed  iu  density  by  that  of  some  portions  of 
the  redwood  forest  of  the  California  coast.  The  red  fir,  the  great  tide-land  spruce,  the  hemlock,  and  the  red  cedar 
{Thuya)  reach  here  enormous  dimensions.  The  wide  river  bottoms  are  lined  with  a  heavy  growth  of  maple, 
«ottoiiwood,  ash,  and  alder,  the  narrow  interior  valley  with  an  open  growth  of  oak.  In  tliis  great  coniferous  forest 
the  trunks  of  trees  two  or  three  hundred  feet  in  height  are  often  only  separated  by  the  sjiace  of  a  few  feet.  The 
ground,  shaded  throughout  the  year  by  the  impenetrable  canopy  of  the  forest,  never  becomes  dry  ;  it  is  densely- 
covered  by  a  tliick  carpet  of  mosses  and  ferns,  often  of  enormous  size.  The  more  open  portions  of  this  forest  are 
choked  by  an  impenetrable  growth  of  various  Vaccineiv  of  almost  arborescent  proportions,  of  hazel,  tlie  vine-maple, 
and  other  shrubs.  The  soil  which  has  produced  the  maximum  growth  of  forest  in  this  region  is,  outside  the  river 
bottoms,  a  thin,  porous  gravel  of  glacial  origin,  rarely  more  than  a  few  inches  iu  depth ;  the  luxuriance  of  vegetiible 
growth,  therefore,  illustrates  the  iuHuence  of  a  lu-avy  rainfall  and  temperate  climate  upon  the  forest. 

The  general  character  of  this  forest  iu  the  interior,  although  composed  largely  of  the  species  peculiar  to  the 
coast,  difl'ers  somewhat  from  the  Coast  Forest  proper  iu  composition  and  largely  in  natural  features.  The  dense, 
impenetrable  forest  of  the  coast  is  replaced,  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Kange,  by  a  more  «»peii  growth, 
generally  largely  destitute  of  undergrowth.  The  red  fir,  the  hemlock,  and  the  red  cedar  (Thuya)  are  still  important 
elements  of  the  forest.  Less  valuable  species  of  the  Coast  Forest — the  white*  fir  {Abies  grandis),  the  yew,  the  alders, 
the  mountain  hemlock  {Tsuga  Pattoniana),  the  hawthorn,  the  buckthorn,  and  the  white  pine  (Pinus  monticola) — 
are  still  represented.  The  latter,  a  local  species  upon  the  coast,  only  reaches  its  greatest  development  toward 
the  eastern  limit  of  this  region,  here  forming  considerable  and  important  forests.  Other  species  peculiar  to  the  Coast 
Forest,  the  uiaples,  the  ash,  the  oak,  the  arbutus,  and  the  Alaska  cedar,  do  not  extend  east  of  the  Cascades.    The  tide- 


?;!  ■'■:?! 


}:■! 


II  ■') 


8 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


land  spruce  is  replaced  by  an  allied  species  of  the  interior  region.  The  widely-distributed  yellow  pine  {Pinus 
pondcrosa ),  barely  represented  in  the  northern  i)ortions  of  the  immediate  Coast  Forest,  becomes  east  of  the  mountains 
one  of  the  most  important  and  characteristic  elements  of  the  forest.  The  Coast  Forest  south  of  the  forty-third  degree 
of  latitude  changes  in  .composition.  The  tide-land  spruce,  the  hemlock,  and  the  Thuya  are  gradually  rej)laced  by 
more  soutliorn  species.  The  sugar  ])iiie  (/'.  iyflni/^cr/ /«?(«)  here  first  appears.  The  California  hnxrtiX  (Umltellularia) 
covers  wiiU  magiiilicent  growth  the  broad  river  bottoms.  The  JAbocidrux,  several  oaks,  and  the  chinquapin  here  reach 
the  nortliern  limits  of  tlieir  distriltuiiun.  The  change  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  forest  is  marked  by  the 
appearance  of  the  Port  Orfonl  (sedar  (t'lutma'ci/paris  Lawnoniana),  adding  variety  and  value  to  the  forests  of  the 
80uth"rn  Oregon  coast.    Farther  soutii,  near  the  northern  boundary  of  Calilbrnia,  the  redwood  forests  (iStv/ifom)  a] »pear. 

The  Coast  Forest  of  California  will  be  most  conveniently  discussed  under  three  subdivisions  :  the  forest  of  the 
Coast  Kange,  the  forest  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  which,  toward  the  nortliern  boundary  of  the 
state,  extends  to  the  coast,  covering  the  mass  of  mountains  which  here  unite  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast 
Eangc;  and,  tliird,  the  open  forest  of  the  long,  narrow  valleys  lying  between  the  Coast  Kange  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  south  of  this  nortliern  connection.  The  important  feature  of  the  Coast  IJange,  as  far  south  as  the  thirty- 
seventh  •  ^ree  of  latitude,  is  the  belt  of  redwood  occupying  an  irregular,  interrupted  strip  of  territory  facing  the 
ocean,  aiul  hardly  exceeding  thirty  miles  iji  width  at  the  points  of  its  greatest  development.  The  heaviest  growth 
of  the  redwood  forest  occurs  north  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  here,  along  the  sloj)es  and  bottom  of  the  narrow 
canons  ol  the  western  slope  of  the  Coast  IJange,  the  maximum  productive  ca])acity  of  the  forest  is  reached.  No 
other  forest  of  similar  extent  equals  in  the  amount  of  material  which  they  contain  the  groups  of  redwood  scattered 
along  the  coast  of  northern  California.  The  red  lir  reaches,  in  the  California  Coast  Itange,  a  size  and  value  only 
surpassed  in  the  more  northern  forests  of  the  coast ;  the  yellow  pine  is  an  important  tree  in  the  northern 
portions  of  this  region,  and  here  thmrish  other  species  of  the  genus  endemic  to  this  region.  The  forest  of  the  Coast 
Eaiige  is  marked  by  the  i)resence  within  its  limits  of  several  species  of  singularly  restricted  distribution.  Citprcssus 
macrovarpa  and  riiius  insifinin  are  confined  to  a  few  isolated  groves  upon  the  shores  of  the  bay  of  Monterey;  Abies 
bractcata  occupies  three  or  four  canons  high  up  in  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains;  it  is  found  nowhere  else;  and  Pinus 
Torrcijanu,  tlie  most  local  arborescent  sjiecies  of  North  America,  has  been  detected  only  in  one  or  two  small  groups 
upon  the  sand-dunes  just  north  of  the  bay  of  San  Diego.  The  diaractcristic  forest  of  the  Coast  Kange  is  checked 
from  farther  southern  develoimient,  a  little  below  the  thirty-fifth  jiarallel,  by  insuflicient  moisture;  the  scanty 
forests  whicli  c'otlie  tlie  high  declivities  of  the  Coast  Kange  fartlier  south  belong  in  composition  to  the  Sierrii 
forests. 

The  lieavv  forest  whi(;h  covers  the  western  slojies  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  a  forest  only  surjiassed  in  density  liy 
the  redwood  belt  of  tlic  coast  and  the  fir  forest  of  Paget  sound,  occupies,  in  its  greatest  development,  a  belt 
situated  between  4, (UK)  ami  ^, ()()()  feet  elevation.  This  forest  belt  extends  from  about  the  l)ase  of  mount  Shasta  at 
the  north  to  the  tliirtyfiftli  parallel ;  farther  south  it  diminishes  in  density  and  disajtpears  ujion  the  soutliern 
ridges  of  the  Coast  Kange  just  north  of  the  southern  boundary  of  California.  Its  greatest  width  occurs  in  nortliern 
Calilbrnia,  wliere  to  the  south  of  mount  Shasta  the  Sierra  system  is  broken  down  into  a  broad  mass  of  low  ridges 
and  i)eaks.  Tlie  characteristic  sjiecies  of  this  forest  is  tlie  great  sugar  jjine  (Z\  Lamhertittna),  whiirli  here  reaches 
its  greatest  developiiieiit  and  value,  iuid  gives  unsurpassed  beauty  to  lliis  mountain  forest.  With  the  sugar  pino 
are  associated  the  red  fir,  tlie  yellow  jiine,  two  noble  Abies,  the  Liboccdrus;  and,  toward  the  central  jiart  of  tho 
state,  the  great  Sequoia,  api)earing  first  in  small  isolated  groujis,  aiul  then,  farther  south,  near  the  headwaters  of 
Kern  river,  in  a  narrow  beU  extending  more  or  less  continuously  for  several  miles.  This  heavy  forest  of  tho 
Sierras,  unlike  the  forest  which  farther  north  covers  the  western  flanks  of  the  Cas(;ade  Kange,  is  almost  destitute 
of  undergrowth  and  young  trees.  It  shows  the  intluence  of  a  warm  climate  and  unevenly  distributed  rainfall 
upon  forest  growth.  The  trees,  often  remote  from  one  another,  have  attained  an  enormous  size,  but  they  have 
grown  slowly.  Above  this  belt  tho  Sierra  forest  stretches  ujiward  to  the  limits  of  tree  growth.  It  is  here 
subaliiine  and  alpine  in  character  and  of  little  economic  value.  Ditt'erent  jiines  and  firs,  the  mountain  hemlock, 
and  the  western  juniper  are  scattered  in  open  stretches  of  forest  upon  the  high  ridges  of  the  Sierras.  The 
forest  below  the  belt  of  heavy  growth  gradually  becomes  more  open.  Individual  trees  are  smaller,  while  the 
number  of  species  increases.  The  small  pines  of  the  upper  foothills  are  mingled  with  oaks  in  considerablo 
variety.    These  gradually  increase  in  number.     Pines  are  less  frequent  and  finally  disappear. 

The  forest  of  the  valleys  is  composed  of  oaks,  the  individuals  often  widely  scattered  and  of  great  size,  but 
nowhere  forming  a  continuous,  compact  growth.  The  Coast  Forest  of  tho  Pacific  region,  unsurpassed  in  density, 
is  composed  of  a  comparatively  small  number  of  species,  often  attaining  enormous  size.  It  presents  the  same 
general  features  throughout  its  entire  extent,  except  as  modified  by  the  climatic  conditions  of  tho  regions  which  it 
covers.  The  species  which  compose  this  forest  range  through  nearly  20  degrees  of  latitude,  or  northern  species, 
are  replaced  in  the  south  by  closely  allied  forms ;  and,  as  in  the  Atlantic  region,  the  southern  species  far  exceed 
in  number  those  peculiar  to  the  north. 

The  Interior  Forest  extends  from  the  southern  limits  of  the  northern  subarctic  forest  to  the  plateau  of 
northern  Mexico ;  it  occupies  the  entire  region  between  the  eastern  limits  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Forest  and  the  extreme 
western  limits  of  the  Atlantic  region.  The  forests  of  this  entire  region,  as  compared  with  the  forests  east  and 
west  of  it,  are  stunted  and  remarkable  in  their  poverty  of  composition.    They  are  conflued  to  the  high  slopes 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


9- 


ami  cano'js  of  the  numerous  mountain  ranges  composing  tlio  interior  region,  while  tbo  valleys  are  treeless,  or, 
outside  of  tho  narrow  river  bottoms,  nearly  trtn-less.  The  interior  forest  attains  its  greatest  (levelo|)nient  and 
C'onsideraole  importance  upon  the  western  slope  of  the  California  Sierras  and  ui)on  the  flanks  of  the  high  i)eak8 
of  the  houthcrn  IJocky  Mountain  system,  from  C!()lorado,  where  the  timber  line  reaches  an  extrenu'  elevation  of 
13,500  feet,  to  southern  New  Jlexieo  and  western  Arizona.  The  minimum  in  North  American  finest  development, 
outside  the  absolutely  treeless  regions,  botii  in  the  number  of  species  and  in  liie  proportion  of  forest  (o  entire 
area,  is  found  south  of  tiie  l>hie  mountains  of  Oregon,  in  tiie  arid  region  between  the  ^Vahsat(•h  mountains  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  known  as  the  Great  Basin.  Here  the  ojjcn,  stunted  tbrest  is  etudined  to  the  highest  i  idges  and 
slopes  of  the  infrequent  canons  of  the  low  mountain  ranges  which  occui)y.  with  a  geneial  north  and  south  trend, 
this  entire  region.  The  individuals  which  compose  tills  forest  are  small,  aKlioiigh  oiien  of  immense  age,  and 
everywhere  show  the  maiks  of  a  severe  struggle  for  existence.  Seven  arborescent  sj)ecies  only  have  been  detected 
in  the  forests  of  the  northern  and  central  jxtrtions  of  this  region.  The  mountain  mahogany  {Cciroairptin),  the  only 
broad-leaved  species  of  the  region,  with  the  exception  of  the  aspen,  which  throughout  the  entire  interior  legion 
borders,  above  an  elevation  of  8,000  feel,  all  nuntntain  streams,  reaches  here  its  greatest  develoi)nrent.  This 
tree,  with  the  i\nt  piiu-  {I'iuus  monophyUa),  characterizes  this  region.  Stuided  .juni]iers  an;  scattered  over  the 
lowest  slopes  of  the  mountains,  or  farther  south  often  cross  the  high  valleys,  and  cover  with  o])en  growth  the  iiur.as, 
as  the  lower  foot-hills  are  locally  known.  An  oi)en  forest  of  arboresceid  yuccas  ( 3'«(t«  bnvijhliit)  i\]Hni  the  high 
Mojave  plateau  is  a  characteristic  and  i)eculiar  feature  of  the  llora  of  this  inteiior  region.  The  red  lir  and  the 
yellow  ])im>,  widely  distributed  tin  ighout  the  Pacific  region,  do  not  occur  u]>on  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Cheat 
Basin. 

The  heavy  forests  of  the  interior  region,  found  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  California  Sierras  and  uixin  the 
L'ocky  .Mountain  system,  are,  for  the  most  part,  situated  south  of  the  Ibrty  .second  degree  of  latitmlc.  The  forests 
of  the  whole  northern  interior  portion  of  the  continent,  outside  the  region  occui>ied  in  the  northern  liocky  mountains 
by  the  eastern  development  of  the  Coast  Forest,  feel  the  inlluenceof  insutlicient  moist  lue;  the  number  of  sjucies  of 
which  they  ai'c  comirosed  is  not  large;  the  iiulividiials  are  often  small  and  stunted,  while  the  forests  are  open,  seat  tt  red, 
without  luulergrowth,  and  couliued  to  the  canons  and  high  slopes  of  the  monntains.  The  most  generally  distributed 
species  of  this  northern  region,  a  scrub  pine  [Piiius  jVurrai/ano),  occui>ies  vast  areas,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
species,  and  is  gradually  taking  possessii)n  of  gi'iuiud  cleared  by  tire  of  more  valuable  trees.  South  of  the  lU'ty- 
secoud  parallel  the  red  tir  {I'sciKJotniind)  aiul  the  yellow  pine  {riiniH  jwuchrosa)  aiii)ear;  with  them  is  associated,  in 
the  Blue  mountains  and  in  some  of  the  ranges  of  the  northern  Kocky  mountains,  the  western  larch  (/.((/•('.)■  ocfidiiifdiis), 
the  largest  and  most  valuable  tree  of  tlu'  Columbian  basin. 

The  Ibrest  covering  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  consists  almost  exiilusively  of  various  si)ecies  of 
l>iiu>,  olten  of  great  size  ami  value.  The  characteristic  sjiccies  of  this  region  an^  tiie  yellow  jiine  and  the  closely- 
allied  rinns  Jiffrci/i,  here  reaching  its  greatest  develoitment.  The  red  lir  is  absent  from  this  forest,  while  the  oaks, 
nniltiiilied  in  many  forms  on  the  western  slopes  of  these  mountains,  have  here  no  re[)resentative. 

The  forests  of  the  .southern  IJocky  .Mountain  region,  less  heavy  and  less  generally  distributed  than  those  of  the 
western  sh)pc  of  the  Sierras,  are,  as  compared  with  those  of  the  (ireat  Basin,  heavy,  dense,  and  valuable.  They  owe 
their  existence  to  the  comi)aratively  large  preeii)itatiou  of  moisture  distributed  over  this  elevated  region.  The 
characteristic  species  of  the  (Jolorado  mountains  is  a  spruce  (l'ifc<i  Eiii/cIduuiiu)  ;  it  forms,  at  between  8,000  and  10,000 
feet  elevation,  extensive  and  valuable  forests  of  considerable  density  and  great  beauty;  with  it  are  associated  a 
balsam  lir  of  wide  northern  distribution,  and  various  alpine  and  subalpine  species  of  pine;  at  lower  elevations 
forests  of  yellow  pine  and  red  lir  cover  the  mountain  slopes,  while  the  bottoms  of  the  streams  are  lined  with 
Cottonwood,  alder,  ami  majde,  or  with  an  open  growth  of  the  white  tir  (Abies  (oncolor),  a  species  of  the  Coast  forest, 
here  reaching  the  eastern  limits  of  its  distribution;  the  Ibothills  above  the  treeless  jilain  are  (-overed  with  scant 
groves  of  the  uut-i)ine  (/'/««*•  cduUti),  stuidcd  Junipers,  and  a  small  oak,  which  in  many  forms  extends  through  a  large 
area  of  the  southern  interior  region.  A  forest  similar  in  general  features  to  that  of  Colorado,  and  largidy  comitosed 
of  the  same  species,  extends  (over  the  high  mountains  of  New  Jlexico  to  those  of  western  Texas  and  western  and 
northwestern  Arizona,  where  a  heavier  forest  of  pine  covers  the  eleviUed  rcgi<tn  lying  along  the  thirty-litth  parallel, 
culminating  in  the  high  forest  clad  San  Francisco  inoiudains  of  uortliern  Arizoiui. 

The  species  of  the  interior  Pacitic  region  nungle  along  its  .southern  borders  with  the  sjiecies  peculiar  to  the 
plateau  of  northern  Mexico.  The  I'acilic-Mexican  Forest,  although  differing  widely  in  natural  features  Irom  the 
Atlantic-JIexicau  Forest,  i)ossesses  several  sjiccies  peculiar  to  the  two.  The  forests  of  this  region  are  couliued  to 
the  high  mountains  and  their  foothills,  and  to  the  banks  of  the  rare  watercourses.  They  di.sapjiear  entirely 
from  the  Colorado  desert  and  from  the  valleys  and  low  mountain  ranges  of  southwestern  Arizona.  The  most 
important  and  generally  distributed  species  peculiar  to  the  valleys  of  this  region  is  the  mesquit,  the  characteristic 
species  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region.  The  suwarrow,  however,  the  great  tree  cactus,  is  iierhaps  the  most 
remarkable  species  of  the  region,  giving  an  unusual  and  striking  appearance  to  the  dry  incsan  of  central  and 
Boutheru  Arizona.  The  high  mountain  ranges,  extending  across  the  bouudai-y  of  the  United  States,  between  the  one 
hundred  and  fifth  and  the  one  hundred  and  eleventh  meridians,  enjoy  a  larger  and  more  regularly  distributed  rainfall 
than  tho  regions  east,  and  especially  west,  of  these  meridians.  The  forests  which  cover  these  southern  ujountaiu 
ranges  are  often  douse  and  varied.    Upon  their  summits  and  almost  inaccessible  upper  slopes  the  lirs  and  piues  of 


10 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


,  ,1, 


the  PiKiitic  region  arc  mingled  with  pines,  a, juniper,  an  arbutus,  and  various  other  species  peculiar  to  the  Mexican 
]>latean.  Extensive  forests  of  a  cypress  of  Mexican  origin  also  characterize  this  mountiiin  vegetation.  The 
bottoms  of  the  canons  are  lined  with  u  dense  growth  of  cottonwood,  Imckberry,  a  noble  sycamore,  an  ash,  n 
cherry,  iiiid  other  deciduous  trees.  The  high  foot-hills  and  vicHds  are  covered  witli  open  groves  of  various  oaks 
jieculiar  to  the  Mexican-Pacidc  region,  here  reaching,  within  the  United  States  at  least,  their  greatest  development. 

Such  are  some  of  the  prominent  forest  features  of  North  Aniericu;  a  dense  forest,  largely  coinimsed,  except 
at  the  north,  of  a  grent  variety  of  broad  leaved  species,  and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  sea-board  in  one  nearly 
unbroken  sheet  until  cheeked  by  insullieient  moisture  from  further  western  deveioiunent — the  forest  of  the  Atlantic 
region ;  a,  forest  of  (umilers,  oceui)ying  tiie  ranges  of  the  great  Cordilleran  mountain  system,  unsurpassed  in 
density  in  the  humid  climate  of  the  coast,  open  and  stunted  in  the  arid  interior — the  forest  of  tiie  raeitic  region. 

A  more  detailed  examination  of  the  distribution  of  North  American  arborescent  genera  and  species  will  serve 
to  illustratti  the  wealth  of  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  (!oinparative  poverty  of  those  of  the  Paciflc  region. 
It  will  show,  too,  more  clearly  how  widely  the  forests  of  these  two  great  regions  difier  in  composition. 


DISTUniTTlON  OF  GENEKA. 

The  Ibrests  of  North  America  contain  arborescent  representatives  of  158  genera;  142  genera  occur  in  the 
Atlantic  and  59  genera  in  the  Pacific  region.  Of  the  Atlantic  genera,  48  are  not  represented  in  the  United  States 
outside  the  semi-tropical  region  of  Florida. 

The  following  table  illustrates  the  distribution  of  these  genera;  the  genera  of  semi-tropical  Florida  are 
designated  by  a  •. 


I   !i 


Magnolia 

Liriodendron  . 

Asiniiua 

*Anona  

*Capparis 

"Cauella 

•Cliisia 

Gordouia 

Frtimontia 

Tilia 

•ByrsHiiinia  ... 
"Giiaiacum 

Porliera , 

Xaiitlioxylum 

Ptelia 

Cauotia 

'Simaruba 

•Biiraora 

•Amyris 

"Swictenia 

•Ximenia 

Ilex 

Cyrilla 

Cliftonia 

Euonyinus 

*Mygiuda , 

•Scha'fferia 

*Reyuosia 

Coiidalia 

lihamiiiis 

CeanotUus 

•Coliibrina 

iEscnlus  

Uugiiadia 

Sapiiidus 

*Hypelato 

Acer 

Nogiindo 

Ehus 

Pintacia 


Genera  Genera 

represented  reurcHented 
by  arbo-    :     by  arbo- 
rescent    '     reacent 
species  in  •  species  in 
the  Atlantic  the  Pariflo 
region.  region. 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


y/ 


V 


V 
V 


V 


V. 
V 


j  Eysenbardtia . . 

Dalca 

Robinia 

I  Oluoya  

|*Pi8cidia 

I  Cladrastis 

,  Sophora 

'  GymnocladuH.. 

i  Gleditschia 

j  Parkinsonia . . . 

j  Cercis 

'  Prosopis 

1  Leuciena 

I  Acacia .' 

•Lysiloma 

•Pithecolobinm . 
*ChrysobaIanu8  , 

I  Prunus 

j  Vauquolinia... 

Cercocarpus  . . . 

Pyrus 

Cratotgus 

Hetcromeles... 

Amclanchicr  ... 

Hamamelis 

Liquidambar  . . 

Rhizophora 

"Conocarpus 

'LagUDCularia.. 
"Calyptranthes  . 
'Eugenia 

Cereus 

Cornus 

Nyssa 

Sambucus 

Viburnum , 

'Exostumma 

Piuckneya  ..... 

*Genipa , 

'Guettacda 


Genera     i     Genera 

represented  represented 

by  arbo-    j    by  arbo- 


rescent 


I 


icBcent 


species  in  |  species  In 

tlie  Atlantic  the  Paciflc 

region.  region. 


V 


V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


11 


Viicciiiiiim 

AndroiiKMlii 

Arbutiw 

OxydiMulrum  ... 

Kaliiiia 

Rhixioiluiitlroii  .. 

•Myrsini' 

•AnliNia 

*,Iu(;(|iiiiiiu 

*ChryK(H>li.vlliim  . 

'iSiduroxyloii 

•DipholiH 

DHiiieliu 

*MiiiinHO|m 

Di<)H|>yr()H 

Syinj)l<it'os 

IlaleHia , 

Fraxiims 

Forest  ii'ra 

CliionanthiiH  ... 

OsinantliuB 

Cordia 

"Boiirreria 

*Ehretia 

Catalpa 

C'hilopHiH 

"Ciescoiitia 

"Citliiirexyluiii  .. 

'Avii'onuiu 

"PiHoiiia 

"Coceoloba 

Porsea  


"Ncctandra. ... 

SasHafras 

Uinbclliilaria  . 

'Drypctos 

'SebiiHtiauia... 
"Hippomano... 

Ulmim 


Ooiiprji     I     Gonprn 
rpprewnted :  iPiircHi'iitfd 

by  tirbo-         by  iiiIh)* 

ifurcnt      I     ii'Hirnt 

Apcrit'H  ill   I   (ipt'ricfl  In 

tliv  Atliinlic  thu  Piu'ifio 

reKion.  reiilun. 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 


V 


V 


V 


V 


Planora 

C.'ltiN 

'Fi<Mi» 

Morns 

Marliira 

riataniiH 

Jii^laiiH 

Gary  a 

Myrica 

QiiiTcus 

CaHtaiuipsi.H  ... 

CaNtanea 

Fa^iiK 

Ostrya 

Carpiims 

Rotula 

AhiiiH 

Salix 

Popiiliis 

Libocedriis 

Thuya  

ClianuccypariH  , 

CuprcBSUH 

Junipcrus 

Taxodiuin 

Sequoia 

Taxns 

Torroya 


Pinus , 

Picea 

TsHga  

PHeudotHUga . . 

Abies 

Larix 

Sabal 

WaHliingtonia 

•Tliriuax 

'Orcodoxa 

Yucca 


Arborescent  species  of  43  genera  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  two  regions.    Tliey  are 


Ptelia. 

Kobiniu. 

Arbutus. 

Condalia. 

ParkiuHonia, 

Bumclia. 

lihanunis. 

Prosopis. 

Fraxinu8 

A^fculuH. 

Acacia. 

Cbi1o]iNi8 

Ungnadia. 

PrunuB. 

Ccltis. 

SapinduH. 

Pyrus. 

Moms. 

Actir. 

Crat"igns. 

Platauus. 

Nogundo. 

Conius. 

JuglauH. 

lCys(Miliardtia. 

Sambiicus. 

Mvrica. 

rjenorn  Ocnora 

rcpi-oiii'iitrd  ropti-ncuted 

liy  arbo-     i     iiy  arlin- 

rcHccnt      I      rcMri  lit 

Dpri'icH  ill      H|it'(  It'H  In 

X\w  Atliuitir  tlti>  I'lH-itli' 

rogloti.      I     i('<:uiii. 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
yA 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 


V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 


Quercus. 

Taxus. 

Betula. 

Torreya 

Aluns. 

Pinus. 

Salix. 

Picca. 

Populus. 

Tsiga. 

Thuya. 

Abios. 

Chanuecyparis. 

Larix. 

Junipcrus. 

Yucca. 

• 


V 


V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
^/ 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 
V 


V 


V 


Tl'-i  following  genera,  44  in  number,  of  the  Atlantic  region,  exclusive  of  those  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  are  not 
represented  in  the  Pacific  forest : 


Magnolia. 

C'liftouia. 

Rfaizophora. 

Forcstiera. 

Madura. 

Liriodcndrou. 

Pistacia. 

Nycsa. 

Chiouantlius. 

Caryii. 

Asiuiina. 

Cladrastis. 

Vil)urnura. 

Osuiuiithus. 

Castauea. 

Gordonia. 

Sophora. 

Piuckuoya. 

Cordia. 

Fagus. 

Tilia. 

CTyiunocladua. 

Audroineda. 

Catalpa. 

Ostrya. 

Porlier.i. 

Glcditschia. 

Oxydeudrum. 

Pcrsca. 

Car)>iuus. 

Xanthoxylum. 

Louctcna. 

Diospyros. 

Sassafras. 

Taxodium 

Ilox. 

Hamamolis. 

Symplocos. 

Ulmus. 

Sabal. 

Cyrilla. 

Liquidambar. 

Halosia. 

Planera. 

12 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  following  gcuera  of  the  Atlantic  region,  9  in  nninl)pr,  iiro  loprcscntotl  in  the  Pacilh!  Horn  by  one  or  uioro 
frutcHcent,  bnt  by  no  arborescent,  species : 


EnonyniiiH. 

Klnis. 

Ccrcis. 


Ainoliiucbivr. 
Viliunnnii. 


Vnci'iiiuin, 

Kaliiilit. 


UluKloilftidrnii. 
I'tprt'Hlit'iii, 


I'lvlia,  Coiidaliu,  iSaphidus,  liobinia,  Iliimclin,  Crllis,  Morns,  and  ilidjUtux,  jjenera  rcaehin},'  tlieir  Kreatost 
dovelopnient  in  North  America  in  th(*  Atlantic  rejiion.  extend  with  a  siii;;le  arl)()res(!('nt  reitreseiitative  info  tlie 
I'acilic  region,  lihomnxot,  j'Enciihis,  Aver,  .\ti()iiH<l(),  I'rutiiis,  I'l/nis,  Vratayiin,  Voniits,  Samhuoiin,  Fnuinitu,  J'Idtauiis 
Myricd,  (Jitcrviis,  Bitiila,  Alnus,  SnU.v,  Popiiliin,  Tlnii/a,  Cuima-ctiimrls^Juniprvux,  Titxun,  Tnrrrya,  Phnis,  Picca,  Txntjn, 
Abies,  and  Lari.i;  clniraeteristic  Xoitli  American  jjfenera,  aie  widely  represented  in  tlie  two  ie;jions. 

I'li'liiailid,  EtiscnhcydtHi,  J'ailintionid,  I'ldsojiis,  Acacia,  Chilojisis,  ami  I'ucca,  yen  era  of  tlie  Mexican  Uora,  are 
couuHiin  to  the  two  regions. 

Arhiitiis,  a  ;,'einis  of  the  Pacillc region,  just  reaches,  willi  a  donlitlnl  si)eci<'s,  the  Atlantic  region  through  western 
Texas. 

The  following  genera  of  the  Pacillc  region,  \',\  in  iMiiiiiicr,  have  no  vi'iire.sentatives  in  the  Atlantic!  region : 


I'lrmollf  i',1, 

I'UlDtill. 

Oi'ioya. 
VaiKHU'linin. 


C('iroc'ar))iis. 
Ile''<roiii('lcH. 
Unib?Uuliiriu. 


C':ist;iiii>psiH. 
Lilioi'o(liii». 
Cupressus. 


StMpioia. 

i'H<>u(l(itsiif;a. 

WuMliingtoniii. 


The  following  gentra  of  the  Paeifle,  3  in  nnnd)er,  are  rei)resented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  frutescent  species: 

Coaiiiillms.  Dalca.  Ct-reus. 

« 

The  Atlantic  forest,  exclusive  of  semi-troi)ieal  Fhnida,  contains 45  genera  entirely  inirei)resented  in  the  Pacific 
region  and  7  genera  without  Pacitic  arborescent  reiiresentativcs.  The  Pacili(; forest  contains  13  genera  unrepresented 
in  the  Atlantic  region  and  .'>  genera  without  Atlantic  arl)i)re.scenl  rei)re.sentatives. 

Tlie  following  geiu'ra  of  the  Mexican  region,  14  in  nundtcr,  are  uut  elsewhere  represented  in  North  Annrica. 
Geneia  with  arborescent  rei)resentatives  in  Ixitli  liie  Atlantic- and  I'acilie-Mexiean  regions  are  designated  by  a 
star  (*) : 

l\M'liria.  I'istacia.  OUirya.  .Acacia.  "riiilophis. 

Canotia.  'l.ysciiliaidtia.  "I'arKiiisniiia.  Vaiiiiiicliiiia.  Wasliiiigtoiiia. 

"I'li.^iia.lia.  l>;ili'a.  l.ciicaiui.  C'.Tciis. 

I'iiriivra  and  Lcnacna  belong  to  the  Atlantic:  Canotia,  J)alr((.  Olmi/a,  Vaiiquclinia,  CcrcKS,  and  Washingtonia 
to  tin'  I\uilic  region. 

DISTIMIU'TIOX  OF  SPF.t'lES. 

In  tlie  forests  of  North  America  412  ail)oifS(;i'iit  sjiccics  have  been  detected;  of  these,  202  species  belong  to 
the  .Vllaiilic  region,  mid  J.-|.>  occur  witiiin  tiie  limits  of  tlie  Pacillc  region.  tSjiecies  common  to  the  tv.o  legions  are 
rare;  they  are  jnincipally  coiilliied  to  the  subarctic  Noitliern  I'\)re»t  and  to  the  narrow  belt  along  the  .sonthern 
boundary  of  the  I'liited  States. 

The  following  species,  1(1  in  number,  ci'oss  the  contiiiciit: 

.■^aiiiliiiciis  Mcxicaiia.  Salix  Iiiiif^ildlia.  t'opuliis  lialsaiiiircra.  I'icca  allia. 

I'liliila  iiapyrilVra.  I'liimliis  trciniiloiili's.  .Jiiiiiiicriis  N'ir.niiilaim.  Viicca  lia<-cata. 

I'rosopis  jiiliflora,  ISaiiibucvs  Mc.ricana,  and  Yucca  haccata  belong  to  the  Mexu-an  Horn  of  the  .south;  SaVtx 
lontjifolia  al  u)  belo]igs  here,  although  extending  noithward  into  the  Atlantic  and  through  the  Pacific  Coast  region 
of  the  Un'  I  States.  Popuhts  balsam i/cro,  Jlctula  papyrifcra,  iind  Picca  alba  bidong  to  the  Northern  Forest. 
Pyrits  I'aiii  joUa,  Popiiliis  trcmuloiilcs  and  Jiinipcnis  Viniiiiiana  are  widely  distributed  through  the  central 
portions  ol  liit    Vtlantic  and  Pacitic  regions;  they  are  the  only  resdly  continental  arbores(!ent  species. 

The  following  species  of  the  Atlantic  region,  1.5  in  number,  extend  from  the  Atlantic  into  the  Pacific  region  : 


I'lii.sDliis  Jiilillora. 
l'\  Ills  saiiiliMcirolia. 


rtdia  tiifoliata. 
C'oiiilalia  oliovata. 
.Sapiiiiliis  uiar^inutiis. 
UiiHiiadia  Kjiociosa. 


Xcjjuii'lo  ac(!ioiilcs. 
Parti iiisoiiia  aciili'ata. 
I'ninus  AiiK.'i.caiia. 
I'runuH  Pcnnsvlvauica. 


Crata'gus  tomcnlosa. 
FraxiiuiH  viri(lin. 
Ccltiij  occidcntalis. 
Morns  niicropliylla. 


Quprt'tis  Einoryi. 
Alniis  iiicaiia. 
Salix  nigra. 


PtcUa  tri/oliata,  a  widely  distributed  species  of  tl.e  Atlantic  region,  extends  through  western  Texas  into  the 
extreme  southeastern  i)ortion  of  the  Pacific  region.  Condalia  obovata,  Ungnadia  spcciom,  ParJdnsoicia  aculeata, 
MoruH  microplii/lla,  and  QiicrciiH  Emoryi,  of  the  Atlantic-]\Iexicaii  forest,  extend  into  the  Pacilic-Mexican  region. 
Sapindus  marginatiis,  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  extends  through  western  Texas  to  tlie  Paciflc-Mexican 
region.  Prunus  Americana,  Primus  Pcnnsylvanica,  and  Almts  incana,  widely  distributed  through  the  northern 
portions  of  the  Atlantic  region,  just  reach  the  eastern  limits  of  the  central  Pacific  region. 

Xegundo  aceroides,  Crataegus  lomcntosa,  Fraxinm  riridis,  and  Celiia  occidcntalis  are  widely  distributed  through, 
the  interior  Pacific  region,  although  nowhere  reaching  the  coast. 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


13 


Acac'iii  Qro^Kii- 
KriixiiiU8  iiiHtuciwI'uUu. 


CllilopHiH  Hllli^llll. 

Jtigluns  rupi-HtriH. 


JiiiiipcriiH  occitlt'iitalis, 
.1 1111  i ptTiiH  pii<'1i.Y)ili Kni. 


The  followiiiR  species  of  the  Puciflc  region,  8  in  number,  extend  through  the  Mexican  into  the  Athintic  region  : 

KyHonliitriltiit  iirthocarpii. 
I'roHopiN  piiht-HCunH. 

JuijUinH  rupcHtriH  and  JunipiruH  ocvltiatl'ilin  reach  tlieir  groatcst  dcvelo|nncnt  in  tlu<  l'acill(r  CoiiHt  region,  and 
extend  tlirough  the  J'acillc-Mexican  region  into  western  Texas;  no  other  species  are  common  to  tlie  I'acillc  Coast 
forest  and  tlie  Atlantic-Mexican  region.  The  0  remaining  racilic-Athintic  species  belong  to  the  I'acillcMexican 
region,  Just  reaching  western  Texas. 

The  following  species  of  the  Southern  Paeillc  region  extends  into  the  Atlantic  region: 

SuHx  amytjduloido.H. 

Tlie  following  species  of  the  Pacific  forest,  12  in  number,  endemic  to  the  interior  arid  region,  do  not  extend 
beyond  its  limits: 

A<f<>i' {{raiididt'iituluiu.  Cratii'guH  riviiluriH,  I'opulus  angUHtit'uUa.  I'iuuH  iiiouopliylla. 

lioliiiiiik  Nfo-Mrxifaiin.  l''raxiniiM  aiioiiiala.  Pimm  llexilis.  I'ici-a  ihiii^ciih. 

CevfdcarpuH  Icilifoliiis.  QuorciiH  uiidiilata.  Pimis  I'diilis.  Yucca  brevilolia. 

A  detailed  examination  of  the  distribution  of  the  avboresceut  species  composing  the  North  American  forests 
shows  that — 

Mdl/noUd  is  represented  by  seven  Atlantic  species,  with  the  center  of  its  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
region. 

Lirlotlendron  is  represented  by  a  single  species,  widely  distributed  through  the  eastern  and  central  portions  of 
the  Atlantic  region. 

Asintina  is  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  arborescent  species  and  by  three  frutescent  species  of 
the  Atlantic  region. 

AitDna,  Capparis,  Canelhi,  and  CIiinhi  are  rei)resented  each  by  a  single  seini-troi)ical  spci'ies. 

Gordonia  is  represented  by  two  species  of  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  one  of  wide  distribution,  the  other 
rare  and  local. 

J-'/WHOH/m,  a  geinis  endemic  to  the  Pacific  ri'gion,  is  represented  by  a  single  siicei's  of  the  southern  Pacific 
Coast  region. 

TlUa  is  represented  by  two  Atlantic  sjieeies,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region. 

BursoiiiiiKi  is  rei)resented  l)y  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Guaiaciim  is  represented  l)y  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Porliera  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  Atlantic-^Mexican  region. 

Xanthoxtilmn  is  represented  by  two  species  of  the  Atlantic  region,  by  a  semi-tropical  s|>ecies,  and  by  a  second 
semi  tropical  sjiecies  which  reaches  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Pti7ta  is  represented  l>y  a  single  arborescent  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Atlantic,  reaching  also  the 
Pacific  region,  where  a  frutescent  sjiecies  occurs,  and  by  a  second  frutescent  species  of  the  .south  Atlantic  region. 

Canotia,  a  genus  endemic  to  the  Pacific-.Mexican  region,  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Simariiba,  Aniijris,  Swictenii,  Ximcnia,  are  »'acli  rejiresented  l)y  a  single  .semi-tropical  siiecies. 

Buritera  is  rei)re.sented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species  and  by  a  second  frutescent  species  of  the  Pacific- 
Mexican  r«'gion. 

Ilex,  an  Atlantic  genus,  is  represented  by  four  arborescent  and  .several  frutescent  species,  with  its  center  of 
distribution  in  the  southeru  Atlantic  region. 

CijnUa  and  Cli/tonia  are  each  represented  l)y  a  single  si)ecies  of  the  southeru  Atlantic  region. 

Euonynuis  is  rei)resented  by  a  widely-distributed  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  a  frutescent  species 
iu  both  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Mj/f/inda,  Scha'fferia,  and  Eeynosia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

GondaUa  is  represented  by  one  semi-tropical  and  by  one  species  of  the  xVtlantic-Mexican  reaching  the  Pacific- 
Mexican  region.  , 

Bhammts  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  two  arborescent 
and  one  frutesceut  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  one  frutescent  species  common  to  the  two  regions. 

Ceanothus  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  iu  the  Pacific  Coast  region  and  by  several  frutescent 
species  widely  distributed  through  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

Cobibrina  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

^sculus  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  and  by  three  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  an  arbo.  -  ent 
species  iu  the  Pacific  region. 

Ungnadia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region,  and  just  reaching  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is 
represented  by  a  single  species. 

Sapindus  is  represented  by  one  species  widely  distributed  through  the  southern  Atlantic,  and  reaching  the 
Pacific  region,  and  by  one  semi-tropical  species. 

Acer  is  represented  by  live  Atlantic  and  four  Pacific  species. 

Negundo  is  represented  by  one  species  widely  distributed  through  the  Athintic  and  the  Pacific  regions  and  by 
.ft  second  species  iu  the  Pacific  region. 


u 

■'5 
I 

I 


i'! 


II  miiiiii  imiiii  imiiiiiri 


14 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'f;i 


.1:^ 


Rhus  is  represented  by  five  arborescent  species  ia  the  Atlantic  an<l  by  sevcnl  frutescent  species  in  both  the 
Ath'.nfic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

ristacin  is  r'^presented  by  a  single  sjiccies  in  the  Athintic-Mexican  region. 

Eynenhardtia  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific- ftT?xican,  extending  into  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican  region,  wliere  a  second  frntescent  species  occurs. 

Dalea  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  and  by  numerous  frutescent  and 
herbaceous  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

liohinia,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region,  is  represented  by  two  arborescent 
and  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  regioii. 

Olneija,  an  endemic  genuti  of  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is  there  represented  by  u  single  species. 

Pisridin  is  represented  by  a  single  ."iMiii-tropical  species. 

C',ailrasti8  is  represented  by  a  sin},le  local  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Sophora  is  represented  by  a  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  and  by  a  second  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican 
region,  and  by  four  frntescent  or  suttrutescent  species. 

Qyr.mocladm  is  rei)resented  by  a  single  species  in  the  central  Atlantic  region. 

Qleditschii  is  rejiresented  by  two  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

ParJ;iniio)iia  is  represented  by  an  nrborescent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic- and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regions, 
by  two  arborescent  and  one  frutescent  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican,  and  by  a  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican  region. 

Cercis  is  represented  by  a  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  second  species  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican,  and  a  frutescent  sjtecies  of  the  California  Coast  region. 

Prosoj)is  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  commca  to  the  Atlantic-  and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regions, 
and  by  two  frntescent  species. 

Leuca-na  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  Atiantic-Mexicau  region. 

Aiacia  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican,  by  one  arborescent  species  of  the 
Pacific-Mexican  exten<ling  into  the  Atlantic- Mexican  region,  and  by  several  frutescent  species  widely  distributed 
through  the  two  regions. 

Lyniloma  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Pitkecolobium  is  represented  by  a  single  polymorphous  arborescent  species  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  and  by  a 
shrubby  species  of  the  Mexican  Bonndai  v  region. 

ChryaobalanuM  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  one  frutescent  semi-tropical  epecies. 

PfuvuH  is  rei)resented  by  seven  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region ;  of  these,  one  is  semi-tropical  and 
two  extend  into  the  Pacific  region.  This  genus  is  represented  in  the  Pacific  region  by  four  species,  «f  which  one 
belongs  to  thi  Mexican  region,  and  by  several  frntescent  species. 

VauqucUnia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Ceri'ocarpus  is  represented  by  two  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Pyrus  is  represented  by  one  species  common  to  both  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  by  three  arborescent  and  one 
frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

CratKgus  is  represented  by  twelve  arborescent  and  frutescent  speoies  in  the  Atlantic,  of  which  one  extends 
into  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  two  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

HeteromeleH  is  rei-resented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Amelanchier  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  frutesc-iut  species  in  the 
Pacific  region. 

HamameUs  and  lAquidamhar  are  each  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Rhizopbora  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Conocarpm,  La()unculnria,  and  Calyptr/^nthea  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Eugenia  is  represented  by  five  semi-tropical  species. 

Ceretis  is  represented  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  and  by  several  frutescent  species  in  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions 

Corntis  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  single  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific 
ivgion,  and  by  several  frutescent  and  herbaceous  species  in  the  two  regions. 

XyHHU  is  represented  by  three  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Sanducm  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Pacific,  by  one  species  in  the 
Pacific-Mexican  extending  into  the  Athintic-Mexican,  by  a  frutescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  by  a  second  frutescent 
siK'cies  in  the  Pacific,  and  by  a  frutei-cent  species  coniu)on  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions. 

Viburnum  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  8i>e(^ies  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  several  frutescent  species  in  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions. 

ExoHtemma  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Pinckntya,  an  endemic  genus  oi  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  species. 

Qenipa  is  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropicnl  sitectes. 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


15 


Ovettarda  is  represented  hy  o\w  arborescent  and  by  one  frntescent  semi-tropical  species. 

Vacdnium  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  several  frntescent  spe<'ies  in  the 
Atlantic  and  tlie  Pacific  regions. 

Andromeda  is  represented  by  an  arborescent  and  several  frntescent  sjjecies  in  the  Atlantic  rejjion. 

Arhiitiis  is  reoresented  by  on«-,  species  in  the  Pacilic  Coast,  by  a  second  species  in  the  PacillcMexican,  and  by 
o,ie  species  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  rej>ion. 

Oxiiih'ndi  tiiii,  an  endemic  penns  of  the  Atlantic  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  sjtecies. 

Kalniid  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  and  by  three  frntescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  of 
which  one  extends  to  the  Pacific  region. 

Khododendnm  is  lepresented  by  one  aiborescent  and  by  several  frntescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by 
several  frntescent  siteciea  in  the  Pacific  region. 

MyiKinr,  Ardinui,  Javquhiia,  Cltrysophi/llum,  ISvleroxylon,  and  TUpholin  are  each  repiesented  by  a  single  semi- 
tropical  species. 

liumeUa  is  represented  by  fonr  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

Minuisops  is  represented  by  one  semi  tropical  species. 

Dioxpyron  is  represented  by  one  species  ir  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  in  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

tS!/m2)locos  is  represented  by  one  species  In  the  sontheri'  Atlantic  region. 

Ilaknia  is  represented  by  two  arborescent  and  by  one  frntescent  species  in  the  sonthern  Atlantic  region. 

FrajiiiuH,  with  its  center  of  distribntion  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  is  n-presented  by  seven  sj)ecies  in 
the  Atl^'utic,  U"  wiiich  one  extends  into  the  Pac'fic  region,  and  one  belongs  to  the  Mexican  region,  and  by  three 
arborescent  and  one  frntescent  species  in  the  Pacific,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  Mexican  region. 

Forcntkra  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  seven  frntescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  of  which  one 
reaches  the  Mexican-Pacific  region. 

Chionanthus  and  Osmanthits  are  each  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  sonthern  Atlantic  region. 

Cordia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  one  frntescent  senu-tropical  species  and  by  one  arborescent 
and  one  frntescent  spe<;ie8  in  tlie  Atlantic  Mexican  region. 

Bouncria  and  Ehretia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Catalpa  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region. 

Chilopsin  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region,  extending  into  the  Atlantic-Moxicaa 
region. 

Crcucoitin,  Citharerylum,  and  Avicennia  are  each  represented  by  a  single  semi  tropical  species. 

Pisonia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  by  two  frntescent  semi-tropical  species. 

Voccololm  is  represented  by  two  !^enli-tropical  species. 

Pcmca  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  sonthern  Atlantic  region. 

ycctandra  is  rei)resented  by  one  semi-tropical  species. 

liassa/'ras  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

UihJ  illiiluria  is  represented  by  n  single  'species  in  tiie  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Drypete.1,  Sebaxtiania,  and  Ilippomaiie  arc  each  represented  by  a  single  semi-tropical  species. 

Ulmiix,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  is  represented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  fi\e 
species. 

Plaiierii  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  sonthern  Atlantic  region. 

6>/r!.v  is  represe:.ted  by  a  single  polymorphous  npecies  of  wide  distribution  in  the  Atlantic  region,  extending 
into  the  Pacific  region,  an<l  by  a  I'rutcscent  species  common  to  the  Atlantic- Mexican  and  the  Pacific-Mexican  regions. 

Fkm  is  represented  by  three  semi-tropical  species. 

Morm  is  represented  by  one  widely-distributed  si)eciesin  (he  Atlantic  region,  and  by  one  si)ecies  in  the  Atlantic- 
Mexican,  extending  into  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

Madura  is  represented  by  a  single  local  species  in  the  soiithern  Atlantic  region. 

Platanus  is  represented  by  one  wi«lely-distribnte«l  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  by  a  species  in  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  by  a  species  in  the  Pacific-Mexican  region. 

JuglajiH  is  re|)resented  by  two  widely-distributed  s|»ecie8  in  the  Atlantic  region  and  Ity  a  species  in  the  Pacific 
coast,  extending  through  the  Pacific  Mexicun  into  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region. 

Varya,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Atlantic  region,  with  its  center  of  distribution  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  is 
represented  by  seven  species. 

Miiriia  is  rei)resented  by  one  arborescent  and  two  frntescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region  and  by  ono 
arborescent  species  in  the  Pacilic  Coast  region. 

Qncrciis,  with  its  center  of  most  important  distribution  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river,  is  repiesented  in 
the  Atlantic  region  by  twenty-four  arborescent  species,  of  which  one,  belonging  to  the  Mexican  region, extends  into 
the  I'ucilic-Mexican  region ;  and  in  the  Pacific  region  by  twelve  arborescent  species,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the 
interior  anrl  four  to  ihe  Mexican  region,  and  by  two  frntescent  species. 

Va>itiinopi>i)i  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coaat  region. 


16 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Cnstanea  is  represented  by  two  species  in  the  Atlantic  region. 

Fagus,  Oatrya,  and  Carpinua  are  each  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  species  in  tbe  Atlantic  region. 

Betula,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region,  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and 
by  one  frutesceut  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  four  arborescent  and  one  frutescent 
species  iu  the  Atlantic  region,  and  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Alnm  is  represented  bv  three  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic,  of  which  one  extends  to  the  Pacific  region, 
by  three  arborescent  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  and  by  two  frutesceuc  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  tbe 
Pacific  regions. 

Salix  is  represented  in  the  Atlantic  region  by  five  arborescent  species,  of  which  three  are  found  in  the  Pacific 
region,  and  by  many  frutescent  species.  This  genus  is  represented  iu  the  Pacific  regiou  by  ten  arborescent  and 
by  many  frutescent  species. 

Populus  is  represented  by  two  species  common  tc  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  three  species  in  the 
Atlantic  region ,  and  by  three  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 

Lihocedrm  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Tliv.i/a  is  represented  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  one  species  iu  the  Pacific  regiou. 

Chamwcyparis  is  represen  ted  by  one  species  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  two  species  iu  the  Pacific  Coast  regiou. 

Ciipresms  is  represented  by  four  si-ccies  iu  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  three  occur  iu  the  coast  aiul  one  in  the 
Mexican  regiou. 

Jun'tpcrus  is  repres"uted  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  Atlantic  region,  by  three  arborescent  species  in  the 
Pacific,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  Pacific-Mexican  and  one  extends  to  the  Atlantic-Mexican  region,  and  by  two 
frutescent  species  common  to  both  region*:. 

Tnxoilium  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southerij  Atlantic  region. 

Sequoia,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific  Coast  region,  is  there  represented  by  two  sjtecies. 

Taxun  is  rei>reseuted  by  an  exceedingly  local  arborescent  species  iu  the  southern  Atlantic  region,  by  a  frutescent 
species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region,  ami  by  an  arborescent  8i)ecies  in  the  Pacific  Coast  regiou. 

Torrnja  is  rei»reseute<l  by  a  single  exceedingly  local  arborescent  si)ecics  in  the  southern  Atlantic  region  and  by 
a  single  species  iu  the  Pacific  Coast  regiou. 

I'iniis,  with  its  center  of  distribution  in  the  southern  Pacific  Coast  region,  is  rei)resented  by  thirteen  species 
iu  the  Atlantic  and  by  twenty-two  species  in  the  Pacific  region,  of  which  three  belong  to  the  interior  and  four  to 
the  Mexican  region. 

I'k-ca  is  represented  by  one  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  regions,  by  one  species  iu  the 
Atlantic,  and  by  three  species  iu  tie  Paci'ic  regiou,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  interior  region. 

T.si((i<i  is  represented  l>y  two  sjtecies  in  the  Atlantic  and  by  two  s|)ecies  in  the  Pacific  region. 

J'.sfiitlotsiitjii,  an  endemic  genus  of  the  Pacific  region,  is  there  represented  by  a  single  widely-distributed  species. 

Abies  is  represented  by  one  wi«lely-distributeu  and  by  one  exceedingly  local  species  in  the  Atlantic  region  and 
by  seven  species  in  tlu>  Pacific  region,  of  which  one  is  exceedingly  local. 

Ldrif  is  represented  by  one  si)ecies  in  tlie  Atlantic  and  by  two  s]»ecies  in  the  Pacific  regiou. 

Snhtil  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in  the  southern  Atlantic  regiou. 

Wanliiiifitonia  is  rei)reseuteil  by  a  single  species  iu  the  Pacific  Jlexican  regiou. 

Thrinax  is  rei>resented  by  two  semi-tropical  species,  and  Oreodoxa  by  one. 

Yucca  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  and  one  frutesceut  species  common  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific 
regions,  by  one  arborescent  and  by  two  frutescent  species  iu  the  Atlantic,  and  by  two  arborescent  and  by  one 
frutesce;:t  species  in  the  Pacific  region. 


A  CATALOGUE 


OF   THE 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EXCIUSIVE  OF  MEXICO, 


WITH 


REMARKS  UPON  THEIR  SYNONYMY,  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  HISTORY, 
DKTRIBUTION,  ECONOMIC  VALUE,  AND  USES. 


von 


17 


,  '""miBL-  mji-La>.i.iLjmu!-jim 


M': 


t 


M 


:^l. 


■li;; 


J  4  ■ 


m 

:  SI'  i^ 


^'i 


1  J 


'Hi 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Sj)ocic8  which  grow  from  the  ground  with  ii  siuglc  stem,  either  wholly  or  over  a  lurge  portion  of  the  area  of 
their  distribution,  are  admitted  as  trec«  into  the  following  catah)gue,  without  reference  to  the  height  or  size  they 
may  attain. 

The  line  whicli  divides  trees  from  slirubs  is  entirely  arbitrary,  and  is  often  unsatisfactory  in  application.  A 
separation  of  this  nature,  however,  based  upon  habit  rather  than  upon  size,  is  perhaps  less  objectionable,  all  things 
considered,  than  any  other,  and  serves  at  least  to  keep  this  catalogue  within  reasonable  limits. 

The  word  "compact",  used  in  the  description  of  various  woods  mentioned  in  the  catalogue,  indicates  that  they 
ebow  no  tendency  to  rheck  or  open  in  drying,  and  does  not  refer  to  their  structure. 

18 


mu 


I 


CATALOGUE    OF   FOREST   TREES. 


MAGNOLIACE^. 


the  area  of 
>r  size  they 


cation 


all  things 
that  they 


1. — Magnolia  grandiflora,  LinuaiUB, 

8pec.2ed.  755.— Marshall, Arbustum,84.-rAm.Ge\V!ii;li.  t.  18 J,  18i;.— Wultir,  1"1. Caioliniiina,  158.— Gicrtiier, Fruct.  i,  343, t.  70.— B.S. 
Barton,  Coll.  i,  13 ;  ii, 20  — Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  ii,  251 ;  2  m\.  iii,  :W9.— Bartraiii,  'ftravels,  2  ed.  82.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  672 ;  Tl.  iii,  35,  t. 
490. — Mmncb,  Mcth.  274. — Willileuow,  Spoo.  ii,  12.")5;  Knuiii.  i,  ,>'\). — Micliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  i,  327. — Nouvoaii  Dubamcl,  ii,  219,  t. 
65. — Deslbutaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5. — Robin,  VnyaftOH,  iii.  2tt). — Andrews,  Hot.  Ki.'p.  viii,  t.olh. — Tit  lord,  Ilort.  Bot.  Am.  76. — Micbaiix 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  71,t.  1;  N.  Auiericai-  Sylva,:{  od.  ii,H,t.51. — I'lir.sli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  :W0. — Niittall,  Genera,  ii,  18;  Sjlva,  i,81; 
2  ed.  i,  3(i.— Do  Candollo,  S.vst.  i,450 ;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  11(>.— Klliott,  .Sk.  ii, :!(!.— Lixldiges,  l?ot.  Cub.  t.  814.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,G42. — Audubon,  Birds,  t.  5,32. — Ratiuesciue,  lied.  Bot.  ii,32. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  82.— '".aton,  Mann  il,  (>od.218. — Croom 
in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  314. — London,  Arboretum,  :,  21>1  «.t  t. — Hooker,  .Jour.  Bot,  i,  I8s. — Katon  &■  Wriijlit,  Bot.  312. — Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  42.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  470.— Dietrich.  Syu.  iii,  308.— Serin<;e,  Fl.  .Tavd.  iii,  22.").— Darl>y,  Bot. 
S.  States,  210. — Cooper  in  .Sniitlisonian  Rep.  18.")8,  250. — Cbaiiman,  Fl.  S.  States,  13.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Oeolofjieal  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
18(>0,  iii,  6(').— Wood,  CI.  Book,  214  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24.— Poreher,  Kesimrces  S.  Fore>ts,  :}8.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i,  133,  1".  105-169.— Koch, 
Dendroloj^ic,  i,  367. — Yonu^,  Bot.  Texas,  148. — Vusoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  fi.  fatida,  Linnmus,  Spec,  i  ed.  536,  in  part. 

M.  grandijiora,  var.  elUptka  ami  obovatu,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  380. 

M.  grandijiora,  var.   lanceolata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  380.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  1952.— Eaton,  Maumil,6ed.218. 


BIG  LAUREL.     BULL  BAY. 

Caiie  Fear  river,  Xorth  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosciuito  inlet,  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida;  ba.siu  of 
the  Mississippi  river  south  of  hititude  32°  30',  oxteinMug  westward  to  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  along  the  Texas 
coast  to  the  val'ej  of  the  Brazos  river. 

One  of  ti)d  most  magnificent  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forest,  evergreen,  18  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
O.GO  to  1.20  ii'.'jter  in  diameter ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  "  bluft"  formations  along  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Misf.>8aippi  river  from  V'icksburg  to  Natchez,  and  of  western  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  satiny ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous, 
thin ;  color,  creamy  white  or  often  light  brown,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.0300;  ash,  0.53 ; 
little  need  except  as  fuel;  suitable  for  interior  finish,  f'ue  cabinet  work,  etc. 


2. — Magnolia  glauca,  Linmcug, 

Spec.  2  ed.  755.— Knlm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  204. — Schoepf,  Mat.  Med.  Am.  91. — Marshall,  Arbustam,  83. — Waugenheim,  Amer.  60, 1. 19, 
f.  46.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  158.— B.  S.  Barton,  (Jell,  i,  13;  ii,  20.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  674.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  251;  2ed.iii, 
329.— Mojneh,  Meth.  274.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1256;  Euum.  i,  579.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  ii,  1441,  t.  148.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i, 
327. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  223,  t.  66. — Deslbntaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5.— Titl'ord.  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  76. — Bouplaud,  PI.  Malm.  KK!,  t. 
42. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,77,  t.2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3ed.  ii,  12,  t.  52. — I'nrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,381. — Eaton,  Manu.il,  6  ed. 
218.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.ii,67,t.27;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  244.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  18.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.. 59;  Med.  Bot.  i, 
77,  t. 7;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  17.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  215.— Do  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  452;  Prodr.  i,  80.- Hayno,  Dend.  Fl. 
116.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  37.— Bot.  Mug.  t.  2164.— Sprengel,  Syst.  642.— Torroy,  Con.pend.  Fl.  N.  States,  221;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  17,  t.5.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  118. — lialiuesqiie,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  34. — Don,  Miller's  Dict.i,  82. — Eaton,  Manual, 6  ed.  218. — Hooker, '.lour.  Bot.  i, 
188.— Beck,  Bot.  15.— Sertum  Uotanicum,  v  &,  t.— Beichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  v,  37,  t.  342.— Lindloy,  Fl.  Med.  23.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
312.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  42.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  473.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Griffith,  Med.  hot.  9<),  f.  .'i<).— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,267  &  t. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts. 527 ;  2  ed.ii,603  &  t.— Seringc,  Fl.  .lard,  iii,  22(>. — Gray,  Genera, 
i,61,t.a3;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  49.— Schnizleiu,  Icon.  t.  170.— Darlingt<m,  Fl.  Cestrico,  3  ed.  8.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  St'.ttes,  13.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Caroliua,  1860,  iii.  6(i.— 
Lesqaerenx  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Aikansas,  374.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24. — Poreher,  Resources  B.  Forests,  :Mi.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  368.— Toung,  Bot.  Texas,  146.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

19 


m 


20 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I   if!: 


M.  Virginiana,  var.  a.  t/latica,  LinnicuH,  Spec,  l  od.  535. 

M.  fragrans,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  379.— Rafinesque,  Fl.  Lndoviciaua,  Ul  j  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32. 

M.  longifolia,  Sweot,  Hort.  Br:t.  11.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  S3.— Dietrich,  Sj-n.  iii,  308. 

M.  glanca,  var.   latifolia,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  a  cd.  iii,  3,'')0.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  381.— Eaton,  Manual, (>  cd.SlH. 

M.  glaiica,  var.    longifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  2<'d.  iii,  330.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  ;iei.—Eaiinefiiue,  Fl.  Ludovicianu, 
91. — Hayuo,  Deud.  Fl.  IIC. — Eaton,  Manual,  (J  cd.  21rt. 


^    « 


w 


m^ 


ij'iit 


I'll*  i 


m 

i  'I!  J 


i  .).'»  II 


fi ;. 


't 


SWEET  BAY.     WHITE  BAY.     BEAVEK  TREE.     WHITE  LAUREL.     SWAMP  LAUREL. 

Cape  Ann,  MassJichusetts;  New  Jersey  southward,  generally  near  tbe  coast,  to  bay  Biscayne  and  Tampa  bay, 
Florida;  basin  of  the  Mississippi  river  south  of  latitude  .{5°,  extending  west  to  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the 
valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  ncutheruliuiits 
reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  swamjjs  or  low  wet  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  hummocks  of 
the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  ami  along  the  low  sandy  banks  of  i)iue-barren  streams  of  the  Gulf  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  .s])eciflc  gravity,  0.5035 ;  ash,  0.47  ;  in  the  Gull"  states  sometimes  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  broom  handles  and  smAll  woodenware. 

The  dried  bark,  especially  of  the  roor,  of  this  species  and  of  M.  acuminata  and  M.  Umbrella  is  included  in  the 
American  j1/«/erirt  jl/t'rfjm,  furnisiiing  an  aromatic  tonic  and  si imulant  used  in  intermittent  and  remittent  fevers ; 
a  tincture  made  by  macerating  the  fresh  fruit  or  bark  in  brandy  is  a  popular  remedy  for  rheumatism  {U.  S. 
Dispensatory,  14  ed.  507. — Xat.  Dinpensatortj,  2  ed.  891). 

3. — Magnolia    acuminata,  Linuojua, 

Spec.  M.  ed.  -,->(>.— Marshall,  Arlmstuiu,  H:!. -Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaiia,  l.V.).— H.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  13.— Aiton,  Hort.  Ki'w.  ii,  ;.'r)l ;  2  ed. 
iii,  331. — Lumarek,  Diet,  iii,  (iTI. — Willdenow,  .Spee.  ii,  l-Jo7  ;  Eiiiiin.  i,  ."i79. — Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  329. — Nouvean  Duhiiniel,  ii, 
222. — Dest'ontaines,  Hist.  Arl>.  ii,,'>. —  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arl).  Am.  iii,  &i,  t.  3;  N.  American  S.vlva,  3  ed.  ii,  l.'>,  t.  53. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  :t81.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  4r)3;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  418.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18.— Bot.  Ma;;,  t.  2427.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  117.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  37.— Kalinesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32.— Guimpel.  Otto  &  Hiiyne,  Al)b.  llolz.  18,  t.  17.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  042.— Torrey,  Couiiiend.  Fl.  N.  States,  221  ;  Fl.  X.  York,  i,  28.— Ralinescpie,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  34.— Bcek,  Bot.  15.— 
Sertnni  Botaniiuim,  v.  &  t. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  ^3. — RiMcheubaeh,  Fl.  Exot.  t.  2.">1. — Eaton,  Manual,  (i  ed.  218. — Loudon, 
Arboretinu,  i,  273  &  t.— Eaton  &,  Wriglit,  Bot.  312.— Torrey  &.  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Grillitli,  Med 
Bot.  98.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  9.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  IH^tS,  2.'')0.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
Str.tcs,  14. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  ISliO,  i;i,  07. — Wood,  CI.  Boi  Ii,  214  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  24. — Porelier,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  38.— Baillou,  Hist.  PI.  i,  140.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5.  od.  49.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  371.— Young,  Bot.  Toxaa, 
149.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  0.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  od.  891.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882,  58. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  e.  Linnajus,  Spec.  1  cd.  530. 

M.  DeCandollii,  Savi,  Bibl.  Ital.  i,  224  &  t. 

Tulipastrum  Americanum,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  483. 

CUCUMBER  TREE.  MOUNTAIN  MAGNOLIA. 

Western  Kew  York  to  southern  Illinois,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  scattered  through 
eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  usually  on  Carboniferous  deposits,  to  southern  Alabama  (Stockton, 
Mohr)  and  northeastern  Mississippi;  Arkansas,  Crowley's  ridge,  and  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  part  of  the 
state  (Texarkana,  Harvey,  and  in  Polk,  Howard,  Cross,  and  Pike  counties). 

A  large  tree,  20  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trpuk  0.00  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  on  the  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  durable,  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color, 
yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4090;  ash,  0.29;  used  for  pump-logs,  water- 
troughs,  flooring,  cabinet-making,  etc. 

4. — Magnolia  cordata,  Miclmux, 

V\.  Bor.-Am.  i,  328.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  od.  iii,  331.— Poin^t,  Suppl.  iii,  .'547.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am,  iii,  87,  t.  4;  N.  Aincricon 
Sylva,  3  cd.  ii,  18,  t.  54.— Purah,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  .■i82.— Lindli-y,  Bot.  Reg.  iv,  t.  325.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18.— Do  Candollo.  Syst. 
i,  455;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  118.— Elliott,  S.i,  ii,  38.— Loddige.s,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  474.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  t)42.— Raiines(|uo, 
Med.  Bot.  ii,  32.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  218.— Sertnni  Botanu;uni,  v  &  t. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Keichenbach,  Fl.  Exot.  t. 
250. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  275  &  t. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii, 
308.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  ia'>8,  2.')0. —Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  14.— Curtis  in  Rop.  Oecdogical 
Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  18(iO,  iii,  08.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  214 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Koch,  Dundrologie,  i,  371.— Vosoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  0. 


Tulipastrum  An^ericanum,  var.  subcordattim,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  483. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


31 


CUCUMBER  TREE. 

Boutbern  Alleghany  Mountain  region,  near  Augusta,  Georgia  {MiehauXf  Elliott),  head  of  Sipsey  creek,  "  valley 
of  Davidson  creek",  Winston  county,  Alaban;a  (Mohr). 

A  tree  22  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods ;  very  rare 
and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown 
streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.4139;  ash,  0.32. 

5. — Magnolia  macrophylla,  Michaux, 

FI.Boi'.-Aiu.  i,  327. — Nonveau  Dul^amol,  ii,  2'il. — DesfoutaineB,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,5.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kcw.  2  cU.  iii,  ISltl. — Poirut,  Siippl.  iii, 
573.— Micbivux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  99,  t.  7 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  ii,  26,  t.  57.— Bouplaud,  PI.  M.ilm.  84,  t.  ;?:{.- Piirsli,  Fl.  Am. 
Si'pt.  ii,  381.— Nuttall,  Gi'iiera,  ii,18;  Sylva,  i,  83;  2  ed.  i,99.— DcCaiKlolle,Sy8t.  1,  454;  Prodr.  i,  80.— But.  Mag.  t.  2189.— Hayiie, 
Dfud.  Fl.  117.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  40.— Spreiigel,  Syst.  ii,  G42.— Raflncsqne,  Metl.  Bot.  ii,  31,  t.  62.— Katun,  Manual,  (i  cd.  218.— 
Soi'tum  Botauicupi,  v  &  t.— Dun,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83. — Groom  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  1  scr.  xxv,  76. — Rciohcnbat'h,  Fl.  Exot.  ii,  44,  t. 
139. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  271  &  t. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312. — Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,43. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii, 
479.— Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  308.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  98,  f.  57.— Dprby,Bot.  S.  States,  211.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— 
Seringe,  Fl.  .lard,  iii,  230. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  14. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  67. — Wood,  CI. 
Book,  214  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  od.  49.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  374.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

LARGE-LEAVED  CUCUMBER  TREK. 

Forth  Carolina,  eastern  base  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  (Iredell  and  Lincoln  counties);  southeastern  Kentucky 
southward  to  middle  and  western  Florida  and  southern  Alabjima,  extending  west  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  river, 
Louisiana;  central  Arkansas  (Garland,  Montgomery,  Hot  Springs,  and  Sebastian  counties). 

A  tree  G  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  limestone  valleys  of  northern  Alabama  ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown, 
the  sap-wood  light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.5309 ;  ash,  0.35. 

6. — Magnolia  Umbrella,   Lamarck, 

Diet,  iii,  673. — Nouvean  Duhamel,  ii,  221. — Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  80. — Loiselenr,  Herb.  Amut.  iii,  t.  198. — Sprenf^ol,  Syst.  ii,  642. — 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  43. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  47!). — Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  308. — Seringo,  Fi. 
Jard.  iii,  227. — Gray,  Genera,  i,  62,  t.  24;  Proc.  Linmean  Soc.  ii,  106,  f.  1-18;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  49. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  13.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  67.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  214; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  25. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  38. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  Virginiana,  var.  tripetala,  Linnajus,  Spec,  l  ed.  536. 

M,  tripetala,  Linnajus,  Spec.  2  ed.  756.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  84.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  159.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  14.— 
Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  2.'')2;  2  ed.  iii,  331.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  ii,  1258;  Enum.  i,  579.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  327.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  .'i.— Do  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  452.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  90,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  ed.  ii,  20,  t.  5.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  381.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  84;  2  ed.  i,  100.— Guinipel,  Otto  & 
Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  20,  t.  18.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  116.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  38.— Torroy,  Compend  Fl.  N.  States,  221.— 
Rafines(|ue,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  32.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  312.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  98.— 
Loutlon,  Arboretum,  i,  269,  t.  5.— Darby,  Bot.  o.  States,  211.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  37».— Nat.  Dispensatory, 2  ed.  891. 


UMBRELLA  TREE.     ELK  WOOD. 

Southeastern  Pennsylvania,  south\\ard  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  central  Alabama  (Prattville,  Mohr) 
and  northeastern  Mississippi,  westward  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  in  central  (Hot  Springs)  and 
Bouthwestern  Arkansas  (Fulton,  valley  of  the  Red  river,  Harvey). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  12  meters  in  height,  wiui  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.40  meter  in  diamtter;  rich,  shady 
hillsides ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slope  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the 
heavier  sap-wood  iiearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4487;  ash,  0.20. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Mi 


7. — Magnolia   Fraseri,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  i,  59  &  t.— Torroy  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  4H.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  70.— Dietrich,  8yn.  iii,  308.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  14.— Curtis  in  Hep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1S60,  iii,  68.-\Vood,  CI.  Book,  214;  Bot.  &  Fl.  25.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  ed.  49. — Koch,  Dondrologio,  i,  372.  — Vnsey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

M.  auriculata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  073.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  337.— VVilldenow,  Spec,  ii,  1258;  Ennni.  i,  579.— Michaux, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  :!28. — Nonveau  Duhnmel,  ii,  222. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,5. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  94,  t.  6; 
N.  American  Sylvu,  3  ed.  ii,  23,  t.  56. — Andrews,  Bot.  Kep.  ix,  t.  573, — Bot.  Mag.  t.  1206. — Cubibros,  Mera.  Mag.  &  t. — 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  cd.  iii,  332.— PurHh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  382.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  84  ;  2  ed.  i,  98.— De 
CaiidoUo,  Syst.  i,  454;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Ilayne,  Deud.  Fl.  117.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  39.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  642.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  38.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  83.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  218.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  188.— 8pach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii, 
477. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  276  &  t. — Seringe,Fl.  Jard.  iii,  229. 

M.  pyramUlata,  Uartruni,  TiavelH,  2  od.  3;J8.— PiuHb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  382.— De  CandoUc,  Syst.  i,  4.54 ;  Prodr.  i,  80.— Hayue, 
Dend.  Fl.  117.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  v,t.  407.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1092.— Rafinesque.  Med.  Bot,  ii,  32. —Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  i,  83.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  221.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  277  &  t.— Seringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  230.— Darby,  Bot. 

S.  States,  211. 

M.  auricularis,  Salisbury,  Farad.  Lond.  i,  t.  43.— Korner,  Hort.  t.  360. 

LONCi-I.EAVED  CUCUMBER  TREE. 

Alleghany  mountains,  from  Virginia  Koutliward  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and  southern 
Alabama  (Clark  county,  Mohr),  extending  west  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  river,  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  V2  meters  in  height,  witli  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  closegrained,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  O.nooa ;  ash,  0.28. 

8. — Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Linmeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  i,  535.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  202.— Marshiill,  Arbustum,  78.— Waugenheim,  Amer.  32,  t.  13,  f.  32.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  1.'8. — Schmidt,  Arl).  i,  4H, — I?.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  14,  45, — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  2.50;  2  ed.  iii,  329. — GoBrtnor,  Fruct. 
ii,  t.  178.— Bot.  Mag.  t  .27,5.— Mo'uch,  Meth.  222.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  102.— Schkuhr,  Handb,  ii,  9.3,  t.  147.— Trew,  Icon. 
1. 10. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  12.54;  Enum.  i,  ,579. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  32(i. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iii,  62,  1. 18. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  15.— I'oirct  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  viii,  137;  111.  iii,  36,  t.  491.— St.  Hilaire,  PI.  France,  iii,  t.  377.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot. 
Am.  7().— Michaux  f.  Hi.st.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  202,  t.  5;  N.  Auit-rican  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  35,  t.  61.— Eaton,  Manual,  63;  6  ed.  208.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  18;  Sylva,  i,  8-1:  2  ed.  i,  100.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  59;  Med.  Bot.  i,  91,  t.  8;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii, 
18._Dc  Oandollo,  Syst.  i,  462;  Prodr.  i,  82.— Bigclow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  107,  t.  31.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  115.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  40.— Torroy, 
Compend.  Fl.  N,  States,  221;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  28.— Raflnesqne,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  239.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  H.-iyue,  Abb.  Holz.  34,  t.  29.— 
Cobbutt,  Woodlands,  No.  516.— Sprengel,  Sy.st.  ii,  642.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  12.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  86.— Beck,  Bot.  15.— Lindley, 
Fl.  Med.  23.— Spach,  llist.  V<g.  vi,  488.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  284  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  302.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  341.— Torrey 
&  Gray;  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  44.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  309.— Griflith,  Med.  Bot.  98,  f.  58.— Emerson,  Trees  MassachusettR,  529;  2  od. 
ii,  605 &  t.— Scringe,  Fl.  Jard.  iii,  240.— Gray,  Genera,  i,  64,  t.  25;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  50.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  9.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  212.— Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  11,  f.  2.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  14.— Curtis  in  lU'\t.  Geologi<ual  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  77. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  15,  t.  571. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  215;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  25. — Poreher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  39. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  183. — Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i,  143,  f. 
175-178.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,380. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogue's,  7  ed.  iii,  746. — Ridgway  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  663;  Proo.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus. 
1882,  59.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  0.— Eichler,  Sit.  Bot.  Brand,  xxii,  83,  f.  1-3.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  53". 

Tulipifera  TArioiJendron,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  1. 

L.  procera,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  379. 

TULIP  TREE.      YELLOW  POPLAR.      WHITE  WOOD. 

Southwestern  Vermont,  through  western  New  England,  southward  to  northern  Florida  (latitude  30^) ;  west 
through  New  York,  Ontario,  and  Michigan  to  lake  Michigan,  south  of  latitude  43°  30',  thence  south  to  latitude 
31°  in  the  Gulf  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  river ;  through  southern  Illinois  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  Crowley's 
ridge,  northeastern  A^-kansas. 

One  of  the  largest  and  njost  valuable  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  30  to  60  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2  to 
4  meters  in  diameter  (liidgicay);  t'u'Xx  woods  and  intervale  lands,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Wjibash  river  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  in  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullarj*  rays 
numerous,  not  prominent ;  color,  light  yellow  or  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  speciiic  gravity,  0.4230 ; 
ash,  0.23 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  construction,  interior  finish,  shingles,  in  boatbuilding, 
and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  pumps,  woodenware,  etc. ;  varieties  varying  slightly  in  color  and 
density  are  recognized  by  lumbermen. 

Liriodendrin,  a  stimulant  tonic,  witli  diaphoretic  properties,  is  obtained  by  macerating  the  inner  bark, 
especially  of  the  root  (Jour.  Philadelphia  Col,  Phar.  iii.  5.  —  ?7.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  550. — }^at.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  871). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


23 


ANONACEJl, 


9. — Asimina  triloba,  Dunul, 

Mon.  Anon.  83.— De  CandoUo,  Syst.  i,  479;  Prodr.  i,  87.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  42.— Guimpi'l,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  66,  t.  53.— Ilayuo, 
Doud.  Fl.  118.— Sprongel,  Syst.  ii,  639.— Torrcy,  Comiiond.  Fl.  N.  States,  222;  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  York,  ii,  165  —Beck,  Bot.  16.— Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  i,  91. — Nuttall  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad,  vii,  11. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  304.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  2D3,  f.  39. — Gray, 
Genera,  i,  69,  t.  26,27;  Manual  N.  States,  5  pd.  50.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  609.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  cd.  9.— Darby,  Bot.  is. 
States,  212. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  15. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  94. — LoKiiuereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  347.— Maout  &  Decaisno,  Bot.  English  ed.  199  &  figs. — Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5854. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  215;  Bot.  &  Fl.  26. — Porchor,  Rosources  S.  Forests,  41.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser. 
xii,  183. — Koch,  Dondrologie,  ii,  383. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  149. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mum. 
1882, 60.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

Anona  triloba,  Linmcus,  Spec.  1  ed.  537.— Marshall,  Arbustuni,  10.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  125.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniann,  VS.— 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  29.— Alton,  llort.  Kew.  ii,254 ;  2  cd.  iii,  335.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1267 ;  Enum.  i,  580.— Nouvcau 
Duhamel,  ii,  83,  t.  25. — Dcsfontainos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  21. — Michau:^  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  161,  t.  9 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3  cd.  ii,  33,  t.  60.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  59.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  ii,  95,  t.  149. 

Anona  pendula,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  380. 

Orchidocurpum  arietinum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  329. 

Porcelia  triloba,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  95.— Pnrsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  383.— Rafinesque,  PI.  Ludovioiana,  92.— Barton,  Compond. 
Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  18. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  19. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  529. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  278. — Audubon,  Birds,  t. 
2,  162.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  371. 

Uvaria  triloba,  Torrey  &  Gray.  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  45.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  30.— Cornel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Firenzo,  1864,  9,  t. 
1,  f.  1-7.— Baillon,  Adansonia,  viii.  333;  Hist.  PI.  i,  193,  f.  220-228. 

.4..  campaniflora,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  vii,  529. 


PAPAW.   CUSTARD  APPLE. 

Western  New  York  (Lockport  and  in  Monroe  county) ;  Ontario  (Queen  stown  heights) ;  eastern  and  central 
Pennsylvania,  west  to  southern  Michigan,  southern  Iowa,  and  eastern  Kansas  (Manhattan),  south  to  middle 
Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  rich,  rather  low  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  lower  Wabash  valley 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  White  river,  Arkansas. 

Wood  very  light,  very  soft  and  weak,  coarse-grained,  si)ongy ;  laj-ers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  color,  light  yellow  shaded  with  green,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity, 
0.3969;  ash,  0.21. 

10. — Anona  laurifolia,  Dunal, 

Mon.  Anon.  65.— De  Candolle,  Syst.  i,  468;  Prodr,  i,  84.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  641.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xvi,  t.  1328.— Schnizleiu,  Icon. 
1. 174,  f.  £>.— Orisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  4.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860, 439.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.603. 

A.  glabra,  chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii, 2  [not  Linnieus], 

A.  species,  Vaaey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

POND  APPLE. 

Sflmi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Malabar  to  bay  Biscayne,  on  the  west  coast.  Pease  creek  to  the  Caloosa  river, 
and  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  In  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limit  and 
on  the  west  coast  often  reduced  to  a  stout,  wide-spreading  shrub;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
within  the  United  States  on  the  low  islands  and  shores  of  the  Everglades  in  the  neighborhood  of  bay  Biscayno. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  scattered  oi>en  ducts ;  color,  light 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5053 ;  ash,  4.80, 

The  large  fruit  (0.14  to  0.28  meter  long)  scarcely  edible. 


ifC^'" 


24 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


«; 


m 

t 

til!  I 


OAPPARIDAOE^. 


11. — Capparis  Jamaicensis,  Jucquin, 

Stirp.  Aiii.  ICO,  t.  101.— Aiton,  Iloit.  Kcw.  !.>  cd.  iii,  2a').— Un  Ciiudollc,  ProUr.  i,  252.— Dcscourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antillea,  v.  t.  273.— 
Macfadycn,  I'l.  .luiiiaicn,  39.— Oriscbarli,  Fl.  British  West  Iiidios,  18. — Chupiuau,  Fl.  S.  States,  32. — Forcber,  Resources  S.  Foresta, 
7.^.— Kiclilcr  iu  MnrtiuH,  Fl.Urasil.  xiii,  '270,  t.  Gl,  f.  11. — Vnscy,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  6. 

C.  Brcynia,  Limiaius,  Spec.  2  ed.  721,  in  part.— Alton,  llort.  Kcw.  2  ed.  iii,  285.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  252.  iu  part.— 
Swart/.,  OliH.  210  [not  Jat'iinin].— Matfadyou,  Fl.  Jumuic.a,  ;!9. 

C.  cyHopJi}fU(>J)hora,  Linmen.s,  Spec.  led.  004  [not  snbBcqucnt  ed. /('c  Kichler,  I.  c.].— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  ed.  iii,  285.— 
Maci'adyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  39. 

V.  Siliqiiosa,  I,imiiPlis,  Spec.  2pd.7v>l. 

C,  toridosa,  Swartz,  Prodr.  tl.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  252.— Grisebacb,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  18. 

G.  vncinata,  Loddi(,'cs,  Cat.  [not  Wnlli>'b]. 

C.  enHO-flinata,  IJitbard,  Fl.  Cuba,  78,  t.  9.— Walpcrs,  Bep.  i,  201. 

St'iiii  tropical  Floridii,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  southward  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  .sometimes  G  nieter.^  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  iu  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low  shrub; 
common  and  reaehiug  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on  Upper  Metacombe  and  Umbrella  Keys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  coiiii)act,  satiny,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  large  open  dncta; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  yellow  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.0971 ; 
ash,  4.76. 


CANELLACE^. 


12. — Canella  alba,  Murray; 

LiuniBUs,  Syst.  14  od.  iv,  443.— 8 wartz,  Obs.  190 ;  Trans.  Linuiean  Soc.  i,  96,  t.  8. — Will'donow,  Spec,  ii,  851 ;  Ennm.  i,  49S. — Aiton,  Hort. 
Kc\v.2ed.  iii,  144.— Tltford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  Suppl.  3,  t.  10,  f.  4.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  563.— Hayne,  Arzn.  9,  t.  5.— Stevenson 
&  Churchill,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  t.  66.— Woodvillo,  Med.  Bot.  3  ed.  iv,  694,  t.  237.— Lindley,  Mod.  Bot.  116.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,  24,  t. 
16.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  181,  f.  98.— Miers  in  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  3  sor.  i,  348;  Contrib.  i,  116.— GriBcbach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies, 
109.— Cha])nian,  Fl.  S.  States,  93.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  621,  f.  767.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Bentley  & 
Tiinien,  Med.  PI.  i,  26,  t.  26. 

V.  Winferana.  Gaertner,  Fruct.  i,  377,  t.  77. 

% 
Wintera  CancUa,  LinuieuH,  Spec.  2  ed.  636.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  viii,  799,  t.  399.  '^ 

G.  laurifoUa,  Loddiges,  Cat.— Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  65.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  680. 

WHITE  WOOD.     CINNAMON  BARK.     WILD  CINNAMON. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys  (Elliott's  Key,  Key  Largo  to  Jew  Fish  Key);  tbrongh  the  West 
Indies. 

A  small  tree,  often  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.22  meter  in  diameter ;  not  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color, 
dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.9893 ;  ash,  1,75. 

The  pale  inner  bark  appears  in  the  Pharmacopan  under  the  name  of  Cortex  canella  alba,  furnishing  an 
aiomatio  stimulant  tind  tonic,  occasionally  employed  in  cases  of  debility  of  the  digestive  organs,  or  as  an  adjunct 
to  more  active  remedies  (Miers,  I.  c. — FlUcMger  &  Hanhury,  PltarmacograpMa,  68. —  U.  8.  Dispennatory,  14  ed. 
'JiH).—Sat.  Dhpematory,  2  ed.  337). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


26 


GUTTIFER^. 


13. — Clusia  flava,  Liuuious, 

Spec.  2  0(1.  1495.— Willdcnow,  Spec,  iv,  977;  Enniii.  ii,  104;$.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  ed.  v,  444.— Tltford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  105.— Do 
Caudollo,  Prodr.  i,  n59.— Macfadyeu,  Fl.  Jiimaicd,  i:)4.— Nuttall,  Sylvo,  ii,  HI,  t.  77;  2  od.  ii,  58,  t.  77.— Grisebnch,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  407.— Cooppr  in  Sniillisoniaii  Eep.  1858,  •JOJ.— Chupmau,  Fl.  S.  States,  43.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sol.  Nat.  4 
Bor.  xlil,  352.— Walppr.1,  Ami.  vli,  340.— Vasey,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

C.  rosea,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  168. 

Jninnica  and  other  West  Indian  islands;  Key  West  (Blodgctt)  \mov  to  1840.  Not  detected  by  later  explorers 
(Palmer,  Garber,  Chapman,  Cttrtiss)  of  the  botany  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  and  probably  not  now  growing 
spontaneously  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

Wood  not  examined. 


T  E  RN  S  T  R(E  M  I  A  C  E  J5. 


14. — Gordonia   Lasianthus,  Linnnus, 

Mant.  i,  570.— Ellis,  Phil.  Trans.  GO,  518,  t.  11;  Lc^tters,  t.2.— L'lleritior,  Slirp.  Nov.  156.— CavnnilU's,  Diss,  ii,  307,  t.  ICl.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniiuia,  177.— Alton,  Hort.  Kcw.  ii,  231 ;  2e(l.iv,  i234.— Laniarck,  l)i(t.  ii,  770;  HI.  iii,  UH,  t.-Wl,  f.  1.— Swartz,  Obs.  271.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  810.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  43. — Bol.  Ma^;.  t.  OilH. — Nouveau  Dtiliainel,  ii,  23(),  t.  ()8.— Deslbntaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  1,  484. — I'ersoon,  Syn.  ii,  259. — Miehaux  f.  Hist.  Arli.  Am.  iii,  131,  1. 1 ;  N.  Anieriean  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  21),  t.  ^>S. — I'ursli,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  i,  451.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  84.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  528.— Elliott.  Sk.  ii,  171.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  125.— Don,  Slillei-'s  Diet, 
i,  .573,  f.  99.— Audulion,  Birds,  1. 168. — Kcichonbaeh,  Fl.  Exot.  t.  151. — Spaeli,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  79. — LoudoM,  Arboretum,  i,  379,  f.  93. — 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  223. — Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  Kil. — Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  2.58. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  52. — 
Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  862.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  103,  t.  140,  141;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  104.— Choisy,  Mem.  Ternst.  &  Camel.  51,— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  25ti.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Eep.  1858,  2,"0.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  60.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv. 
N.  Carolina  1860,  iii,  80.— Maout  &  Decaisno,  English  ed.  274  &  tigs.- Wood,  CI.  Book,  274;  Bot.  &  Fl.  65.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iv, 
2.'!0,  f.  254,  255.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

Hypericum  Lasianthus,  Linmeus,  Spec.  1  ed.  783.— Hill,  Veg.  Syst.  xv,  t.  1,  f.3. 

0.  pyramidalis,  Salisbury,  Prodr,  Stirp.  386. 


LOBLOLLY  BAY,      TAN  BAY. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Malabar,  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf 
coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter;  low,  sandy  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  not  durable;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color, 
light  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4728;  ash,  0.7G;  somewhat  employed  in  cabinet  making. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  was  once  occasionally  used,  locally,  in  tanning  leather  [Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  100). 

15. — Gordonia  pubescens,  L'Heritier, 

.  Stirp.  Nov,  156.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  770.— Cavanillcs,  Diss,  ii,  308,  t.  162. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  231;  2  ed.  iv,  234. — Willdenow, 
Spec,  iii,  841. — Michaux,  Fl,  Bor,-Am,  ii,  43. — Veutenat,  Jard.  Malm.  t.  1  (Schrader,  Neues  Jour.  Bot.  1806,  121). — Nonveaa 
Duhainel,  ii,  237. — Kcenig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  i,  171.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  484. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  2.")9. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb. 
Am.  iii,  135,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  31,  t.  59. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  451. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  84. — Loiseleur,  Herb. 
Anuit.  iv,  t.  236.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  171.— Do  q^ndolle,  Prodr.  i,  528.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  125.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  573.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  161.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  185.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  80. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  380,  f.  94. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  America,  1,  223. — Eaton  &,  Wright,  Bot,  258.— Browno,  Trees  of  America,  54. — Dietrich,  Syn,  iv,  862, — Gray,  Genera,  ii, 
102,  t.  141,  f.  11-14,  t.  142.— Choisy,  Mom,  Temst.  &  Camel.  51.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  257.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep,  1858, 
250,— Chapman,  Fl,  S,  States,  60,— Wood,  C'l.  Book,  274;  Bot.  &  Fl.  65.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Goodale  &  Sprague,  Wild 
Flowers  193,  t.  47. 

Franklinia  Altamaha,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  49.— Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed,  16,  465:— Raflnesqne,  Atlant,  Jour.  79  &  f. 

G.  Franklini,  L'Heritier,  Stirp.  Nov.  156.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  641.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  237.— Desfontaines,  Hist 
Arb.  i,  484.— Persoon,  Syn,  ii,  259.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  816. 

Michauxia  sessilis,  Salisbnry,  Prodr.  Stirp,  386. 

Lacathea  Jlorida,  Salisburj-,  Parad.  Lend,  t,  56,— Colla,  Hort,  Ripul.  Appx,  i,  134, 


26 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


FRANKt.INIA. 


Near  Fort  Barrington,  on  the  Altainalia  river,  Georgia  (J.  d;  W.  liurtram,  Dr.  Mones  MarshaU), 
Oarefiil  explorations  of  IJartrani's  original  locality  by  later  botanists,  especially  by  Mr.  II.  W.  Uavouol,  bave 
failed  to  rediscover  thia  species,  which  is,  however,  still  i)reserved  in  cultivation  through  the  original  plants 
introduced  by  the  Bartrams.    "Florida"  given  as  a  locality  by  Torrey  &  Gray, /.  c,  on  the  authority  o(  Herb. 
Sohxceinxiz,  and  followed  by  Cliapman,  I.  c,  is  probably  an  error  {Ravend  in  Am,  Naturalist,  xvi,  235). 


8  T  E 11 C  U  L I  A  C  E  ^. 


16. — Fremontia  C'^.l'fornica,  Toiwy, 

Smithsonian  Contrib.  vi,  5,  t.  2,  f.  2;  Proc.  Am.  Ahhoc.  iv,  191 ;  Pucitk  U.  R.  Rop.  iv,  If),  *1.— Newborry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,68.— 
Walpcrs,  Ann.  iv,  319 —Gray  in  Jour.  Uoston  8oc.  Nat.  Ili.it.  vii,  14(i.— Uoutlmra  &,  Hooker,  Genera,  i,  212, 982.— Bot.  Mag.  t.5r>91. — 
Leinuiro,  III.  llort.  xiii,  t.  496.— Beige  Flort.  xvii,  2:56,  t.  111.- Carriftro  in  Rev.  llort.  18fi7,  91  &  t.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  483.— 
Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1869,  610.— Seouianu,  Jonr.  Bot.  vii,  297.— London  Garden,  187^5,  54  &  t.— Planohon  in  Fl.  de« 
Serrca,  xxii,  175.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  88;   ii,  4:17.- Rothrock  in  Wheelor'n  Rpp.  vi,  41,  HW, 

Cheirunthodendron  Californicum,  Baillou,  llist.  PI.  iv,  70. 

SLIPPKRY  ELM. 

California,  valley  of  Pitt  river,  southward  along  the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  iu  the  Santa 
Lucia  mountains  southward  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Jacinto  mountains;  rare  at  the  north,  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  southern  sierras  and  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
ranges. 

A  small  tree,  (5  to  10  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  often  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall, 
much  branched  shrub;  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  many  groups  of  small  ducts  parallel  to  the 
thin,  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  layers  of  annual  growth  obscure;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thick 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7142;  ash,  1.G9. 

The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  used  locally  in  poultices. 


TILIAOE^. 


,1 


17.— Tilia  Americana,  Linucens, 

Spec.  1  ed.  514.— Marshall,  ArbuBtum,  153.— Wangeuheim,  Amor.  5r  —Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  il,  229;  2  ed.  iii,  299.— WiUdenow,  8peo.  ii, 
1162;  Ennm.  i,  565. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  37. — Persoon,  Srn.  ii,  66. — Micbanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  311,  t.  1;  N.  American 
Sylva,  3  od.  iii,  81,  t.  131.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadclpb.  M;  0.  mpend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  6.— Eaton,  Manual,  59.— James  in 
Long's  Exped.  i,  69.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  134,  t.  134.— Tony,  Conipend.  Fi.  N.  States,  214;  Fl.  N.York,  i,  116.— Loudon, 
Arboretnm  i,  373  &  t.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  2;;D.— liigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  od.  227. — Emerson,  Trees  Ma«sacbn8ett8, 
511;  2  ed.  ii,  584  &.  t.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  47.— Gray,  G>.nera,  ii,  96,  t.  136;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  103;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
5.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  38.~Darby,  Bot.  S.  Stateo,  262.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,250.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
59. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  79. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  352. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 
272;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  103. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  18(). — Walpers,  Ann. 
vii,  449. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  480. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  188. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-'76, 191.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  174.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  Sl^- Ridcway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  1882,  61.  / 

T,  nigra,  Borkhausen,  Handb.  d.  Forstbot.  ii,  1219. 

T.  glabra,  Ventenat  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  iv,  9,  t.  2. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  i,  228.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  681.— Pursh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  362.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  3.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  112.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  2.— 
Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayuo,  Abb.  Holz.  55,  t.  45.— Hooker,  PI.  Bor.-Am.  i,  108.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  553.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  365.— Beck,  Bot.  59.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  312.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  452.— Dietrich,  Syn. 
iii,  237. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  422. 

T.  latifolia,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  :«;7. 

T.  Canadensiti,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  306.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  66.— Poiret  iu  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  683. 

T.  neglecta,  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nnt.  2  ser.  ii,  340,  ».  15;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  27, 29.— Walpers,  Hop.  i,359. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


27 


LIME  TUKIO.      BASS  WOOD.      AMEIllC'AN   LINDEN.      I.IN.      HKE  TREE. 

Nortliorn  Now  BriiiiHwick,  west  ward  in  HriliHh  America  to  about  Hio  one  Imiidrcd  and  second  moridian, 
Boiithward  to  Virginia  and  alon;^  the  Allf};lian,v  mountains  to  Gt-oryiii  and  Kouthcrn  Alabama;  extending  west  in 
the  United  States  to  eastern  Daiiota,  t-astern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  tlie  Indian  territory,  and  Bonthwest  to 
the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  i  iver,  Texas. 

A  larjje  tree,  20  to  L'4  meters  in  lieiKlit,  with  a  trunk  (>()()  to  l.'JO  nnster  in  <Iiameter,  or,  exceittiomilly,  'M  to  46 
meters  in  hei{jht,  with  a  trunk  O.DU  to  1.8t  n)eter  in  diameter  (valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  KWr/icoy);  common 
in  all  northern  forests,  and  always  an  indication  of  rich  soil;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  only 
alouK  river  bottoms. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather 
obNciire ;  color,  light  brown,  or  often  slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity, 
0.4525;  aah,  0.55;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  woodenware  and  cheap  furniture,  for  the  panels  end  bodicH 
of  carriages,  the  inner  soles  of  shoes,  in  turnery;  and  the  manufacture  of  i»aper-pnlp  (the  (piickly-discolored  sap 
renders  it  unfit  for  nuiking  white  paper). 

The  inner  burk,  macerated,  is  sometimes  manufactured  into  coarse  cordage  and  nnitting;  the  flowers,  rie'i  iu 
huney,  highly  i)rized  by  apiarists. 

Aqua  Hliw,  an  infusion  of  the  flowers,  buds,  and  leaves  of  the  ditferont  species  of  'PiUa,  Is  ut'Pd  in  Europe  as 
a  domestic  remedy  in  cases  of  indigestion,  nervousness,  etc.  (Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed,  142y). 

Var.  pubescens,  London, 

Arboretum,  i,  ;i74  &  t. — Hrowuo,  Ti-ocs  of  Amorica,  48.— Gray,  Manual  N.  .StatoH,  5  od.  103;  llall's  PI.  Texas,  5. 

T.  Caroliniana,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  4.— WauBonhoim,  Amer.  50.— Marshall,  Arbustuni,  lr)4. 

T.  Americana,  Walti-r,  Fl.  Carolinianu,  153  [not  Linnious]. 

T.  pubescens,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  8iJ9;  2  cd.  iii,  299.— Willdcnow,  Spne.  ii.llGfJ;  Enuni.  i,  .^W.— VcMitenat  in  Mom.  Acad. 
Set.  iv,  10,  t.  3. — Nouvcau  Diiliami'l,  i,  228,  t.  51.— Persoon,  8yn.  ii,  Wi. — Desfontainos,  Hist.  Arl>.  ii,  37. — Micliuux  f. 
Hi«t.  Arl).  Am.  iii,  317,  t.  3 ;  N.  Amiiican  Sylva,  3  cd.  iii,  85,  t.  l;!3.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  303.— Do  Candollc,  I'rodr. 
i,  513.— Hayno,  Dond.  Fl.  112.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  3.— Watson,  Dcnd.  Brit,  ii,  t.  135.— Torrcy,  Comp.  Fl.  N.  Stutfs,  215.— 
Don,  MilleHB  r.ct.  i,  .553.— Katon,  Manual,  6  ed.  30.5.— Beck,  Bot.  .59.- Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  452.- Pcnn.  Cyd.  xxiv, 
447. — Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  237.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  202.— Cliupman,  Fl.  S.  States,  ,59.— Curtis  in  Kep.  (ieological  Snrv. 
N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  79.— Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  449.— Kocb,  Dcudrologie,  i,  479.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

J*,  lawiflora,  Miehuux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  30fi.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  C83.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  6C.— Willdcnow,  Enum. 
Snppl.  38.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  113.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  215.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  i,  .'■)53.— Eaton,  Manual,  (i  ed.  3<>5.— Beck,  Bot.  .59.— Spaeb,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  sor.  ii,  343,  1. 15 ;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  32.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  48.— Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  237. 

T.  grata,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  307. 

T.  pubescens,  var.  leptophijlla,  Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  63. 

f  T.  stenopttala,  Kafinesijue,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  92.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  484. 

T.  truncata,  Spacb,  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  :I42;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  30.— Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  237. 

T.  Americana,  var.  Walteri,  wood,  Cl.  Book,  272:  Bot.  &  Fl.  C4. 

North  Carolina  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Floi:ida,  usually  near  the  coast;  Houston,  Texas  {E. 
Hall). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  ir  diameter;  swamps  or  low  ground ; 
rare,  or  ofte-i  confounded  with  the  typical  T.  Americana. 

Wood  lighter,  but  not  otherwise  distinguishable  from  that  of  T.  Americana;  specific  gravity  0.4074;  ash,0.C5. 


18. — Tilia  heterophylla,  Ventenat, 

Mem.  Acad.  Sei.  iv,  16,  t.  5.— Nonvean  Dubamel,  i,  229.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  aS3.— Pnrsb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,303.— Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  3 ;  Sylva,  i,  90,  t.  23  ;  2 ed.  i,  107,  t.  23.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  513.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  5.53.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  365.— 
Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  345;  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  34.— Torrey  &  Gr.ay,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  239.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,  Bot.  452.— 
Penn.  Cyel.  xxiv,  447.— Waljiers,  Rep.  i,  :$59.— Dietricb,  Syn.  iii,  237.— Cooper  in  Smitbsonian  Rep.  1858, 250.— Cbapniiin,  Fl.  S.  States, 
60.— Curtis  in  Kep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,79.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  272  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
103.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7.— Nat.  Disjjensatory, 2  cd.  1429.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  11.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 61. 

T.  alba,  Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  315,  t.  2  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.  iii,  84, 1. 132  [not  Waldstein  &  Kitoibel].— Eaton  &. 
Wrigbt,  Bot.  452.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  262. 

T.  laxiflora,  Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  363  [not  Micbaux].— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  2. 

T.Americana,  var.  heterophylla,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  375  &  t. 

T.  heterophylla,  var.  alba.  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  272;  Bot.  &  Fl.  64. 


28 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WHITE  BASS  WOOD.    WAHOO. 

MonutaiuH  of  Fenusylvania,  southward  aloug  the  Alleghany  monntains  to  northern  Alabama  and  Florida 
(valley  of  the  Apalacbicola  river,  opposite  Chattahoochee,  Mohr),  west  to  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Indiana,  and  southern  and  central  Illinois  (valley  of  the  Illinois  river^. 

A  tree  15  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  river  bottoms, 
often  on  limestone  j  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  mountaius  and  in  middle  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4253 ;  ash,  0.62 ;  generally  confounded  with 
that  of  liiia  Americana,  and  used  for  similar  purposes. 


MALPIGHIACEiE. 


19. — Byrsonima  lucida,  HBE. 

Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  v,  147.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  080.— JiiBsitu,  Mon.  Malpig.  ii,  40.— Walpore,  Rep.  t,  168.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba, 
116,  t.  28».— Grisebacb,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  115.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  82. 

MalpUjhia  lucida,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  Hr)2. 

TALLOWBERRY.     GLAMBERRY. 

Semi  Iropiial  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys    (Boca  Ohica,  No-Name  Key,  etc.) ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  branching 
from  the  ground,  and  frutescent  in  habit. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5888;  ash,  2.4G. 

Fruit  edible. 


ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 


20. — Guaiacum  sanctum,  Linnnius, 

Spec.  1  ed.  3«2.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,70T.— Nottall,  Sylva,  iii,  16,  t.  86;  2  ed.  ii,  86,  t.  86.— Gray,  Geuero,  ii,  123,  t.  148.— Schnizlein, 

loon.  t.  2o:i,  f.  2i.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858.  264 Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  134.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  64.— 

Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  07.- Vftsey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  7. 

O.vcrticale,  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  321. 

LIONUM-VIT.J!. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Upper  Metacombe  and  tiignum-VitsB  Keys,  common;  Lower  Metacombe  and  Umbrella 
Keys,  rare;  in  tlie  Bahamas,  St.  Domingo,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  etc. 

A  low,  gnarled  tree,  not  exceeding,  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
sometime.".  0..'30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  difQcnlt  to  work,  8j)litting  irregularly, 
oop^aining  many  evenly-distributed  resinous  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ob.scuro  ;  color,  rich  yellow-brown, 
varying  in  older  specimens  to  almost  bh  3k,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  1.1432;  ash,  0.82;  used  in 
turnery  and  for  the  sheaves  of  ships'  blocks,  for  which  it  is  lu-eferred  to  other  woods. 

Lif/ntin  Oiiaiaci,  Ouaiacum  wood,  the  heart  of  this  and  the  allied  G.  offieinak,  Linnieus,  formerly  largely  used  in 
the  treatment  of  syphilis,  is  now  only  retained  in  the  Materia  Medica  as  an  ingredient  in  the  compound  decoction  of 
sarsaparilla. 

Guuiac,  the  resi  o;:8  gum  obtained  from  these  species,  ict  ustimulating  diaphoretic  and  alterative,  or  In  large  dosea 
cathartic, and  is  stiil employed  in  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  etc.  (Fliiokiger  dj  Uavbury,  Pharmavographia, 
92. —  U.  S.  Bispenmtorir  14  ed.  456.— JVo<.  Di^ematory,  2  ed.  696. — Ovibovrt,  Eiat.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  551. — Berg, 
Fharm.  Anat  Atl.  53,  t.  27). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


29 


21. — Porliera  angustifolia,  Gray, 
Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  28. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey,  4a. 

Ouaiacum  angusii/olium,  Engcliiiaun,  WiHlizi->nis'  Rep.  2'.>.— Graj  in  Jojir.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  158;  Genera,  ii,  123, 
t.  149. — WaliHTs,  Ann.  iii,  810.— Witt  son  in  Pioc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  Xii. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  to  tlie  Eio  Grande  (Austin,  Matagorda  bay,  Kew  Braunfels,  San 
Antonio,  Brownsville,  Fort  Mcintosh),  extending  west  to  the  llio  Pecos  (Havard);  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  ni(!ter.s  in  height,  w  ith  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern,  northern, 
and  western  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  reaching  Its  greatest  developniert  in  the  United  States  on  the  calcareous 
hillsides  Viorderiug  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hanl,  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  smaller  and  less  regularly 
distributed  than  in  Gtiaiacum ;  medullary  rays  very  thin,  numerous;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  turning  green  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  1.1101;  ash,  0.51;  probably  possessing  medicinal  properties 
similar  to  those  of  lignum-vitae. 


RUTACE^. 


22. — Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Miller, 

Diet.  No.  2. — Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  57. — Wangenheiiu,  Anier.  116. — Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  214. — Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  147. — 
Emerson,  Trees  Miissachusctts,  509;  2  cd.  ii,  581.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  148,  t.  150;  Pacific  II.  R.  Rep.  xii«,  41 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5 
ed.  110. — Richardson,  Arctic  Expcd.  42:!. — Parry  in  Owi^i's  Rep.  (510. — Darby,  Hot.  S.  St.itCH,  25:i. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858,  250.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  282;  Bot.  &  Fl.  70.— Engclniann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  i, 
563.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

X.  Clava-Herculis,  Lamarck,  Die*,  ii,  38;  111.  t.  811,  f.  3  [not  Linnajus].- Aitou,  Hort.  K«w.  iii,  399.- Moench,  Meth.  340. 

X.fraxbli folium,  Marshall,  Arbuatnm,  167.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  52;  ii,  38. 

X.fraxineum,  Willdenov,-,  Spec  iv,  7.")7;  Enum.  1013;  Berl.  Baumz.  413.— P.^r.-ioon,  Syn.  ii,  61.").- neHlontaiuos,  Ilist.  Arb. 
ii,  343.— Aiton,  ITort.  Kew.  2  cd.  v,  :!83.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,  210.  -Xnttall,  Genera,  ii,  2:«>.— Nonvcan  Duhamel,  vii, 
3,  t.  2.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  H)7.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  iii,  15(!,  t.  59;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  4(l,-.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  726.— 
Spren^el,  Syst.  i,  94.">.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  373.— Ralinesqiie,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  113,  f. !)(".. — Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
i,  802.— Eaton,  Manual,  (i  ed.  399.— Bock,  Bot.  70.— Spach,  Hist.  Vck.  ii,  364.— Lindh  y,  Fl.  Med.  216.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  i,  4-i8,  f.  l.'iH  &  t.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1000.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,  118.— Eaton  &  Wrifjlit,  Bot.  482.— Noes, 
PI.  Wied.  5.— Griilith,  Med.  Bot.  195,  f.  103.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  LfiO.— Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  1. 19,  f.  9,— 
Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  250,  f.  1-14.— Maout  &.  Docaisnc,  Bot.  Englished.  324  &  ligs.- Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iv,  398,  f.  43:?-438. 

X.  mite,  WilMeuow,  Enum.  1013.— Poirot,  Suppl.  v,  622.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  727.- Don,  Millei-'B  Diet,  i,  802.— London, 
Arboretum,  i,  4H9. 

X  ram\ilorum,  Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i',  235. 

X^i  tricarpvm,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,  118  [not  Miohanx]. 

Thijlax  frnxinenm,  Railnesqno, Med.  Bot.ii,  114. 


PRICKLY  ASH.     TOOTHACHE  TREE. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  west  to  northern  Jlinnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas,  south  to  the 
mountains  of  Virginia  and  northern  Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  not  often  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  O.L'O  meter  in  diameter;  or,  reduced  to  a  siirnb. 
1.50  to  1.80  meter  in  height;  (lommon  and  reaching  its  greatest  develo|)nieiit  in  the  region  f)f  the  great  lakes; 
rocky  hillsides,  or  more  often  along  streams  and  rich  river  bottoms. 

Wood  li>!it,  soft,  coarse  grained ;  medullary  rays  inimerons,  thin;  color,  liglit  brown,  the  sajt  wood  lighter; 
specifh^  gravity,  0.5(i54;  ash,  0.57. 

The  bark  of  Xanthihrylnm,  an  ;i(',tive  stimulant,  is  ii.sed  in  di'coctidn  to  iirodncc  diaphoresis  in  ea.><eH  of 
rheumatism,  syphilis,  etc..  and  .-is  a  ])oi)nlar  remedy  for  toothache  ( T.  »S'.  Disprnxatoiji.  \\  ed.  (110. — IJnitlci/ in 
J/ondnn  Phttrm.  .lour.  2  ser.  v,  HDD. — Oniboitrt,  Ilist.  Ihogucn,  7  e«l.  iii,  5(»2. — Nat.  JUHjtvnsatorii,  2  ed.  1."».'r>). 


30 


FOREST  TREP:S  OF  NORl^lI  AMERICA. 


M  I 


23. — Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  LinntenH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  270,  in  port.— U.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  2r>,  52;  ii,  :18. — WilUleuow,  Sj>ec.  iv,  754,  in  part.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  38B. — 
Elliott,  8k.  ii,  ODO.— Planchoii  &  Triuna  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  Her.  xiv,  312. 

X.  fraxinifolium,  Walter,  F".  Curoliniana,  243  [not  Marshall]. 

FcUfarafrUxinifoUa,  Lamarck,  III.  i,  3;m. 

X.  Caroliniamim,  Luuiarck,  Uict.  ii,  :t9;  111.  40:(,  t.  nil,  f.  l.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Anierina,  1,  214.— Eugolmanu  &  Gray 
in  .Tonr.  BoNton  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  213.-  Gray,  Genera,  ii,  148,  t.  156,  f.  13,  14;  Mannol  N.  States,  5  cd.  110;  Hall's  PI 
Toxus,  .'■..— .SchiHlr  in  Riruu-r,  Tixas,  432.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  8,  t.  83;  2  cd.  ii,  78,  t.  83.— Darby,  Hot.  S.  States,  253.- 
Cooper  in  SniitliHOMiian  Rop.  1B58,  yriO.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  (><>.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  103.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  282;  Bot.  &  Fl.  70.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  194.- Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

X.  aromaticum,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  75.'  («xcl.  syn.).— Jacquin  f.  Eclogo),  i,  103,  t.  70. 

X.  tricarpum,  JUthaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  235.— Poiret,  Si.ppl.  ii,  294.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  383.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
i,  210.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  720.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  690.— A.  de  Jussiou  in  Mem.  Mus.xii,  t.2i},  f.  38.— Sprengel,  Syst. 
i,  945.— Don,  Millar's  Diet,  i,  803.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  365.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  488.— Eaton,  Manaal,  6  ed.  399.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  482. —Dietrich,  Syn.  Ii,  1000. 

Kampmania  fraxinifolia,  Rafiuesque,  Med.  Rep.  v,  SM. 

Pseudopctalon  fflandulosum,  RatincMciue,  Fl.  Lu<lovieiana,  108;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  114. 

Pneudopetalon  fricarpiim,  Kafinesqne,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  108;  Med.  Bot.  ii,  114. 

X.  Catl'shianilin,  KafmeHque,  Med.  But.  ii,  114. 

I'OOTIIACHK  TREK.      PBICKLY  ASH.      SEA  ASH.      PEPPEK  WOOD.      WILD  ORANGE. 

Soiitlieni  Virginia,  .soiitluvivrd  near  t\m  coast  to  bay  Biscaync  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  westward  tlirough  the 
Gulf  states  to  iiorthwe.stiTn  Louisiana,  .southern  Arkansas  (.south  of  the  Arkaii.«as  river),  and  tVv  ■  of  the 

Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  12  to  1-1  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  of  very  rapid  growth; 
usually  along  streams  and  low,  ri(!h  river  bottoms,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas, 
Louisiana,  and  easter;i  Texas. 

A  form  with  trifoliate  leaves  i.s — 

A',   nwcrophyllum,  Nuttall,  y.vlva,  iii,  lO;  2  eil.  ii,  cfO.— Les(|nereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  353. 
A'.  Clara- Jlerculis,  Var.  Wat.son  in  Proe.  Am.  Acad.  xvii,33r>. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  soft,  coarsegrained,  not  durable,  containing  many  scattered  open  duct«; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin:  color,  light  brown,  the  sajtwood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.505(5;  ash,  0.82. 

A'.  GlavallvrculiK  jjrobably  posses.ses  similar  medicinal  properties  to  those  of  the  last  species  {Nat.  Dispensatory 
2  ed.  1535). 

•  Var.  fruticosum,  Gray, 

Smitlisoniaii  Contrih.  iii,  30. — Torrey  &  Gray  in  Pacilie  H.  R.  Rep.  ii,  161. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mox.  Boundary  Snrvey,  43. — Chapman,  T'l. 
S.  Stales,  00?— Wood,  Hot.  &  Fl.  71. 

A',  himutum,  Buekley  in  Proe.  I'liiladelpliia  Acad.  IHil,  4r)0;  1870,  136  (see  Gray  in  same,  1862,  162).— Voung,  Bot.  Tc  .u'. 
195. 

Western  Texas,  Corpus  Christ i  (liucklvii),  mouth  of  the  Colorado  river  (JlfoAr),  near  Aus+tin,  and  west  to  Devil's 
river  and  Eagle  pass;  Florida  (?)  (Chapman  I.e.). 

A  low  shrub,  or  on  the  Texas  (!oast  a  small  tree,  0  to  8  meters  )■<  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  i).30  meter  in 
diameter. 

Wood  light,  .soft,  clo.segraiiied,  compact;  medullaiy  rays  nuin«'rous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the  .sap-wood 
yellow;  specilic  gravity,  0.5y(»7  ;  ash,(».7(t. 

24. — Xanthoxylum  Caribseum,  i.amarek, 

Diet.  ii,4(i.— (jterlner,  I'ruct.  i,  333,  t.  tii^,  1".  H.— Desiiiurlil/.,  Fl.  Mi<l.  Antilles,  ii,  art. — Plauchon  &  Triuna  in  Ann.  Sol.  Nat.Ssir.  xiv, 
315.  — Oiiiliourt,  Ili.st.  Drogues,  7  ed.  Iii.  562. 

A'.  Clara  Jlcnillis,  Linrnms,  Spec.  1  ed.  270,  in  part.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  727.— Macfadyeu,  Fl.  Jamaica,  194.— Grisfbach, 
Fl.liriliNh  West  Indies,  13'J. 

X  lanceolaium,  Polret,  S\\\>\>\.  ii,2<t3.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  1,727. 

X.  Flondanuw,  Xuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  II,  t.  K< ;  2  ed.  ii,  H,',,  t.  Ki.-Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  00.— Woo<l,  Bot.  &.  Fl.  70.— Voung, 
Bot.  Texas,  194. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  H. 


A 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


31 


SATIN  WOOD. 

Seiui-tropical  Florida,  south  Buliia  Homlu  and  Boca  Chica  Keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  10  meters,  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  inster  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  lieavy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  line-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beantifal 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  orange,  the  sap-wooa  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.9002 ;  ash,  2.02. 

25. — Xanthoxylum  Pterota,  HBK. 

Nov.  Gon.  &  Spec,  vi,  :!. — Kiintli,  8,vn.  iii,  'JsSi. — Do  Cftiulollc,  Prodr.  i,  TSJTi.— Toii-oy  &  (Jriiy,  I'M.  N.  Anieriea,  i,  6S0. — Macfadyen,  PI. 
Jamaica,  IDO. — Miittall,  Sjlva,  iii,  11,  t.  84;  2  od.  ii,  81,  t.  84. — Soumami,  Hot.  Herald,  275. — Tonoy,  Bot.  Mox.  Bon-.daiy  Survey, 
43. — Cooper  iu  Sniitiisonian  Ucp.  1858,  264. — Chapiuau,  Fl.  8.  States,  GG. — Young,  Bot.  Texan,  li)5. — Plauchou  &  Triaiia  iu  Ann. 
8ci.  Nat.  5  sor.  xiv,  311. — Engler  in  MartiuH,  Fl.  Brasil.  xii*,  1.54. — Vasey,  Cat.  ForcNt  TreeH,  8. — Heumley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i, 
169. — Watson  iu  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  335. 

Fagara  Pterota,  Linmcus,  Amoju,  v,  393,  in  part.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  444 ;   111.  i,  335,  t.  84.— Wiildenow,  Spec,  i,  666.— 
Alton,  Uort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  2C3.— Titford,  llort.  Bot.  Am.  40.— Turpiu,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xvi,  107,  t.  127. 

Fagara  lentisci/olia,  Willdcuow,  Enum.  i,  166.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  137. 

WILD  LIME. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mo.squito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  on  tlic  west  coast  from  about  latitude  20°  l:o  cape 
Sable;  southwestern  Texa.s,  and  southward  through  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.1.')  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  in  Florida  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  keys  of  the  west 
coast;  iu  Texas  not  common,  but  widely  distributed  as  a  small  shrub,  or  on  the  shores  of  Matagorda  bay,  west 
o^  the  Nueces  river,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  liio  Grande  a  low  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compa(!t;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous;  color, brown  tinged  witli  red,  the 
sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7144 ;  ash,  0.78. 

26.— Ptelia  trifoliata,  Linnmus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  118.— Modicus,  Bot.  Beobaelit.  215.— Mrtrsliull,  Arbiistuui,  115.— Walter,  Fl.  Carnliniana,  HS.— Alton.  Hort.  Kew.  1, 11)2 ;  2  ed. 
i,2»)4. — Laninrck,  HI.  i,  336,  t.  84. — Miencli,  Metli.  55. — Wiildenow,  Spec,  i,  670;  Knuni.  I,  llii. — Noiiveau  Duliiimcl,  i,2.")'J,  t..57. — 
Micliuux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,  99. — Sehkulir,  Ilaudli.  f.],  \.!^[i. — I'uiret  in  Laniarek,  Diet,  v,  70(). — PeiNoon,  .Svn.  i,  145.— DeNlontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  313.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  509.— riir.ili,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  107. — N'littall,  (ieiiera,  I,  101.— (iuimpel,  Ottn  &.  llayne.  Abb. 
Holz.  94,  t.  74.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  8.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  201.— RoBmer  &  S.-huItes,  Syst.  iii,  291.— Torr.'y,  El.  U.  S.  1H9 ;  C<.iiii)en,l.  Fl.  N. 
States,  86.— Fl.  N.  York,  i,  133;  I'aeilie  R.  R.  l{ep.  iv,  73;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  43.— De  (,'andolle,  I'lodr.  il,H2.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  i,  441.— Tiirpin,  Diet.  .Sci.  Nat.  xllv,2,  t.  12S.— A.  do  .Tussii'u  in  Mem.  Mns.  xii,  t.2ti.  f.  4!!.— Beck  in  Am.  .lour.  Sci.  1  ser.  x,2()4 ; 
r.ot.  71.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  806.— Spaeh,  Illst.Veg.  ii,  369.— Hixtker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  21.5.- Loudon, 
Arboretum,  i,  489  &  t.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  288.— Torrey  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  215.— Eaton  &  Wriglit,  Bot.  379.— Dietrieb, 
Syu.  i,  497. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  1.53.— Scheele  in  Riunier,  Texas,  43'.'. — Gray,  Genera,  ii,  l,'"'  /,  t.  1.57  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
110. — Rieliarclson,  Arctic  Exped.  423.— Parry  in  Owen's  Re,i.  610. — Agardli,  Theor.  &  Syst.  P).  t.  19, 1'.  7,8.— Cooper  in  Sniilbsonian 
Rep.  1858,  250.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  Stales,  2.54.— Chapnum.  Fl.  S.  States,  6(1.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  IKiO,  iii, 
107. — Lesquenux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3.53. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  283;  Bot.  &  Fl.  71.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  250,  f.  1.5-26. — 
Young,  Bot.  Texas,  195.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iv,  395,  1".  445,  446. — Koch,  Duudrologio,  i,  566.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — 
Hoiusloy,  Bet.  Am. -Cent,  i,  171.— Burgess  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Qazette,  vii,  95. 

Amyris  elemi/era,  Linmene,  Spec.  2  cd.  a95.— St.  Hilaire,  Fam.  Nat   i,  253. 

P.  vitwifolia,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  68. 


HOP  TREE.     8URUBBY  TREFOIL.     WAFER  ASH. 

Ontario  and  New  York  (banks  of  the  Niagara  river),  Pennsylvania  southward  to  northern  Florida,  west  to 
Minnesota  and  the  headwaters  of  the  Canadian  river ;  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Miinbres  river, 
New  Mexico  {Bigelow),  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  4  to  G  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  shady,  rocky  hillsides. 

A  variety  with  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves,  not  rare  on  the  south  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  common  form  of 
western  Texas,  is — 

var.  mollis,  Torroy  &.  Gray,  PI.  N.  America,  i,  6b1.— Engelmaun  &,  Gray  in  Jour,  Boston  8oc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  213.— Torrey 
In  Marcoy's  Rep.  282.— Gray  in  Smithsouiau  Contrib.  iii,  31;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  71.— Watson  in 
Proc.  Am,  Aood.  xvii,  3.%. 

P.  mollis,  Curtis  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 2  ser.  fli,406;  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  ill,  107.— Walpers,  Auu.  11,869.— 
Clmpniau,  Fl.  S.  States,  67.— Youug,  Bot.  Texas,  196. 


,nrs|N 


!<>:i 


32 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  coiupact,  satiny,  the  annual  growths  clearly  marked  by  two  or  three  rows  of 
open  ducts;  medullary  raj's  few,  thin;  color,  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity, 
•0.8310;  ash,  0.30. 

The  bark  of  the  root  possesses  tonic  pro])erties  and  is  employed  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and  fluid 
extracts  in  cases  of  dy8pei)sia,  debility,  etc.  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  1862,  198;  1867,  337. —  U.  8.  Dhpensatory,  14  ed. 
1740. — Xat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1179) ;  the  bitter  fruit  is  occasionally  used  domestically  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

27. — Canotia  holocantha,  Torruy, 

Pacific  K.  U.  Ut^p.  iv.tiS. — Gray  iu  Ivoh'  Rep.  15;  Proc.  Am.  Aca<l.  xii,  159. — Uaillon,  AdnuNonia,  x,  18;  Hist.  Veg.  vi,  7,  4vJ. — Brewer  & 
WatsDii,  Bot.  California,  i,  liW. — Rothrock  in  Whoeler's  Rep.  'J4,  81,  t.  1.— Maximowicz  iu  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg  v,  256. — 
Rnsbv  in  Bull.  Torrcy  Bot.  Club,  ix,  10(>. 

Arizona,  White  Mountain  region,  valley  of  the  Gila  river  (Rothrock),  valley  of  Bill  Williams  Fork  (Bigelow). 

A  8U)all  tree,  6  tj  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  soractiiues  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  large  phiubj 
dry,  rocky  mesas.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  i)romiueut;  color 
light  brotvn,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6885;  ash,  5.33. 


SIMARUBE^. 


28. — Simaruba  glauca,  Do  Candolle, 

Diss,  in  Avn.  Mas.  xvii,  323 ;  Prodr.  i,  733. — Humboldt,  Bouplaud  &  Kuuth,  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec,  vi,  Iti. — Descourtilz,  F\.  Med.  Antilles, 
i,  ()6,  t.  14.— PLinchon  in  London  Jonr.  Dot.  v,  567.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  152.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  20,  t.  87 ;  2  ed.  ii,  88,  t.  87.— 
Cooper  in  Smitlisonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Gn.se':;icli,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  139.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  67.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl. 
72.— Planchon  &  Triana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  357. — Engler  in  Martins,  Fl,  Brasil.  jii*,  223.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. — 
Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  173. 

Quassia  Simaruba,  LinnaMis,  Snppl.  234— vVrlght,  Trans.  Edinburgh  Soc.  ii,  73,  t.  1,  2;  Bot.  &  Med.  Aoconnt  of  Q. 
Simaruba.— GiETtaer,  Fruct.  i,  'MO,  t.  70. — Lamarck,  III.  ii,  478,  t.  343,  f.  2. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  Sn*".- Alton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  42.  -Dosconrl  ilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  23,  t.  ■'i. 

Quassia  dioica,  Bergi  us,  Mat.  Med.  :i55. 

iS'.  amara,  Aublet,  Guian.  *.  331.— Hayne,  Arzn.  iv,  t.  15.— Schnizloin,  Icon.  t.  249,  f.  1-6. 

8.  medicinalis,  Emllichei,  Medz.  Pf.  525.— Berg,  Haudb.  i,  373.— Berg  &  Schmidt,  Oflf.  Gew.  il,  t.  13. 

PARADISE  TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  .sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  within  the  United  States  not 
common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  dions  of  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  co'.taining  many  large  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
few,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  a  little  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4136;  ash,  0.93. 

The  bark  of  this  species  has  been  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  that  of  8.  officinalis,  DC,  as  an  aromatic, 
bitter  tome  (U  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  838.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1294). 


BURSERACEJl. 


A 


20. — Bursera  gummifera,  Jacqnin, 

Am.  Pict.  t.  (i5.— LinnujuH,  Spec.  2  ed.  741.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  392,  t.  2r>6. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1119.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  e<l.  v,  481.- 
Tifford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  107.— Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  78.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  t.  97.— Spiioh,  Hist.  Vcg.  ii,  2:!9,— 
Macfadycn,  Fl.  .lamaioa,  229. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  117,  t.  7;>;  2  <>d.  ii,  61,  t.  79. — Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  390. — Browne,  Trees  of  America, 
189.— (irisebacli,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  173.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  ia'.8,264;  1H60,  440.— (  hapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  (i8.— Wood, 
Bot.  &.  Fl.  72.— Planolion  &  T-iana  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  302.— Vasiy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Ccnt.  i,  177.— 
Engler  in  De  Canthtlle.  Suites,  iv,  39. 

Ii.  acuminata,  Willdenow,  Spoc.iv,  1120.— De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  78. 

Elaphrium  integerrimum ,  Tulasne  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  »cr.  vi,  369.    (Fidt  Engler,  l.e.) 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


38 


GUM  ELEMI.    GUMBO  LIMBO.     WEST-INDIAN  BIRCH. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Gauaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast  Oaloosa  river  and  Gstximba^  bay; 
through  the  West  ladies. 

A  tree  often  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.70  metei  in  diameter;  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
common  trees  of  southern  Florida,  ef  very  rapid  growth  and  decay. 

Wood  very  light,  exceedingly  soft  and  weak,  spongy,  containing  many  scattered  o])en  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  or  gray,  quickly  discoloring  with  decay ;  specific  gravity,  0.3003 ;  ash, 
2.01 ;  used  in  making  live-fences,  pieces  of  the  trunk  when  planted  in  the  coral  rock  of  the  keys  throwing  out  roots 
and  growing  rapidly. 

The  aromatic  rosin  obtained  from  this  species  was  formerly  somewhat  used  in  various  forms,  under  the  name  of 
Caranna,  as  a  remedy  for  gout  ( Watts,  Cheni.  Diet,  i,  749. — (luibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  525,  f.  749) ;  and  in  the 
West  Indies  is  manufactured  into  a  valuable  varnish.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used  as  a  domestic 
substitute  for  tea. 

30. — Amyris  sylvatica,  Jacquin, 

Am.  Pict.  t.  108.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  ii,  333.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kbw.  a  ed.  ii,  351.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81.— Dietrich,  Sjn.  ii,  1271.— 
Macfadjcii,  VI.  Jamaica,  231. — Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  31)3. — Griuobach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  174. — Plauchou  &.  Triana  in  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  5  ser.  xv,  321.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

Toxicodendron  arborescens,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  9. 

A.  dyatripa,  Sprengcl,  Neue  Entdeclt.  iii,  48.— De  Can<lolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81. 

RhttS  arborescena,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  73. 

A.  Pluniieri,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  81. 

A.  Floridana,  Nuttall  m  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  v,  2t)4;  Sylva  ii,  114,  t.  78;  2  ed.  v,  61,  t.  78.— De  Candolle.  Prodr.  ii,  ei.-Torrey 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  221.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  IG.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  123.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  561. — 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 204,— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  68.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  72.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8. 

A.  cymoaa,  Reichonbach  in  Siel>.  P).  Trin.  No.  29t. 

A.  maritima,  Richard,  Fl.  Cuba, 31)2  [not  Jacquin], 

TORCH  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  wi  th  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  resinous,  exceedingly  durable,  susceptible 
of  a  Ijeautiful  polish ;  medullary  raya  obscure;  color,  light  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  sjjecific  gravity,  1.0459; 
ash,  0.59. 


M  E  L  I  A  C  E  J:  . 


31. — Swietenia  Mahogoni,  Linnusus, 

Spec.2ed.  548.— Jacquin,  Stirp.  Am.  t.  127.— Cavanilles,  Diss.  Ii,  365,  t.  209. — Giertuor,  Fruct.  ii,  89,  t.  96.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  678.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  557.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  od.  ii,  338.— Tittord,  Hort.  Bot.  Am,  (•)4,— Descourtilz,  Fl,  Mid,  Antilles,  ii,  125,  t,, 
99.— Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  i,  G2.').— Turpin  in  Diet.  Sei.  Nat.  Atlas,  t.  170,-Tus8no,  Fl.  Aiitillt's.  iv,  t.23.— Haync,  Arzn.  i,  t.  19.— 
Hooker,  Bot.  Misc.  i,  21,  t.  16,  17.— A.  do  Jussiou  in  Mom.  Mis.  xix,  248,  t.  11.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  687,  f.  IIG.— Woodvillo,  Med. 
Bot.  3  ed.  iii,  (m,  t.  220.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  164,  t.21.— Limlloy,  Fl.  M.'d.  l,->5,-  Macfadyen,  Fl,  Jamaitii,  H.'V.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  242.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  3G0.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  447.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  436. — Nuitall,  Sylva,  ii,  98,  t.  75; 
2  ed.  ii,  46,  t.  75.— Ricliiird,  Fl.  Cuba,  304,— Schiii/Iciii,  luiin.  t.22G,  f.  1.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Darby,  Bot.  S, 
States,  263.— Chajtman,  Fl,  S.  States,  62.— Griscb  ich,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  131.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  66.— Baillon,  Hiht.  PI.  v, 
478,  f.  472-47(1.— Ouibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  ,-,96,— Tippel  &  Bollovar,  Auslnnil,  Cult.  Pfl.,  Atlas,  i,  t,2,  f,  1,— C.  Do  Candolle, 
Suites,  i,  723.— Homsh'y,  Mot,  Am, -Cent,  i,  183. 

8,  t'cncyitkmis,  Desroussoaux  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  678. 

Cedrus  Mahoqoni,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  2. 
.1   FOI! 


.firVf 


34 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MAHOGANY.     MADEIRA. 

Scini-tropiciil  Florida,  on  tho  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key);  tlirouf;li  tlio  AVcst  Indies,  and  in 
Central  America. 

A  large  tree,  on  tlie  Florida  keys  rarely  exceediug  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  ().!)()  meter  in 
diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  conii)act,  very  durable,  susceptible  of 
a  high  ])olish;  medullary  rays  numeious,  obscure;  color,  rich  reddish-brown,  turning  darker  with  age,  the  thin  sap- 
wood  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.7282;  ash,  1.0!);  varying  greatly  in  quality  in  diil'erent  regions;  largely  used  and 
preferred  to  .ill  other  woods  for  cabinet-making  of  all  sorts,  interior  finish,  etc.;  formerly  somewhat  employed  iu 
shipbuilding. 


OLACINEiE. 


J^; 


I 


if  1 


mm 


32. — Ximenia  Americana,  LimifBus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  Appx.  1193.— Bartram,  Tnivcls,  a  etl.  ll-*.— L;imiii-ik,  111.  ii,  i;}r>,  t.  207.— VVillUeuow,  Spec,  ii,  338.— Alton,  Uort.  Kew.  2 
0(1.  ii,  3,''.-i.— Do  Ciindollo,  Prodr.  i,  .'•)33.— Nultnll,  S.vlva,  i,  121,  t.  3li;  2  ed.  i,  138,  t.  3G.— ScLnizlein,  Icon.  t.  223,  f.  1-9,  30,  31.— 
C.ainliessodes  in  St.  Ililaire,  Fl.  Urasil.  i,  341. — Wi^lit  &  Walker-Ariiott,  Prodr.  PI.  Penins.  Or.  i,  89. — WalpevH,  Rep.  i,  377;  Ann. 
vi,  ij()5.— Ricliard,  FI.  Cuba,  304. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  l^'tS,  2G4. — Grisebacli,  Fl.  ItrlMsh  West,  Indies,  310.— Bullion, 
Adansouia,  ii,  t.  9,  f.  5,  G. — Cliiipnian,  Fl.  S.  8tnten,  tit. — Kngler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasll.  xii,  9,  t.  2,  f.  1. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
8.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Ani.-Ceut.  i,  185. 

HeymassoU  spinosa,  Aublet,  Gnlan.  i,  324,  t.  125.— Lamarck,  111.  Ii,  435. 

,T.  mnliiflora,  .Jacquln,  Stirp.  Am.  llMi,  t.  177,  f.  31.— Lamarck,  111.  Ii,  435,  t.  297,  f.  1,  2.— Spaili,  Hist.  Veg.  xiii,  204. 

X.  montana,  Macladyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  i,  121, 

WILD   LIMK.      TALLOW  NUT.      HOG  PLUM.      MOUNTAIN  PLUM. 

Florida,  east  coast  from  the  Saint  John's  river  to  the  .southern  keys,  west  coast  (Jaloosa  river  to  Cayimbas 
bay;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil,  and  on  the  coast  of  the  Indian  jieniusula  (introduced?,  A.  De  CandoUe, 
Qeotj.  Bot.  ii,  1027). 

A  small,  low,  wide -spreading  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  inink  0.15  meter  in  diameter, 
or  in  pinebai'ren  soil  and  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  common  and  reacliing  its  greatest 
development  in  Florida  on  the  west  coast. 

Wood  very  heavy,  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  comi)act,  containing  numerous  regularly  distributed  oj)en  ducts; 
medullary  rays  few,  thin;  color,  brown,  tinged  with  red,  tin,  sap-woo<l  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.0190;  ash,  0.73. 

Uydroc!/anic  acid  has  been  obtained  from  the  edible  plum-shaped  fruit  {FUickiger  «(■  Hanhury,  Pharmacographia^ 
222). 


ILICINEiE. 


\i 


33. — Ilex  opaca,  Aitou, 

ITort.  Kew.  i,  lf>9;  2  ed.  1,277.— Wllldenow,  Spec,  i,  7t)8 ;  Ennni.  172;  Berl.  Banniz.  190.— Nduvciin  Duliiiniil.  i,  8.— Mielmnx,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Ani.  Ii,  as-*. — Persoon,  Syn,  i,  151.— Poiret,  Snppl.  ill,  1)5. — Miihanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  191, 1. 11 ;  N.  American  .Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  122,  t. 
84. — Hnrtiiu.  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.95;  Compend.  Fl.  Pbilad('li)li.94. — PurNli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117,— Katiiiesiine,  Fl.  Lndoviciana,lll; 
Med.  Hot.  il,  7,  t.  53.— N'littall,  Genera,  i,  109. — Rii-nier  &  .'^elmltes,  Sysl.  iii,  487. — Link,Knnni.  147.— .Tanie.s,  Oat.  17();  Long's  Kxped. 
11,  294.— Mayne.  Dend.  Fl.  10.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  17:!;  )•'!.  U.  S.  194;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  ,^7 ;  Fl.  N.  VorU,ii,2.— 
F.lllott,  Sk.  ii,{'i79.  — De  C.iudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— .S))rengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,t.3.— UeeU,  Bot.230.— Katon,  Munnal, 
ti  ed.  isii. —London.  Arboretum,  ii,  5111  A  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bnr.-Am.  I,  I'.'l  ;  Jonr.  Bot.  i,  2(»1.— F.aton  &  Wright,  Hot.  282.— UIgelow, 
Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.ti4.  — Don,  Miller's  Diet.  Ii,  17.— Sp..ch,  llisl.  Veg.  il,  427.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  .''1.54.— (iritlitli,  Med.  Bot.  432.— Emerwm, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  341;  2  ed.  ii,  385  &  t. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  107.- Darby.  Hot.  S.  .States,  42fi. — Darlington,  FI. 
Ceslriea,  3  ed.  17.— Cooper  in  Snuthsonian  Rep.  1858,  2.53.— Chapman,  FI.  S.  States,  2()9.— Curtis  in  I'ep.  Oe<dogieal  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  18()0,  iii,  58.— Lesqnereux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  37:1. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  490:  l!ot.  &  F1.207. — Gray,  Maniuil  \. 
States,  5ed.  :'••(;. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  372. — Vasey,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  8. — Maxiniowie/  in  Mem.  Aciid.  St.  Petersburg,  xxlx,  No.  3, 29.-- 
Mullichanip  in  Hull.  Torrey  Uot.  Club,  viii,  113. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


35 


ic8,  and  in 


!K)  meter  in 

■icoptible  of 
10  thin  siip- 
ly  used  and 
mployed  in 


llort.  Kew.  2 
1-i),  30,  31.— 

).  i,  377;  Ann. 

310.— Baillon, 
Forest  Trees, 


I.   aqui/oHmil,  Maralmll,  AilmsUnu.  r>3  [not  Linnii'MH].— Wnllcr,  1"1.  Ciirolinianii,211. 
I.  CanadcuHis,  Xlar.shall,  AiluLstuni,  (>l. 

I.  Uxxijlora,  Lauiaick.  Diet,  iii,  117;  III.  i,  ll")').— Piirsli,  I'l.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Ra'iuii  &  Sohiilles,  S.vst.  iii,  404  ;  Mttnt.3;»4.— 
Uc  CandolN'.  I'kmIi-.  ii,  1 1.— Si)nMi.ml,S.v.st.  i,  405.— ]1im,JIill(^r's  Diet,  ii,  17.— Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  427.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i, 
iVi,").- Loiuldii,  Arlidirtmii,  ii,  517.— Eaton,  Manual,  (mmI.  M). — Eaton  it  Wright,  Bot.  283. 

I.  qliercifolld,  Micrliuru'li.  I<on.  ii,  t.  5. 

Afjcrid  OJKltO.  i;aliiuM|in-.  Svlva  'I'.llniiana,  4T. 

AMEllICAN   HOLLY. 

(Juiiicy,  JIas.sacliu.selt.s.  s.aitliward,  near  the  eoast,  to  Mosquito  iidot  and  Cbarlotte  Iiarbor,  Florida,  valley  of 
the  Jlississippi  river,  soutliern  Indiana  southward  to  the  gulf  of  JEoxico,  and  southwest  through  Missouri,  Arkan.sa8, 
and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  10  meters  in  ..i,:ghl,  with  a  triuik  O.'M)  to  l.L'O  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub;  generally  in  low,  rather  moist  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  ricii  bottoms  of  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  ligiit,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  ratlier  hanl,  close-grained,  very  compact,  easily  worked ;  medidlary  rays 
numerous,  inconspicuous;  color,  nearly  white,  turning  to  light  brown  with  exposure,  the  sap- wood  still  ligiiter; 
specilic  gravity,  0.5818;  ash,  U.7(i;  used  and  admirably  adapted  for  cabinet  work,  interior  linisii,and  (unicryof  the 
highest  class. 

A  bitter  principle  {rilciit),  conunon  to  other  species  of  the  genus,  has  been  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  this  tree 
(Am.  Jour.  Pharin.  xxviii,  ,'U-l. —  /'.  «S.  Dixpenmtory,  11  ed.  U>70. — A'rt/.  Diupcnfialoyi/,  Ii  ed.  7r>l). 


:iii,  2()4. 


(!;iyiml)as 
De  CandoUe, 

n  diameter, 
its  greatest 

open  ducts; 
ash,  0.73. 
acographia, 


X,  I'l.  Bor.- 
tfd.ii,  122,  t. 
ovioian»,lll; 
ong'H  Exited. 
York,  ii,2.— 
iton.  Manual, 
2. — IJigi'low, 
2. — Emerson, 
rlingliin,  I'l. 
ieal  Snrv.  N. 
y,  Mamial  N. 
N,  No.  3,20.-- 


34. — Ilex  Dahoon,  Walter, 

Kl,  Caroliuinna,  241. — Michaux,  Fl.  Itor.-Ani.  ii,228. — Purnh,  l"l.  Am.  .Sept.  i,  117. — Xultall,  ticiu'ia,  i,  iOO. — li<i'mer  A  Seliiilte«,  Sy.st. 
iii,  Jci',);  Mant.  3;i2.— De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  11.— Ellioll,  ."^U.  ii,  (iso.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  HI.— Spreiigel,  Sj.st.  i,  405.— 
Audubon,  Binls,  t.  4d.— Don,  Miller'.s  Diet,  ii,  10.— Hooker,  Jour.  liot.  i.  ;.'02.— Eaton,  Manual,  C  ed.  1*5.- Eaton  A-  Wright, 
Bot.  28^.— .Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  42d— Dietrieh,  Syn.  i,  5.').1.— Loudon,  Arlioretuni,  ii,  510.— (irilVilli,  Med.  Bot.  l;!;!.  — Darliy,  Bot.  S. 
State.s,  42l'>.— Chapman,  I'l.  S.  Slates,  'JdO.— Curtis  in  Ke]i.  Ceologiial  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  l-:ii(),  iii,  5S.— Wood,  Bot.  &.  Fl.  207.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  :iO(i.-  -Vnsey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  S. — Maxiniowien  in  Mora.  Aead.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3.  20. — 
Nat.  Dispensato.y,2  eil.  75."i. 

/.  Cunsine,  Linna'us,  Si«'i-.  12.>,  in  part. — Marshall,  Arbnslum,  (ii.  —  Ailou.  llort.  Ki'W.  i,  170,  in  ])iirt ;  2  eil.  i, 'JTO.  — Lamarck, 
Diet,  iii,  117;  III.  i,  :!,'«.''i. — Willdenow,  Spee.  i,7liO;  Ivnim.  i,  172;  Ilort.  Berol.  i,  t.  31. — Nouveau  Dnh.iinel,  i,  0. — 
Pcrsoon.  Syn.  151. — Desl'onfaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  l!t>2. — Pi.'"et,  Sujipl.  iii,  G5. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  U7. — Kcemer  &. 
Schultes,  Svst.  iii,  100.— llayne,  Dend.  Fl.  10.— De  Candol.e,  Pre„!i-.  ii,  14.— .Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  405.— Don,  MillcT's  Diet, 
ii,  17.— Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  42.-*.— Diet  rich.  Syn.  i,  .")I4— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  517,  f.  184.— Eaton  A  Wright,  Bot. 
2.S2. — G(T>ppert  in  Del.  Seiu.  Viatisl.  1S85  (l,iiiiina.  xxvi,  74('i). 

I.  Cassinc,  var.  IntifoliU,  Aiton,  Hurt.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  27f^. 

I,  cassilioidcs.  Link.  i:num.  i,  148.— l{(e,uier  it  Sehultes,  Syst.  iii;  Maul.  332. 

I.  lauri/oUa,  Nut  tall  in  Am.  Jour.  Sei.  1  ser.  v,  280.— Eaton,  Manual,  Ii  ed.  lt«3.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282. 

Ageria  palUNtris,  Kalincsciue,  Sylva  Telluriana,  47. 

Ageria  obora*vt,  IJalinesque,  Sylva  Telluriami,  47. 

Ageria  heterophil  I  ht,  L'alinesciue,  SylvaTidluriana,  48. 

DAHOON.   DAHOON  HOLLY. 

Southern  Virginia,  soiithwiud  near  the  (;oast  to  iMostpiito  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf 
coast  to  the  ])rairie  region  of  western  Louisiana. 

A  sniiill  tree,  sometimes  S  nu'ters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  front  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  low,  wet  soil; 
not  common,  and  running  into  numerous  forms,  of  whicii  the  liest  marked  are — 

var.  angUStifolia,    Torny  &  tirn.\,  Fl.  N.  .Viiieiiea,  iiicil. 

I.   CamnC,  var.  angnstifolia,  Willdenow,  Spee.  i,  700.— Alton,  llort.  Kew,  2  ed.  i,  278.— Nouveau  Duliainel,  i,  !),  t.  3. 

I.  angUHti/olia,  Will.ler  .w.  Enum.  i,  172.— Pur.sh,  Fl.  Aiir  Sept.  i,  IH.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i.  100.  -Ko'uier  &  Sehultes,  Syst. 
iii,  480.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Watson.  Dend.  Brit,  i,  I.  I.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i.  405.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  17.— 
Hooker,  Jour.  Itoi.  i.  201.— .Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii.  428.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  .'•>54.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  517,  f.  185. 


'ST 


II 


lisiif 


IP 


Hi 


i\  tell 


H™'"j 


ii! 


1-*  ; 


I   ^1! 


86  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

I.  ligvstlina,  Elliott,  8k.  ii,  708  [noc  Jacqnin].— Spncb,  Hist.  Vcg.  ii,  429.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  282— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  123. 

f  I.   WatSOtlUma,  Spndi,  HiHt.  V05.  ii,  429. 

var,  tnyrtifolia  (only  in  low  cypress  swunips  and  ponds),  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  269.— Nat.  DispjOBatory,  2  ed.  76i, 

I.  myrti/olia,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  214.— Xonvean  Duhamel,  i,  10,  t.  4.— Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  229.- Poiret,  Snppl. 
iii,  C5. — Willdenow,  Ennn-.  8uppl.  8. — Rcomcr  &  8chultes,  Syst.  iii,  489. — Link,  Ennm.  148. — Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
4a9.-Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  1S7.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  282.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  426.— Gray,  Mannal  N.  Statea, 
Sed.  306.— Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3,  26. 

I.  rosmnrifolia,  I.amartk,  Ill.i,  S-^e.— Persoon,  Syu.  i,  151.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65. 

I.  liflJISiri/oUa,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  19.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  497  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  207. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4806;  asb,  0.91;  that  of  var.  myrtifolia  heavier,  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.5873 ;  ash,  0.90. 

35. — Ilex  Cassine,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  241. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  170,  in  part.— James,  Cat.  176;  Long's  Exped.  ii,  294.— Hooker,  Jonr.  Bot.  i,  202.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  186. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  269. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geologiaal  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  59. — Lesqnereux  in 
Owen's  2d  Kep.  A;  Uansas,  373.— Wood,  Bot.  &.  Fl.  208.— Gray,  Manii.-vl  N.  States,  5  ed.  306.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  373.— Maximowicz 
in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No.  3,  22. 

/.  Casaine,  ft.  Linnujus,  Spec.  1  ed.  125. 

Gansinc  Pcragua,  Linmcus,  Mant.  ii,  220.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  2ti.— Plenck,  Icon.  t.  239. 

Cassine  Caroliniana,  Lannirck,  Diet,  i,  652 

I.  vomitoria,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  170;  2  ed.  i,  278.— Salisbury,  Prodr.  70.— Willdonow,  Spec,  i,  709.— Enum.  Suppl.  8.— 
B.  S.  Bartiin,  Coll.  i,  36,  56. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  i,  10. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  151. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  362. — 
Titl'ord,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  41.— Pursh,  11.  Am.  Sept.  i,  118.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  109.— Kccmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  491; 
Maut.  333.— De  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  14.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  495.— Torrey  in  Ann  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  173.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  ii,  17.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— S)>ach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  430.— Liudley,  Fl.  Med.  393.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  555.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  518,  1".  186.— Eaton,  Manual,  6pd.  187.— Eaton  «Sr  Wrif^ht,  Bot.  282.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  433.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  169. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  544. 

/.  ligustrina,  Jacquin,  Coll.  iv,  105;  Icon.  Bar.  ii,  9,  t.  310  [not  Elliott].— Liiuiarck,  111.  i,  :<56. 

I.  Fhridana,  Lamarck,  111.  i,  356. 

I.  Cassena,  Jlichaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  22i>.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65.— RoDmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  490.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  681.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States  426.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  497. 

I.  religioHa,  Barton,  Fl.  Virgiuica,  6(i. 

Cassine  ramulosa,  Rafinesque,  Fl.  Lndoviciana,  363. 

Hicropln/llus  Cassine,  Ralinesquo,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  8. 

Emctila  ramulosa,  HaRacMiue,  Sylva  Telluriana,  45. 

Ageri'J  Cas.sena,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Tolluriana,  47. 

Ageria  geminata,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telluriana,  48. 

CASSENA.     YAUPON.     YOPON. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  the  Saint  John's  river  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  west  along 
the  Gulf  coast  to  soutlicni  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  (i  to  8  meters  i?i  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub,  sending 
up  m:iny  slender  stems  and  forming  dense  thickets;  sandj,  moist  soil,  along  ponds  and  streams,  reaching  its 
greatest  (leveloi))i)ent  in  the  river  bottoin.s  of  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  clost'-grained,  liable  to  cheek  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color, 
noarly  white,  becoming  yellow  with  exi)0sure,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7270;  ash,  0.87. 

The  leaves  iiossi'ss  powerlul  emetic  properties,  and  were  em|)loyed  by  the  southern  Indians,  together  perha[)s 
with  those  of/.  JJahoon,  in  the  preparation  of  their  "black  drink*  {Am.  Jviu:  I'harm,  xliv,  217. — U.  S.  Dispensatory, 
14  ed.  1670. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  754). 


^'<i.\L^ i^ JMiA^l ^^M^iU   riiV^-iiri 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


37 


36. — Ilex  decidua,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  241.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  65.— Chapmau,  Fl.  S.  States,  269.— Curtis  in  Bep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  59.— 
Leaqueroux  in  Owen'82(l  Eep.  Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  497;  Bot.&  Fl. 208.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.30C.— Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  373. — VnHcy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  8.— Mnximowirz  iu  Mem.  Acad,  St.  Petersburg,  xxix,  No,  3,  30.— Watson  in  Proc, 
Am.  Acad,  xvii,  335. 

LprinoideSy  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.i,  169;  Sed.i,  278.— Lamarck,  111.  i,  3.55.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  709.— Nouvciin  Dubaniol,  i, 
11. — MicliJiux,  Fl.  Uor.-Ani.,  ii,  229.— Peraoon,  Syn.  i,  151. — Desfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  362. — Purnli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 
118.— Ki-ttall,  Geuera,  i,  109.— Roomer  &,  Scbultes,  Syst.  iii,  488;  Mant.  332.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  15.-Si)riiij,'ol, 
Syst.  i,  495.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  89.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  187.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,  Bot.  282.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  426. 

J.  amtivalis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  147;  Ill.i,  350. 

Prinoa  decidmia,  Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  ii,  1(!.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  20.— Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  202.— London,  Arboretum, 
ii,  52U. 

/.  ambignus,  Elliott,  8k.  ii,  705. 

Sonthern  Virginia,  southward,  tbrough  the  middle  districts,  to  western  Florida,  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  southern  Illinois  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  southeastern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  eastern 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  iu  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states  a 
tall,  straggling  shrub;  low,  wet  woods  along  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Iron  Mountain 
region  of  Missouri  and  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  raedullarj  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  creamy-white,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7420;  ash,  0.70. 


cyrillacej:. 


37. — Cyrilla  racemiflora,  Liunjcup, 

Maut.  i,  50;  Syst.  14  ed.241.— .Jacciuiii,  Icon.  Kar.  t.  47;  Cull,  i,  102.— WnUc>.-,  Fl.  Ciiroliniana,  103.— Lam.irck,  Diet,  ii,  245;  IU.  ii, 
114,  t.  147,  f.  2.— Nouveaii  Diibaiuel,  i,  21.->,  t.  40.— DfBfontaiues,  Hist.  Ailt.  i,2.").— Klliolt,  Sk.  i,  294. -Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  119.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  21S.— Torrcy  &  Gr.iy,  Fl.  N.  Anicrica,  i,  25(1.- Xuftall,  Sylva,  ii,  !'(!,  t.74  ;  2  oil.  ii,  43,  t.  74.— Planclion  in 
Hooker's  .Jour.  Dot.  v.  ii."4.— Sv.hni/.loin,  Icon.  t.  240,  f.  1-1,  (i,  17,  10,  21.— Darby,  Hot.  S.  States,  417.— Ci'Oi)cr  iu  Suiitli:-oniaii  Kep. 
18,"i8,yr>3. — Chapmau,  Fl.  S.  States,  27-i. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  IfCtt,  iii,  105. — I'orchc.,  KcfOurci'S  S.  Forests, 
130.— Maoiit  i\:  Di;eaisn<',  Hot.  English  ed.  .'')4(1  &  f.— Uaillim,  Adan.souia,  i,'J(!:!,  t.  4.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  49:!;  Bot.  &  F1.205.— Vasoy, 
Cat.  Forest  Tries,  Id. 

Andromeda  'phimata.  Haitiaui,  Cat.— Alarshall,  Arbustum,  9. 

G.  CaroUniana,  Miehaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  15H.— Ga:rtuer,  C.  Frnct.  Snppl.  147,  t. 209,  f.  8.— Por.soon,  Syu.  i,  175.— Pursb,  in. 
Aui.  Sept.  i,  170.— Niitta!!, Genera,!, 14.").— Poiret, Snppl.  ii,4:'(i.—K(emer  &  Sdiultes,  Syst.  v,  408.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  24.")6.— 
Walpors,  Kep. vi,  421. — Dietrieh,  Syn.  i,805. 

Jfert  Cj/n7/a,  L'Hcriiier,  Stirp.  i,  137,  t.Gii.- S.varlz,  Prodr.  50;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  506 ;  Olis.94,  t.  4.— Willdcnow,  Spec.i,  1146.— 
Alton,  llort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  ;!7. 


V.  raccmostl,  Loudop,  Arboretum,  iv,  2,")77,  f.  2503. 

G.polyntachia,  C.  pafni/'oHa,  C.fuscatti,  Haiiuesqu",  Aulikou  Botanikou,  8. 


IKON  WOOD. 

North  Carolina  Ksoiirhward,  near  the  coast,  to  middle  Florida  (latitude  .30°),  westward,  along  the  Gulf  coast, 
to  the  valley  of  the  I  Vail  river,  ^lissi.'^sippi. 

A  sm;'ll  tree,  .sonictiims  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall 
shrub,  sending  u])  many  stems  from  the  root;  open  swamps  and  low  thickets;  a  variety  (C  -»»(««,  Curtiss)  with 
narrower,  persL^tent  leaves,  and  thicker  spongy  bark,  in  poml  holes  and  wet  depre.ssions  of  the  pine  barrens  ol"  the 
Apalachicola  region  of  western  Florida,  forms  dense,  impenetrable  tliickets. 

Wood  heavy,  weak,  Inird,  close  grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  conspicuous;  color,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  tlie  sap-wood  a  little  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.0781 ;  ash,  0.12. 


88 


FOREST  TKEES  OF  NORTH  xVMERICA. 


38. — Cliftonia  ligustrina,  UnnkH, 

Ex.  Git-rtnor  f.  Friict.  Siippl.  "J-Ki,  t.  2a"i.— Uartriiui,  Travfls,  'i  cd.  :!!.— Toiny  &  Gray,  FI.  N.  Amoricu,  i,  256.— Niutall,  .Sylva.  ii, 
92,  t.73;  2  cd.ii,  ."!!»,  t.7:t.— Planrhoii  in  lIookci'N  Jour.  IJot.  v,  2,V).— WaliiciN,  Kt'i).  vi,  .l'>2.— Diotricb,  Syn.  ii,  1412.— Scliiiizlcin. 
Icon.  t.  240»»,  f.  r>.  7-10,  20.— Cooper  in  ."^mitlisoiiiaii  Rep.  lsr.8,  2.51.— Chaprimn,  Fl.  S.  States,  27:i.— Porcher,  KeKonrces  8. 
J'orests,  i:50.— Baillon  in  Adansonia,  i,  202,  t.  4,  1'.  ;!-(!.— VaHey,  Oat.  Forest  Treis,  18, 

Mylocaryum  UgUHtrinum,  Willdenow,  Enum.  i,  454.— Hot.  Mag.  t.  1625.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  GKi,  t.  9!)2,  f.  1.— I'ursh,  Fl. 
Aiu.  .Sept.  i,  302,  t.  14.— Poiret,  Siip))!.  iv,  41.— Elliott,  .Sk.  i,  508.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  231.— Eaton  &  Wright,  liot. 
323.— Darby,  Fl.  8.  States,  417.— Wood,  CI.  Hook,  41)3;   Hot.  &  Fl.  -^Ob. 

TITI.      IRON  WOOD.      BUCKWUEAT  TREE. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  river,  Georgia,  southward  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  west  Florida,  westward  along 
the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river,  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  mt^tera  in  hei{',ht,  with  a  trunk  O.HO  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern 
limits  in  Florida  reduced  to  a  shrub;  margins  of  pine-barren  ]>onds  and  streams. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  'medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.G249;  ash,  0.42;  hirgely  used  as  fuel,  burning  with  a  clear  tlauie. 


CELASTllACEJl. 


39. — Euonymus  atropurpureus,  .laequiu. 

Hort.  Vind.  il,  155,  t.  120.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  .">7:'> ;  111.  ii,  1)8.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  i,  274  :  2cd.  ii,  29.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1132 ;  Enum.  i, 
256. — Michaux,Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  i,  155. — Persooii,  Syn.  1,243. — Nouveau  Duliainel,  iii,  20. — Desfontaines,  Ilist.  Arb.  11,356. — Pursh.Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  i,  168. -Turpin,  Diet.  Sci.  Nafc.  xvii, 532,  t. 272.— E.aton,  Slanual, 28;  (i  ed.  140.— Nuttall,  Genera,  155.— Roenier &  Sehulles, 
Syst.  V,  466.— Hayne,  Dend.  FI.  24.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  293.— Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  4.— Toirey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  173 ;  FI.  U.  S. 
261;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  120;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  141;  Nicollot'H  Rep.  147.— Spreugel,  Syst.  i,  788.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  ', — 
Beck,  Bot.  72. — Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  i,  201.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  405. — Raiinesque,  Now  Fl.  CO.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  499,  f.  167.— 
Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  257.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  819.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  340.— Griflilh,  Med.  Bot.  219,  f.  112.— Gray, 
Genera,  ii,  188;  Manual  N.  .States,  5  ed.  116.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  423.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Darby.  Hot.  S.  States, 
268.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  48. — Baillou  iu  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  v,  314.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  76. — Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  102. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  269 ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  76. — 
Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  129.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  See.  new  ser.  xii,  187. — Kooh,  Dendrologie,  i,  629,— Younj;, 
Bot.  Texas,  205.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

E.  CaroHnensis,  Marshall,   Arbustum,  43. 

E.  latifolius,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  44  [not  Alton].- Agardh,Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  22,  f.  4. 

BURNING  BITSH.     WAHOO.     SPINDLE  TREE.      ARROW  WOOD. 

Western  New  York,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  river  {Fort  Union)^  Moiitaua,  southward  to  northern 
Florida,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Kansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shiub  2  to  3 
meters  in  height ;  low,  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  heavy,  very  close-grained,  liable  to  check  badly  in  seasoning;  medullary  rays  hardly  discernible;  color, 
white  tinged  with  orange;  specific  gravity,  0.P'^''2;  ash,  0.58. 

^Yahoo  bark,  a  mild  but  rather  uncertain  purgative,  is  used  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  decoctions,  tinctures, 
fluid  extracts,  etc.  {Am.  Jour.  Pharmacy,  xx,  80. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  402. — yat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  559). 


40. — Myginda  pallens,  Smith, 

Rees'  Cycl.  xxv,  No.  4. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  13.— Diolrioh,  Syn.  i,  554. — Grisebuch,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,   He- 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  3;  rl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 


-Chapman  in 


Semi-troi)ical  Florida,  Upper  Jletacombe  Key;  iu  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  motiT  in  diumotcr. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  layers  of  aiiini;il  growth  and  numerous  medullary 
rays  hardly  <listingnishable;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  thick  s;ip-\vood  lighter  brown  tinged  with  red; 
specific  gravity,  0.9048 ;  ash,  3.42. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


39 


41. — Schsefferia  frutescens,  .Jnc<iuin, 

Stirp.  Am.  a.'>9.— Gierluer  1".  Fruit.  Siippl.  '249,  t.  2-.'r.,  1'.  7.— Luiiuirtk,  111.  iii,  402,  t.  801).— Poiret  lii  Luiiiimk,  Diet,  vi,  7'.J7.— D« 
Cundollo,  Prodr.  ii,  41. — Kiirstoii,  Fl.  CultiuibiiL-,  i,  t.  91.— C'liainiiun,  V\.  S.  States,  70. — Qrisubitcb,  I'l.  Uiilisli  Wtxt  InilicH,  146. — 
Wiilpors,  Ann.  vii,  581. 

)!.  completa,  .Swurtz,  ri.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  :ti>7,  t.  7,  f.  A.— VVilldciiow,  Spco.  iv,  741.— Alton,  IToit.  Kow.  2  id.  v,  ;i7l.— Miiifudyen, 
1"1.  Janiaicu,  :l'07. 

8,  buxi/oUa,  Nnlfall,  .Sylva,  ii,  4ii,  t.  rS;  'Jed.  i,  190,  t.  r.li.— Cdoi.cr  in  Smitlisoninn  Rop.  185)8,  a04. 

YELLOW  WOOD.      BOX  WOOD. 

Senii-tiopical  Florida,  southein  keys  from  Metacouibe  Key  oastwaid,  Oaloosu  river  and  sparingly  on  the 
Reef  Keys;  in  tlie  West  Indies. 

A  .small  tree,  occasionally  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  generally  hollow 
and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure; 
color,  light  bright  yellow,  the  saii-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7745 ;  ash,  2.54. 


RHAMNACEJC. 


, — Cbapnukn  iu 


42. — Reynosia  latifolia,  'irisebach. 

Cat.  Pi.  Cuba,  34.— Eggtis,  VidcuBkab,Medd.  fia.  Nat.  For.  173 &  t. ;  Bull.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.  xiii,  40.— Gray  iu  Coultei-'s  Hot.  Gaitflto,  iv, 
208.— Chapman,  Ft.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 

fBhamnus  lavigatus,  Vahl,  Symbelo),  iii,  41. 

Ceanothus  IwvigatllSj  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  30. 

Sciltia  ferrea,  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  72  [not  Brongnfart], 

f  Rhamindium  revolutum,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  612. 

BED  IRON  WOOD.   DARLING  PLUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Miami  {Garber),  bay  Biscayne,  and  on  the  southern  keys  (Cnrtiss)',  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  3  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  clpse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  rich 
dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown;  specific  gravity,  1.0715;  ash,  3.20. 
The  edible  fruit,  ripening  in  Ai)ril  and  May,  of  agreeable  llavor. 

43. — Condalia  ferrea,  Grisebach, 
Fl.  British  West  Indies,  100.— Walpers,  Ann.  vii,  5H8.— Gray  in  CoHlter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iv,  208.— Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  Snppl.C12. 
Rhamnua  ferrea,  Vahl,  Symbohe,  iii,  41,  t.5a 
Zizyphus  emarginaUts,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ  iii,  19.')4. 
Ceanothus  ferreus,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  30. 
Sciltia  ferrea,  Brougniart  in  Ann.  "v\.  Nat.  1  scr.  x,  303  [not  Chapnmu,  Fl.  S.  States,  72].— Vasry,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

BLACK  IRON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  bay  Biscayne,  on  the  southern  keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  11  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.i.j  to  O.oS  meter  in  diameter,  generally  hollow  and 
defective;  connnon. 

Wood  excv"dingly  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  ('oni])act,  difli<nU  to  work;  lemarkable  for 
the  large  percenta^'e  of  ash;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  coloi',  rich  orange-brown,  the  sap  wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  1.;{0_'0;  ash,  8,;51. 


40 


FOREST  TREKS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


44. — Condalia  obovata,  Hooker, 

Icon.  t.  287.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  685.— Grny  in  Jour.  Boston  8oo.  Nut.  Hist,  vi,  UiO;  Onnorn,  ii,  172,  1. 164 ;  8initli§oninn  Contrib.  lii, 
;Vi;  V,  a7  ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Tomsy,  Hot.  Mot.  Houudury  Survey,  47.— Wiitson  iu  Proo.  Am.  Aob<1.  xvii,  '3'M. 

ULUK  WOOD.     LOGWOOD.     P'TRPLE  HAW. 

Eastcru  and  aoutbwesteru  Texas,  wostwiinl  tliruugh  S(>iithern  Now  Mexico  to  southern  Arizona;  probably 
extembug  into  nertbeni  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  G  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.:iO  meter  in  diameter, or  often  a  shrub;  reaching 
its  greatest  development  along  the  streams  of  eastern  Texas;  one  of  the  common  "chaparral"  ])lauts  of  western 
Texas,  here  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  seasoning,  containing  many  groups  of  large 
irregularly-arranged  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow; 
apeciflc  gravity,  1.1999;  ash,  7.03. 

46. — Rhamnus  Caroiiniana,  Walter, 

Fl.  Carollniann,  101. — Lamarck,  III.  ii,  88;  Diet,  iv,  47(i. — Michaux,  Fl.  Uor.-Am.  i,  l.")3. — Nouvoau  Duhamol,  iii,  47. — Porsoon.  Syn. 
i,  231).— Pursh,  Fl.  Am,  Sept.  i,  1G6.— Nuttnll,  Genera,  i,  15;t.— Kieuier  &  SehuIteH,  Syst.  v,  285.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  28<.).— Do  CandoUe, 
Prodr.  ii,  26.— Spreiifjel,  Syst.  i,  7(J8. — Torrry  in  Anu.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  174. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  32. — Hooker,  Jour.  IJot.  i, 
202.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  262.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  807.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  537.- Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  300.— Eaton 
&  Wiijjlit,  Hot.  390.— Scheole  in  Rremor,  Texas,  432.— Xiittall,  Sylva,  ii,  50,  t.  59;  2  ed.  i,  198,  t.  59.— Darby,  Dot.  8.  StateH,  2(U».— 
Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3.')4. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  219  ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  77, — Koub,  Dendrologio,  i,  610. — Gray,  Hull's 
PI.  Texas,  5. 

fFramjllla/ragillh,  Uanncscine,  Fl,  Ludoviciana,  320 ;  Sylva  T<!hiriana,  27. 

Sarcomphalus  CarolinianilS,  Ralines(ine,  Sylva  Ti-lluriana,  29, 

Frangula  Caroiiniana,  Gray,  Genera,  ii,  l~t<,  t,  107  ;  Mannal  >'  States,  5  cd,  115,— Torrey,  Bot.  Mox,  Boundary  Sirvey, 
46.— Cooper  in  Smithsoniau  Rep.  Ifc58,  251..— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  92. — Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  73.— Vasey,  Cat.  Fiircst  Trees,  9. 


^H1 1 


i!  \k 


INDIAN  CHERRY. 

Long  Island,  New  York,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  to  southern  Illinois,  Missouri  south  of  the 
Meramec  river,  ea.stern  Kan.si\s,  and  the  Indian  territory,  .south  to  northern  Florida  {latitude  t»0°),  and  througl, 
the  Gulf  states  to  western  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  tiie  Atlantic  states 
generally  a  tali  slirub;  rich  woods  along  streams  and  liver  liottoins,  reaching  its  greatest  development  iu  southern 
Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ihiii;  <^olor,  light  brown, 
the  sa])-woo«l  lighter;  specilic^  gravity,  O.r)401i;  ash,  0.0-1. 

The  edible  IVuit  sweet  and  agreeable. 

46. — Rhamnus  Californica,  KsehschoUz, 

Mem.  Acad.  St.  PeterKbuif;,  x,  281  (I.inmia  Litt.-Iicr.  182^,  119.— Pre.sl,  Rep.  Bot.  i,  197).— Don, Miller's  Diet,  ii,  38.- Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  X.  Ameriea,  i,  2li3.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  •^Oii.— I'.nton  &.  Wrififht,  Bot.  390.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  101.— Henisley, 
Bot.  Aui.-Cent.  i,  197. 

R.  Olei/olius,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aiii.  i,  l'.':'..  t.  1 1.— Hockei  &  Ainott,  Bot.  Beeehey,  130,  328.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  X. 
Ameriea,  i,  2U0.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  :'.!t(i.— lii'nlliam,  Bot.  Sulphur,  10;  PI.  Martweg.  :>02.— Durand  in  Jour, 
Philadelphia  Acad.  \>^'>'>,  t^,').— Cinrieic  in  Rev.  Hurt,  xlvi,  :!.')4,  1'.  47-49. 

Endotropis  oleifolia,  Rafinesque,  Sylva  Telhiriaua,  31. 

B.  lauri/olius,  Xuttall  in  Torrey  &  (!ray,  Fl.  X.  Americii,  i,  260.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  390. 

Frangula    Californica,  Gmy,  Genera,  ii,   17(S  ;    Joui.   Boston  Soe.   Xat.   Hist,   vi,   MO.— Torny   iu  Silgreaves'  Rep.    1..; 
Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74;  Bot.   Mex.   Boundary  Survey,    Ki ;  Bot.   Wilke.s  Exped.   201. — Newberry  in   Piiciiie  R.    U. 
Re)),  vi,  69. — Bolander  in  Proe.  C'alil'oniia  Acad,  iii,  78. 

California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  from  the  valley  of  the  ujiper  Sacramento  river  southward  to  Santa 
Barbara  and  lort  Tejon. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


41 


A  small  tree,  rarely  7  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.ao  to  0.37  meter  in  diameter  {Pringle),  or  commonly 
a  shrnb,  along  the  Hcacoast  and  at  high  elevations  often  prostrate;  common  antl  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Hanta  Cruz  nionntains.     A  low  shrubby  form,  densely  white  tomentose,  especially  on  the 
under  side  of  tho  leaves,  of  southern  California,  Arizona,  and  ^'e^v  Mexic«),  is— 
var.  tomcntella,  Urower  &  WntHon,  Dot.  Ciilifornio,  i,  101. 

M.  tomentellus,  Ueutbnin,  PI.  llurtwon.  :)03.— Scouittun,  Uot.  Henild,  V7.').— WhIixth,  Ann.  il,«67. 

Frangultt  CaUfornica,  var.  tomcntella,  Umv  in  SniitliHonimi  C'ontiib.  vi.  2H.  -Torny  in  Pucillc  R.  H.  Rep.  iv,  74;  vii,  l». 
Wood  light,  soit,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  nnirked  by  nmny  rows  of 
open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  narrow,  obscure;  color,  brown  or  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  speciflc  gravity, 
O.tiOOO;  ash,  0.58. 

47. — Rhamnus  Purshiana,  Uc  Cundollo, 

ProUr.  ii,  25.— Lo\.dou,  Arboretum,  ii,  538,  f.  211.— Hooker,  Kl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  12:i,  t.  4:1;  Londoli  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  78.— Don,  MIUiu'h  Diet, 
ii,  32.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  2C2.— Dietrich,  .Syn.  i,  H07.— Nuttull,  Sylvn,  ii,  52;  2  cd.  i,  200.— Richardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  423.— Newberry  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rcj).  vi,  CO.— Koch,  Dcndrologie,  i,  (ilO.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  370.— Brewer  &. 
Watson,  Uot.  California,  i,  101.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Uot.  Gazette,  ii,  8t). 

Ii.  alnij'olius^  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  .Sept.  i,  ICti  [not  L'llcrititr]. 

Cardiolepis  obtusa,  Rafines(|Uo,  Sylva  T.'llurianii,  28. 

Franyula  Furshiana,  Cooper  in  Suiithsoniau  Rep.  1H,J8,  250;  Pacific  K.  R.  Rep.  xii«,  29,  57.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
9.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  2tW. 

ukauheruy,    ukar  wood,    shittim  wood. 

Puget  sound,  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Wa.shingtou  territory  to  the  Bitter  Hoot  mountain, 
Idiiho  {MuUan  pass,  Watson),  and  the  slioivs  of  Flatheatl  li»ke,  Jlontana  {Canbij  <k  Sargent),  southward  through 
western  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and  Calilouiia,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to  about  latitude  10°. 

A  small  tree,  often  1- meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  depressions  and  along 
the  sides  and  bottoms  of  canons  in  the  conil'erous  forests,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  sloi)e 
of  the  Coast  Kange  of  soutliern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  very  haul,  not  ."^  ong,  close-grained,  eomiiact,  satiny;  niediillnry  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  .siip-wood  somewhat  lighter;  .sjieeilic  gravity,  0.5071-';  ash,  0.07. 

The  bark,  like  that  of  other  .-iiiecies  of  tiie  genus,  possesses  i)o\verful  cathartic  pio])erties,  and,  under  the  name 
of  Cancata  sagmdu,  has  recently  been  introduced  by  herbalists  in  tlie  form  of  llnid  extracts,  tinctures,  etc., 
immense  quantities  being  gathered  for  tliis  purijo.se  in  tlie  Oregon  forests  {Nat.  iJinpotsaluri/,  Ii  ed.  050). 


48. — Ccanothus  thyrsiflorus,  Ivscli.scholu, 

Mem.  Acad.  .St.  PctciNl)urj?,  X,  2Si>.  — lliiiiUi  T,  I'i.  lioi-.-..iii.  i,  PJo. — Umi,  Miller's  iJitt.  ii,  37.— Hooker  &  Ainott,  ISot.  lieechey,  130, 
3.iH.— Toni'y  &  Grii.v,  I'l.  X.  Aim  ricn,  i,  'JiHi. — iJiclriih.  S\n.  i,  r'13.  — l.inuloii,  Ai  liontiiMi,  ii,  ."itll.— Kalim  iV  W  li^lii.  Hot.  Ir:.'i. — 
Lindley,  l!ol.  Rt'n.  xxx,  I.  :W.— Nultall,  Sylv.i,  ii.  41,  t.  .''w  ;  •,' eil.  i,  liCi,  I.  .".7.— iU'iuliiUii,  ijol.  (>iilpluir,  lu;  PI.  Ilartwej,'.  :;()•,'.— Ann. 
Gand.  lrtl7,  1. 107. — Torrey  in  I'acilic  K'.  l,'.  Kc]!.  iv,  11;  lint.  Mcx.  Ui)iiii(l;iry  Survey,  l.'i;  Mot.  Wilkes  Kxped.  2t'u>.  — Newberry  in 
Paeilic  R.  Ii.  Rep.  vi,  (iO. — Cooper  in  I'.uilie  R.  |{.  Ifcp.  xii',  57.— noliuiiler  in  I'roe.  C'ali!'ori;ia  Acad.  iii,78. — Koch,  Driidnilonir,  i, 
021. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  334. — Ibcwcr  &  Watson,  Hot.  Calil'oniia.  i,  U)2. — Vasey,  Cat.  I'orest  Trees,  II. 

ULLK  .MVKTLi;. 

California  Coast  ranges,  from  JMeiidiciiio  county  south  to  Uie  \ailey  of  tlie  San  Louis  liey  river  (I'ahi,  ]'(trisli 
Brothers). 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  meters  in  ]iei,nlit,  witli  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  the  sourhern 
limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  eoinni'on  and  reacliing  its  greatest  de\el(ipment  in  tiie  Sequoia  forests  near  Saiitii 
Cruz. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-gTaineii,  com]iaet ;  medullary  rays  very  oiisetire;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
darker;  specific  gravity,  0.5750;  ash,  0.00. 

Tho  bi;.rk  of  the  root  may  be  expected  to  possess  similar  astringent  properties  to  that  of  the  shrubby  C. 
Americana,  ti.sed  with  tidvanttige  in  cases  of  diarrhea  and  dysentery,  iind  as  a  domestic  remedy  in  throat  troubles 
(U.  S.  JJiitjiensatori/,  l-k  ed.  IGOO. — jV'«(.  JJispensutory,  2  ed.  ;}73). 

49. — Colubrina  reclinata,  Un  iif;iiiuri, 

Ann.  Sei.  Nut.  1  ser.  x,  3()9.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  350.— Gri.  "bach,  1"1.  Ihil  isli  West  Indies,  lUl.— Kggeis  in  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  Xo.  13,  10. 

lihammiS  ellipticuit,  Alton,  llort.  Kew.  i,  2li5  ;  2  ed.  ii,  17.— Willdeiiow,  .Siuc.  i,  UW.— .Swartz,  Prodr.  50  ;  Fl.  Ind.  Oce.  i,  407. 

Ziztjphiis  .DominitjcniiiH,  Nouveau  Dnhamel,  iii,  50. 

Ceanothun  ricUnatus,  L'Heritier,  Sort.  0,— Ra-mer  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  v,  2t'tf.— De  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  31.— Macladyen,  Fl. 
Jamaica,  211. 


K«J^.;.  «««»i^i«Mi.  »^-^,| 


42 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


NAKED   WOOD. 

Soiiii  troi)iciil  Florida,  Umbrellii  Key,  ou  the  noitb  end  of  Key  Largo,  and  sparingly  oii  the  small  islands  south 
of  Elliott's  Key ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  region,  deciduous,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.25  meter  in 
diameter;  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on  Umbrella  Key,  here  forming  a  dense 
forest. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  britMe,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  agood  polish,  containing 
many  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sai»-wood  light 
yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.8208  ;  asii.  1.75. 

"The  trunk  attains  a  size  of  over  1  meter  and  is  most  extraordiuaiy.  Wheu  0.152  meter  thick  it  becomes 
furrowed,  and  the  furrows  and  ridges  multiply  aud  exteiul  in  all  directions;  trunks  0.75  to  1  meter  in  diameter 
lippear  like  a  mass  of  braided  serpents.  Ou  small  trunks  the  bark  breaks  up  into  llakes  which  curl  up  and  drop 
off.     Between  the  ridges  where  the  bark  persists  the  edges  of  dozens  of  papery  layers  may  be  seen"  {Curtks  in  let). 


SAPINDACEiE 


'    'I 


50. — ^sculus  glabra,  WilLicnow, 

Ennm.  405.— Pureh,  Fl.  Am.  Seit.  i,  255.— NuttiiU,  Gem-ia,  i,  241.— Pe  CandoUe,  Prodr.  i,  597.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  384 ;  Compeud.  Fl. 
N.  States,  1G4.— Gnimpel,  Otto  &  Hayno,  Alib.  Holz.  28,  t.  24.~Hayni>,  Dend.  Fl.  44.— Sprongel,  Syst.  ii,  166.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
i,r>r.2.— Hcek,  Bot.  65. -Loudon,  Arboretiuii,  i,  467,  f,  133.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  251.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1225.— Katon 
&  Wrigbt,  Bot.  115. — Walpem,  Rep.  i,  424.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,207, 1. 176, 177;  Mamicl  N.  States,  5  ed.  118. — Cooper  in  Sinidisoniau 
Eop.  li-5ti,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  79.—  Wood,  CI.  Book,  288;  Bot.  &  Fl.  85.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser. 
xii,  187.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i.  508.— Vasoy.  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  61. 

^.  pallida,  Willdenow,  Enum.  406.— Niittall,  Genera,  i,  242.— Do  Caudollc,  Prodr.  i,  .597.- Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb. 
Holz.  29,  t.  25.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  166. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650. —Eaton,  Manual,  6ed.  6.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv, 
t.  51. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  468,  f.  134. 

^.  eekinata,  Muhlenberg,  Cat.  38. 

^.  Ohioemis,  .Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  242;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  156,  t.  92.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  593.— De 
CandolU",  Prodr.  i,  597.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  i,(>52.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.6.— Rlddell,  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States,  34.— Lindley, 
Bot.  Reg.  xxiv,  51,  t.  51.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  71 ;  2  ed.'ii,  17. 

fJE.  carnea,  Ouimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  25,  t.  22.— Hayne  Dend.  Fl.  43.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xiii,t.  1056.— Watson, 
Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  121.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  652.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Amerita,  i,  253.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,425. 

Puvia  ylabrn,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54  ;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  23. 

Paria  pallida,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  25. 

t  Pavia  caritea,   Spmh  in  Ann.  Sci.  Niit.  2  ser.  ii,  .54  ;  Hint.  Veg.  iii,  23.— Don  in  Sweet's  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  2  ser.  t.  301. 

t  Pa  via   Watsoniana,  .<paeh  in  Ann.  Sri.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  54  ;  Hist.  Ve;^.  iii.  23.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America^  i,  2.>3. 

?^J.   Watsoniana,  Dietrich,  .S.\n.  ii,  122.'i.— Walpers,  lief,  i,  425. 

A':!.  Uippocastamtm,  var.  OhioensiS,  Loudon,  Arborctnni,  i,  467.— lirowne,  Th'cs  ofAnicricii,  110, 

JE.  Hippocastannm,   var.  glabra,  Loudnn,  Arboretum,  i,  467.— Browne,  Trees  ol  Anicricii,  HI. 

A'J.  IIipj>ncastanitni,  var.  pallida,  Loudon,  Arliorelum,  i,  46.-.— Browne,  Trees  of  Anil  ricii,  lil. 


I 


OHIO   UUCKKVE.      FETID   lU'CKC'E. 

Western  slopes  of  the  Alleghiiny  mountains,  Penn.sylvania  to  northern  Alabama,  westward  tliroiigli  southern 
Michigan  (rare)  to  southern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas  to  about  longitude  1)7°  we.st,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  small  ti(M',  8  to  15  nu'ters  in  height,  with  n  trunk  <>..'10  (o  (».(iO  meter  in  diameter;  rich  .soil  al(';ig  streams  and 
river  bottoms,  reaching  i(s  greatest  dcvcloiPiiieMt  in  liie  hi.itli  valU'ys  of  the  southern  Allegliaiiv  iiionnlaiiis. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  clo.se-grain<(i,  comiiaet,  dillicult  to  si»lil.  often  blemished  by  ilark  lines  ol  decay; 
medu.'lary  rays  obscure;  color,  white^  the  sup  wood  darker;  sjieeiiic  gravity,  0.4542;   ash,  0.8(!;   largely  ii-scd  in 


CATALOGUE  OF  F(JREST  TREES. 


'13 


coiiimou  witb  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  yeiiu-s  in  the  niiimifiu'tuif  of  woodemvare,  aitillci;il  limbs  (for  which 
the  wood  of  JEsculus  is  preferred  to  that  of  all  other  Aiiiericau  trees),  i)aper-pulii,  wooden  hats,  less  eonnneiily  for 
the  bearings  of  shafting-  and  machinery,  and  occasionally  inainifactured  into  lumber. 

The  bark  of  the  allied  old  woild  sjjecies ^oK".  Jlipixcantinnim  nceasioiially  has  been  found  effi(".iei()us as  a  substitute 
for  cinchona  bark  iu  the  treatment  of  intermiti;eut  fevers  (f.  S.  Dispe.(.s(U(>ri/,  14  ed.  1505. — X<it.  Dispensatory,  2  ed. 
712),  and  similar  properties  nuiy  be  looked  for  iu  the  bark  of  J-J.  tjlahra. 

51. — iEsculus  flava,  Aiton, 

Hoit.  Kow.  i,494;  2  od.  ii/.i:5r>.—B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,13;  Bot.AiJpx.  2H,  t.  !.">,  t. -J.— Willdouow,  Spec.  ii,d-l!:  ICmiiii.  1,405;  Bi'il.  Baiiinz. 
i:?. — Di'sfoiitaincH,  Hist.  Avl).  i,385. — Piirsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sopt.  i,ar)r). — Nut  tall,  Gcuora,  i,ti4«'. — .James  in  Long's  Ex]ie(l.  i,  2ii. — Giiimpol, 
Otto  iJk  HayiiP,  Abb.  Ilolz.  27,  t.  23.— Ilayuf,  Demi.  F1.44.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  Mti.— Watson,  Demi.  Brit.ii.t.  Hi;!.— Loildigos,  Bot.  Cab. 
t.  12c0.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  I,  2C2.— Dietiich,  Syn.  ii,  120.'>.— Eaton,  Manual.  0  ed.  7.— Eaton  &  AVright,  Bot.  110.— 
Walpers,  Rop.  i,  424.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  Stales,  26G. — Torrey  in  racilie  M.  R.  Rep.  iv,  74. — Browne,  Trees  ol' America,  11,'!'.— Selmizleiu, 
Icon.  t.  2r;0''»,  f.  3. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  ISoS,  2.M. — Chaiouan,  Fl.  S.  States,  80. — Curt  is  iu  Rep.  Geological  .Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
18<)0,  iii,48. — Lesqnoreuxin  Oweu'sSdRop.  Arkansas,  i>.'')4.— Wood,  CI.  Bo(>lv,2-'8;  Bot.  &FI.75. — Gray,  Manual  X.  States, . 5 ed.  118. — 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

^.  OCtandra,  Marshall,  Arbnsttim,  4.— Miller's  Diet.  Ko.  1. 

Pavia  Jlava,  MoBnuh,  Moth.  (iO. — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  598. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  (ii^ii!.— Sjiach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii, 
55;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  25. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  471  &  t. 

^.  lutea,  AVangenhoim  in  Sehrift.  Gesoll.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  viii,  Vi?.,  t.  (>.— Micliaiix,  F!    Bor.-Am.  i,  219.— I'crsoon,  Syu. 
i,  403. — Koch.  Dendrologie,  i,  509. 

Pavia  lutea,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  94. — Nouvean  Duhamcl.  iii,  15.',  t.  38. — Miehanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  237,  t.ll; 
N.  Amai-icau  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  153,  t.  91. 

JE.  neglecta,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xii,  t.  1009. 

Pavia  neglecta,  Dou,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  653. — Spacli  iu  .\nn.  Sci. Nat. 2  ser.ii,55;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  24. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i.  472. 

SWEET   BUCKEYE. 

Allegheny  county,  Pennsylvania  (T.  C  Porter),  southward  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia 
(Augusta)  aud  Alabama,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  to  southern  Iowa,  the  IiidiiUi  territory,  and  tlie 
valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  28  meters  in  height,  with  a  truuk  O.UO  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southwestern  limits 
reduced  to  a  shrub ;  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  theslopesof  the  Alleghany 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

A  variety  with  purple  or  Hesh-colored  flowers,  the  leaflets  pubescent  beneath,  is — 

var.  purpurascens,  Gray,  Manual  N.  states,  5  ed.  118. 

^.  hybrUla,  Do  Candolle,  Hort.  Monsp.  1813,  75.— Poircr,  Suppl.  iv,  334. 

^.  discolor,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  255.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  242.— Bot.  Reg.   iv,  t.  3)0.— Elliott,  Sk.  i.  43(!.— Siirengel, 
Syst.  ii,  lf)7.— Sertum  Botanienm,  iv  &  t.— Eaton  Jk  Wright.  Bot.  1  Id. —  Walpers.  Ann.  iv,  381. 

Pavia  discolor,  Poirot,  Suppl.  v,  (()9.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  0.'):i.— Ea  ton.  Manual,  ti  ed.  7.— Spaeh  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser. 
ii,  57;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  28. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  472. 

Pavia  hybrida,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  .'■>98.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  i.  (i,'.:t.— Eaton.  Manual,  (i  ed.  i;.-S)iach  iu  Ann.  Sei.  Nat. 
2  ser.  ii,  50:  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  27.— London,  Arboretum,  i,  472.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  Uti.— Kc.eli.  Dendrologie,  i,  512. 

^.  Pavia,  var.  discolor,  Torrey  &.  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  252.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  424.— Gray  iu  Jour.  Boston  Soe.  Nat. 
Hist,  vi,  107. 

Wood  light,  soft,  clo.scgrained,  compfict,  diflicult  to  split;  nu'duliary  rays  numerous,  obscure:  color,  creamy- 
white,  the  siip-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  specific  gravity,  ((.4274  ;  tish,  1.00. 


52. — iEsculus  Californica,  Nmiall; 

Torrey  *  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  251  ;  Sylva,  ii.  (19,  t.  til :  2  .d.  ii.  Iti.  t.  Dt.— Hooker  &  ArnoK,  Bot.  Beceliey,  :I27.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii, 
122.">.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  110.— Walpi'rs,  Rep.  i,  124.— Benlham.  Bot.  Sulidnir,  9;  PI.  Hartweg.  Mil.  — Duraud  in  .Four 
rhiladelphia  Acad.  l.-."h^,  85.— Rev.  Ilort.  iv,  150,  f.  10,  11.— Torrey  iu  I'acilic  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,74;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  48; 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  2tit).— Newberry  in  Paeilic  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  20,  09,  I'.  1.  — Mot.  Mag.  I.  .M177.— Fl.  dcs  Serres.  xiii,  ;t9,  t.  1312.— 
Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle,  l.-.'->8,  844.— Beige,  Hort.  ix,  121  &  t.— Gray  iu  Proc.  Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  1 10.  — Inlander  in  Proe. 
California  Acad.  iii.  78.— Wali)ers.  Ann.  024.— Koch,  Dendndogie,  i,  ril3.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  t'aiil'orniii,  i,  IdO.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. 

CalotliyrsUS  Cali/ornica,  Spaeh  iu  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  02;  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  3,->. 

Pavia  CilUfornica,  llartweg  in  .lour.  Hort.  Soe.  London,  ii,  12:1.— Cnrriftre  in  Rev.  Hort.  1802, :W;»  &  I'. 


44 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


OALIFOENIA  BUCKEYE. 

California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  and  Mendocino  county,  southward  along  the  Coast  ranges  to 
San  Luis  Obispo,  and  along  the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  low,  widely-branching  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  often 
greatly  expanded  at  the  base,  or  more  often  a  much-branched  shrub  3  to  5  meters  in  height ;  borders  of  streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  canons  of  the  Coast  Range,  north  of  San  Francisco  bay. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  white 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4980 ;  ash,  0.70. 

53. — Ungnadia  speciosa,  Endlicher, 

Atacta  Bot.  t.  3l> ;  Nov.  Stirp.  Desc.  ix,  75.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i, 684 ;  Pacific  B.  E.  Bep.  ii,  162.— Walpers,  Bep.  i, 423-;  v, 
371;  Ann.  vii,  625.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  167 ;  Genera,  ii,  211,  t.  178,  179;  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii,  38;  v,  30; 
Mem.  Am.  Acad,  new  scr.  v,  299;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  5.— Fl.  des  Serres,  x,  217,  t.  1059.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  48.— 
Sclmizleiu,  Icon.  t.  230,  1'.  2,  8.— Cooper  in  Smitlisonian  Bep.  1858,  265.— Koch,  Dcndrologie,  i,  515. — Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  42.3. — 
Va«ey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  9. — Waioou  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  3;J7. 

D.  heterophylla,  Scheeloin  Linna)a,xsi,.'i89;  Koemer, Texas, 589. 

JJ,  heptaphylla,  Schcelein  Linna3a,xsii,352;  Kcemer,  Texas,  432. 


n 

M 

■I  I*. 

■  T' 


SPANISH   BUCKEYE. 

Valley  of  the  Trinity  river  (Dallas,  Reverchon)  through  western  Texas  to  the  canons  of  the  Organ  mountains, 
New  Mexico  [Bigeloic) ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  G  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
eastern  and  western  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shnih;  common  west  of  the  Colorado  river;  bottoms  and  rich 
hillside«i,  rciching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  between  New  Brannfels  and 
the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  numerous  evenly-distributed  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuons ;  coloj',  red  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific- 
gravity,  0.G332 ;  ash,  1.17. 

Fruit  reputed  poisonous. 

54. — Sapindus  marginatus,  Wilidcnow, 

Euuni.  i,  43v!.— MuliloiilnTg,  Cat.  41.— Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  i,  007.- Sprciij^el,  SyNl.  il,  250.— Don,  Millor's  Diet,  i,  6G5.— Spach.  Hist. 
Vt'g.  iii,  ,')4. — Torny  &  Oiiiy,  Fl.  N.  Anuiicn,  i,  2;'5,  (iS") ;  Pacific  IJ.  1{.  Kcp.  ii,  1(W. — Katon,  Manual,  6  ed.  ;V2'A. — Eaton  & 
Wii<;bt,  Bot.  411. — Nntfall,  'S.vlvji,  ii,72,  t.  (m  ;  "i  cd.  ii,  19,  t.  tia.— l.iavrnwurlli  in  Am.  .Toiu'.  Sci.  i,  49,  l:;('. — Euf^elmann  &  Gray 
iu  .Jour.  BoHlon  .Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  ■-'41. — Uniy  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Iliist.  \\,  Kii);  Genera,  ii,  ?.'M,  t.  IfeO ;  Smillisoniau 
Contrib.  iii,  ;i5';  Hall's  1*1.  Texas,  5. — Kn  jeltnnnn  ii\  Wislizenii^'  Kip.  I'J. — Turiiy  in  Emory's  IJep.  i:i8;  Marey'is  Kep.  2f?.'; 
Paeilic  K.  ];.  Kc)).  iv,  2,  7! ;  Bot.  JIi'x.  I^Mimbiry  Survey,  47.— Selieelcv  in  i{ienier,  Texa.s,  4:!;!.— Selmizlein,  Icon.  t.  'i'M,  (.  22.— 
Chapman,  I'l.  S.  States,  79. — Lesfnieienx  in  Owen's  \:<\  IJi'ii.  Arkansas,  ;t.'i4. — AVnod,  (.1.  IJooli,  2-8;  lint.  &  Fl.  7."). — I'orcber. 
Kesonrce.s.S.  Forests,  85. — Yonnj;,  Bot.  Texas,  20-*. — V'asey,  Cut.  I'orcst  Trees,  9. — llenisle,, ,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  211. — Wat.son  in  i'roc. 
Am.  Acad,  xvii,  'XM. 

S.  saponaria,  Lamarek,  ill.  ii,  411,  t.  307  [not  IjiMiiicus],— Miebaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  242.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi, 
tiC;!,  in  part. — Personn,  Syn.  i,  444. — Pnrsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  274.— Nntlall,  Genera,  i,  257.— Elliot i,  hk.  i,  4(!it.— Torrey 
in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  172. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  ■J()7. 

TS,  inaqualis,  Do  t  andolle,  Prodr.  i,  GOU. 

8.  falcuhlX.  l.'aline.'^inie,  Med.  Hot.  ii.  2(11. 

8.  acuminata,  UafiiieHque,  N-w  Fl.  '.'2. 

8.  DrummontiL  Honker  a-  Amolt,  Ilol.  Beeil 


^ 


% 


5 


'i 

\ 


J^l  (exel.  var.).— Walpers,  Uep,  i,  417. 


W  IMi  ClIIN.V.     SOAPHEKKV. 

Atlantic  coast,  yuvannah  river  to  the  Saint  Jolm's  river,  Florida,  and  on  Cedar  Keys;  southern  Arkansas, 
valley  uf  the  Wa.slii(a  river  (Trescott,  Leiterman)  tiirough  western  Louisiana  and  Texas  to  the  mountain  valleys  of 
southern  New  .Mexico  and  Arizona;  soulliwanl  into  jMexico,  and  in  the  W«'hI  Indies  (.'  <S'.  iiiwquali.s). 

A  tree,  .sometimes  1.")  lo  IS  meters  in  lieij^Iit,  willi  n  tinnk  rnrely  O.GO  meter  in  diiimeter;  west  t)f  the  Colorado 
river  much  smaller,  rarely  0  meters  in  lieijilit ;  iiiong  .•-liciiiMs  or  townnl  (lie  western  limits  of  its  distribution  only 
iu  mountain  Viille\s,  reiicliino  its  ;;rc;itest  develnpitienl  jilitn;;  tlic  river  Ixiifoiiis  of  e;istern  Texas. 


A 


i;  ;ri 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOllEST  TREES. 


45 


Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  split  into  thin  strips ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  dncts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinge<l  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.812G;  ash,  1.50;  largely  used  in  Texas  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton-baskets, 
and  in  New  IMexico  for  the  frames  of  pack-saddles. 

Saponin,  common  in  several  species  of  the  genus,  and  affording  a  substitute  for  soap,  may  be  looked  for  in  the 
fruit  .and  roots  of  this  tree. 

55. — Sapindus  Saponaria,  LimijeuH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  367;  Swartz,  Obs.  152.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  441,  t.  307.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  il,  468.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  424.— Titford, 
Hort.  Hot.  Am.  61.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet.  vi,C63.— Desconrtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Aatilles,  iv,  121,  t.  261.— Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  i,  607.— 
Sjiuuli.  llist.  Vcg.  iii,  53. — Katon,  Manual,  6  ed.  323. — Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica,  159. — Ralincsquc,  New  Fl.  22.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
72 ;  2  ed.  20.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  280.— Grisobacli,  Fl.  BritisU  West  Indies,  126.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  .349,  f.  353.— Vasoy,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  10. — Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  3;  Fl.  S.  States,  Snpjil.  613. 

SOAPBERRY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne,  cape  Sable,  Caximbas  bay,  Thousand  Islands,  Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key ; 
in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  heightj  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.38  meter  in  diameter;  common  on  cape  Sable, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on  tiie  Thousand  Islands  and  along  the  shores  of 
Caximbas  bay. 

Woixl  heavy,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown  tinged 
with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.8367  ;  ash,  4.34. 

The  fruit  and  roots  rich  in  saponin  and  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  substitute  for  soap  (Gvibmirt,  Hist.  Drogues, 
7  od.  iii,  598. —  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1751) ;  the  round,  black  .seeds  for  beads,  buttons,  and  small  ornanients. 

56. — Hypelate  paniculata,  Cainiiosiiits, 

Mem.  Mas.  xviii,  32.- Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  671.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  205.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  127.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  79.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. 

Melicocca  paniculata,  Jussieu  in  Mem.  Mus.  ill,  187,  t.  5.— Do  Ciindollo,  Prodr.  i,  615.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  74,  t.  66;  2  ed. 
ii,  21,  t.  66. 

Exothea  oblongifolia,  Macfadyen,  Fl.  .Jamaica,  232. 

JS.  cblongi/ulia.  Hooker  in  Loudon  Jour.  Bof.  iii,  226,  t.  7. 

INK  WOOD.      IRO:;  WOOD. 

Semitropical  Floiida,  east  coast.  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  soiitlieni  keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  12  meters  in  height,  Avith  a  trunk  0.45  meter  in  dianu'ti-r. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-gniintd,  susi;eptible  of  a  good  polish,  checking  in  drying; 
medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  brigiit  red<li«hbrown,  tlie  sait-wood  ligiiter;  specific  gravity,  0,0533 ;  ash,  1.25  ; 
used  in  shipbuilding,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  i'»ile.s;  rcsj.stiiisi  tiic  attacks  of  tlie  teredo. 

57. — Hypelate  trifoliata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  ii,  655,  t.  14.— Delessert,  Icon,  ill,  t.  39.— De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  i,  614.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  78.— Grisebach,  FL 
British  West  Indies.  127;  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  46. 


WHVl'E   IRON  WOOD. 

Semi  tropical  Florida,  Upper  Motaconibe  and  Unibrelhi  Keys:  in  tiie  West  Inilit  s. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  Iieavy,  liiinl,  clo.se  gniined,  comjmct.  .susceptible  of  a  line  polish,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil; 
mednllaiy  rays  tliin,  observe;  color,  rich  liglii  brown,  the  si!i)-\voo(l  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.9102;  ash,  1.38; 
used  in  sliip-bnilding,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  posts,  etc. 


.<* 


46 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


58. — Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  MnniuuN, 


A.  C(in(l(lr)(s<\  .\l;irsli:ill,  Arbiustiiiii,  1. 

A.  .stria  1 111)1.  Dn  lt«>i,  l)i,ss.r)S;  llarlik.i,  8,  t.  l.—W  iiiij;<MilnMiii,  Anii'r.'«»,  1. 12,  I'.'J.— J.iiinaiLk,  Diet,  ii,  :it>l.— Elirharl,  Boitr 
iv,  ■^5.— Mciiu'b,  Mi'fli.  .'>G. — IVrsiion,  t^.vii.  i  117.  — Miclianx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  'M'i,  1.17;  N".  Amcrioan  .Sylva,  :!  cd. 
ii,  l/i'i.  t.47. — I'lirsli,  Fl.  Am.  tJcjit.  i,  sitiT. — Nuttull,  Goiiern,  i,-jri8.—  De  Caiidolli',  l')<)(li-.  i,  i)'X\. — AVatsor.,  Doiid.  ]!iit. 
i,  t.70.--P()U,  Miller's  Dict.i,  CIH. — Bock,  Uot.d-I. — I,midoii,  Aiboretum,  i,  A07  &  t.— !Si)acli,  Ili.st.  Voj;.  iii,  f.'i;  Ann. 
Sci,  Xal.'-' s.'v.  ii,  M-,*.— Dii-liirli.  !<>  ii.  l-'-l.~-i::iti>ii  A  Wright,  Hot.  112.— Bijjelow,  ]"1.  Boston.  ;{  cd.  .1117.— Urowiio, 
Troes  of  America,  Til. 

.STHIPEI)  MAl'Ij:.     MOOSi: -wool".     silMl'EI'  l)(i(;\V(  lOD.     (iOOSE-KOOT  MAPLK.     WIUSTU;  \VOOI>. 

Valley  of  tlu'  Saiiii  l,:i\\ri'iic('  nvor  (llallii  liay).  iioitlifni  .shores  of  laUo  Ontario,  iislaiul.s  of  lakv  lliiroii, 
south  throu<;li  the  noillu'iii  Athintic  t^tato.s,  an<l  ahmi;-  the  Alleghany  uiouutaiiis  to  iioitlieiii  (ieorgia,  west  throufjli 
the  lake  region  to  iiortlu-a.stern  J\iiniie.sola. 

A  small  tree.  <">  to  10  meters  in  liei{i;ht,  with  a  tinnk  0.1.")  lo  0.20  meter  in  diaiiieter;  eool  raviues  and  monntain 
sides 

Wood  liglit,  .soft,  el()se-<;iaiiietl,  conii)ae,t,  satiny;  medullary  ray.s  numerous,  thin;  eolor,  lijjht  brown,  the  .•^ip- 
\rood  lifi;hter;  sjieeifie  gravity,  O.rtliOO;  ash,  0.30. 

59. — Acer  spicatum,  Lamarek, 

Diet,  ii,  :i81.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  485.— Per.soon,  .Syn.  i,  417.— Do  Candolle.  Prodr.  i,  .W;!.- Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  (i48.— Andubou, 
BirdN,  t.  1:M.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  77.— Eaton,  Mann.^l,  fi  ed.  2.— Bock,  Bot.  64.— .Sp.acli,  TI  ■  t.  Ve^.  87;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  2  sor.  ii,  1(J3.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  406,  t.  26.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  24ti.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1281.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  N.  Y(uk,  i,  18.">. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  74. — Kmer.son,  Trees  Mas.sai;liu.setts,  497;  2  ed.  ii,  !>CI7  &  t. — PaiTy  in 
Owen'.s  Reii.  610.— Uiehardson,  Arctic  Exped.  42'J.— Cliai)ni'in,  Fl.S.  Slates,  .--O.— Cnrti.-*  in  Ke]!.  Geolojiieal  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,,"i2. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  287;  Bot.it  Fl.  74.— Gray.  Mnnn  \1  X.'state.s,  .">  ed.  li'J.— Koeh,  Dendroloj^ie,  i,  .W2. — Maeouu  in  Geological 
Reii.  Camida,  187.')-'7li,  102. — Sear.s  in  Bull.  Khscn  Inst,  xiii,  17,''i.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  ,'i4'^. — N'ieholson  in 
Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle.  1881.  17'.;. 

A.  PcHnsylmnicum,  Du  Roi,  Di»>«.  61;  Hnrbk.  i,  '.^2,  1.  1  [not  Linnaeus].- Waugerdieim,  Aiiier.  82,  t.  12,  f.  30.— Marshall, 
Arluisfnm,  •.'. 

A.  pnrrijhntm,  Ehrhart,  B.'itr.  iv,  25;   vi,  •Id.- Jhrneh,  Meth.  M. 

A.  montdHlim,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  41(5;  2  ed.  v,  447  ^excl.  .syn.  sdiddim).— Miclianx,  11.  lior.-Ani.  ii,  25;!.— NVillili'Uow, 
Sjiec.  iv,  1188;  Etium.  i,  1045. — Dest'ontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  ;!91.— Nonveau  Dnliamel,  iv,  ;>;!.— Trattinick,  Arehiv.  i,  t. 
l;i.  — Pnrsh.  Fl.  Am.  Sejit.  i,  267.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i.  25;i.— Guinipd,  Otto  &  Hayue,  Abb.  Holz.  .V.),  t.  48.  — Ifayne, 
Deud.  Fl.  2i;!.— Elliott,  Sk.  i.  4,52.— Torrey,  Fl.  V.  .S.  :t98 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  Slates,  17(1.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,224.- 
HookiT,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  111.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  :t  ed.  408.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  265. 

MOUNTAIN  MAPLE. 

Valley  of  (he  Saint  Lawrence  river,  we.st  along  Ihe  northern  shores  of  the  gical  lakes  lo  northern  i^Iinnesota 
and  tht>  Hiiskatehewan  region,  south  through  the  northern  slates,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  S  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.lf)  lo  O.'JO  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  l:iU 
shriilt ;  eool  woods  and  mountain  ravine.s,  reaehing  its  gre:ifest  develoimient  on  the  western  slojies  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  eomjtact ;  medulkiry  rays  inconsiticuous ;  color,  light  browu  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter:  .si)eeitic  giiivity,  0.r);i,!0;  ash,  0.4;5. 


iu  '"■ 


CATALOGUE  OF  FORESI^  TREES. 


47 


60. — Acer  macrophyllum,  Puisli. 

FJ.  Am.  S(>i>t.  i,  ;i07.— Poiict,  Siippl.  v,  Cfi'J.— Niiftall,  lieiu'ia,  i,  '2:>;\;  Svlvii,  ii,  77.  I.  (i^  :  'J  id.  ii.  '^-I,  t.  07.— Do  CaiulolU,  Prodi-,  i, 
.Wl.— Siimi^'d,  Syst.  ii,  IW.").— IViiii.  Cycl.  i,  7f.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  c.I.  t.'.— lIiK.kir.  I'l.  lior.-Ani.  i,  lia,  t.  '.iH.— Don,  Milln's  Diet, 
i,  (118.— Si)ach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ii  sit.  ii,  Ki.'i.— Tonvy  &  firay,  Fl.  N.  Aniiriia,  i,  -Mli.  — H<i<)I;it  &  .\niiilt,  15ot.  Bi'Cflioy,  Ti'S!. — 
Dietrioh,  Syn.  ii.  1^81.— Loudon,  Arlioiclum,  i,  408,  l.ys,  f.  117,  118,- Katon  &  Wri^'ht,  Hot.  1 1-'.— Honlliani.  PI.  KaHwct;.  :!01.— 
niowno,  'rriM'H  olWineric.i,  78. — Richardson,  Antic  Kxpod.  'I'J:!. — Diuancl  in  .loitr.  Pliil:i(lc'!]>liia  .\<'a(t.  18.'>5,  81. — 'I'onvy  in  I'acilio 
K.  IMicp.  iv,  71;  Hot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  47;  Hot.  Wilki'H  Fxpod. '^oS.- Ncwlicrry  in  P.ifitic  1M{.  Jfi-p.  vi,  "Jl,  (17.— Cooper 
in  Pacilic  U.  K.  lie]),  xii,  28,  57;  Smithsonian  iU:\>.  18.'i8,  258. — Ijyall  in  .lour.  I.innaan  Moc.  vii,  1;M,  141. — liolandev  in  I'roc. 
Calilbrnia  Acad,  iii,  78.— Wood,  CI.  Hooli,  '2-87;  Uot.  &  Fl.  71. — Kothrock  in  .SBiithsoniiin  Kcp.  18(17,  ;!;i4. — Koch,  Dcndrolo^ic.  i, 
528. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  riii,  ^79.-  Hrrwor  &  Watson,  Rot.  Calil'ornia,  i,  107. — Vascy,  Cat.  I'^u'cst  Trees,  10. — Macoun  in 
Oe<doj;ical  Re)!.  Canada,  187ri-'7(),  192. — G.  M.  T>awson  in  (Janadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  WM). — Ni<-hol.-ion  in  Loinlon  Oard.  Chronicle, 
1881,10. 

A.  palmatum,  Rallncsiiue.New  Fl.  &  13ot.  i,  48  [iu>t  Thuuher}{]. 


I  iDonntaiii 


BROAD-LKAVED  JIAVI.K. 

Coast  ol"  Alaska,  from  latiliide  5.5°  t.oiith  alony'  the  iMlaiids  ami  toast  of  T>ritisli  (Jolumbia,  tlirouRli  woatern 
Wasliiiigloii  ti^nitory  and  Oregon,  and  along  the  California  Coast  ranges  and  western  .slopes  of  (he  Sierra  ^Tevada 
to  the  San  Uernardino  mountains  and  Hot  Spring  valley,  San  Diego  county  {Parish  lirnthcrs),  not  ascending  above 
4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  tree  L*4  to  ;50  meters  in  height,  witii  a  trunk  l.liO  to  l.r>()  tncter  in  diameter;  along  streams  and  river  bottom.s, 
reaehing  its  greatest  development  on  the  rieh  bottom  lands  of  the  Coqnille  and  other  rivers  of  southern  Oregon, 
where,  with  the  (California  laurel,  it  forms  dense,  heavy  forests. 

Wood  light,  .soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  eompact,  easily  worked,  susceptible  ol'  a  good  poli.sh ;  mediii.iry 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.400!) ;  ash,  0..')4;  largely  used  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  ax  and  brocmi  handles, 
frames  ol"  snow-shoes,  etc.;  specimens  with  the  grain  beautifully  curled  and  contorted  are  common  and  valued  in 
cabinet-nmking. 

61. — Acer  circinatum,  Pursh. 

Fl.  .\ni.  Si'pt.  i,  2(>(1.— Poirct,  Suppl.  v,  (Itiil.- Nnttall,  (ieiicra,  i,  2.'i:i ;  ,Ionr.  Philadi'lplii.i  Acatl.  vii,  1(1  (exci.  syn.);  Sylva,  ii,  -0,  I. 
07;  2  ed.  ii,  27,  t.  07.- De  Oandollo,  Prodr.  i,  .'M»5.— Sprenjiel,  Syst.  ii,  22."i.— Pcnn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Faloii,  Manual,  (1  ed.  2.— Don. 
Miller's  Diet,  i,  051. — Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  i',  1(10;  Hist.  Vejr.  iii.  97.— London,  Arlwireluni,  i.  422.  f.  112.  127.  'I'mrcy  A. 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  217.— Hooker,  Fl.   Bor.-.Vin.  i,  112,  t.  ;!9.— Katon  &   Wright,  l!ot.  112.— Dietrich.  Syn.  ii,  1282.— llrowne, 


A.  Hrgatlim,  Kalinesqm",  New  Fl.  &  Hot.  i.  18. 

VINE  jHAPLE. 

British  Columbia,  valley  of  the  I'Yaser  river  (Yale)  and  juobably  farther  north,  southward  through  Waahingtor. 
territory  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains  to  the  Mount  Shasta  region  of  northeiii  California.  rar(>ly 
ascending  to  4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.'JO  to  0.;iO  meter  in  diameter;  along  streams: 
the  stems  often  i)roatrate  and  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thuikets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  no."  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  or 
often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specitic  gravity,  O.OtlOO ;  ash,  0.;{n :  (i,sed  as  fuel;  by  lumbermen  IVn-  ax 
and  shovel  handles,  and  by  the  coast  Indians  for  the  bows  of  fishing  nets. 


ii 


62. — Acer  glabrum,  lorrey, 

Ann.  I.,\(.  .\.  York,  ii,  172;  Hot.  Wilkes  Fxped.  2.'i9.— Don.  MilliT's  l>ict.  i,  0.')0.— Falon,  Manual,  0  od.  2. — Torrey  iV  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
America,  i,  247,  084.— Kalon  iV  Wrinlil,  Hot.  112.- -Walpers.  Hep.  i,  409.— Nnllall,  .Sylva,  ii,  8(1 ;  2.  ed.,  ii,  :t:t.— Newlicrry  in  Paeilio 
K.  I{.  R'li.  vi.  09.— Coojicr  in  Smithsonian  Hep.  1858.  •j.'>M;  Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,.  1,.".7;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  4(i(l.— Kn>;elnninu  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  m>\v  ser.  xii,  187.— Gray  in  Am.  .Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv,2.")9;  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  180;!, 59.— Porter  in  Hayden'H 
Rep.  1870.  474:  1871,480.  Watson  in  Kiu(,''s  Kep.  v,  .V.'.— Poller  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colcuado;  Hayih'u's  Snrv.  Misc.  Pnli.  No.  4,  19.— 
Coulter  in  liaydcn's  Rep.  I872,70:l.— Stacoun  in  t!c(>loj;ieal  Rep.  Caiuida,  187.5-'7(i,  192.— Hrewcr  A-  Watson,  Hot.  (Jalil'ornia,  i,  t07.— 
Itothroek  in  Wlieelci's  Rep.  vi.SU.— Nicholson  in  London  Gurd.  Chrouiele,  1881,  7.50. 


48 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


A.  barhaium,  Donglns  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  li:).— London,  Arboretum,  i,  480,  f.  125  (excl.  syn.). 

^'    DouglasH,  Hooker  in  Loudon  Jour.  hot.  vi,  77,  t.6. 

A,  tripartitvm,  Nuttall  in  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  247.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1£S!— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Wnlpers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  85,  t. 71 ;  2  ed.  ii,  3.3,  t.  71.— Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Aoud.  new  ser.  iv>,  28;  Pacific 
E.  R.  Rep.  iv,  7:J. -Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  69. 


ri 


'!*! 


II 


DWARF  MAPLE. 

British  Columbia,  valley  of  tbe  Fraser  river  and  probably  farther  north,  south  through  Washington  territory, 
Oregon,  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  to  the  Yosemite  valley;  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Idaho 
and  Montana  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Kocky  mountains,  south  through  Colorado  and  Utah,  in  the  east  Humboldt 
Eange,  Nevada,  and  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona, 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced 
to  a  low  slinib  1  to  2  meters  in  height;  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  mountain 
canons  of  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

M'ood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  or  often  nearly 
white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6028;  ash,  0.30. 

63. — Acer  grandidentatum,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Grtiy,  Fl.  N.  Aniericii,  i,  247.— Dirtrich,  Syu.  ii,  1283.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Wulpere,  Rep.  i,  409.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  li, 
82,  t.C9;  2  ed.  ii,  29,  t.  69.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  52;  PI.  Wheeler,  7.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  480.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  10.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  201,  2<i8.— Rothrock  in  Wliciler's  Rep.  vi,  8:?.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  106.— 
Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  3:W. — Nirholgon  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  172. 

Western  ]\rontan;t,  headwaters  of  the  Columbia  river  '^Xuttall),  canons  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains,  Utah,  and 
south  through  eastern  Arizona  to  .southwestern  New  Mexico  (Mogollon  mountains,  E.  L.  Greene),  and  reported  in 
the  ranges  east  of  the  Kio  Grande;  southward  into  Coahnila  {Palmer). 

A  .small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  10  meter.-!  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.L'O  to  0.25  meter  in  (liamcter;  along  streams; 
not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  comi)act;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  dis'inct;  color,  light  brown,  or 
often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.0902;  ash,  O.ti-l. 


'I;  (I  k 

-       if  H'r 


64. — Acer  saccharinum,  Wangenbeim, 

Amer.  :«>,  1. 11,  f.  26.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  379. — Walter,  Fl.  Cai'oliiiiaua,  251. — Aiton,  Ilort.  Kcw.  iii,  434 ;  2  ed.  v,  447. — Uhrhart,  Beitr. 
iv,  24. — Peraoon,  Syn.  i,  4!7. — Nouveau  Dnliamcl,  iv,  29,  t.H. — Willdenow,  Spce.  iv,  985;  Kuum.ii,  1044. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
i.  392.— Trattinick,  Archiv.  i,  t.  3.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arlj,  Am.  ii,  218,  1. 15 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  153,  t.  42.— Titford,  Hort. 
Bot.Ani.  105.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  I,  2ti«.— Eaton,  Manual,  44;  6  ed.  2.--NuttaII,  Genera,  i,  253.— Ilayne,  Dend.  Fl.  214.— Elliott, 
Sk.  i,  l.'iO.— Richardson,  Franklin  .Jour.  26;  Arctic  Exped.  422.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  .595.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
StatcH,  170;  Fl.  y.  York,  i.  135.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii.  22.5.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.Am.  i,  113.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i, 
650.- Beck,  Bot.  63.— Bigelow,  Fi.  Boston.  3  ed.  406.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  170;  Ann.  Sci.Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  99.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i, 
411,  t.  31,  f.  122.- Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  248.— Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282.— Walpcrs,  Rep.  i,  410.— 
Nees,  PI.  Med.  5. — Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  88;  2ed.  ii,3.5. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  8:i. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  480 ;  2  ed. 
ii,  258  &  t.— Gray,  Genera,  ii,  200,  1. 174  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
265.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  80.— Lesqncrenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3.54. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 
286;  Bot.&  F1.74. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  80. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Pbil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
206. — Va.sey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Gnibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  606.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22, 73. — Sears  in  Bull. 
Essex  Inst,  xiii,  17,5.- Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,51'.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  62. 

vl.  SflffAarMm,  Marshall,  Arbnstuni,  4.  , 

A.  barbuium,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  253.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  989.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  575.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  266.— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  i,2i.5.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  451.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i, 505.— Torrey,  Fl.  I'. .«!.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
169.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  224.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  649.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
iii,  178;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  118.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.N.  America,  i,  249,  684.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18(i0,  iii. 51. 

SUGAR   MAPLE.      SV  GAU    IKEE.      IlAKl)    AIAPLK.      KOCK   MAPLE. 

Southern  NewfoiiinUand,  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  Saguenay  rivers,  shores  of  lake  Saint  John, 
west  along  the  northern  shores  ol'  the  great  lakes  to  Lake  of  the  Woods;  south  tlirougii  the  northern  states  and 
along  the  Alleghany  moiuitains  to  northern  Alabama  an<l  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  west  Floridii  (var. 
Floridtumm,  Chapman,  I.  c);  west  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  (rare),  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  of  great  economic  value,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or 
toward  its  southwestern  limits  greatly  reduced  in  size;  ncL  woods,  often  forming  extensive  forests,  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  region  of  the  great  lakes. 


i    '■ 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


49 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.(5912;  ash,  0.54; 
largely  used  in  tlie  manufacture  of  furniture,  shoe  lasts  and  pegs,  saddle-trees,  in  turnery,  for  interior  finish,  and 
flooring;  in  ship-building  for  keels,  keelsons,  shoes,  etc.,  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel;  "curled"  niaplc  and 
•'bird's-eye"  maple,  accidental  forms  in  which  the  grain  is  beautifully  curled  and  contorted,  arc  common  and 
highly  prized  in  cabinet-making. 

Maple  sugar  is  principally  made  from  this  species ;  the  ashes  of  the  wood,  rich  in  alkali,  yield  large  quantities 
of  potash. 

Var.  nigrum,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  24S.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  136.— Lourton,  Arboretum,  i,  411.— llrowno,  Trees  of  America,  84.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  od.  119.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Bell  in  Geological  Kep.  Canada,  1870-'80,  54^. 

A.  saccharinum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  itea  [not  Wangenhoim]. 

A.  nigrum,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  2;J8,  t.  16;  N.  American  Sylva,  :!  ed.  i,  16;t,  t.  43.— Puisb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,26().— 
Poirct,  Snppl.  v,  669.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  4.''>0.— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  i,  r.9r>.— Torrey,  Fl.  II.  S.  397 ; 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  !>2.">.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  («'.0.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  a.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  104;  Ann.  .Sei.  Niit.  2  ser.  ii,  170.— Dietrieli,  .'*.vn.  ii,  12H2.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— 
Koeh,  Dendrologie,  i,  532. — Gray  in  Am.  Nat.  vi,  767;  vii,  422.— Wimd,  CI.  Hook,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl.  74. 

BLACK  SUGAR  MAl'LK. 

Western  Vermont,  shores  of  lake  Cham]>Iain,  westward  to  southern  Missouri,  south  through  Tennessee  to 
northern  Alabama,  the  valley  of  tlie  Chickasaw  river,  Mississippi  (Mohr),  and  southwestern  Arkansas  (Fulton, 
Letterman). 

A  large  tree  along  streams  and  I'iver  bottoms,  in  lower  ground  than  the  species  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
numerous  intermediate  forms. 

Wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  species;  specific  gravity,  0.691.");  ash,  0.71. 

65. — Acer  dasycarpum,  Ebrhart, 

Beitr.  iv,  24.— Mcjoucb,  Moth.  .")6.— Persoon,  Syu.  i,  417. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  985;  Enuni.  ii,  1044.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  446. — 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  266.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  2.")2;  Sylva,  ii,  87;  2  ed.  ii,  3.5.— Hayne,  Dond.  Fl.  213.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  449.— 
Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  396;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  169;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  136,  t.  18;  Nicollot's  Kep.  147.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— 
Tauseh,  Regcnsb.  Fl.  xii'^  .55;?.- Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  423,  fig.  129  &,  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  113; 
Jour.  Bot.  i,  200.— Bige'ow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  407.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  248.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  112.— Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  487;  2  ed.  ii,  .556  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestriea,  3  ed.  46. — RichanLson, 
Arctic  Exped.  423.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  2(55.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18.58,  251.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  81.- Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  51.— Lesfiuereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  354.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  286;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
74.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  187.— Buchenau  iu  Bot.  Zeit.  xix,  285,  t.  11.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  119.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  88.- Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  541.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst. 
xiii,3.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 53'.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  136,  f.24.— Ridgway  iu  Proc. 
U.S.Nat.  MnH.1882,62. 

• 

A.  saccharinum,  Linmous,  Spec.  1  ed.  1055. 

A.  rubrum,  var.  pallidum,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  434. 

A.  eriocarpum,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,2,53.— Desfontaiues  in  Ann.  Mus.  vii,  412,  t.  2.5,  f.  1 ;  Hist.  Arb.  i,  392.— Poiret,  SuppL 
ii,  57:!.— Trattiiiiek,  Archiv.  i,  t.  8.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  20.5,  t.  13 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  146,  t.  40.— 
Nouveau  Duhamol,  iv,  30.— Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  i,  595.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  650.— Penn.  Cycl.  i,  79.— Beck,  Bot.  63.— 
Spaeh,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  116;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  177.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestriea,  2  ed.  245.— Dietrich,  8yn.  ii, 
1282.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  95. — Meehau  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1868,  140. 


SOFT  MAPLE.     WHITE  MAPLE.     SILVER  MAPLE. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  John's  river,  New  Brunswick,  to  Ontario,  south  of  latitude  45°,  south  to  western  Florida; 
west  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the  valley  of  the  Blue  river,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  largo  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  DG  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  along 
streams  and  intervales,  in  rich  soil ;  most  common  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  reaGhintt  its  greatest 
development  in  the  basin  of  tiie  lower  Ohio  river. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
specific  gravity,  0.5209;  ash,  0.33;  somewhat  used  in  the  maitufactui-e  of  cheap  furniture,  for  Hooi-ing,  etc.;  maple 
sugar  is  occasionally  made  from  this  species. 

4  FOK 


f^"^^ 


50 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


w 


1 


'  Sim 


66. — Acer  rubrum,  l-innaMis, 

Sped  ed.  1055.— Du  Roi.Diss.  59.— Marshall,  ArlHiHtuiii.X— Lamarck,  Diet.  ii,300;  111.  iii.438,  i.  H44,  f.  a.— Khrhart,  Bcitr.  iv,2;i.— 
Abbot,  Iiisocts  Oi'orgia,  ii,  93. — Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  434  (excl.  var.)  ;  2  eil.  v,44t;. — Miciich,  Molu.  50. — Mi«biinx,l''I.  Boi'.-Am. 
ii,253.— rciHOon,  Syii.  i,  417. — Kobin,  Voyages,  iii,  471.— Nouvcau  Diiliainel,  iv,:!l.— Willdciiow,  Spec.  iv,984;  Kniiiii.  ii,  1044. — 
Desfontaines  in  .\nn.  MiiN.vii,  413,  t.  S'l,  f. 'J;  IliKt.  Arb.  i,  391. — I'oirct,  Siipiil.  ii,  574. — Trattinicli,  Arcbiv.  i,  t.  9. — Micliaiix  f. 
HiBt.  Arb.  Am.  ii,aiO,t.  14  ;  N.  American  !Sjlva,3  cd.  i  149,1.41.— rursh,ri.  Am.  Sept.  i,  205.— IJigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  377.— NnltaU, 
Genera,  i, 2.V,'.— Katon,  Manual,  44;  0 ed.  2.— Ilayne,  Uend.  Fl.  213.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  449.— Torrey,  Fl.l!.  S.  395 ;  Couipend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
109;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  137.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 109.— Spieufjel,  Syst.  ii,  225.— An<liibon,  Birds,  t.  54,(!7.— Tanscli,  Uegensb.  Fl.  xii«, 
552.— renn.C'ycl.  i, 79.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  114 ;  .Jour.  But.  i,  19il.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  050.— Beck,  Hot.  (>3.— Spaeb.Hist.  Ve^.  iii, 
113;  Aim.  Soi.  Nat.  2  »er.  ii,  170. -Loudon,  Arboretum,  i,  424,  f.  130  &  t.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  249,  ()fci4.— Diet  rich,  Syn. 
ii,  1282.— Katon  &  AVri{{lit,  Bot.  112.— Bijrelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3 id.  405.— Waljiers,  Rep.  i,  409.— Keid  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1844, 
270. — Einerson,  Trees  Mas.sachnsett8, 483 ;  2  ed.  ii,  551  &  t. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  010. — Richardson,  Arctic  Kxped.  422. — Nuttall, 
Sylva,ii,87;  2  ed.  ii,  34. — Darlington,  Fl.  Custrica,3  c<1.40. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 205. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 251. — 
Cliainuan.Fl.  .S.  States,  81. — Curtis  in  Rej).  Geological  Surv.  N.  Candina,  1800,  iii,  ,50. — Losquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Reii.  Arkansas, 
;{54. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 280;  Bot.  «&F1.74. — Engelniann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,  187. — Porchor,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
79. — Buchenau  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xix,  285,  t.  11.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  119. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  i,  542. — Voung,  Bot.  Texaa, 
200. — A'asey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. — Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  187.')-'7fi,  192. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  170. — Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54^— Nicholson  iu  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  172,  f.  30,  31.— Kidgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mu».  1882,02. 

f  A.  tjluucum,  Marshall,  Arbustum, 2. 

/  A.  CaroUnitttia,  Walter,  Fl.Caroliniana,2.'>l. 

A.  coccineum,  Michaux  l.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  203;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  142. 

A.  saiujuilieum,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  115 ;  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii,  176.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1282. 

BED  MAPLE.   SWAMP  MAPLE.   SOFT  MAPLE.  WATER  MAPLE. 

New  Jiiuiiswicli,  Quebec  and  Ontario,  south  of  latitude  49°,  north  and  west  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  south 
to  Indian  and  Caloosa  rivers,  Florida,  west  to  easterr  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  larye  tree,  L'(»  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  32  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter ; 
borders  of  streams  and  low,  wet  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Wabash 
and  Yazoo  rivers. 

V^■ood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color,  brown,  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specilic  gravity,  0.G178 ;  ash,  0.37  ;  largely  used  in  cabinet- 
making,  turnery,  and  for  woodenware,  gun  stocks,  etc.  j  an  accidental  variety  with  undulating  grain  is  highly 
valued. 

Ink  is  occasionally  made,  domesticallj-,  by  boiling  the  bark  of  this  species  iu  soft  water  and  combining  the 
tannin  with  sulphate  of  iron ;  formerly  somewhat  used  iu  dyeing. 

Var.  Drummondii. 
A.  Drummondii,  Hooker  &.  Arnott  in  Hooker,  Jour.  Bot. '.  I'.t9.— Nattall,Sylva,ii,83,t.70;  2  ed.ii,30,t.70. 

Southern  Arkansas,  eastc^'u  Texas,  western  Louisiana,  and  sparingly  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern 
Georgia. 

AVell  characterized  by  its  obovate  or  truncate  leaves,  the  base  entire  or  slightly  creuulate-toothed,  densely 
covered,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  young  shoots,  with  a  thick  wliito  toraentuui ;  fruit  convergent,  the  wings  bright 
red,  even  when  fully  ripe. 

A  large  tree,  iu  deep,  wet  swamps,  connected  with  the  species  by  numerous  intermediate  forms  of  Georgia, 
Florida,  and  Alabama. 

Wood  lighter  than  that  of  the  species;  specific  gravity,  0.5459;  ash,  0.34. 

67. — Negundo  aceroides,  Moeuch, 

Meth.  334.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  250.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  327.— Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  147;  Fremont's  Rep.  88; 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  73.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  92;  2  ed.  ii,  38.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  KHi ;  Mem.  Am.  Acad, 
new  ser.  iv,  29;  v,  ;i09;  Genera,  ii,  202,  t.  175;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  41;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  120.— R;  hardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  423. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  (ilO. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  40. — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  18,58,  251 ;  Am.  Nat. 
iii,  30(). — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  81. — Curtis  iu  Rej*.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  53. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  287  ;  Bot.  & 
Fl.  74. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n«w  ser.  xii,  188.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1870,  474. — Watson  iu  King's  Rep. 
V,  ^>2 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  7. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Ilaydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  19. — Macouu  &  Gibson  in  Trans.  Bot 
Soc.  Edinburgh,  xii,  319. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  207. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. — Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-'70,  192.— Brewer  &,  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  108.— Rothrock  iu  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  84.— Hemsloy,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  214.— 
Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  17(i. — Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  l879-'80,  48''. — Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881, 
815.— Kidgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  03.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  338. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES 


51 


AcerNegundo,  LinnwuB,  Spec.  1  ed.  lOrKi.— Wangonhoim,  Amor.  ;10,  t.  Vi,  f.  2!).— MuishuU,  ArbiiNtiiiu,-J.— l.iunaick,  Diet,  ii, 
380.— Walter,  Fl.Caroliniaii»,a50.—Aiton,Hort.  Kew.  iii,  llUi;  -Jed.  v,  448.— Michiinx,  Fl.  Hor.Am.  ii, -r.a.— Poraoon, 
Syn.  i,  418.— DcBfoDtaiin's,  Hist.  Arb.i,;iUl.— Willileiiow,  Spc;'  iv,  9<.>2;  Kiniiii.  ii,  104t'..— Nouveau  Uiiliannl,  iv,  27,  t. 
7.— Trattiiiick.  ArcLiv.  i,  t.  40.— Micliauxf.  Hint.  Arl>.  Am.  ii,  'i47,  t.  18;  N.  American  Sylva,  It  ed.  i,  \Ti,  t.  4li.— Pnrsh, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  2Cri.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  ai(J.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  4W.— James  in  Long's  Kxped.  ii,  C.l).— I'orrey,  Fl.  U.  S. 
298;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  170;  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  172;  Emory's  Rep.  407.— Si)ren)j;cl,  Syst.  ii,  -J-J.').— Ouimptd, 
Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  119,  t.  95.— Eaton,  Maunal,  G  ed.  2.— nietricli,  Syn.  ii,  128;t.— London,  Arboretum,  i, 
460,  t.  4C,  47.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  205.- Buchena  i  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xiv,  2tf.'>,  t.  U  &  figs.- Koch,  Deudrologie,  i, 
544.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  v,  374,  f.  426. 

Negundium  fraxinifoHvm,  Rafinesqne,  Med,  Rep.  v,  ;i54.— Dtsvanx,  ,l(.iir.  Uol.  V,  17(1. 

Negtmdo  fraxinifolium,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  253.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  596.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  114  ;  J/)ur.  Bot.  i, 
200.— Don,  SliUer's  Diet,  i,  651.— Beek,  Bot.  64.— Spaeb,  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  119.— Ralinesqno,  Now  Fl.  «&  Bot.  i,  48.— Browne, 
Trees  ol"  America,  10(i. — ScUeole  in  Rcomer,  Texas,  433. — Schniiolein,  Icon.  t.  227,  f.  2, 18. 

f  N.  Mexicanum,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  i,  596.— Hemsloy,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  i,  214. 

X.  tri/oUatum,  Rafinesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48. 

JT.  lobatum,  Raliuesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  48. 

N.  Californimim,  Seheelo  in  Roemer,  Texas,  433  [not  Torrey  &  Gray]. 

BOX  ELDER.     ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Shores  of  the  Winooski  river  and  hike  Cha]U]>hiin,  Vennoiit,  near  Ithaca,  New  York,  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
and  south  to  Hernando  county,  Florida  (not  detected  in  northeastern  Florida) ;  northwest  through  the  lake  region  of 
the  United  States  and  Manitoba  to  the  Dog's  Head,  lake  Winnipeg,  and  along  the  southern  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan 
to  the  eastern  base  of  the  llocky  mountains;  west  in  the  United  St:ite8  to  the  eastern  sloi)es  of  the  Kocky 
mountains  of  Montana,  through  Colorado  to  the  Wahsiiteh  mountains,  Utah;  southwest  through  the  basin  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  western  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  the  MogoUon  mountains,  eastern  Arizona;  southward  into 
Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.liO  to  O.'.IU  or,  exee|)tioually,  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  moist 
soil,  borders  of  streams,  etc. ;  in  the  Kocky  Mountain  region  in  high  valleys,  between  5,000  and  (!,000  feet  elevation ; 
one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  trees  of  tlie  American  forest,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Wabash  and  Cumberland  rivers. 

W^ood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  creamy-white, 
the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4.528 ;  ash,  1.07 ;  occasionally  used  in  the  interior  finish  of 
houses,  for  woodenware,  cooperage,  and  paper-pulp. 

Small  quantities  of  maple  sugar  are  sometimes  obtained  from  this  species. 

68. — Negundo  Californicum,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  250,  6H4.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beeohoy,  327,  t.  77.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  327.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,  410.— Bentbani, 
PI.  Hartweg.  301.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  90,  t.  72 ;  2  ed.  ii,  37,  t.  72.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  IH.'ie,  258,  in  part.— Koeh,  Dendrologie, 
i,  545.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  108.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Nicholson  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  18fil,  815. 

Acer  Californicum,  Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1283. 

N,  aceroides,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,74;  Bot.  Mex.  Boiindary  Survey,  47;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  250  [not  Moench].- 
Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  78. 


BOX  ELDER. 

Califcrnii,  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  river  (Sacramento,  and  in  Marin  and  Contra  Costa  counties), 
southward  in  the  interior  valleys  of  the  Coast  ranges  to  about  latitude  35°,  caiious  of  the  western  slopes  of  the  San 
Bernardino  mountains  (Parish  Brothers). 

A  small  tree,  G  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.CO  meter  iu  diameter;  borders  of  streams. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rsiys  numerous,  thin ;  color,  nearly  white,  or 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.4821 ;  ash,  0.54 ;  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cluMip 
furniture. 


„<H>— ii 


"■""-•^'"'  '■"■--imnii 


52 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ANACARDIACEJl. 


60. — Rhus  cotinoides,  Nnttal], 

I(s8.  in   Herb.  Philadelphia  Acad. ;  Travels,  177.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  250.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  70.— Wood,  CI. 
Book,  285;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  73.— Buckley  in  Proo.  Philadelpliia  Acad.  1881,  125.- Mohr  in  Proo.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1881.  217. 

B.  COtinUH?  Torrcy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  21C.— Woi)d,  CI.  Hook,  285. 

Cotinvs  Americanus,  Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  l,  t.  81 ;  2  cd.  ii,  71,  t.  81. 

Cotinus  coggygria,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  351,  in  part. 

Indian  terriforj-,  "  on  the  light,  broken,  calcareous,  rocky  banks  of  the  Grand  river,  a  large  tributary  of  the 
Arkansas,  at  a  place  then  known  as  the  Eagle's  Nest,"  {NvttaU,  I.  c);  Alabama,  north  of  the  Tennessee  river  on 
southern  slopes  of  the  Cumberland  mountains  (on  a  hill  near  Bailie's  farm,  twelve  miles  from  Huntsville,  on  the 
Madison  road,  BucMeg,  Mohr),  and  doubtfully  reported  north  of  the  Alabama  line,  in  Tennessee. 

CllITTAM  WOOD. 

In  Alabama,  a  smaU  wide-branching  tree,  9  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter; 
on  limestone  benches  from  700  to  900  feet  elevation,  in  dense  forests  of  oak,  ash,  maple,  etc.;  local  and  very  rare; 
not  redi.scovered  in  Arkansas  or  the  Indian  territory' ;  in  Alabama  nearly  exterminated. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  cvmtact  with  the  soil ;  layers 
of  annual  growtli  marked  by  severta)  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  meu  ilary  rays,  nunierou.s,  very  obscure ;  color, 
bright,  clear,  rich  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.C425;  ash,  0.50;  largely  used  h<cally 
for  fencing,  and  yielding  a  clear  orange  dye. 


^  m 


70.— Rhus  typhina,  Linnivus, 

Amoon.  iv,  'Ml. — Mcdicus,  Bot.  Boobacht.  1782,  228. — Wiingciiheiin,  Aiiier. '.(•"). — Mnrsball,  Arbustuni,  129. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiiuia. 
255.— Aitoii,  Ilort.  Kew.  i,  365;  2  ed.  ii,  UW.— Khrlinrt,  Bcitr.  vi,  8<).— Mtvnch,  Mitli.  72.— Willdi-now,  Spt-C!.  i,  147H;  Eniini.  i,  .VZX- 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  51.— Schkuhr,  Hiindl).  237.— Micliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  182.— Nouveau  Duhaiiicl,  ii,  1()4,  t.  47.— Pcrnoon,  S.vn.  i. 
324. — Desfoutaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  325.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  503.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pliiladelpli,  39;  Conipcnd.  Fl. 
Philadflidi.  i,153.— Pinsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  204.— Katon,  Mini  mil,  3."> ;  (i  «d.  302.- Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  203.— Knjuifr  &.  Schiiltes,  Syst.  vi, 
643.— Hayno,  Dend.  Fl.  33.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  360.— Torrcy,  Fl.  U.  S.  322;  Conipcnd.  Fl.  N.  States,  140;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  laS.— Dc  Candolle, 
Prodr.  ii,  67. — S))reiig<'l,  Sy«t.  i,  936. — Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  17,  18. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  126. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  70. — 
Beck,  Bot.  76.— Spnch,  Hist.  Vcg.  ii,  212.— Bennett,  PI.  .lav.  Rar.  80.— Lou<loii,  Arboretum,  ii,  >"i50,  f.  224.— Torny  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  Amerioa,  i,  217,  680.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  392.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  126.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1002.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massiichnsetts,  .501;  2  ed.ii,  571  &  t. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  184. — GriHitli,  Med.  Bot.  186. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  610. — 
Darlington,  Fl.  Ccstrica,  3ed.  43. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exjied.  424,— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
250. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  69. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  93. — Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Kep. 
Arkansas,  353.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  384;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  73.— Pnicher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  208.— Gray,  Manual  N.  State»,5cd,  HI.— 
Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  576. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  197. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trei's,  10. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  488. — Nat. 
Dispens-itory,  2  v.(\.  1230,— Ridgway  in  Proe.  IT.  S.  Nat,  Mus.  1882,  63.— Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  377. 

Datkca  hirta,  Linnanis,  Spec,  l  ed.  1037.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i,  290. 

R.  hypselodenilron,  Moench,  Meth.  73. 

R.  Canadense,  Miller,  Diet. No.  5.- Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  163. 

R.  viridijlora,  Nouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  16:1. —Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  504.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  67.— Nuttall,  Geuero, 
i,  203.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  70.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1002.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  551. — ^Browne,  Trees  of  America, 

184. 

■■*!' 
B.  typhina,  var.  viridijlora,  Engler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  378. 


h 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


53 


BTAGHOHN  SUMACH. 

New  Hnniswit^k,  west  tlirongli  tbo  viilloy  of  the  Saint  Lawroiice  river  to  sontliern  Ontario  and  MnincsotJi, 
Hoiitii  through  the  norUiern  Htat<!H  ivn«l  along  the  Alleghany  niountainH  to  northern  (jeorgia,  central  Alabama  and 
Mi8ti>iH8i|i]>i. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  !)  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.lf)  to  0.;J0  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub;  dry 
hillsides  or  ol'tun  along  streams  in  sandy,  moist  soil.  A  variety  with  laeiniate  leaves  oceurs  near  Hanover,  Now 
Ilamp.s  lire,  var.  laciniata,  Wax],  VI.  Jiook,  'JSi.—  Jiof. «(;  Fl.  T^). 

Wotid  light,  brittle,  soft,  e.»ars«'grained,  eoiiipaet,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish;  hiyers  of  aninnil  growth 
elearly  marked  by  lour  to  six  rows  of  large  open  duets;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  yeUow  streaked 
with  green,  the  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specille  gravity,  0.4'i.'»7;  ash,  0.50;  occasionally  used  for  inlaying  cabinet 
work;  (he  young  shoots  for  "saj)  (piills"  in  drawing  the  sap  of  the  sugar  maple. 

Bark  ami  leaves  astringent,  rich  in  tannin,  and  somewhat  used  locally  ii»'a  dye  and  in  dressing  skins  (Special 
Rep.  iS'«.  :.'('(,  U.  IS.  Aji.  Dip.  '2'2,  t.  3);  an  infusion  of  the  berries  used  donu'stically  as  a  gargle  in  cases  of  (;atarrhul 
sore  throat. 


71. — Rhus  copallina,  l/muiii 


>Iiiii'ii,  iiisi.  vi'LT.  II,  vii. —  iiirri'.v  A  (iniy,  ri.  ^.  Aincinii,  i,  i:!..— i-atmi  iV  \\  imm,  imi.  ;i\ij.  — liiiii'iow,  i- 1.  isosion.  ;i  ini.  vjh. — 
Dicliicli,  SvM.  ii.  KMK!. — I.diuIiih,  Arlnintiiin,  ii,  ri.'il. — Kipcrsoii,  'I'lciji  MiissiicliUMiitM,  .'.Olt ;  2  cd.  ii,  .')(l. — (iriliilli,  MimI.  lint.  180. — 
(Ji-ii.v  ill  .Mini.  Am.  Anitl.  new  .scr.  vi.'JS;  Maiiiiiil  .\.  Slates,  .')  cil.  ill;  Hall".'*  I'l.  Tcxiis,  ."i.— Schccli'  in  Wii'iiicr, 'I'i'Mis,  .l:tl. — 
Dailingtoii,  I'l.  C'cNtiica,  :i  rd.  .):i. — IJailiy,  15ol.  S.  Slalr.s,  2."i.">.— CMiaimiaii,  l"l.  S.  Slali's,  (I'.l. — Curtis  in  Ivcp,  licoloijical  Siirv.  N. 
i^.i>..i;i...     IsCft     :ii     ()•)..  I  ..^....i .-    ;..    /).......*..   .>.i    i.>....      \..i-,...^..^    'ir..i    .  \\',....i    /m     it.w.i.    .>tji.    fi..«-     .r.    t.M     ft       t.^......i :.. 


("aii>lina,  If'liO,  iii,  '.IJ.— Lcsiinrirnx  in  Owcn'.s  '.M  Rep.  Arkansa.s,  H.Vj.  — Wood,  CI.  Hook, ','84;  Uot.  &,  Fl.  711. — Ennclniaiin  in 
Ti'ans.  Am.  IMiil.  .Soi-.  now  .sor.  xii.  187. — I'orclior.  Ri'soiirccs  S.  FoicMtH,  •JII7. — Kocli,  Di'iidiolo^ir,  .■>7.'>. — Yoiuij;,  l!ot.  Texas,  li)7. — 
Va.sry,  Cat  lorcsl,  Tret'.s,  11.— Nat.  Di,si«Misal"r,v,  J  cd.  lv!3(). — Ward  in  Bull.  V.  .S.  Nat.  AIns.  No.  'J'J,  7:1.— Kidgway  in  I'roo. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.  I8f"j,  (i;i.— Knglcr  in  J)f  Candollc,  .^llilc>^,  iv,  IIHl. 

?  R.  ropalliua,  vars.  taii/olid,  latiaJato,  nnfiv.stifoJUi,  and  serrata,  Eujiloi-  in  He  Candollr.  .Sniics,  iv,  :tH.l. 


dwai:f  sumach. 

Northern  New  Knglaiid,  .south  to  Manatee  and  Ca.ximbas  bay,  Florida,  west  to  Slis.souri,  Arkansas,  and  the 
valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  smiill  tree,  (»  to  !>  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.lo  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  a  low  shrub 
1  to  2  nuiters  in  height;  dry  hills  and  ridges,  rciiehing  its  greatest  dovelopmeut  in  southern  Arkansas  ami 
eastern  Textis;  riinnii";'  into  various  forms.    The  best  marked  is — 

var.  leucantha,  Dc  Candollo,  I'rodr.  ii,  ()H.— Gray  in  Joiiv.  Iloston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  158. 
E.  leucantha,  .lucquin,  Hoit.  Sclii.nl..  iii,  i,0,  t  ;M-.'.— Spaoli,  Hist.  Vog.  ii,  215. 
R.  copallina,  var.  angusiialata,  Knuflor  in  Do  CaiKlolli%  Suites,  iv,  384. 

Shrubby,  leaflets  lanceolate,  flowers  white. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-gniined,  comi)act,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  i)olish ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  elearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  i)roniinent ;  color,  light 
brown  streiiked  with  green,  or  often  tinged  with  red;  the  sap-wood  lighter;  speeiflc  gravity,  0.r»27;{;  ash,  O.GO. 

Leaves  iiiul  bark  astringent,  rich  in  tannin  ;  the  leaves  largely  collected,  principally  in  ^Maryland,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  and  Tennessee,  and  ground  for  tanning  and  dyeing  [Special  livp.  Nt).  !.'(•,  I'.  S.  Afj.  Dep.  20,  t.  o). 
the  fruit,  acid  itnd  iistringent,  used,  as  well  as  thtit  of  the  shrubby  Rhim  ijlabra,  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of 
decoctions,  fluid  extiiicts,  etc.,  is  a  gargle  in  the  treatment  of  .sore  throat. 


m 


Var.  lanceolata.  Gray, 

Jour.  lioHton  Soe.  Nat.  Hi^t.  vi,  ir>f>. — Torrvy,  Bot.  Mox.  ISoniidary  i^urvt^y,  44. — Watsou  in  Proc.  Am.  Acud.  xvii,  338. 

B,  copallina,  var.  integrifolia,  Euglor  in  De  Candollo,  Suites,  iv,  384. 

Western  Texas,  Dallas  {Reverchon)  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

A  small  tree,  with  lanceolate,  elongated  leaflets,  o  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.15  meter  in 
diameter;  calcareous  soil ;  common;  specific  gravity,  0.5184;  ash,  0.85. 


"iT 


54 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


72. — Rhus  venenata,  De  Oandoiie, 

Prodr.  ii,  08.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  126.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  il,  71.— Beck,  Dot.  76.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Vcg.  i),215.— Lindley,  Fl.  Mod.  284.- 
London,  Arl>ore»iini,  ii,  552,  f.  226.— Torroy  &  Giiiy,  Fl.  N.  Amoricii,  i,  218,  (i81.— Eiiton  &  Wright,  Hot.  392.- Dietrich,  Syii.  ii, 
lOOli. — Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  1^0. — Urowno,  TrocH  of  America,  186. — Qriffltli,  Med.  Dot.  185. — EmcrHon,  Trees  MiisBnclnmettH, 
504;  2  I'd.  ii,  .''175  &.  t. — Darlin^^tuu,  Fl.  CfMlrlcu,  ;i  ed.  44. — HlthnrdHon,  Arctie  Kxived.  424.— Cooper  in  .SinithHonlnii  Keji.  1858, 
250.— Cliniimnn,  Fl.  .S.  States,  69.— CiirtiB  In  Kep.  Geologlenl  Snrv.  N.  Curolinn,  IHCiO,  ill,  0;t.— Lcwqnereiix  in  Owen's  2d  Hep. 
ArkuUNiis,  ;i.'>:t.— Wood,  CI.  Hook,  284;  Uol.  A  Fl.  7:t.— Oriiy,  Minmiil  N.  States,  5  ed.  111.— Vaney,  Cat.  Fori'st  Trees,  11.— 
Hailey  i"  Am.  Nut.  vii,  5,  »'.  ;i.— Ward  in  Hull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mtis.  No.  22,  71).- Knjtler  in  De  Candolle,  Suites,  iv,  :!!)7. 

R,  Verni.V,  liinmens,  Spec.  1  ed.  265,  in  purl.— Kulm,  Travels,  Knglish  ed.  177.— Medieiis,  I3ot.  Ileobaelit.  17S2,  22;!.- Muisliiill, 
ArliM.stnni,  i:i(t.  — Wannenlieim,  Amev.  !I2, — AKon,  Ilort.  Kew.l,  ;Ui(l;  2  ed.  ii,  KUt.— ricnek,  Icon.  f. '.'IM.  — I.amarek,  111. 
ii,  :i4(l,  t.  207,  f.  •,'.— Willdenow,  Spee.  i,  M7il;  Knnni.  i,  :w;i.- H.  S.  itiirton,  Coll.  I,  •-•:!,  ,^(i.— Sehknhr,  Ilandl).  2:«;.— 
Miclianx.  I'l.  I'.or.-Aiii.  i,  1811. — Nouvean  Dnliiimel,  ii,  l(u.— I'ersoon,  Syn.  i,  H24.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arli.  ii,  '.Kit.— 
Toilet  inLaniiirck,  Diet,  vii,.^05.— Null  all,  (iemra,  i,  20;i.— llartou,  I'rodr.  Fl.  I'liiladeliili.  :t!t;  (  onipeiid.  Fl.  I'liiladelpli. 
154.— Pursh,  Fl.Am.  Sept.  i,20.-|.— Katon,  Manual,  :M  ;  6  ed.  ;!02.— llijielow,  Med.  Hot.  i,  Uti,  t.lO;  Fl.  Mo.slon.  ;i  cmI. 
126.— Ra>mer  &  Schnlles,  Sy.st.  vi,  646.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.:i4.— ICUiott,  Sk.  i,  :162.— Torrey, Fl.  IT.  S.  :i2;i;  C^onipond. 
Fl.  N.  States,  20;!.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  i,  <U6.— Hooker,  .Tonr.  Hot.  i,  202.— Darby,  Dot.  S.  States,  255.— I'orelier,  Resources 
S.  Forests,  206, 


POISON  SUMACH.      POISON  ELDER. 

Nortliciii  Xow  EiiRliiuil,  south  to  iiortlicrn  Oooifjiii,  Alabaiiia,  oiitl  wostt'in  Lonisiaiiii,  west  to  northern 
Miiiiie.sota,  Mi.s.sonii,  and  Arkaiisa-s. 

A  .small  tit't',  U  to  8  uictors  in  height,  with  ;i  trunk  sonietinies  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
tall  shrub;  low,  wet  swair.ps  or,  more  rarely,  on  hijrher  <>ronn(l. 

Wood  lij^lit,  soft.  eoaiso-<;rain('('i,  moderately  coniiiact ;  layers  of  animal  fiiowtb  clearly  marked  by  three  or  four 
rows  of  larj>:e  open  duets;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obseure ;  eolor,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  the  8ai)-wood 
lighter;  speeiiie  gravity,  O.J.'iSli;  ash,  0.0 1. 

The  wlioh'.  ])lant,  iis  well  as  the  allied  Ii.  Toxicodendron,  to  most  persons  exceedingly  poisonous  to  the  toueh, 
owing  to  the  pre.seni'e  of  a  volatile  ])riii(!ii)le,  To.ncodendrU',  acid  ( U.  S.  DLspcnsatory,  14  ed.  008. — i^'ut.  J)i>ipen.wton/,  2  ed. 
14G4);  the  white  milky  sap  turning  blaek  in  drying  and  yielding  a  valuable  lacquer  {liigelotc,  Med.  Bol.  I.  c.) 


73. — Rhus  Metopium,  Linnnms, 

Ania'n.  V,  :«».">.  Titfmd,  Ilort.  Hut.  Am.  51.— De.scoiirtil/,  Fi.  Sle<l.  Antilles,  ii,  .10,  t.  7i».— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  67.— Macfadyen,  Fl. 
Jamaica,  22.).— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  121,  t.  80;  2  ed.  ii,  68,  t.  80.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  :!81.— Cooper  in  Smithsouiun  Rep.  Iri.'jy,  264.— 
Grisebach,  Fl.  BritiBh  West  Iii<lies,  17,"). — Chupniau,  Fl.  S.  States,  69. — Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  7;!. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. 

Metopium  Linnwi,  Kn^ler  in  De  Candolle,  Snitcs,  iv,;i67. 


POISON  WOOD.      CORAI.  SUMACU.      MOUNTAIN   MANCHINEET        HUM  WOOD.      HOO  PLUM.     DOCTOR  GUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  ISiscayne  to  tlie  southern  keys;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  reaching  in  the  United 
States  its  greatest  dev(>lo])ment  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne,  near  Miami ;  one  of  the  most  common  trees  of  the 
region,  the  large  specimens  generally  decayed. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown 
or  yellow;  specilic  gravity,  0.7017;  ash,  2.;J0;  little  esteemed. 

A  resinous  gum,  emetic,  purgative,  and  diuretic,  is  obtained  from  incisions  made  in  the  bark  of  this  species 
(Pharm.  Jovr.  vii,  270. — Gvibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  489). 


74. — Pistacia  Mexicana,  IIBK. 

Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec,  vii,  22,  t.  608. — Do  Caudollo,  Prodr.  ii,  64. — Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  v,  27. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey, 
44.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  109. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. — Hemsloy, 
Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  221. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  1338. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  (near  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  river,  Bigehw)',  southward  into  Mexico  (Saltillo, 
Palmer,  etc.). 

Wood  not  collected. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


55 


LEGUMINOSJ] 


75. — Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  Watson, 
Proc,  Am.  Acad,  xyii,  330. 

E.  amorphoides,  var.  orthocarpa,  Oruy  in  SinithHoniun  Contrlb.  111,40;  v,2:i7. 
E.  amorphoides,  Torroy,  not.  Mex.  noundury  Siiiviy,.'il,  in  part. 

Westeni  Ti-xas,  valleys  of  th((  upi»er  Guadalupe  and  Hio  (liaude,  west  to  the  Suntii  Rita  and  Santa  Catalina 
niountaintt,  Arizona  (I'rinijle);  southward  into  northc^rn  I\I«ixi(;o. 

A  small  tree,  o  to  (i  meters  in  heiffht,  with  a  trunk  0.0!)  to  O.lii  meter  in  diameter,  <jr  more  often  a  low  shrub; 
dry,  gravelly  soil,  n-aeliinR  ils  greatest  development  near  the  siimnut  of  the  Santa  (Jatalina  mountains,  at  ;{,(M)() 
feet  altitude. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  elose-grained,  very  eompact;  layers  of  aninuil  growth  clearly  «leHned  by  numerous  rows  of 
open  ducts  ;  medulhiry  rays  nnmorona,  thin  ;  color,  light  reddish-brown,  saj)- wood  clear  yellow;  specific  gravity, 
«.874(»;  ash,  1.28. 

76. — Dalea  spinosa,  amy, 

Mem.  Am.  Aciiil.  now  t»>T.  v,  'M!>;  Ives'  Kep,  10. — Torrcy,  I'ikmHc  R.  I\.  Ki'l>.  iv,  7S;  vii,  i>,  t.  :t,— Dot.  Mex.  15(iun(liivy  Siiivry,  T):!.— 
WiilpciM,  Ann.  iv,  l*"). — Coopor  in  .SinilbNdniiin  Kfp.  iH.'irt,  2(U'>. — WiitMin  in  I'loc.  Am.  Aciul.  xi,  i:w.— Urcwrr  A  Wiilsim,  liot. 
Calilbrniii,  i,  MH,— Hcnislry,  Hoi.  Am.-C'tsut.  'J-IO. 

Anajirwa  sj)ill(>sa,  Haillon  in  AdauHonia,  i.\,«'J;  His(.  I'l.  ii,v'8H. 

Colorado  desert,  southern  California  (Agua  Caliente,  Toras,  etc.),  and  eastward  to  the  viilley  ;)f  the  low*r  Gilii 
river,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  (5  meters  in  height,  with  a  short,  stout  trunk  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter  (/'«>•»•)/, 
Parish  Brothers),  or  often  a  low  shrub;  dry,  gravelly,  rocky  .soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  ojten  duets;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  walnnt-brown,  the  sai)-W()<)d  nearly  white;  specilic  gravity,  0.553(!;  ash,  i.Ot. 

77. — Robinia  Pseudacacia,  Linmiim, 

Spec.  1  od.  ^22. — Mui'Hhall,  ArbuHtuni,  l!!:!. — Wanjifulioim,  AnuT.  Ill,  I.  7. — I.'IIoriticr,  Stirp.  Nov.  IfiS. — Waltrr,  Fl.  Ciiroliniunii,  18C. — 
Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,53;  SJed.  iv,;!2H.— Gu'rlner,  Friict.  ii,:'.(l7, 1.  M').— Willdcnow,  Sp('l^  iii,  IKtl;  Knnm.  i,7lU>.— Micliiiux,  Fl.  Uor.- 
Am.  ii,  ft").— Nouvoan  Dulianiel,  ii,  60,  t.  Ki. — I'oirt't  in  l.iimnrrk  Dic^t,  vi,  )>:ii;  111.  iii,  lOli,  t.  (KMi. — Porsoon,  Syn.  ii,  .'ill. — 
DcHt'ontuini'H,  HiNt.  Arb.  ii,;!0'J. — Miclianx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  24r>,  1.  1  ;  N.  Aincvican  .Sylva,  :!ed.  ii,  W,  I.  70. — l'.i-,li,  Fl.  Am.  Sopt. 
ii,  487. — Katon,  Mannal,  8'i;  (!  od. JUMi.— 'I'liomas  in  Am.  Montli.  Ma>;-  &■  t'rit.  Hev.  ii,  1)0.— -Niittnll,  G«'n('r!!,  ii,  118.— llaync, 
Deud.  Fl.  140. — Flliott,  Sk.  ii,  !i4'2. — De  Candollc,  Frodr.  ii,  tilil. — Siircngcl,  .Syst.  iii,  247.— ToiTcy  in  Ann.  I.vc.  N.  York,  ii, 
178;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  271;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  Kl'i;  Enmiy's  IJep.  408.— Hooker,  Fl.  lior.-Ani.  i,  140.— Andubon,  Birds,  t. 
104.— Don,  Miller'H  Diet,  ii,  2157.- I?eek,  Bot.  W.— Spaeli,  Hist.  Ve;r.  i,  2r.8.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Amc'rica,  i,  21M.— London, 
Arboretnm,  ii,  609,  f.  ;iO.'>  &  t.— Kalon  &  Wrifibt,  Hot.  :197.— Hi.!,'el()w,  Fl.  lio.ston. ;!  ed.  29:i.—l{rowiic,  Trees  of  America,  197.— 
Knierson,  Trees,  MaNSaclinsetts,  4(iO;  2  ed.  ii,.'.22  &,  1.— Grillitli,  .\led.  liot.  2:'.8,  t'.  123.— Diet rieli,  Syn.  iv,  10.-.:i.— l)arlin!,'ton,  Fl. 
Ceslrioa,  ;i  ed.  6.'). — Darb.y  Hot.  S.  Slates,  280. — Cooper  in  Smilbsonian  Hep.  18ri8,  2r>l. — Cbapnian,  Fl.  S.  States,  94.— (Inrtis  in 
Rep.  Gcologieal  Siirv.  N.  Carolina,  iKiO,  iii,  48. — I.esiinereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  lii'iti. — Wood,  CI.  Hook,  ;!19 ;  Hot.  &.  Fl. 
9").— Lemaire,  HI.  Hort.  xii,  t.  427. — Forclier,  Resources  8.  Forests,  188. — Gray,  Mannal  N.  States,  ."J  ed.  l:il. — Koeli,  Dendrologie, 
i,  5,'').— Verlot  in  Rov.  Hort.  1873,  152  &  f.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  22»!.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  IT.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  1882,  (i^. 

Pscuddcacia  odorata,  Aiccncb,  Metu.  M.'i. 

R.  fraijiHs,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  :i;{6. 


^  i 


LOCUST.   BLACK  LOCUST.   YELLOW  LOCUST. 

Alleghany  mountains,  Pennsylvania  (Locust  ridge,  I^Fonroe  county.  Porter)  to  northern  Georgia;  wiilcly  and 
generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  possibly  indigenous  in 
northeastern  (Crowley's  ridge)  and  western  Arkansas  and  the  prairies  of  eastern  Indian  territory. 

A  tree  22  to  25  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  west  of  the  Mississippi  river 
much  smaller  or  often  a  low  shrub  1.80  to .'{  meters  in  height,  reaching  its  greatest  develoinnent  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  mountains  of  We.st  Virginia. 


nutimmMuautmtm 


56 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  heavy,  exceed iiijrly  hard  and  strong,  closc-friained,  eonipact,  ver;^-  durable  iu  contact  with  the  ground; 
layers  of  annua]  {jrowth  elearly  market)  by  two  or  three  rows  of  larjie  ojien  ducts;  color,  brown  or,  more  rarely,  light 
green,  the  si.pwood  yellow;  sjueilic  giavity,  0.7;53.{;  ash,  O.ni  (Tncul  in  ^i»j.  Jowr. /Stv".  3  ser.  xix,  182.  t.  2,  f  1; 
t.  6,  7,  1'.  10.);  larfiely  used  in  shii)-buildinj;-,  for  jxtsts  of  all  sojts,  construction,  and  iu  turnery;  preferred  to 
other  Anicrieau  woods  for  treenails,  and  in  this  I'orin  hnf'ely  exported. 

The  bark  of  the  root  tonit;,  or  ii>  lar^e  doses  purgative  and  emetics  {U.  <s.  J)ispe)iii<itorti,  lied.  174G. — Wat. 
Dispensatory,  2  ed.  12;5.'{) ;  formerly  widely  iilanted  as  a  tind)er  tree  (Cohbrllj  Woorilunds^  jiar.  '^-.i);  its  cultivation  iu 
the  United  States  now  {iciierally  abandoned  on  a(!count  of  the  destrucitive  attacks  of  the  locust  borer  (Cyllene  picta, 
J'acl,ard  in  BiiU.  U.  S.  hJntiimoltii/ical  Com.  No.  7,  !>">), 

78. — Robinia  viscosa,  v.iitcn.it, 


7i*.  gUiiinosa,  (Jmtis,  Jiol.  Maj;.  1.  ri(i(l.— Kdcli,  l),'ii(li(ili)):l(',  i,  ri'.». 


ri.Ajniv  i.onsT. 

"  High  Alleghany  uioniitains  south  of  latitude  ',\'\'^"'  (Michau.i).  "Open  woods,  slopes  of  liuzzard  ridge,  altitude 
4,500  feet,  near  lligiiiand,  Macon  county,  North  Carolina"'  (./.  IhtnniU  iSmith). 

A  small  tree,!*  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  not  exceeding  O.JJO  meter  in  diameter;  very  rare,  and  not 
rediscovered  until  1882  by  the  luimerons  botimists  who  have  \  isited,  during  the  last  thirty  years,  the  localities  where 
the  Jlichaiixs,  lather  and  son,  discovered  this  specues;  widely  cutuvated  and  now  occasionally  naturalized  in  the 
Atlantic  stii;"s. 

Wood  ^Ol  a  cultivated  specimen)  heavy,  hi'.rd,  close-grained,  eonipact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  many  rows  of  oi)on  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  lliin:  (!olor,  luown,  the  saji-wood  light  yellow;  specific 
gravity,  t».80l)4 ;  ash,  0.20. 

79. — Robinia  Neo-Mexicana,  (imy, 

Mt'in.  Am.  Acad,  new  wr.  v,  :tl-l.— Toiivv  in  I'iicilic  I{.  K.  Iti'p.  iv,  T'.t;  itol.  .Mcx,  Uoiimliiry  Survey,  .">;t.—\Viilpt'iM,  Ann.  iv,  491. — 
C'ooiMT  in  Srnitlisiiniau  Ufp.  lS>,'.i(M.— WiitM)n  in  Kinjj'.s  lit'])  v.  111'.-  I'mti-r  &  L'on]|i>r,  l'"l.  Colonulo ;  Iliiyduu'H  Surv.  Misc.  Pub. 

No.  l.'j:!.-  V'ii.si'y,  Cat.  I'liri'st  Tri'os,  li. 

« 
l.dClST. 

Colorado,  valley  of  the  Purgat<u'y  river  (near  Trinidad),  headwaters  of  the  Caiuidian  river,  through  western  and 
soiithwestein  New  .Mexico  to  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  IMta  mountains  [Lcnnnon,  l'rin<ile),  Arizona  (4,.">00  to  7,000 
feet  altitude^  .southern  Utah,  Alount  Zion  canon,  west  foik  of  the  Kio  Virgin,  and  near  Kanah. 

A  small  tree,  .sonu'tinies  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
til>]ier  iiniits  of  growth  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  I'urgatory 
river,  Coicuado. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close  grained,  eomjtact,  .satiny,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
oj»en  ducts;  medullaiy  rays,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  yellow  streaked  witli  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow; 
bjieeitic  gravity,  0.8031 ;  ash,  0.00. 

80.— Olneya  Tesota,  Gmy, 

Mt'n  Am.  Ai-ad.  new  nit.  v,  It'JH;  Ives'  Kcp.  11. — Tmri'y  in  I'acilii'  H.  K.  Kt'p.  iv,  11,  &2;  vii,  10,  t.  r>;  Uot.  Mox.  Bouudiiry  Survey, 
.^'■'. — WalpcrH,  Ann.  iv,  -ITlt,  .')f)7.— Coo)il'1-  in  iSmitlisonian  Kt'p.  li".>',  'aHi'i. — Itn-wcr  &  Watson,  lint.  Cnlifornin,  1,  V>7. — Vascy, 
Cat.  I'ori'sl  Tit'CN,  II. — HrniHlcy,  Unt.  Ani.-»'i'nl.  i.iitilt. 

niON  WOOD.      AIMlOl-   UK   IIIEBRO. 

California,  valley  of  the  Cohuado  river  south  of  the  Mohave  mountains,  valley  of  the  lower  Gila  river, 
.southwestern  Arizona  ;  southward  in  Sonora. 

A  small  tie-  in  the  dnited  States,  rarely  0  meters  in  height,  with  u  trunk  sometimes  0.45  meter  iu  diameter^ 
dry  arroyoH  and  canons;  in  Htniora  nion'  (common  and  "f  larger  size. 


1 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


57 


Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  stronj;,  brittle,  elose-jjraiiied,  eonipact,  the  anun  {•onerally  contorted,  diflienlt  to 
cut  and  work, susceptible  of  a  lii{j;h  jtolish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streake«l  with 
red,  the  sap  wood  clear  brifiht  yellow;  speciiic  gravity,  1.0(i(L';  asii,  li.liit  (the  heart-wood,  1.1480;  ash,  2.5!);  sap- 
wood,  0.8958;  ash,  1.85);  occasioiuiUy  manufactured  into  canes. 


81. — Piscidia  Erythrina,  Mnniiiis, 

Spi'C.  2  0(1.  i)<t;l.— .lacquiii,  Amor.  206.— Swmtz,  Obs.  277.— I.iimarck,  Did.  i,  4i:t;  111.  iii,  Hi'.!,  t.  fiO."..— Titfonl,  ll«irt.  Hot.  Am.  H4.— 
Liuiaii,  Hi)!-t.  .Iain,  i,  2t>9. — Iliimbolilt,  Uoiiiilaiitl  A-  Kuiilli,  Xov.  (li'ii.  &  .'^poo.  vi,;!.S2. — Di>  Caiulollo,  Prodi-,  ii,  2(>7.— Drscoiirlilz, 
Fl.  Me«l.  Antilles,  iii,  201!,  t.  1%.— Maolailyen,  Fl.  .Jamaica,  i,  •.'.'■)H._Niittall,  Sylva,  ii,  ai,  1.  .V2;  2  t'll.  i,  IHO. -Ucntlnim  in  ,Ionr. 
Linnioan  Sue  iv,  Snppl.  IKi ;  15t>t,.  8nlphur,  HI. — C'ooiht  in  Sinitli.sonian  Hi-p.  IS.'iH,  2G4. — Chapmun,  Fl.  S.  StatcH,  110. — Grisi'liacli, 
Fl.  British  West  Indies,  200. — Porclicr,  liesource.s  S.  Foivsts,  H.'i. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. — Hemsloy,  Hot.  Am. -Cent.  i,IU(». 

Ert/thrina  piscipnia,  Linmons,  Spee.  l  ed.  107. 

P.  Varthageucnsis,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  2(>7. 


JAMAICA  DOOWOOD.  • 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayue,  west  coast,  Pease  creek  to  cai)e  Sable,  a  ul  oi,  the  southern  k«'ys;  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  Jlexico. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  heifjht,  with  a  truuk  0.15  to  0.75  meter  in  diamete: 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  stronj;-,  close-;;rained,  comi)act,  susceptible  ol  a  in  >  polish,  (iontaininji'  few  larjie 
scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  color,  yellowish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lijiliter ;  speciiic; 
gravity,  ((.8731;  ash,  ;j..'58;  one  of  the  favorite  woods  of  the  region  for  boat-building,  lire-wood,  ami  (;harcoal. 

The  bark,  esi)ecially  of  the  root,  narcotic,  occasionally  administered  in  the  form  of  tinctures,  or  used,  as  well 
a.s  the  young  briin<'hes  and  U'aves,  to  poison  or  stui)efy  lish. 

82. — Cladrastis  tinctoria,  liaiinisciue, 

Fl.  Kent.  I>^24:  Ncojr.  lf<2.'>;  .M.d.  Hot.  ii.  210;  Now  .^ylva,  iii,  Ki.— Toricy  \  <iray,  Fl.  N.  Amciira.  i.  ii'.tO,— Walpeis,  K'cp.  i.  M)7.— 
Browne.  Trees  of  Anu'rii'ii,  tiki. — Darliy,  Hoi.  S.  St;>tes,  201.— Cnoper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  IS.'if^,  2.">1. — (!ha|iman,  Fl.  W.  Slati's, 
ll:t.— Poreher  Resources  .S.  Forests.  17").— Wood,  CI.  Hook.  :!01  ;  Hot.  A  Fl.  f^4.— (iray.  Manual  N.  States,  :>  ed.  U'.i.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees.  1 1 . 

Virgilia  httea,  Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arh.  Am.  iii,2ti0,  I.  :!;  Travels,  2MI ;  N.  American  Sylva,  Ited.  ii,  KMi,  t.  7S.— Puish,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  i,  :tO'.).— Nntlall.  (Jenera,  i,  2S4.— Ilayne,  Dend.  Fl.  .'>:i.— Loiselenr,  llerli.  Anuit.  t.  2'.)7.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii, 
iW.— Spreiij;el,  Syst.  iv-',  1.  171.  — Don,  Miller's  Di<t.  ii,  112.— Katon,  Manual,  <i  ed.  '.Ut7.— Spuch,  Hist.  Ve;;.  i,  Ki;!.— Faton 
iV  Wrislit.Hot.   IHO.— Dielricli,.Syn.  ii,  l.">01.— London,  Arhori-lnm,  ii, .'>();">,  t.  78. 

(j.    IllteOy   Koeh,  Dendrologie,  i,il. 

VFLl.OW  WOOD.     VFI.I.OW  ASH.     (iOl'IIKR  WOOD. 

Central  Kentucky,  clilVs  of  the  Kentucky  and  Dick's  rivers;  middle  Tennessee,  nu)untains  of  east  Teniu'ssee  to 
Cherokee  county.  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  0  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.IKI  or,  excei>tionally,  1.20  meter  in  dianu^ter;  ri»;h 
hillsides;  in  Kentucky  on  the  Trenton  limestom's,  and  reaching  its  best  development  in  middle  Tennessee;  rare 
and  very  local,  the  large  trees  generally  hollow  or  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  .strong,  clo.se  grained,  comitact,  sii.sceptible  of  a  good  itoli.sh ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  .several  rows  of  oin-n  duct.s,  and  containing  many  evenly di.stributed  similar  ducts;  color,  bright, 
«!leur  yellow,  changing  with  exposure  to  light  brown,  the  saj)  wood  nearly  white  ;  speciiic  gravity,  0.0278 ;  ash,  t».28; 
used  for  fuel,  oc(uisu)ininy  for  gunstocks,  and  yielding  a  clear  yellow  dye. 


83. — Sophora  secundiflora,  l.a«asia; 

De  Ciindcdle,  Cat.  llorl.  Monsp.  IIS;  Prodr.  ii.  IKi— Don,  Miller's  Diit.  ii,  110.— (iray  in  Hmithsoniun  Conlrih.  iii,  54.— Rev.  Horl.  4 
ser.  iii,  201,  I.  11.— Itenlham  iV    Hooker,  (ienera,  i,  :>.*),■>.  — Hemsley.  Hot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  :!21.— Watson  in   Proe.  Am.  Acad,  xvil,  347. 

lirounmniftiii  scnnKiiJIorn,  (»ricna,  Dec.  v,  til,  t.  7. 

\'iniili(l  sviltHiiiJIora,  Cavanilles,  Icon.  t.  4til. 

A(J(lHtunUH  KCCK lid i flora,  Uallres.|ne.  New  Sylva,  iii,  8»). 

Iknililtophl/llum  HpccioHUm,  Scheoh<  in  Linn»>»,  xxi,  46H. 

8,  xpccUmi^  llentliain  in  .I<nir.  Iloston  Hoc.  Nut.  Hist,  vi,  17S. — (Iriiy  in  Mem,  Am,  Acud.  new  ser.  lv»,  ItH;  Hinithsuninit  Coiifrih. 
iii,  .'i4;  Hall's  1'  Texas,  7.  -Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  4:i'.>.-— Torrcy,  Hot.  Mex.  Huiindury  Survey,  5H. — Young,  Hot.  Teias, 
242.— -Vasey,  Cat.  Forest   Trees.  12. 


58 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


FRIGOLITO. 

Matagorda  bay,  Texas,  west  to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  {Havard). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.1;")  to  O.LH)  meter  in  diaiiieler,  or  often,  especially- 
west  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  a  tall  shrub,  rarely  exceeding  2  meters  in  height,  forming  dense  thickets ;  borders 
of  streams,  generally  in  a  low,  rather  moist  soil. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish;  njcdnllary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  orange  streaked  with  n-d,  the  heavier  sap-wood  brown  or  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.9812;  ash,  1.59; 
furnishing  valuable  I'uel. 

Tiie  seeds  contain  an  exceedingly  poisonous  alkaloid,  Sophoria  {H.  V.  Wood  m  Phihidelphia  Med.  Times,  August 
4,  1877. — Kothrock  in  Couher's  Bot.  Oazette,  ii,  133. — ^o*.  I>isj)e»satory,  2  ed.  1333). 

84. — Sophora  affinis,  Torrcy  &  Gray, 

Fl.  X.  America,  i,  ."i'.IO.—Loiivpiiwnith  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  ix,  i:?0.— Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Niit.  Hist,  vi,  178;  lliill's  PI. 
Texas,  7. — Scheelc  in  Rftnipr,  Texas,  428. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

Sfijphnolo.'>iHm  affine,  Walpers,  Rep.  i,  807. 

Arkansas,  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river  {Letterman)  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streJims 
and  prairies. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  bright,  clear  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  0.8509 ;  iish,  0.73. 

Ink  is  occasionally  made  domestically  from  the  resinous  exudations  of  the  pod. 

85. — Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lamarck,  ^ 

Diet.  i,7:!3;  111.  iii,  412,  t.eK;i.— Micliiiux,  FI.  Unr.-Am.  ii,  241,  t.  51.— Willileiiow,  Spee.  Iv,  400;  Euum.  ii,  1019;  norl.Raiimz.  109.— 
Pi'V.so()n,Syii.  ii,C2(i. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arli.  11,250. — .Viton,  Hnrt.  Kew.  2  cd.  v,  400. — Mielianx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,272,  t.2l$;  N. 
American  Sylva,:t  ed.  i,  182,  t..''>0.— Piiisli,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  1,  ;i04.— Nuttall,  Genora,ii,24:}.— llayne,  Demi.  F1.20:i.— James  in  Long's 
FIxped.  i,  l:!-*.— Reiclieiiliaeli,  Ma^.  Bot.  t.  40.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  480. — Sprenfjel,  Syst.  ii,  :!27. — Torrey  In  Ann.  Lye.  N.York, 
ii,  19;! ;  t'omi»enil.  Fl.  N.  States,  :i7() ;  Fl.  X.  York,  i,  190;  Emory's  Kep.  407.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  ICO.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.429.— 
F.aton,  Manual,  0  ed.  102.— Beck,  Bot.  91!.— Spadi,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  .-9.— Loudon,  ArlioretuiTi,  ii,  2.'>0  &  t.— Torrey  &.  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
Americii,  i,I?98. — Faton  &  Wright,  Bot.  258.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  80<1.— Browne,  Trees  of  America, 
218. — Cooper  in  .Smithsiuiian  Kep.  1858,  251. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkan.sas,  1558. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  ;t00 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  83. — 
Lngeliiiaini  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  190. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  145. — Briot  in  Rev.  Ilort.  1870, 4;!0. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forcht  Trees,  12.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54^—Ridgway  in  Proo.U.8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,03.— Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  Siipi>l.  01-. 

OuUandina  dioica,  Liumuus,  Spec.  led.  381. — Marshall,  Arbuatnm,  56.— Viton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  56. — James  in  Long's  Exped. 

i,  138. 

Hyperanthera  dioica,  Vahl,  Symbolie,  i,31. 

0.  dioica,  Koch,  Dendrologio,  i,  5.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  il,  87,  f.  52, 53. 


':  I 


KKNTUCKY  COFFEE  TREE.      COFFEE  NUT. 

Conococheague  creek,  Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania  (Porter);  western  New  York,  shores  of  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  lakes,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  southern  .'-nchlgan  to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  river, 
Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  to  about 
longitude  90°  west,  south  to  nii<ld!e  Tennessee. 

A  tree  25  to  .33  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  bottoms;  not 
conunon. 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  coiir.se  grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  liable  to  check  in  drying, 
easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  high  i)olisli ;  layers  of  annua!  growtli  clearly  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of 
open  duets;  medullary  rays  numerous,  Ihiu;  color,  rieli  light  brown  tinged  with  n'd,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.0934;  ai<li,  0.07;  occasionally  u.sed  in  cabinet  nuiking,  for  ]»osts,  rails,  &c. 

The  fresh  heaves,  macerated  and  sweetened,  are  used  in  Tennes.see  as  a  poison  for  house-files ;  the  seeds 
formerly  as  a  domestic  substitute  for  coffee. 


CATi\LOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


59 


86. — Gleditschia  triacanthos,  Linmous, 

Spec.  1  ed.  10.56  (expl.  var.).— Modicus,  Hot.  BoobacUt.  178'2,  230.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  165  ;  III.  iii,  446,  t.  857, f.  1.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii, 
444  (oxcl.  vara.);  2od.  V;  471. — Mcuiich,  Mctli.  (10.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  '2H5.— Miciiaiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  2,^7.— Sclikulir, 
HaiiiU).  iii, 5,')4,  t.  S5G. — Kobiii,  Voyanos,  iii,  407. — Pcrsoon,  S,vn.  ii,  VZi. — iJcHtontaincH,  lli.<!i .  Arb.  ii, 24C. — Willdcnow,  Spec,  iv,  1007; 
Euiiui.  1058 ;  Borl.  Baiimz.  Ki:;. — Nouvcaii  Duhainul,  iv,  100,  t. 25. — Michaux  f.  Ili.st.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  UM,  t.  »0 ;  N.  American  S.vlva,  3 cd. 
108,  t.  79.— I'nrMh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  221.— Nuttall,  Gcnora,  ii, 239. —.James  in  Lout's  Exped.  i,  138.— llayne,  Demi.  Fl.  218.— Elliott,  Sk. 
ii,  709.  — Guimpcl,  Otto  &  Hayiio,  Abb.  IIolz.  l.'>7,  t.  132. — Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  479.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  iii,  918.  -  Torrcy,  Compond.  Fl. 
N.  States,  37.-) ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  lihi.— Andiibon,  Birds,  t.  42, 140,  150.— Rn<mcr  A  Schnltcs,  Syst.  vii,  78.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  428.— 
Beck,  Bot.  93.— Eaton,  Mannal,fi  rd.  1,')H.-Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  i,  92.— Torrcy  &.  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  308.— London,  Arboretum, 
ii,  (mO,  t.  90, 91.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  254.— Browno,  Trees  of  America,  212.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iv,  .'■)39.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  295.— 
Cooper  in  Smitlisonian  Kup.  18,-)8,2.'>1. — Gray  in  Paeittc  R.  U.  Rep.  xii'-,  42;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  14."),— C'liapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  11.'). — 
Curtis  in  Uep.  GoolofjicalSurv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  49. — Losquoreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rej).  Arkansas,  3r)6.—Wo4Hl,  CI.  Book,  300;  Bot. 
&  FI.83. — En^elmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  sor.  xii,  190. — Porchor,  Resources  S.  Forests,  195. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,H. — Hunt 
in  Am.  Nat.  i,433. — Youu;r,  Bot.  Texas,  240. — Vosey.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12.— Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  1882,64. — Burgess  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,9ri. 

6.  spinosa,  Marshall,  Arbustnm,  54. 

G.  Meliloba,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniuna,  254. 

0.  macraiitha,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  164. 

0.  elegans,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  323. 

MeliJohux  heternpllijUn,  Ralinesfpie, Syl va Telluriann,  121. 

HONKY   LOCT'ST.      ULACK   LOCUIST.      TIIUKETHORNED   ACACIA.      SWEK  T  LOCUST.      IKINEY  SHUCKS. 

Penusylvaiiia,  woatera  sloi)es  of  the  Allejjhiiiiy  niountiiiiia,  we.st  tliioiifjh  southern  Michigan  to  etisterii  T^Tehraska, 
eastern  liansas,  and  the  Indian  tenitorv  to  about  longitude  90°  west;  .soutii  to  Tampa  lia.v,  Floiidti  (not  dtitected 
ill  eastern  Florida),  northern  Alabama,  northern  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  Hrazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree,!.'.")  or  .'JO  meters,  or  exceptionally  40  meter.s,  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.liO  to  l.l'O  mi-ter  in  diameter;  low, 
rich  bottom  lands,  or  more  rarely  on  dry,  sterile  hills;  the  charaeterisiie  tret^  oftiie  "bariciis"  of  middle  Kentnek.v 
and  Tennessee,  reaciiiiig  its  gicatest  development  in  the  bottotns  of  tin?  lower  Ohio  llivcr  basin;  widely  ••ullivated 
for  shade  and  as  a  liedo«*  plant,  and  now  somewhat  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  states  east  of  the  .Vllegiiany 
mountains. 

A  not  unconimon  form,  nearly  destitute  of  thorns,  is — 

Var.  inermiS,  Pui-.sb,  Fl.  Am.i^cpl.  i,  221. -De  Canddllc,  Meiii.  I.C-.  I.22,  t.  IliO;   I'rodi.  ii,i;9.- Eaton,  Manuiil,  I')  ed.  158.— 
Tiirrey  &  (!r:iy,  Fl.  N.  Anieriea.  i,  :!;>-.— London  Ailionluni,  ii,  tiriO,  I.  9-',  ',KI.— I'mw  ne,  TnMs  of  .\nierieii,  2!:i. 

Ct.  ilierDlis.  Linoi'Ois.  Spi'c.  i:>l!','.  in  p;m.-- Xoiiveiiii  Dulianiel,  iv,  lilO. — I'enfhiMii  in  Trans.  Linna-an  Soc.  xxx',  5,57. 

A  form  with  spines  and  (Vnit  shoiter  than  tiiose  of  the  type  is — 

var.  brachycarpos,  Mi.  li.mx,  !'l.  I!ov.-Ain.ii,2.")7.— Toncy  a  (;niy,  F!.\.  America,  i,  398,— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  213. 
G.  hrachncayjXI,  Pnrsh.FI.  Am.  Sept.  221. —Di^Candolle, Prodr,  ii,  479.— Si)renj;il.  Syst.  iii,9l9.—Dc.;i,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  12S.  - 
E.alon,  Manual,!)  ed.  l.^H. — Eaton  A  Wiiglii,  iSot.  2.->4. — Loudon,  Arliorctum,  ii.(),-)3. — Dietrich,  Syu.  iv,  .'):'■ 

Wood  heavy,  'lard,  strong,  eoars«i-grained,  moderately  conii)act,  very  durtible  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
susceptible  of  a  iiigii  ])()lish ;  layers  of  anmnil  growth  strongly  nuirked  by  many  rows  of  open  ducts;  medidlary 
ra,>s  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  bright  brown  or  red,  th(>  sap-wood  lighter;  spet^itlt;  gravity,  0.0740;  ash,  0.80; 
used   ')r  fetKJe  posts  and  rails,  wa.gon  hubs,  construction,  etc.;  its  value  hardly  api)reciated. 

1) cr  is  sometimes  made  domesticall.v  by  i'ermenting  the  sweet,  unripe  fruit  [Porcher  I.  c). 


87. — Gleditschia  monosperma,  \Valt<r. 

Fl.  Cnroliniana,  2.54. — Miohniix,  Fl,  Hor,-Am,  ii,  2,')r.  — Schknhr,  Handb.  iii,  r>.'),'i. — Persoon,  Syn.  1,623. — Desfontainea,  Hist,  Arb.  ii, 
24. — Will<lei\ow,  Spi'C.  iv,  1097;  Enum.  101)8;  Berl.  Baum^.  Itif).— Nonveau  Dnhamid,  iv,  Id. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  474. — 
Miclianx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am,  iii,  109,  t.  U;  N.  Anieriean  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii.  111.  t,  HI.— I'Mrsl,,  Fl.  -Vm.  Sept.  221.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 
()4l.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  239.— Hayne,  D.'ud.  Fl.  218.- Elliott,  Sk.  ii,709,— Do  Caudolle,  Proilr,  ii,  479.— Sprengel,  S.vst.  iii,  919.— 
Dou,?'ill.'r'sl)iet.  12-'.— Eaton,  .Man;i.il,Oed.  I.-)^'.— Spaeh,  Hist,  Veg,  i,98.— Toir.'V  iV  driy,  Fl.  N.  America,  i.  398,— Eaton  A  Wriglit, 
Bot.2.")4.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,li,".3, 1'.  3(;i.  — Browne,  Tribes  of  America, 21, ^.-Dii-triel',  Syu.  iv,.'^i:!9.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  295.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Stales,  11."),— Wood,  CI.  Book,  300;  Bot,  &  FL  83,— Gray  Manual  N.  Slates,  5  'd.  14,5.— Vasoy,  Cot.  Forest  Trees, 
12— Riilfiway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.  1882,  04. 

G.  IriacKnthoH,  var.  inniionpenna,  Linmeus,  Spec,  l  ed.  10.57,— Ailon,ll)rt.  Kew.  iii,  444. 

(/.  (KilKlfictt,  Marshall,  Arbnstnm,. 51. 

G.  Citroliiwnnis,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  Iti5;  111.  iii,  447,  t.  867,  f.  2.— Kwiner  A,  Schultes.f  yst.  vU,74. 

G,  triacantlia,  Gn>rtner,  Fruet.  ii,  31 1, 1. 146,  f.  3  [not  LlnuiousJ. 

O,  inennia,  Koch,Deudr(dogio,  i,9  [not  Linnipus]. 


idsSMM 


60 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WATEB  LOCUST. 

Soiitli  Carolina  to  Matanzas  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  riorida,  through  theGnlf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
river,  Texas,  au«l  through  Arkansas  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.00  or,  exceptionally,  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  deep 
swamps;  rare  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom 
lands  of  southern  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas,  here  often  covering  extensive  areas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish;  Layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  rich  bright 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  heavier  sap-wood  clear  light  yellow ;  specitic  gravity,  0.7342 ;  ash,  0.73. 

88. — Parkinsonia  Torreyana,  Watson, 

Proc.  Am.  Acad,  si,  135. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  162. 

Cercidium  floridlim,  Torrcy  in  Pacilic  K.  R.  Ui'p.  iv,  11,  8'i;  v,  360,  t.  3;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  59.— Gray  in  Iverf 
Uep.  11. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  Vi. — James  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  982. — Homsloy,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  327. 


T' 


GBKKN-BARK  ACACIA.      PALO  VKKDE. 

Colorado  <lesert,  southern  California  (luio,  Toras,  etc.,  Parish  Brothers),  eat^t  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Gila 
river,  Arizona. 

A  low,  mu(;h-branched  tree,  8  to  10  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  sometimes  0.45  to  0.50  meter  in  diameter; 
low  caQons  and  depressions  in  the  sandhills  of  the  desert;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  not  strong,  soft,  clo.se-grained,  (;oni|)act,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many 
small  evenly-distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear 
light  yellow  ;  specitic  gravity,  O.Or)'$l ;  ash,  1.12. 


I*     1.^' 


89. — Parkinsonia  tnicrophylla,  Torny, 

Pacilic  U.  li.  IJi'p.  iv,  Si;  Bot.  Mi-x.  Itoundary  f^iirvey,  ,"i'J. — Walpors,  Ann.  vii,  H12. — Gray  in  Ives'  Rep.  11. — Boutlium  in  Martins,  V\. 
Brasil.  xv-,  TS. — Watson,  PI.  Wlieeler,  8;  Vnu:  Am.  Acad,  xi,  136. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  162. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.- 
Cent.  i,  327. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Ilill  Williams  rivers,  eastward  through  southern  Arizona. 

A  small,  nuich-branched  tree,  0  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter  (Wickcnburg, 
Prinfjlc),  or  often  a  low  shrub  1  to  3  meters  in  height.  * 

Wood  ht-avy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large,  scattered,  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  daik  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow; 
specitic  gravity,  0.74-1!);  ash,  3.64. 

90. — Parkinsonia  aculeata,  Linnajus, 

Spec.  1  I'd.  37.">. — .laci|uin,  .Siirp.  Am.  121,  1.  tiO. — Lamarck,  111.  ii,  475,  t.  336. — Wllldenow,  Spec,  ii,  513. — Alton,  Hort.  Kcw.  2  ed.  iii, 
24.— Uc  Caiidollc,  Mem.  Lej;.  ii,  t.  21;  Prodr.  ii,  181).— Deacourtllz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  M,  t.  12.— .Maefadycn,  Fl.  Jamaica, 
3:!  t.— Bent  ham,  BdI.  Sulpbur,  87;  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xv'',  78,  t.  2(1.— Cooper  in  .Smilli8onian  Kei).  18.58,  265.— Torri-y,  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  .Snrvi'y,  5!>. — (iris(d)ai'li,  Fl.  British  West  Indifs,  204;  PI.  Lorentz.  81. — Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  8.— Brewer  &,  Watson, 
Diil.Calil'oMu.i.  i,  162.— Vascy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  ;127. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Aead.  xvii,  348. 

Cori)us  Christi,  Texas,  west  along  the  i\Iexican  boundary  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Arizona  (Yuma); 
and  soutliward  into  Mexico;  i)robal)ly  of  American  origin,  but  now  widely  naturalized  throughout  the  tropical 
and  wanner  regions  of  the  globe  (A.  I)e  Candolle,  Geog.  Bot.  ii,  71!),  770,  793). 

A  small  tree,  (5  to  12  meters  in  lu'lght,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  tliameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly  distributed  small 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  lighter, 
often  tinged  with  yellow;  si)ecific  gravity.  O.OllG;  ash,  2.32. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


61 


91. — Cercis  Canadensis,  LinmcHH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  374.— Du  Roi,  ObH.  Bot.  10.— Marshall,  Arbiistiini,  32.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  580.— Wangeuheini,  Amcr.  84.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  135. — Alton,  Hort  Ki-w.  ii,  47;  2  eil.  ili,  22. — Willdoiicw,  Spec,  ii,  508;  Kmim.  439;  Bcrl.  Baumz.  84. — Nouvoati 
Dubainel,  i,  19. — Michnnx,  Fl.  Bor.Aiii.  i,  2(>5. — Sdiknlir,  Hai)dl>.  354. — Pcrsooii,  Syn.  i,  454. — Dosfontnines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  254. — 
Piirsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  308.— Katoii,  Manual,  46;  6  cd.  89.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  283.-Ha.vue,  Dcnl.  Fl.  53.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  470.— Torrey 
in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  194 ;  Fl.  U.  8.  441 ;  C'onipond.  Fl.  N.  States,  188;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  188;  NicoUet'.s  Rep.  149 ;  Emory's  Rep.  408.— 
De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  518.— Spren};el,  Syst.  ii,  ;MC. — Oiiinipcl,  Otto  &.  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  IKi,  t.  92.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,  1C7; 
Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  4()8. — Beck,  Bot.  94. — Spacb,  Hist.  Ve^.  i,  129.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i, 
392. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  059  &,  t. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  190. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  155. — Browne,  Trees  of  America, 221. — Gray 
in  Mem.  Am.  Acad,  new  ser.  iv',  38;  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  144. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  424. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  611. — 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  67. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  294. — Cooper  in  Sniiihsouian  Kep.  1858, 251. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  114. — 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  50. — Lcsquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  357. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  301;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  84. — Engchimnn  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,  190. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  197. — Koch,  Dendrologie  i,  14. — 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  ii,  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  F(uest  Trees,  12.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  65. 

Siliquantrum  cordattim,  M<unch,  Meth.  64. 

C.  Canadensis,  var.  pitbescens,  Pnrsh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  308. -Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  659. 

BEDBIT).     JUDAS  TREE. 

Western  Pemisjl  viiiiia,  Bouthward  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  iiortlieru  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  westward  tbrough 
soutbern  Micbigan  and  Minnesota  to  eastern  Nebraska;  soutbwest  tbrougb  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  tbe  eastern 
portions  of  tlio  Indian  territory,  Louisiana,  and  tbe  valley  of  tbe  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  sniiill  tree,  12  to  IG  meters  in  beigbt,  witb  a  trunk  sonu'linies  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  ricb  woods,  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps;  most  ooinmun  and  reacbing  its  greatest  development  in  soutbern  Arkansas,  tbe  Inilian 
territory,  and  eastern  Textis,  bere,  wben  in  bloom,  a  eonspieuous  feature  of  tbe  forest. 

Wood  beavy,  bard,  iu)t  strong,  ratber  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polisb  ;  layers  of  annual 
growtb  clearly  marked  by  one  to  tbree  rows  of  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  exceedingly  numerous,  tbin;  color,  rich 
dark  brown  tinged  witb  red,  tbe  sap-wood  ligbter;  specific  gravity,  0.6303;  ash,  0.72. 

92. — Cercis  reniformis,  Engelmann ; 
Schcele  in  Roimer,  Texas,  428,— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  348. 

C.  OCtidentalis,  var.  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  177.— Walpers,  Ann.   ii,  440.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  58. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  161. 

C.  OCOidentulis,  Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  7  [not  Torrey].— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Ceut.  i,  340,  iu  part. 

C.  occidentalism  var.  Texensis,  Wat.son,  ludex,  i,  209. 


REDBUD. 

Middle  and  western  Textis  west  of  the  Colorado  river ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0,20  meter  m  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub  forming  dense 
thickets;  liiiiestoiu^  hills;  formerly  often  confounded  with  the  shrubby  €.  oecidentaUs  of  the  California  coast 
region. 

Wood  iieavy.  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to'three  rows  of 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous;  color,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.7513 ;  ash,  0,77. 

93. — Prosopis  juliflora,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ii,  447.— Descourtil/,,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  viii,  107,  t .  550.— Lindlcy,  Fl.  .Med.  270.— Waljiors,  Rep.  i,  861.— Bentbam,  Rev.  Mim, 
in  Trans.  Liiuiiean  Soc.  xxx,  377. — Selini/.lein,  Icon.  t.  277,  f.  13. — Brewer  it  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  163. — Kothrock  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  42,  107.— Henisley,  Bot.  Am, -Cent,  i,  344. 

/'.  glanduhsa,  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  192,  t.  2  ;  Emory's  Rip.  139;  I'ai  ilic  R.  U.  Rep.  iv,  ,-.'.— Don,  .Miller's  Diet, 
ii,  KM).  — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii.  1424.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  376.— Waljiers,  Rep.  i.  861.— Bentbani  in  Hooker's  ,lour. 
Bot.  iv,  34-';  London  ,lonr.  Bot.  v,  81.— Grisebaeh,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  217.— Watson  in  Knit's  Rep.  v,  420;  I'l. 
Wheeler,  H.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  7.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

AUjarohia  (jhindulosa,  Torny  &  tiray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  399;  I'acilic  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  164.— Kiigi  lin.iiin  &  Gray  in  Jour. 
Biisliui  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  242. — Engi'liMann  in  Wjslizenns'  K'ep.  10.— .Scheele  iu  Hcemer, Texas,  427. — G  ay  in  Joirr. 
Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  181  ;  Sinilhsoiiian  Contrib.  iii,  60;  v,  51  ;  Mem.  Am.  Aead.  new  ser.  v,  304  ;  Ives'  Rep  U. — 
Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  I'f*;  Paeilie  Ii.  K.  Rep,  iv,  20,  82;  vii,  10;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  60. — Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  18;",H,  2.59;  Seientilic  Press,  San  Francisco,  Nov.  H71,  vV  f.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  .594. 

P,  odorata,   Toney  ill  Freiiioiu's  Rep.  313,  t.  1  (excl.  IVuit). 


62 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MESQUIT.      ALGAROBA.      HONEY  LOCUST.      HONEY  POD. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Trinity  river  (Dallas,  etc.)  to  the  northern  and  western  limits  of  the  state;  west  through 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the  vienas  west  of  the  San  Bernardino  mountains,  California,  reaching  southern 
Colorado,  southern  Utah  (Saint  George),  and  southern  Nevada;  southward  through  southern  Mexico ;  in  Jamaica. 

A  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  sometimes  !)  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.DO  meter  in  diameter, 
or  iiiucu  nailer,  often  redufsed  to  a  low  shrub ;  on  dry  i)rairies  and  high  rocky  plains,  or  westof  the  Eocky  mountaina, 
along  tlesert  streams,  here  often  forming  open  forests,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United 
States  in  the  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz  and  otln  r  streams  of  southern  Arizona;  in  western  Texas  (Fort  Stockton, 
etc.),  on  account  of  the  annual  burning  of  the  ])rairles,  rarely  I  meter  in  height,  the  roots  then  enormously 
develoi)ed,  often  weighing  several  hundred  pounds,  forming,  as  they  are  here  locally  known,  "  undergrouiul  forests" 
and  furnishing  the  best  and  cheapest  fuel  of  the  region. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  almost  indestrnctible  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  containing  many  eveidy-distributed,  rather  large,  open  ducts ;  mednllary  rays  numerous,  distinct ; 
color,  rich  dark  brown  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.7052 ;  ash,  2.18 ;  of  t\u'  root, 
specific  gravity,  0.S493 ;  ash,  3.02 ;  exclusively  used  for  the  beams  and  underpinnings  of  the  adobe  houses  of  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico;  for  posts  and  fencing,  and  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  the 
fellies  of  heavy  wheels,  etc. ;  the  best  and  often  the  only  fuel  of  the  region,  bnrning  slowly  with  a  clear  flame,  and 
j)roducing  valuable  charcoal,  but  unsuited  for  the  generation  of  steam  ou  account  of  its  destructive  action  upon 
boilers. 

A  gum  resembling  gum  arable  is  yielded  by  this  species ;  the  unripe  and  pulpy  pods  rich  in  grape  sugar,  edible, 
and  furnishing  valuable  and  important  fodder. 

94. — Prosopis  pubescens,  BentUam, 

London  Jour.  Bot.  v,  812 ;  Rov.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linniean  Soc.  xxx,  380. — Walpcre,  Ann.  i,  259. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  420 ;  PL 
Wheeler,  8.— Brewer  &.  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  103.— Bothrock  in  Wlioelor's  Rep.  vi,  42,  107.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent, 
i,  344. 

P.  odorata,  Torrey  iu  Fremont's  Rep.  313, 1. 1  (for  fruit). 

P.  Emoryi,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  139. 

Strornbocarpa  pubescens,  Gray  in  Smithsonian  Contrib.  iii, 60 ;  v,  51 ;  Ives'  Rep. 9.— Torrey  &.  Gray  in Paciflo  R.  R.  Rep.  ii, 
163.- Torrey  iu  Pacilic  K.  R.  Rep.  iv,  11,  20,  SJ;  v,  360,  t.  4;  vii,  10;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  60.— Cooper  in 
Sniithsonian  Rep.  1858, 259 ;  Seientifio  Press,  San  Fraucisco, Nov.  1871  &  f.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  12. 

Strornbocarpa  odorata,  Torrey  in  Silgreaves'  Rep.  158. 


SCUEW  HEAN.     SCBEW-POU  MESQUIT.     TOBNILLA. 

Valley  of  the  llio  Grande  (Presidio),  western  Texas,  westward  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  (valley  of  the 
Gila  and  Colorado  rivers)  to  southern  California  (White  Water,  Parish  Brothers,  Vallecito,  Thurber),  and  southward 
into  Mexi<!0 ;  southern  Utah  (Saint  George),  and  southern  Nevada  (Ash  Meadows). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.,30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall, 
niuchbranclied  shrub;  sandy  or  gravelly  bottom  lands,  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United 
States  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers. 

Wood  li'-avy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  cl().se-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly-distributed 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7CO!) ;  ash,  0.95 ;  used  for  fuel  and  lcn(ung. 

The  pods  used  as  fodder,  and  sometimes  made  into  Hour  by  the  Indians. 

95. — Leucaena  glauca,  Bentham, 

Hooker's  Liiiiddn  Jour.  But.  iv,  417;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linniean  .Soe.  xxx,  '143. — Walpers,  Rep.  i,  884. — Grisobach,  FI.  British  West 
lndie.s,  220. — Henisley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  351. — Watson  in  Proe.  Am.  Acid,  xvii,  3.50. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  Suppl.  619. 

Mimosil  glauca,  Linmens,  Spec.  2  ed.  1.504. 

Acacia  glauca,  Willdenuw.  Spec.  Iv,  1075.— Pe  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  407. 

Acacia  frondosa,  Willdi'Mnw,  .'^pic.  i  v,  1070. —Ue  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  408. 

Acacia  biceps,  Willdeuow,  Sp.c.  iv,  11175.— Dc  C:andolle,  Prodr.  Ii,407. 

Mimoita  Ir.ucocephnht,  i..iiiiai(k,r)i>t.i,12. 

Acacia  leucoccphala,  Link.JCiium.  Hon.  UitI.  ii,44l.— Oe  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii, 467. 

Mimosa  biceps,  Point, siij.pl.i, 7,5. 

Mimosa  JrondoHa,  Klein  in  Poiret,Suppl.i,70. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


63 


Western  Texas,  San  Saba  to  Devil's  river  {Buckley) ;  sontliwartl  into  Mexico ;  semi-tropical  Florida  (introduced, 
Ciirliss),  and  tlirough  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  or,  in  Florida, 
low  slnul),  seiulinfj  up  many  stems  iVoni  the  ground. 

AVood  heavy,  hard,  close  grained,  compact,  containing  many  small,  regularly-distributed  open  ducts;  layers  of 
annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  rich  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  clear 
yellow  ;  specific  gravity,  0.9235;  ash,  3.29. 

96. — Leucsena  pulverulenta,  Bentham, 
Hooker's  LoiKlim  Join-.  Hot.  iv,  417;  Uuv.  Mini,  in  Trans.  Linntoan  Soc.  xxx,  443.  — Hemsloy,  Bot.  Am.-Cont.  i,  351. 
Acacia  pulreruhmta,  Sthk^clitondiil  in  Linmca,  xii,  Wl 
Acacia  Ctculcnta,  MarttMis  &  Galootti  in  Bull.  Acad.  Bnix.  x^,  3ia. 

Southern  Texas,  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  often  forming  dense 
thickets;  rich,  sandy  loam. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  manj-  small,  regularly-distributed  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  specific 
gravity,  0.6732 ;  ash,  1.01. 

97.— Acacia  Wrightii,  Bentham, 

gmitbsonian  Contrib.  ili,64;  Rev.  Mini,  in  Trans.  Linnaian  Soc.  xxx,  .121.— Gray,  Smitlisonian  Contrib.  v,  53. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  626. — 
Torrey,  Bot.  Mox.  Bonmlary  Survey,  101. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  61. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  351. 

oat's  claw. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river  (New  Braunfels),  westward  and  southward  to  the  valley  of  the 
Bio  Grande;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a 
low,  much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  nuirketl  by  one  or  two  rows  of 
small  oi)eii  ducts,  and  containing  many  scattered  smaller  ducts;  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color, 
bright,  clear  brown  streaked  with  red  and  yellow,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.1)3!(2;  ash,  0.03. 


Hi 


98. — Acacia  Greggii,  Gray, 

Smitlisonian  Contrib.  iii,  65;  v,53;  Ives'  Rop.  11. — Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  158;  Pacific  R.  R.  Kep.  vii,  10;  Bot. Mex. Boundary 
Survey,  61. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,625. — Bentham,  Rev.  Mini,  in  Trans.  Lin  mean  Soc.  xxx,  521. — Cooper  in  Smithsinian  Rep.  1860, 442. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  164. — Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  108. — Hemsloy,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  353.— James  in  Am. 
Nat.  XV,  981. 

cat's  claw. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Kio  Grande,  westward  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  San  Diego, 
California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often 
a  shrub;  dry  mesas  and  in  low  canons  ;  common  ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  exeeedingty  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
numerous  rows  of  rather  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.8550 ;  ash,  0.91 ;  used  for  fuel. 

A  resinous  gum  resembliug  gum  arable  is  produced  by  this  species  (Am.  Jour.  Vharm.  Iii,  419). 


99. — Acacia  Berlandieri,  Bentham, 

London  .lonr.  Bot.  i,522;  Rev.  Mini,  in  Trans.  Linnu'i;n  Soc.  xxx,  529.— Walpers,  Rep.  i,919. — Dietrich,  Syn  iv,  500. 

A.  tephroloba,  Gray  in  Sinitlisonian  Contrib.  iii,<)5;  v,54. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,025. — Torrey, Bol    Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
61. — Heiusley,  Hot.  Am. -Cent.  i,352. — Watson  in  Proe.  Am.  Aead.  xvii,  351. 

Southern  Texas,  valley  of  the  Nueces  (La  Salle  county)  to  Devil's  river;  southward  int>^  Mexico. 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
toll  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from  the  ground;  the  large  specimens  usually  hollow  and  defective. 
Wood  not  examined. 


64 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


4 


.M 


100. — Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  nenthaui, 

Be\.  Mim.  in  Traim.  Linuioan  Soc.  xxx,  51)4.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  Cl'J. 

Mimosa  latisiliqua,  LinnrouH,  Spec.  2  ed.  I.'i04. 

Acacia  latisiliqua,  VVilldenuw,  Spec,  iv,  1087.— Por8(M>n,  Syn.  ii,  255. — DeCaudolIe,  Prodr.  ii,407. — Macfadyen,  Fl.  Jamaica, 
"118.- Nutti»ll,Sylviv,ii,34,t.  .'W;  2  ed.  i,  1H3,  t.  53.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264. 

L.  Bahamensis,  Uentham  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii,82. 

Acacia  liahamensis,  Griscliach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  221. 

WILD  TAMAEIND. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  sonthera  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's,  Plantation,  and  Boca  Ghica  Keys);  through  the 
West  lndie.>^. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.<iO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  bark  of  the  youug, 
vigorous  trees  smooth;  the  oltler  trees  generally  decayed  and  defective,  with  rough,  dark  bark  (Curtiss). 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  containing  many 
scattered,  open  ducts;  medullary  rajs  numerous,  not  cons[)icuous;  color,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  white;  specific  gravity,  O.CUS;  ash,  2.12;  somewhat  used  locally  in  boat-  and  shipbuilding,  and  considered 
equi'l  to  mahogany  for  this  purpose. 

101. — Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati,  Bontham, 

Hooliei-\s  Loudon  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  200;  Rev.  Mim.  in  Trans.  Linmean  Soc.  xx.k,  .'')72,  648. — Grisobiich,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  276. — 
Chiiiiiuiiu,  Fl.  S.  Stiite.s,  110.- Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

Mimosa    Unijuiscati,  LiuuiBus, S)>eo.  2  ed.   1 197.— Jacquin, Hort.  SchiBub.  iii, 74,  t.  392.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles, 
i,t.  11. 

Luja    Unguiscati,  Willdonow,  Spec,  iv,  lOOC.— Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  436.- Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  37,  t.  54 ;  2  ed.  i,  86,  t.  54. 

Mimosa  rosea,  Vahl, Eclogasiii,.3;t, t.  2,'). 

Inga  rosea,  Sti-udel  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  437.  • 

Iliyu  for/ex,  Kuuth,  Mini.  12,  t.  16. 

P.  for/ex,  Heiitiiiwu  ill  Hoolier'.s  Loiulou  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  199. 

Inga  Guadallipinsis,  Desvunx,  Jour.  i,70. 

Mimosa  (rliachllupensis,  Persoon.Syn.  ii,262. 

I)iga  microphylla,  HumlioWlt  &  Boni)land  in  Wilhlenow,  S|ioe.  iv,  1004. 

F.  mierophylhnn,  Bentham  in  lioolier's  London  Jour.  Bot.  iii, 200. 

P.  (juadalupensis,  chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  116. 

OAX'S  CLAW. 

S  Mui-tropical  Florida,  Caximbas  bay,  and  on  the  southern  keys;  thiough  the  West  Indies. 

A  snmll  tree,  sometimes  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  ov  often 
throwing  out  many  spreading,  vine-like  stems  from  tlie  ground. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuoas; 
color,  rich  red  varying  to  purple,  sap-wood  clear  yellow;  si)ecilic  gravity,  0.9049;  ash,  2.46. 


■m 

I'  a !' 


\W. 


ROSACEA. 


102. — Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  Liunieus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  .'j13.— .lacquiu,  Stirp.  Am.  154,  t.  91.— LaiiiareU,  Did.  iii,  2-'4  ;  111.  ii,  .".42,  t.  428.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  135.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow 
2  ed.  iii,  200.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  525.— Liudley  in  Tmium.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  98.— Tnrpiii,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  2;Mi.— Tussao, 
Fl.  Antilles,  iv.9l,  t.  31.--tjpach,  Hist.  Vi-g.  i,  3tJ9,  t.  :>,  f.  1.— Torruy  &  tiray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  406.— VValpors,  Rep.  ii,  1 ;  Ann.  iv,042.— 
Beiitlium,  Bot.  .Siiliihur,  91  ;  I'l.  Ni({ritiaua(;i;!G.— Spiennel,  Icon,  t.274,  t'.  1-13.— Cooper  in  Nniilhsoniau  Rep.  IHtiO,  439. — Cliupmau, 
H.  S.  States,  119.— Grisebach,  Fl.  Britisli  We.st  Imlien,  229.— Bailloii  in  Adaiisouia,  vii,  221  ;  Hist.  PI.  i,  427,  t.  486,  487.  — Hooker 
f.  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  ii,7.—Onibourt.  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,2«7. — llenisley,  Bot.  Ain.-Cent.  i,365. 


j'-'i 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


65 


COCOA  PLUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  bay  Biscayne,  west  coast  Caximbas  bay,  and  on  the  southern  keys ; 
through  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  along  sandy  beaches  a 
low,  prostrate  shrub  1.08  to  2.10  meters  in  height ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  within  the  United  States  on 
the  borders  and  islands  of  the  Everglades,  near  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  irregularly-distributed,  not  large,  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap  wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.7709 ;  ash,  0.87. 

Varieties  are  distinguished  by  A.  H.  Curliss  with  the  skin  of  the  edible  fruit  white  or  black,  the  latter  more 
ovate  with  narrower,  softer  stones  (f  var.  pellocarpaf  Hooker  f.  I.  o, — C.  pellocarpa,  Miquel,  Prim.  Esaeq.  193. — 
Orisebach,  I.e.). 

103. — Prunus  Americana,  Marshall, 

ArbuBtutn.iii. — DarlinKl.ni  Id  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  iii,  87, 1. 1 ;  Fl.  Ccstrica.S  cil.72. — Eaton,  Manual,  G  ed.  285. — Bock.Bot.  95. — Torroy 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Amoricn,  i, 407 ;  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  377.— NiiltuU,  Sylva,  ii,  19,  t.  48 ;  2  eil.  i,  1(39,  t.  46.— 
Torrey,Fl.  N.  York,  i,  194;  Emory'H  Rep.  408 ;  Pacinc  R.  R.Rop.  iv,  82.- Enicrson,Trpcs  Mas.sachn.sett8,449;  2  ed.ii, 511.— Hooker 
in  Loudon  Jour.  Bot.  vl,  217. — Rccnior,  Syn.  Mon.  iii, 59. — Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Arad.  now  scr.  i v',  40 ;  Manual  N.  Statt-s,  5  ed.  148. — 
Scheele  in  Kflcmor,  Texas,  430.— Richardson,  Arctic  Espcd.  424. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  Gil. — Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  119. — Curtis 
in  Bep.  Geological  Sijrv.  N.  Carolina,  1H60,  iii,  50. — Lcsquereiix  in  Owou'a  2(1  Rep.  Arkansas,  358. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  327 ;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
102. — Engelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Plul.  Soc.  now  ser.  xiii,  190.— Koch,  Drendrolojjio,  i,  101. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's 
Snrv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 33. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.- Macouu  in  Goolojjical  Rop.  Canada,  1875-'7(),194. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  r2.— Boll  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 54<:.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 65. 

P.  Mississippi,  Marshall,  ArbuHtum,ll2. 

P.  Spinosa,  Walter,  Fl.Caroliuiana,  146  [not  LinniBUs], 

P.  nigra,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  165;  2  ed.iii,  198.— Willdenow,  Spec.ii,993;  Bcrl.  Baumz,  311.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v, 
674.— Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Bot.  Mag.  1. 1117.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  331.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8. 469 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  Statee, 
10'.).  — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477. — Roemor,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  09. 

Cerasus  ni(jra,  Loiseleur  in  Nouvcau  Duhamel,  v,  32.— Seringe  In  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  .538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  167  j 
C'oiupiiuion  Bot.  Mag.  i, 24. —Don,  lliller's  Diet.  ii,513. — Beck,  Bot. 96.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg,  1,399.— Loudon,  Arborotnm, 
ii,  704,  f.  411,  412. 

P.  hiemalis,  Elliott,  Sk.i,  .542  [not  Michaux]. 

P.  COCCinea,  Raliuesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  135. 


WILD  PLUM.  CANADA  PLUM.  HORSE  PLUM. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  (Quebec)  to  the  valley  of  Eainy  and  As.sinaboine  rivers  and  southern  shores  of 
lake  Manitoba;  northern  Vermont,  western  New  England,  and  southward  through  the  Atlantic  states  to  the 
Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  river,  Dakota,  and  Cheyenne 
caiion,  Pike's  Peak  region,  Colorado,  southwest  through  Arkansas,  the  Indian  territory,  to  about  longitude  102°, 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Concho  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods, 
or  along  stroiims  and  borders  of  ponds  nnd  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom  lands  of 
eastern  Texas. 

A  form  with  the  young  leaves  and  pedicles  pubescent  is — 

var.  mollis,  Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  407. 

P.  hiemalis,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  284.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  679.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
ii,206.— Nonveau  Duhamel,  v,  184.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  73.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  477.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  398.— Roomer, 
Syn.  Mon.  iii,  59. 

P.  mollis,  Torrey, Fl.  U.S. 470;  Compend. FI.N. States,  199.— Beck, Bot. 95. 

Cerasvs  hiemalis,  Seringo  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  168.— Beok,  Bot.  96.— Loudon,  Atboretnm, 
ii,  704.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  ii,504. 

Cerasus  Aim ricana,  Hookor,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i, 24. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  rich  bright  brown  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7215;  ash,  0.18; 
used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

Often  (uiltivated  for  tlieyellow,  red,  or  rarely  nearly  black,  acid  or  rarely  sweet  fruit,  and  furnishing  an  excellent 
stock  on  which  to  graft  the  varieties  of  the  domestic  plum. 
5  FOR 


#1 
W 

m 


m  i 


M 


et^.,^. ;,„',.  ^_ 


66 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


104. — Prunus  angustifolia,  Marslinll, 

Arbnstnm,  iii. — Kocli,  Dundrologio,  i,  10;i. 

P.  Chicasa,  Miclumx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.'Jtf 4.— I'oin-t  in  Laiiiarck,  Diet,  v,  (WO.— PerHoon,  Syn.  ii,  35.— Niittall,  Gonorn,  i,  302.— 
Nouviiiit  Duliiiim-l,  V,  If^;!.— Kllioft,  8I<.  i,;")!-.'.— Torrcy  in  Ann.  Lye.  X.  York,  ii,  194;  Pacific  R.  U.  Rop.  iv,  82.— 
Spn'ngcl,  Syst.  ii,  47(). — Andnbon,  Ijinls,  t.  .'">:!. — I'.aton,  Manual,  ti  <'«1. iS^t. — Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  i,  307. — Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  America,  i,  407  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rop.  ii,  1(14. — Eatim  tX-  Wright,  Hot.  377. — Rccnicr,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  bS. — Darlington,  Fl. 
(,'c.strica,3  cd.  73. — Darl)y,  Bot.  ."*.  States,  SiU'.i. — IJrownc,  Trcrs  of  America,  Vi.")(). — Cooper  in  Sniitlisonian  Rop.  1858, 
251. — Clnipnian,  Fl.  .S.  States.  111). — Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina  IHtW,  ii-i,  .'')(). — Lus((nerenx  in 
Owen's  ii(\  Rep.  Arkansas,  f^S^.—Wond,  CI.  Book,  IftJ.S;  Bot.  &  Fl.  Kl--'.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  148;  Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  '.>.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  I'J.M.— Porter  &.  Coulti  r,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  3;t.— Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.--Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  18c«J,  (J5. 

P.  insititia,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  14(>.~Al>bot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  CO. 

Cerasua  Chicam,  Seringe  in  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  538.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-A»i.  i,  ItiS;  Coinpaniou  Bot.  Mag.  i,  24.— Don, 
Miller's  Diet,  ii,  514. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  705. 

CHICKASAW  PLtlM.     HOG  PLUM. 


.i-ll 


Probably  native  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  southern  Rocky  mountains,  where  it  is  found  at  an  altitude  of 
7,000  f(!et,  and  of  the  high  plateau  east  and  southeast  of  them;  now  widely  naturalized  by  earlj'  cultivation 
throughout  the  Atlantic  forests  south  of  Pennsylvania,  and  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  extending  as  far 
north  as  southern  Micliigan. 

A  small  tree.  0  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk,  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub; 
generally  along  streams  or  borders  of  prairies,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  comjjact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  (iolor,  light  brown  or 
red,  the  sa]>  wood  lighter;  .speeilic  gravit}*,  0.0884  ;  ash,  0.28;  often  cultivated  for  its  globose  red  or  yellov,  fruit. 


i|  } 


I 


::3 


105. — Prunus  Pennsylvanica,  Li        is  f. 

Suppl.  •-''>-. — WilUlenow,  Spec,  ii,  91)2 ;  nuuni.  518 ;  Berl.  Baninz.  310. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  4.j. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  073. — 
Perso(in,,Syn.  ii,.35.— Nouveau  l)uhaniel,v,  9. — Aiton,IIort.  Kew.  'J  od.  iii,  198. — Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,331. — Nnttall,  Genera,  i, 
302.— Torrcy,  Fl.  IT.  S,  408 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  198.— Sprengel,  .Syst.  ii,  477.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  73.— Faton,  Manual,  C  ed.,  285.— 
Beck  in  Am.  .Tournal  Sci.  1  ser.  siv.Ui;. — Dietriili,  Syn.  iii,42.— Chapman,  Fl.  .S.  Slates,  130. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1800,  iii,, '>7.— Wood,  Bot.  &.  Fl.  102.— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  18(53,  (il ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  148.— Koch, 
Dendrologic,  i,  117. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 33. — Emei-son,  Trees  Massachusetts,  2  ed.  ii, 
513. — Vascy.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— Maeoiin  in  Geological  Rep.  Cauada,  1875-'76,  194. — Boll  in  Guological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-80, 
54":. — Sears  in  Bull.  Fs.sex  Inst,  xiii,  170. 

fP.  lanceolata,  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  240,  t.  3,  f.  3. 

Cerasus  horeaUn,  Michaux.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  280.- Nouveau  Duhamcl,  v,  32.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  159,  t.  8;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  cd.  ii,  152.  t.  90. — Seringe  in  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  558.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  513.— Beck,  Bot. 
97. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  703,  f.  410. — Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  78. 

P.  horealis,  Poinl  in  Lam.arck,  Diet,  v,  C74.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  538.— Eaton,  Mannal,  54.— Barton,  Compond.  Fl. 
Philiidelpli.  i,  223.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  302.— Loddiges,  Bot,  Cab.  1. 1598.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  205. 

fP.  persicifoUa,  Desfontaines,  Hist.  xVrb.  ii,205. 

f  Cerasus  jiOSivi/oHa,  Loisclcur  in  Nouveau  Duhamcl,  v, 9.— Seringe  in  De  Camlolle,  Prodr.  ii, 537.— Don,  Miller's  Diet, 
ii,  512. — Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  i,  411. — Rwmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  81. 

Cerasus  Pennsyhmnica,  Senngo  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ii,  5:58.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,lC8.— Don,  Milloi-'s  Diet,  ii, 514.— 
Beck,  Bot.  97.— Torrcy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Atnori.a,  i, 409. —Loudon.  Arboretum,  ii,  705.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— 
Torrcy,  Fl.  X.  York,  i,  19(i. — Nnttall,  Syha,  ii,  15;  2  ed.  i,  105. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  2()5. — Emerson,  Trees 
JIassachusetts,  1  ed.  451. — Uromer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  57. — Gray,  Manual  N.  .States.  1  cd.  115. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  Oil. — 
Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  425. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,251. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  327. 


WILD  RED  CHERRY.      PIN   CHERRY.      PIGEON  CHERRY. 


Labrador,  shores  of  Hudson's  bay,  and  west  through  the  Saskatchewan  region  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Fraser 
river  (Soda  creek,  jl/ffcoMH);  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois, 
central  Iowa,  and  along  the  high  Alleghany  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  the  Rocky  mountains 
of  Colorado. 


■tj 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


67 


A  small  tree,  rarely  cxccodiup  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  Honictiinos  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the 
Kooky  Mountain  region  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  common  in  all  the  northern  forests,  in  ncnthern  New  England 
taking  posses-sion  of  groiu^l  chaired  by  fire  of  the  coniferous  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compiict;  mednlliiry  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  siip-wood  clear 
yellow;  apecillc  gravity,  0.5023;  ash,  0.40. 

The  small  acid  fruit  used  domestically  and  by  herbalists  in  the  jui-piiration  of  cougli  mixtures,  etc. 

106. — Prunus   umbellata,  Kiiiott, 

8k.  i,541.— Eaton,  Miiuiml,  (5  cd. '.'eO.— Diolricb,  Syii.  iii,  U.— Cliuinimii.  Fl.  S.  SliiUm,  111).— Wooil,  L'l.  Hook,  'MO;  Hot.  &  l-'I.  lOiJ.— 
Young,  IJot.  Toxus,  ".251. — Vastly,  Cat.  Forest  Ticon,  1:>. 

P.2>limila,  \Viiltt>r,  Fl.  Carolinianu,  140  [not  Liiiuiuus]. 

Geraaua  umbellata,  Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aiuorica,  i,  400.— Eaton  &  Wiiglit,  Bot.  190.— Rosmor,  8yii.Mon.iii,  7fl. 

SLOK.     BLACK  SLOK. 

South  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  central  Alabama 
to  eastern  Mississippi  (Holly  Springs  and  Enterprise,  Molir). 

A  small  tree,  5  to  0  meters  in  height,  witii  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.;58  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  mediillaiy  rays  nunu;rous,  thin  ;  color,  dark  reddish-brown,  the 
Bap-wood  much  lighter;  S])ecilic  gravity,  0.82()U;  asli,  0.12. 

The  black  or  red  pleasantly  acid  fruit  used  as  a  i)reserve. 


107. — Prunus  emarginata,  Walpers, 

Rep.  ii,  9.— Diotricli,  Syn.  iii,  42.— Loiidon,  Arborotnin,  ii,7M.— Walwon  in  King's  Rop.  v,  79. — ^Torroy,  Bot.  Wilkos  Expod.  284. — 
Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  l(i7.  ^ 

CerasUH  emar(linata,  Donjrlas  in  Hooker,  Fl.Bor.-Am.  i,  Kii).— Poll,  Miller's  Diet.  iiiOl.^.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.N.  America, 
i,410. — Eaton  &,  Wright,  Bot.  1H9. — Uiiiiner,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  79. — Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rop.  iv,  tSJ. — Bolander  in 
Proe.  California  Acad,  iii,  79. 

Oerasus  ereeta,  Presl,  Epimol.  Bot.  194.— Wnlpers,  Ann,  iii,  S.'i4. 

GerasUS  glandldosa,  Kellogg  in  Pioc.  (California  Acad,  i,  59. 

Vancouver's  island  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  river,  souih  through  western  Washington  territory  and 
Oregon,  east  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Bitter  Root  mountain,  Idaho  (Lolo  trail,  Watnon),  and  the  valley  of  the 
Jocko  river,  Montana  {Canby  tX;  Sargent).  California  along  the  western  slopes  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevadas  and  on  the 
Coast  ranges,  from  San  Francisco  bay  to  the  Santa  Lncia  mountains  {0.  B.  Vasey),  reaching  an  elevation  of  from 
3,000  to  4,000  feet. 

A  tree  often  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  at  high 
elevations  and  throughout  central  California  reduced  to  a  shrub  2  to  3  meters  in  height,  or  in  the  Santa  Lucia 
mountains  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.(i0  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter  {Vascy) ;  generally  along  streanm 
or  in  low,  rich  woods. 

The  wood  of  the  type  not  collected. 

Var.  mollis,  Brewer, 
Bot.  California,  i,  167.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  86. 

Cerasus  mollis,  Douglas  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  169.— Hooker,  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  217.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  515.— 
Torriiy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  410.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  417.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii, 
14,  t.  46;  a  od.  i,  164,  t.  46.— RtDnier,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  79.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exjicd,  425.— Newbury  in  Paciiic  R.  R. 
Rep.  vi,  7;!.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  29,  59;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  400. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnicaii  Soc.  vii,  1:11. —(!ray 
ill  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  :)Ml. 

P.  mollis,  Walpcrs,  Rep.  ii,  9.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  42.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wi-lkes  Exped.  284.— Vo«ey,  Cat.  Forest  Tices,  IX— 
Maconn  in  (icological  Rep.  Caiiuila,  lH7.5-'7li,  194. 

The  common  northern  and  Idaho  form,  more  or  less  wooly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. 
Wood  light,  soft,   not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown 
streaked  witli  greeu  ;  siiecific  gravity,  0.45t)2;  ash,  0.21. 


68 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


108. — Prunus  serotina,  Ehrhart, 

Beltr.  iii,20.—WilIdenow,  Spec.  11,980;  Enum.  f>17;  Berl.  bauin/,.  :«)!.— Pursoon,  8yn.  ii,  34.— Degfonlaines,  Hl»t.  Arb.  il,  204.— Aiton, 
Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  196.— Eaton,  Manual,  54 ;  «  ed.  284.— Nuttall,  Goncrn,  i,  302.— Barton,  Compoud.  Fl.  Pliiladclph.  54.— Guimpol, 
Olto&.  Hayno,  Abb.  Ilolz.  45,  t.  37.— Hnyno,  Dond.  Fl.  70.— Spri'Mjjol,  Syst.  ii,  478.— Noes,  PI.  Nuuwied,  9.— Hookor  f.  iu  Trans. 
Linnicnu  Soo.  xxii«,  327.— Curtis  in  Rep.  GvoIo|!lcal  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  IHCiO,  iii,  50. — Ki'8<iuoroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
358.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  102,— Engoluiann  in  Trans.  Am.  Plill.  Sou.  now  hit.  xii,  I'.tO.- Cliapnnin,  Fl.  8.  States,  120.— (Jrny,  Manual 
N. States, 5od.  119;  Hall'sPl.Texas, 9.— Kocli.Denilrologie,  i,  122.— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes Ex)ied.2ril.— Emerson, Trees MussacliiiHotts, 
2  ed.  ii,  515  &  t.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  1(')7.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.~Bontloy  &  Trinien,  Med.  PI.  ii,  97,  t. 
97.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  170.— Bell  in  Oeoloj;ital  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'H0, 54>=.—Uidgway  in  Proc.  IT.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1882, 0(). 

P.  Virginiana,  Miller, Diet.  No.  3  [not  Linnmus].— Dii  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  12;  Hnrbk.  ii,  191.— Wangenheini,  Auier.  34,  t.  14.— 
.    Medicns,  Bot.  Beobacht.  1782,  315. — Marshall,  Arbustniu,  112. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  140. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  ii, 
103.— Poiret  In  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  064.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.   i,  329.— Elliott,  8k.  1,  540.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.   8.   407; 
Compcnd.  Fl.  N.  States,  189.— Bigolow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  204. 

Oerasua  Virginiana,  MicUaux.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,285.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  1.51,  t.  6;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  147, 
t.  88.- Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  i,  169  (exel.  syn.).— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  51.').— Bock,  Bot.  97.— Darlington,  Fl.  Ce8trica,a 
cd.  289. — London,  Arboretum,  ii,  710,  f.  418. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  208. 

Cerasus  serotina,  Loiselour  in  Nouvoau  Dulmmol,  v,3.— Soringo  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,540.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  i,416.— 
Ton-cy  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  410. — London,  Arboretum,  ii, 712,  f.  419  &t. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  189.— Torre.v, 
Fl.  N.  York,  i,  iy(i;  Paeilic  R.  R.  Rep.  vii,  11.— Penn.  Cycl.vi,  432.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,4l,  t. :«.— Griflith.Med.  Bot. 
288. — Emerson,  Trees  Mas.saehusetts,  1  ed.  453. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  115;  Jonr.  Boston  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  vi, 
186.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  75.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  299.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 252.— Porchor, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  109. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped,  425. — Wood,  CI,  Book,  320. — Bolandor  in  Proc.  California 
Acad,  iii, 79. 

P.  eartilaginea,  Lehraann,Ind.  Som.  Hamburg,  18.33. 

Padus  serotina,  Agardh,  Theor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  14,  f.  8. 

Fadus  Virginiana,  Roomer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  80. 

Padus  eartilaginea,  Rosmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  80. 


If 


hU 


.iBi 


.§      ii 


WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.     KUM  CHERRY. 

Soutborn  Outario,  southward  tlirough  the  Atlantic  forest.s  to  Mataiizas  inlet  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  to 
the  valle.v  of  the  Missouri  river,  Dakota,  eastern  Kansas,  tlie  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  upper  San 
Antonio  liivor,  Texa.s. 

A  tree  18  to  30  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  or,  excPi)tionally,  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  rich, 
generally  elevated  woodlands;  common  and  reacliing  it.s  greatest  devel()i)mont  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Alleghany  inountain.s  from  West  Virginia  soutliward  ;  not  common  and  of  small  size  in  the  Clulf  region  and 
Texas 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color,  light  hrown  or  red,  growing  darker  with  exjwsure,  the  t'.iin  sap-wood  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.5822;  ash, 
0.15;  largely  u.sod  and  esteemed  in  cabinet  work,  interior  finisli,  etc.,  and  now  becoming  .scarce. 

The  bark  contains  a  bitter  tonic  principh-,  and  infused  witli  cold  water  generates  a  small  percentage  of 
hydrocyanic,  ncid  ;  einidoyed  as  a  tonic  and  sedative  in  cases  of  pulmonary  consuuii)tion  in  the  form  of  cold 
infii.sions,  sirups,  and  fluid  extracts  (Proe.  Am.  Phtr.  Assoc,  xxiii, 200. — Glohloj  in  Jour.  Phnrm.  ct  Chiniic,  xv,  40. — 
Guibourt,  Hint.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii,  317. — Pharm.  Jour.  3  ser.  iv,  44. — FlUcldycr  tfc  Ilanbury,  Pharmocographia,  224. — 

U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  749 Nat.  Dispensatory,  2ed.  1177) ;  the  bitter  fruit  used  domestically  in  the  preparation 

of  cherry  brandy. 

Note. — The  closely-allied  P.  Virginiana  of  the  north  Athiutic  region,  a  tall  shrub,  sometimes  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  does  not 
assume  arborescent  habit. 

109. — Prunus  Capuli,  Cavnnilles, 

Sprengel,  S.vst.  ii,  477. — Pchlechtendal   in  Linna-a,  xiii,  >-9,  404. — Koch,    Dendrologie,  i,  123. — Hemsley,   Bot.  Am. -Cent,  i,  307. — 
Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  3,")2.  y 

Cerasus   CapolUn,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  .''iwO.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  51.5.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  713,  f.  420.— Beutham, 
PI.  Hartwe;;.  10.— Lindlcy,    Fl.   Med.  2:!2.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  432.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.America,  i,  412.— Gray  in 

Smithsonian  Cnntrili.  v,  .">4. 

Cerasus  Capuli,  S<'riu;,'c  in  Do  Can.loll.',  I'rodr.  ii,. 541.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  510.— Spach, Hist.  Veg.  i,  422. 

P.  CapolUn,  Zuccarini   in  Abhand!.  Ai-ad.   .Munjih,  il,  345,  t.  8. — Rfonier,  .Syn.  Mon.  iii,  87. — Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  (y.—KiiHl)y  in  l!ull.  Tonvy  Hot.  Club,  ix,  53. 

P.  Canadensis,  Mociuo  &  Sess^,  PI.  .Mox.  Icon,  hud. 


CSTAXOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


69 


WILD  OHEBRY. 

Apache  and  Gnadalupo  monntninB,  Texas,  west  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the  sonthom 
slopes  of  the  San  Francisco  niountaiua;  soutliward  through  northern  Now  Mexico,  an<l  in  Peru. 

A  small  tree,  in  the  United  States,  rarely  V2  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  ottt'H  0.;U)  mrtor  in  diameter; 
bottoms  ot'(!arioiiH  and  mountain  valleys,  generally  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  moderately  hard,  (ilosograined,  compact;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  or 
often  bright,  clear  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  speciUc  gravity,  0.7879;  ash,  O.liO. 


110. — Prunus  demissa,  Wnlpor», 

» 
Roi).  ii,  10. — Dii'tricli,  Syii.  iii,4;>.— Bontliam.Pl.  Hurt  wdjj.  307. — Torniy,  Bot.  Mux,  Uoiuiilary  .Sutvoy.d;). — Wafsoii  in  KIii^'h  Uop.  v,80; 
PI.  Whcflrr,  H.— Poitor  ill  lliiydnn'H  Itep.  1871,  •HI.— Coiiltt^r  in  Hayiloii's  Rep.  187;J,7(>I.— Ri>tlirocl£,  I'l.  Wlicolcr,:!/.— Urimdcgooin 
Hnyflrii'tj  Rop.  187.">,  ii'.W, — Urowor  &  Wiitsoii,  Bot.  California,  i,  1(!7. — V»»oy.  Cat.  ForoNt  Trees,  13. — Hull  in  Coultur'H  Bot.  Oazott«, 
ii,8(!. — Maeoiin  in  Geological  Rop.  Canada,  187.">-'7(i,  191. — llonisloy,  Bot.  Ain.-Cont.  i,3(>8. 

Ceraaus  Hcrotina,  Hooker,  V\.  Bor.-Am.  1, 109,  in  part. 

CermuM  demissa,  Nuttall  in  Torroy  &  Gruy,Fl.  N.  America,  1,411.— Gray  in  Mom.  Am.  Acad,  now  »er.  iv',40.— Dnrand  in 
.lonr.  Philadelpliia  Acad.  18.'>5, 87.— Torroy  in  Pacifiu  R.  R.  Rop.  Iv,  83. — Nowberry  in  Pacillc  R.  U.  Rep.  vi,73. — Cooper 
iu  SmithHouian  Rep.  1858, 259 ;  Pacitio  R.  R.  Rop.  xiV,  59. 

PadttS  demism,  Ruomor,  Syu.  Mon.lii,87. 

P.  Virfflniana,  var.  demissa,  Torroy,  Bot.  Wilkes  Expod.  284.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii,:t81. 

WILD   OHEllKY. 

Vancouver's  ishind  cast  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  Montana,  south  through  the  Pacific 
region;  in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  iu  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
low  shrub;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  valleys  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California, near 
the  coast ;  in  southern  California,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  ranges,  a  low  shrub  eoufined  to  high, 
mountain  valleys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  elo.se  grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.0951;  ash,  0.50. 


I 


HI. — Prunus  Caroliniana,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kow.  ii,  1()3 ;  2  ed.  iii,  196. — Willdenow,  Spee,  ii,  987. — Poirct  in  Lnmarck,  Diet,  v,  fi67. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  34.— Desfontainos,  Hist. 
Arb.  ii,203.— Nnttall.  GencrH,  i,  302.— Sprengel,  Nene  Eutdeck.  i,  304  ;  Syst.  ii,  478.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  71.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  540.— 
Andiiboii,  Birds,  t.  159,  I'JO. — Eaton,  Mannal,  (i  ed.  286. — Scblechcundal  in  Linniea,  xiii,  89. — Dietrieb,  Syn.  iii,  43. — Cbapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  120.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Siuv.  N.  Carolina,  18C0,  iii,  57.— Wood,  Bot.  &,  Fl.  103.— Koob,  Dendrologie,  i,  124.— 
Yoiiut;,  Bot.  Texas,  252.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  9.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

P.  CariiHna,  Miller,  Diet.— Dn  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  198. 

P.  serrati/olia,  Marsh.aU,  Arbnstnm,  114. 

P.  Lusitanica,  Walter,  Fl.  CaToliniana,  146. 

G»ra8U8  Caroliniana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  285.— Nouveau  Dnhamel,  v,  5.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  til,  156,  t.  7; 
N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  ir>0,  t.  89.— Seringe  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  Ii,  540.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  516.— Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  i,  420.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  43-.'.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  720,  f.  423.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  411.— 
Eaton  &  Wrigbt,  Bot.  190.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  272.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  299.— Griffith,  Med  Bot.  291.— 
Coo|)er  in  S(nithsonian  Rop.  1858,  252.— Poroher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  171. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  326. 

P.  semperoirens,  Willdenow,  Eunm.  Suppl.  33. 

fBumelia  serrata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  155.— Rasmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  49a 

fAchras  serrata,  I'l.iret,  Suppl.  v,  36. 

Leptocarpa  Cnrolimnna,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  18;  2ed.  i,  167. 

Ghimanthm  amygdaUnus,  Raiinesquo,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  159. 

Laurocerasus  Caroliniatia,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iti,  90. 


lai 


70 


FOREST  ^REES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WILD  OEANGE.  MOCK  ORANGE.  WELD  PEAOH. 

North  Carolina,  soutli,  near  the  coast,  to  bay  Biscayno,  Florida,  and  southern  Alabama,  west,  along  the  Gulf 
coast,  to  ihe  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  evergreen,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich,  light,  deep  soil  of  the  bottoms  of  eastern  Texas,  here 
often  covering  extensive  tracts  known  as  "peach  brakes";  not  common  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  stroi)";,  close-grained,  checking  biidly  iu  seasoning,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary 
rays  luiinoroiis,  tiiiii:  color,  light  reddish-brown,  or,  jiiore  rarely,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.»tJ88;  ash,  ^».41. 

Oeneraily  plaiiti'd  in  the  sontheru  states  as  an  ornamental  and  hedge  plant;  foliage,  bark,  and  fruit  contain 
prussic  acid,  the  leaves,  especially  when  partly  withered,  often  proving  fatal  to  animals  browsing  upon  them. 

112. — Prunus  sphaerocarpa,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  SI;  I'l.  Iiiil.  Occ.  ii,  L»27  [iiDt  ilieliaiix].— WilldiMuiw,  Spec,  ii,  987. — Pi)iri't  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v, ()f)6. — Persooii,  Syu.  ii,  34.— Doll, 
Milliii's  Diet,  ii,  .'ilti. — Sclili'clitcndiil  in  Liiin;i'a,  xiii,  87. — Walpors,  Rep.  ii,  10. — Grisobacli,  F1.  British  West  ludios,  2:il. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Stati'K,  tnp^>;.iy(). 

C<'rn>ill,1  sipha'rocarpo,  Loisclcnr  in  Nonvoiin  Duhiimol,  V,  I,— Soringoin  Do  Candollo,  Prmlr.  ii,.')40. — l^ondon,  Arlwretnni  ii, 
7-Jl  — Lot.  Majr.  t.  :5141.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Vcg.  i,  f.'l. 

Semi-fro'.vir.ti  I'lorida,  western  shores  of  bay  Biscayne  {Curt ins);  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  iu  Florida  not  exceeding  (J  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  high 
rocky  woods  or,  more  rarely,  along  the  borders  of  streams  and  ponds;  rare. 

Wood  h.'avy,  hard,  (;!osi'-graiiii'(l,  clieckiug  .badly  in  drying,  containing  many  very  small  open  ducts;  layers 
of  annual  growth  ai.d  medullary  rays  obscui  ";  color,  light,  clear  red,  the  sap-wood  pale  yellow;  si)ecific  gravity, 
0.8098;  ash,  0.87. 

113. — Prunus  iMcifolia,  WalperH, 

Kep.  ii,  10. — Diotrioh,  .Syn.  iii,  4;!. — 'r.>rrov,  Hot.  M.x.  Bonudary  Survey,  (io;  Bi  WilkeH  Kxped.  285. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot. 
California,  I,  108;  ii,  443. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13. 

Ccraxns  Uk-ifolht,  Nuttall  in  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechcy,  340,  t.H3.— Torrey  A-.  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  411.— Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  IC  t.47;  !2td.i,  105,  t.  47.— Torrey  in  Emory's  Rep.  139;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  83.— Paxton,  Brit  Fl.  Garden, 
iii,  44,  f.  254. — Walpers,  Ann.  iv,  054. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2.')9. — Kellogg  in  Proe.  California  Acad,  ii, 
•i'i. — Boluuder  in  I'loe.  California  Acad,  iii,  79;  iv,  92. — London  GarJen,  1873,  131  &  fig. 

I^iirocernSKS  ilicifolia,  Rtemer,  Syn.Mon.  ill,  92. 

ISLAY. 

California, Coast  ranges  ('mm  San  Francisco  bay  south  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state,  extending  to 
the  western  sloncs  (;f  th<>  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

A  smaU  trei ,  ever''"'een,  (.ffiMi  0  to  \'2  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0..'}0  to  0.(iO  meter  in  diameter,  or  when 
distant  from  the  coast  often  rediuicd  to  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  .strung,  close-grained,  cliccking  in  .sea.soning,  .satinj,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  many  rcgidarly-distribnted  rather  small  open  ducts;  mednllary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  bright 
reddish  brown,  the  sajj-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9803;  ash,  O.Jd;  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 


I      "1 


114. — Vauquelinia  Torreyi,  Watson, 

Pn.o.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  147. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  169. — Maximo wicz  in  Act.  Hort.  8t.  Petersbnrg,  v',237. — HomBloy,  Bot. 

Am. -Cent.  i.  370. 

Spiraa  Galifornica,  I'orrey  in  Emory's  Rop.  140. 

V,  corijmbona,  Tomy,  Boi.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  !)4  [not  Corroa]. 

Arizoim,  high  mountains  near  the  Gila  {Emory),  summits  of  the  Santa  Cataliua  mountains  (Pringle,  Lemmon)', 
iu  Sonora. 

A  small  tiee  in  th^  Santa  Oatalina  mountains,  4  to  G  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.20  meter  in 
diameter;  diy  shipcs  and  ro(  ky  hluH's  at  L',7<iO  to  1,000  feet  rlevation,  granitic  soil;  generally  hollow  and  decayed. 

Wood  very  iieavy,  liard,  very  close-grained,  (iompact,  suscejitible  of  a  beantifid  i»oli«h;  medullary  rays 
nuynerous,  thin;  (iolor,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  siiecidc  gravity,  1.1.'{74;  ash,  1.45. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


71 


115. — Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  427.— Hoi)ker,  Ii-on.  t.  :)->4.— Nuttnll,  Sylva,  ii,  28,t.51;  Sod.  i,  178,  t.  51.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii.lC— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  119.— Watson  in  King's  Roi».  v,  S:?,  420;  PI.  VVhi-elor,  8.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Ecp.  1871,  481.— Conltor  in 
Hayden's  Rep.  1872, 7().'>. — Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  201,  270;  Prop.  Davenport  Acad,  i,  14C. — Eugelniann  in  Simpson's  Eop.  43;"). — 
Brewer  &  Watfon,  Hot.  California,  i,  174. — Vftsoy,  Cat.  Torest  Trees,  1:5. — Sur}{ent  in  Aru.  Jonr.  Sci.  3  sor.  xvii,  421. — Kotlnoelc  in 
Wheeler's  R>)p.  vi,  43,  111,  3(i0. 

MOUNTAIN   MAUOGANY. 

OoBur  (i'Aleue  luouutains,  Idiilio,  southward  alonj?  the  wcstpiii  .slopes  of  the  Eocky  raomitains  of  Moutaua  and 
Wyonilu},';  eastern  extremities  of  the  Rhie  mountains  of  Washinj^ton  territory  and  Oregon,  Wahsatch  n\ountains, 
Utah,  and  w(>st  alon^'  tlie  mountain  ranges  of  the  (Jreat  Ila.sin  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of 
California,  extending  southward  into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

A  small,  low  tree,  rarely  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  soinetinu's  0.(30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  north 
of  TTtah  and  Nevada  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  dry,  rocky  mountain  slopes,  between  (i,000  antl  .S,000  feet  elevation, 
reaehingits  greatest  develoi)ment  on  the  high  ranges  of  central  Nevada. 

A  slirubby  variety  of  the  Wahsatch  mountain  and  other  ranges  of  Utah,  characterized  by  its  rigid,  intricately 
branched  growth,  short,  revolnte  leaves  and  smaller  llowers  and  fruit,  is — 

var.  intricatUS,  M.  K.  .lones  in  herb. 

G.  intricatUS,  Wat.s,.ii  .n  Proc.  Am.  Ae;id.  x,  340.— Pnrry  \\\  Am.  Nat.  ix,  270;  Proc.  Davenport  Acad,  i,  147. 

G.  linvifoUns,  Watson  in  Kind's  U.'p.  v, 83  [not  Gray]. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  com])aet,  brittle,  (lifli(!nlt  to  work,  su.sceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ; 
medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin;  <!oIor,  bright,  clear  r;'d,  or  often  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow; 
specilic  gravity,  l.OTIjl ;  ash,  1.0-t;  furnishing  the  mosL  valuabh",  fuel  of  the  region,  and  largely  manufactured  into 
charcoal. 

116. — Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  Nuttall; 

Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beeirhcy,  337.— Torrey  &  Gra.v.  Fl.  N.  Anieriea,  i,  127;  PacHic  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  1C4.— Hooker,  loon.  t.  323.— Wiilp  i.s, 
Kep.  ii,  45. — Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  Kt ;  Fiiiory's  I'ep.  13;);  Si t'j reaves'  IJep.  l.")8  ;  Paeine  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,83;  Bot.  Mex.  Buundiiry 
Snrviy,  03;  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxped.  2.-7.— Dietrieli,  fSyii.  iii,  ll'.l. — Gray  in  Mem.  Am.At'ad.  new  ser.  iv',  41  ;  .Smillisonian  Contrili.  iii, 
68;  V,  54;  Vror.  Boston  Soc.  Xat.  Ilist.  vii,14t);  Ani...)imr.  ."^li.  2  ser.  xxxiii,  411;  Proe.  Pliiladelpliia  .\(:i(l.  l?^(i:i,  til. — F,n;;ilniiMin 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phi!.  .Soe.  new  ser.  xii,  li)0. — Bolander  in  Pro<'.  Califoriii.i  Acail.  iii,  7'.t.  — Porter  in  Hayden's  Rip.  It^TO,  475;  lis71, 
481.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,H2.— Porter  it  Coiiher,  Fl.  ('(d.na.lo  ;  Hayden's  Snrv.  Misc.  Pnh.  Xo.  4,  34.— Rothroi-k,  Pi.  Wheeler, 
37;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  Ill,  350.— Brewer  i  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  174;  ii,  444.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  13.— M.  E.  Jone.r 
F.xeiir.  Bot.  12,15,20,  21. — Henisley,  Bot.  Am    Cent.  i,374. — Watson  in  Proe.  Am.  .\einl.  xvii,  3153. 


1:1 


1. 


MOUNTAIN    MAHOGANY. 

California,  valley  oi  the  Klamath  river,  southward  tlirongh  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Ja(nnto  nmnntiiin.s,  and  in  Lower  Ciiitcunia  ;  Hocky  mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  mountaiua 
of  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Sonora. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  <>  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  runic  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  Hi 
shrub ;  <lry,  gravelly  soil,  renehing  its  greatest  development  on  f  lie  mountains  of  southern  Now  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
at  an  eh'vation  ot  (i.OOO  to  8,000  leet. 

A  glabrous  variety  of  southern  California,  with  dark  green  leaves,  ia — 

var.  glaber,  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,175. 

0.  betulccfolius,  Nuttall  in  Hooker,  Icon.  t.  322.— Walpors,  Rep.  ii,.|(). 

G.  betttloidt'K,  Nnttall  in  Torrey  A  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Anmriea,  i,  427.— Hooker  in  London  .  onr.  Bot.  vi,218. 

A  form  with  small  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  leaves,  of  northern  IMexico,  is — 

var.  paucidentatUS,  Walson  i:i  Proe.  Am.  Ae;i.|.  xvii,  353. 

Wood  very  henvy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  diflicult  to  wo  '  ,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  imlish ;  medullary 
rays  uinnerous,  thin  ;  color,  bright  reddish-brown,  tlie  sai)-wood  light  brown;  sjieeitic  gravity,  0.0305;  ash,  0.45; 
furnishing  valuable  fuel. 


'^-^^^^^^^^''"^"Iffff 


72 


FOREST  TllEES  OE  NORTH  AMERICA. 


117. — Pyrus  coronaria,  i.innnMiH, 

Spec.  1  ert.  430.— Kalm,  Travels,  Englished,  ii,  1G().— Du  Roi,  Ilarbk.  i,  229.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  118.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  il,  176;  2 

ed.  iii,  209. — WilUlonow,  Spec,  ii,  lOli);  Kiiuiii.  r>'.'7;  Bi  rl.  naiiiii/.  ;i:!0. — I'itsooii,  Syi>.  ii,  40. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  340. — Eaton, 
Mainiul,  .')0 ;  0  ed.  291.— NiiltiUl,  Geuera,  i,  :«)7.— Uarton.  Coiniiend.  Fl.  I'hiladilph.  i,  vJH.- Hayue,  Deud.  Fl.  86.— Torrey,  Fl.  U. 
S.  i,  1-0;  Coiiipciul.  Fl.  N.  States,  20;!;  Fl.  N.  Yoik,  i,  2J:i.— Hot.  ilag.  t.  2009.— Kllioft,  Sk.  i,  r).")9.— Hot  Keg.  viii,  (SI.— SprengeJ, 
Syst.  ii,  .ilO.— Di>  Candolle,  I'mdr.  ii,  Ci:;,").— Don,  Milli'i'.s  Diet,  ii,  017.— Beck,  Hot.  113.— Hooker,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  25. — 
Keichenliiieh,  Fl.  Kxot.  f.  240. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Anierien,  i,  223. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  154. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  908&t. — 
Browne,  Tri'es  of  America,  297. — Kicharilsoii,  Arctic  F.xped.  42";. — Parry  in  Owen's  Kep.  012. — Darliy,  Bot.  S.  States,  307. — Coopor 
in  Smithsonian  K'lp.  l!:^58,  252. — Chapman,  Tl.  S.  States,  12S.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  09. — 
LeK(jueriiix  in  Owen's  2d  Ivcp.  Arkau.s  h,  X>'.>. — Wood.  CI.  Book,  ;)32;  Bot.  &.  I'l.  112. — Porcher,  Uesources  8.  Forests,  149. — Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  liil. — lCo<di,  Denilrologie,  i,  214.— Wenzig  in  Linuiea,  x.xxviii,  40  (e.\ci.  var. ). — Macouu  &  Gibson  iu  Trana. 
Bot.  Soc.  Kdinliiirgh.xii,  '325. — VaKey,Cat.  Fon'sf  Trees,  13.— Lomlon  Garden,  xix,  400,  t.2S0. — Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
22,78.— Kidgway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mum.  1882,60. 

Mtlllln  rnroiutria,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  2.— Miencli,  Sleth.  082.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  292.— Poirct  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  562.— 
Dest'ontainrs,  Ili.st.  Arb.  ii,  140. — Xouveau  Duhamel,  vi,  139,  t.  14,  f.  1. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  05,  t.  10;  N. 
(Vmeriean  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  ,58,  t.  (m.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelpli.  55.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  ii,  136,  t.  8. — Roomer,  Syn.  Mon. 
iii,  191. — Decaisne  in  Nonv.  Areb.  Mas.  x,  154. — Carriiire  in  Rev.  Hort.  1877,  410  &  t. 

Cratwgm  coronaria,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  357. 

Malu8  microcarpa  coronaria,  Carrifcre  in  Rev.  Hort.  1884,  104,  f.  24. 


Il 


i^i; 


f 


AMERICAN   CRAB.      SWEET-SCENTED  CRAB. 

Ontario,  Aalli  y  of  the  lluinbcr  river,  .sliore.s  of  lake  l>ie,  southward  through  western  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  to  the  Distriet  of  Coluiiiliiu,  atid  along 'ii.'  Allegliany  niountain.s  to  central  Alabama  and  northern 
Mis-siissippi ;  west  to  sotithern  Minm-sota,  lowsi,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  noriiiern  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  r.irel\  (>  to  0  meters  in  lieight,  witii  a  trunk  often  O.;!!)  meter  i'l  diameter;  ri'.-h,  rather  low  woods, 
reaching  its  greatest  devv'lopment  in  the  valleys  of  the  lowi'.'  Ohio  iegion. 

Wood  hetivy,  rather  .soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  me(h;;iar\  rtiys  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  brown  vtirying  to  light  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  specitic  gravity,  0.7018;  ash,  0.52 ;  used  for 
levers,  handles  of  tools,  and  in  turnery. 

Otten  pliiuted  for  ornament  on  account  of  it:'  fragrant  blos.soms;  the  sniai!,  ■How-green  iiustere  fruit  ii.s?d  for 
preserves,  and  occasionally  made  into  cider. 

118. — Pyrus  angustifolia,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,  170 ;  2  ed.  iii,  209. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1020.— Poiret  in  Lamarek,  Diet,  v,  455. — Persoou,  .Syn.  ii,  40. — Puish,  Fl,  Am.  Sept. 
i,341.—Kllioit,.sk.i,,5.")9.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.S.  4-0:  Conipend.  Fl.  N. 'elates,  203.  .Spivnge',  Synt.  ii,,509.— De  Candidle,  Prodr.  ii,<'«35.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  1;>.'.— Bot.  Reg.  xiv,  1207.— Don,  MilIcr'HDict.i;47.— lieck,  Bot.  ll:t.— Hooker,  Companion  IJot.  Mag.  i,25.— 
Torrey  tV;  Gray.Fl.  N.  Annrica,  i,  471.— London,  Arlionlum,  ii,!'i!iti.  I.— l.alon  &  Wright,  Bot.  3H2.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  154. — Nuttall, 
Sylvi,  ii,  24;  2  ed.  i,  174.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  Slates,  3(»7.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rej).  lf'58, 252.— Cl.i'pman,  Fl.  S.  States,  128. — 
Curtis  in  Kep.  Gi'olog  Cal  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  HOO.  iii,  09.-  Lesiinerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  ;>.".9.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  333; 
Bot.  &  Fl.  112.— Gray.  Jlainml  N.  Stales,  5  ed.  101.— Koch,  DendrnIogi,\  i,  213.— Vasey.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— Ridgway  in  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18.-'2,0t). 

/'.  coronaria,  Wangeuhoim,  Amer.  61,t.21,f.  47  [not  Linna'usJ.- Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  148. 

Mains  anijnstifolia,  Miehanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  292.— Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  155. 

Mains  SvmjkrvirenH,  Desloutaines,  Hist.  Alb.  ii,  141.— Nouvcai  Duhamel,  vi,  638,t.43,f.  1.— Poiret,  Suppl.iv, 624.— Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  ii,  135,  t.  8,  ligs.— Rmmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  191. 

P.  coronaria,  var.  angustifolia,  Wenzig  in  Linuu-a,  xx>:viii,41. 

Chloromeli's  semprrrircns,  Dectiisne  in  Fl.des  Serres,  xxiii,  126. 


AMERICAN  CRAB  APPLE.      SOUTHERN   CRAB  APPLE. 

Pp>]  ^pylvania  ?,  southern  Delaware,  and  the  valley  of  tJie  lower  Waba.sli  river,  Illinois,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee 
rop'*..'!!  c'l  "estern  Florida. 

.\  .til  •!  tree,  (i  to '.)  meters  In  height,  with  a  tniid;  rarely  0.^0  meter  iu  diameter;  low,  rich  woods;  most  common 
i;'l  na  i  iug  its  greatest  development  idong  the  river  bottoms  of  the  south  Atlantic  states;  less  common  west  of 
the  aI''  r,hany  mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  liaid,  dose  grained,  ehctdving  badly  in  drying;  nieduihiry  rays  numerous,  ob.sciire;  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap  wood  yellow  ;  specHic  gravity,  O.tiS!*."* ;  ash,  0.3.'{;  u.sed  for  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

The  austeie  fruit  used  for  picserves  and  made  into  eider. 


Ji^m 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


73 


119.— Pyrus  rivularis,  Douglas ; 

Hookor,  Fl.  Bov.-Am.  i,  a03,  t.Ca.— Don,Mill<>r'8  Diet,  ii,  047.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  471.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  :!83.— 
Walpers,  Uop.  ii,  53. — Diolrlch,  Syn.  iii,  l.')4. — Lcdoboiir,  Fl.  Uossica,  ii,  90. — NuttuU,  Sylva,  ii, 22,  t.49;  Sed.  i,  172,  t.  49. — RicliurdKon, 
Arctic  Expeil.  428.  — Torriiy  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  85;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  292. — Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,73. — Cooper 
in  Smlthsouiaii  Rep.  18r>8,2.')9 ;  Pucilic  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  29,  (50. — Rothrook  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1807,  4;i5,  440.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
i,  212. — Gray  in  Prop.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  H82. — Wonzig  iu  Liunioa,  xxxviii,  38. — Brower  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,!,  188. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  87. — Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7G,  135, — Dawson  in 
Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  330. 

P.  diversifolia,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  133. 

P.fusea,  Rafinosquo,  Med.  Bot.  ii,254. 

P.  subcordata,  Ledebour,  Fl.  Rossica,  ii,  95. 

MahlS  rivularis,  Roamer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  215. — Decaisno  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mns.  x,  155. 

Malus  divcraifoUa,  Roomer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  215. —Decaisno  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  156. 

Mains  subcordata,  Rosmer,  Syn.Mon.  iii,  192. 

OREGON  CUAB   APPLE. 

Coast  of  Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  aiul  islands  of  British  Golnmbia,  through  Washington  territory 
and  Oregon,  west  of  the  (3a8eado  mountains,  to  S()noiua  county,  California. 

A  small  tree,  somotiine.s  !)  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  ()..'iO  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  rich,  low  woods, 
gen(!rally  along  streams,  often  foiniing  dense  thickets. 

\yood  heavy,  hard,  very  clo.se-graiiied,  liable  to  check  badly  in  drying,  susct>j)til)h'  of  a  lieantifiU  polish; 
nii!(\ullary  rays  nuumrous,  obscunv,  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specilie  gravity, 
0.831(5;  ash,  0.41 ;  used  for  mallets,  mauls,  bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 

The  small,  black,  pleasantly  acid  fruit  occasionally  used  as  a  jtreserve,  and  prized  by  the  Indians  as  fond. 

120. — Pyrus  Americana,  ijr  candollo, 

Prodr.  ii,  037.— Watson,  Deud.  Krit.  i.  t.  .'il.— Spivngil,  .Sym.  ii,  511.— Hooker,  I'l.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  204.— Don,  Miller's  Did.  ii,  018.— Beck, 
Bot.  113. — .\iidulion,  Birds,  t.  303. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Amerieii,  i,  472. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  920  &  t. — Eaton  &  Writ;ht, 
Bot.  :183.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  221.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  l,-)5.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  25,  t.  TiO ;  2  ed.  i,  17.'.,  t.  50.— Browne,  Trees  f 
America,  :!2ti.— i;niers<m,  Trees  51as.s:icbusctts,  4:i9  ;  2  ed.  ii,  499. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  012. — Richardson,  Arctic  E>:ped.  428. — 
Lango,  PI.  Gnenl.  131. — Cooper  in  Siuithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2,')2.— Chaiuiiim,  Fl.  S.  States,  129. — Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv. 
N.  Carolina,  1~00,  iii,  70. — Woo<i,  CI.  Booli,  333;  Bol.  &  11.  112.— I'tuelier,  Kesourees  S.  Forest.s,  108. — Gray,  Manual  X.  States, 
5  ed.  Kit.  — Koeli,  Dendrologie,  i,  190. — Brewer  &  Watsou,  Bot.  Ci.liloniia,  i,  189. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Maconn  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'70,  lO.'i. — S<'ars  in  liiUl.  Essex  Inst,     iii,  170. — Bill  in  Geological  Rep.  l!aiiada,  l879-'r0,  ,")4''. 

Sorbtis  Americana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  ll,'>.— Wilidenow,  Ennm.  ,')20.— Pur.sh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  341.— Poiret,  Siijipl.  v, 
101.— Eaton,  Manual,  .'i.'.;  0  ed.  ;!51.— Nnttall,  Genera,  i,  30.'..— Hayue,  D<M;d.  Fl.  7."..— Torrey,  Fl  .U.  S.  477  ;  Coinpend. 
Fl.  N.  Slates,  202. — S[)aeli,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,95. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Bo.ston.  3cd.207. — Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  138. — Maxijuowicz 
in  Bnll.  Aead.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  174.— Wonzig  in  Linna'a,  xxxviii,  71. — Decaisno  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mns.  x,  158. 

Sorhus  aueuparia,  Poirot  inLamnrck,  Diet.  vii,234,  in  port. — Bigeh)w,  Fl.  Boston.  1.  ed.  119.— Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus. 
X,  158,  iu  part. 

Sorbiis  aueuparia,  var.  Americana,  Pcrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  38  &  addend. 

P.  aueuparia,  Meyer,  PI.  La'>.,ad(ir,  81,  in  part.— Schlechtondal  iu  Linnioo,  x,  99.— Hooker  f.  in  I'rous.  Linnroan  Soo.  xxii«, 
290,  327,  iu  part. 

Morbus  humi/usa,  Rafinosquo,  Med.  Dot.  ii,20.''>. 


MOUNTAIN   ASH. 

Greeiiliind  ?,  Lidinidor,  Newfonndiaiid,  Anti(U)sti  island,  ainl  westward  along  the  sotitliern  sJiore  of  .lames'  baj 
to  the  valley  of  llie  Nel.son  river  (White  Mud  lalls),  sdulliward  through  all  moiintaiiious  regiotis  of  tho  northeastern 
states,  an<l  iilung  the  high  inountains  of  Virginia  and  North  (.'aiolina;  iu  northern  Miehigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota. 

A  siiiiill  tree,  (i  to  0  iinteis  in  In-iulit,  with  a  trtink  O.JIO  to  0.4.")  meter  in  diamoter;  borders  of  swamps  aud  in 
moist,  rocky  wootls,  reiudiing  its  greatest  «levelopnu>ut  on  the  nortlu'rn  shores  of  lakes  Huron  and  Superior. 


vtii 


■QrJrl 


f  •f'T'^MMiStiaiTTiM 


"^-^-^""""^'-'"^^'■^•TTtTTrTrrr 


tii 

I. 


'St)     ;V 


74  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

A  form  with  smaller  fruit,  peculiar  to  the  high  southern  Alleghany  mouutaius,  is — 
var.  microcarpa,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aimuica,  i,  iTl. 

H^orbus  avcupa7'ia,  vnr.  a.  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  2G0. 

Sorbus  mkrocarpa,  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  341.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  164.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  555.— Torrey, Fl.  U.  8. 477.— Eaton, 

Mumiiil,  (i  ed.  301.— Spacli,  Hi.st.  Vog.  ii,  O.'i.— Kmmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  138. 

P.  microcarpa,  Sprengd.  Syst.  ii,  .'ill.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  636.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  648.— Beck,  Bet.  113.— Eaton 
&  Wrij;lit,  Bot.  Ii!;:!. — London,  Ailioivtuiii,  ii,  U'Jl. 

Sorbus  Americana,  viir.  microcarpa,  Wonzi},'iii  Liiina;a,  xxxviii,7l. 

Sorbus  riparia,  Haiiii>'s(|iio,  NcwSylva,  15. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  coinjiact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  s])P('ifi(' Krnvity,  0.,')451 ;  ash,  0.83. 
Often  idanted  for  unianieiit. 

121. — Pyrus  sambucifolia, 

Cliiiiiii.ssdiVSc'lilicliteiidal  in  F^iiiiiiva,  ii,36. — Hongard  in  Mum.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  133. — Don,  Milk'"'n Diet,  ii,  648. — lorrey 
iV  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aniciifa,  i,  47','. — Walpers.  Hc]).  ii,  ,'>:!. — DicHicli,  Syn.  iii,  15.'). — Li'deliimr,  Fl.  Hosaica,  ii,  99. — Traiitvottfr  &  Meyer, 
I'"l.()(li(it.  37.— JliixiriJ'.'icz.  Prim.  Fl.  Amiiicn.sis,  103.— Rolliroc  k  in  F-mitlisnnian  Ki')).  1>*67,  44().— Gray,  Maniiiil  K.  States,  5  ed. 
161;  'inc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  3-J.  — I'orici  in  1I;i.\i!im's  lii-\i.  I -ni,  nfi.— Wiitsiin  in  King's  Hep.  v,9'2. — Porter  &,  Coulter,  Fl.  Coloraao; 
Hay.'ion'fiSiirv.  Misc.  Pnli.  Xo.  I,  :>-<.— IJicwi-r  &  Walson,  Hot.  Calil'ornia,  i,  HU.- Maconn  in  Geological  Kcj).  Canada,  1675-'76, 195. — 
lall  ill  CouHci'n  Hot.  Gazette,  ii,y". — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  10.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  176. 

Sorbns  aucuparia,  var.  /?.  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  290. 

Sorbus  aucuparia,  SilirmU,  PI.  Labrador, 'J5,  in  part  [not  LinmeiiH], 

P.  AmericaiUU  Newberry  in  Pacilic  R.  R.  Bep.  vi,  73  [not  Du  Candolle"). —Cooper  in  PaciflcR.  B.Rep.  xii-',  60.— Torrey,  Bot. 
Wilki's  Exped.  292. 

i".  aucuparia,  Jleyer,  I'l.  I.aluador,  HI,  in  part.— Sclileclitcndal  in  Linmea,  x,99,  in  part. — Hooker  in  Truni.  Linnoian  Soo. 
xxii-,y90,  327.  in  part. 

Sorbus  sambucifolia,  Hcrmer,  Syn.  Moil,  iii,  139.-Maximowic?,  in  Bull.  Aca<l.  8oi.  St.  Petoraburg,  xix,  174.— Wonzig  in 
Liiina'a.  xxx\iii,  73,— Decaisiie  in  \oiiv.  .Vicli.  Mas.  x,  1,'')9. 

Sorbus  Sitchensis,  Rcumer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  139. 


11 


MOUNTAIN  Aan. 

Labrador  to  norrliern  New  England  iind  the  shores  of  lake  Superior;  high  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific 
regior  from  Ala.ska  to  southern  New  Jfexico;  in  Kamtchatka. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  hoiirht,  with  a  trinik  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter, or  in  the  Pacific  forests 
generally  reduced  to  a  low  shrnb;  cold,  wet  swamps  or  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
northern  New  l^ngiand  and  IMIiinesota. 

Wood  Ii,uiil,  sol't,  weak,  ilo.se  grained,  eompaet;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the 
Piipwood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  ((.,'5028;  ash,  0.35. 

The  l)iMk  and  unripe  fruit  of  the  Ameiieaii  mountain  ashes,  like  those  of  the  nearly-allied  P.  aucuparia  of 
Europe,  are  extremely  astringent,  and  occasionally  used,  domestically,  in  infusions,  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatmeut 
of  diarrhea  (Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1333). 


ifil 


122. — Crataegus  rivularis,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  404.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  101.— Walpors,  Rep.  ii,  58.— NnttaB,  8ylva,ii,9i  2  ed.  i,  160.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  18.58,  258;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  IU7.— M-'gel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  107.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 92.— Porter 
in  Huydeii's  Reji.  1871,  482.— Coulter  in  llaydeii's  Ucp.  1872,  705.— Brandogee  in  llayden'n  Rep.  1875,  236.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  14.— Maconii  in  Geological  Kep   Canndii,  1875-'76,  195.— Engrlnianu  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

C.  sanguinca,  var.  Dorjlasii,  Coulter  in  llayden's  R(>p.  187-,'.  765  [tiur  Torrey  &.  Gray]. 

British  Columbia,  soiirii  through  eastern  dregon  and  WashingtoM  terrilmy,  ea.it  and  southeast  along  the 
mountain  ranges  of  Idalio,  M.)ntanii,  tltiili,  and  Colorado,  to  the  Pinos  Alt  ).s  mountains,  New  Mexie'   (/^"cm"). 

A  small  tree,  (J  to  «  m(-U'rs  in  lieighl,  with  a  Irnidi  rarely  exceeding  0  .iO  meter  iii  diame^-r,  or  i»il,oi.  •'  tfli, 
mach-branehed  shrub,  loriiung  dense,  impeuetrable  thickets  along  lM)rders  of  streams  and  sw.uMpN, 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  ehwe-graihid,  compiH-t ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  bright  reddi«(M  vc'D  tlifl 
sap-wood  nearly  '.vliite;  specific  gravity,  0.770:J;  a;jb,  0.3"). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


76 


123. — Crataegus  Douglasii,  Lindloy, 

Bot.  Reg.  xxi,  1. 1810. — Loudon,  Arboretiiiii,  ii,  H£\  f.  .')84  &  t.— Koch,  Dondrolosio,  i,  147.— Kaleniczenko  in  Boll.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xlviii,  20.— Browor  &,  Wataoii,  Bot.  California,  i,  189.— Macoun  in  Geological  Hop.  Canada,  1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Oazctto,  vii,  128. 

f  C.  glandulosa,  rursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  :t37,  in  part. 

C.  punctata,  var.  brevispina,  Doujjlas  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201. 

0.  ttanguinea,  var.  Donglasii,  Torroy&Qray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i.  464.— Walpers,  Rep.   ii,  ,'58.- Dietrich,  Syn.iii,  160.— 
Torroy,  Bot.  Wilkes  Expcd.  292.— Regol  in  Act.  Hort,  St.  Petersburg,  i,  116. 

(7.  saWf/Mtwea,  Niittall,  Sylvu,  ii,  6,  t.  44;  2  ed.  i,  157,  t.44  [not  Pallas].- Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,259;  Am. Nat. 
iil,  407. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Troi,a,  14. 

AnthomdcH  Douijlasii,  Rcemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  140. 

0.  rirularis.  Brewer  &,  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  189  [not  Nuttall]. 

British  C;  .luiiibiii,  valley  of  the  rarsiiip  river,  in  about  latitude  55°  N.,  south  through  Washingtou  territory 
and  Oif^oii  tc  llic  sallcv  of  the  I'i(t  rivci',  Ciilifornia,  extending  cast  tlirongli  Idalio  and  Montana  to  the  westerji 
base  of  the  Hoclcy  mountains  (valley  of  the  Fhithead  river,  Vanby  d.  Sarj/ent). 

A  small  trrc,  sometimes  12  mtteis  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub 
throwing  up  many  stems  from  tlie  ground  and  forming  im])enetrahle  thickets;  rather  wet,  sandy  soil  along 
streams,  and  reaching  its  greatest  develoi»ment  in  the  valleys  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains;  toward  its  eastern 
limils  a  hiw  slirid*. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  tougli,  do.se-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  poli.sh ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color,  nearly  wliite  tinged  with  rose,  the  sajy-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  O.OOoO ;  ash,  0.33; 
used  for  wedges,  mauls,  etc. 

The  small,  sweet,  black  iruit,  ript-ning  in  August,  is  largely  collected  by  the  Indians. 

124. — Cratuigus  brachyacantha,  Sargint  A-  Knglcnmun; 
Engelmann  in  Coulter's  But.  Gaz(.'tl(^,  vii,  1'28. 

nOGS'   HAW. 

New  Orleans?,  (7>n<;H7HOHrf  in  herb.  Civi//) ;  !\Iinden,  Louisiana  (il/(>//») ;  Concord,  Texas  (Sar^/ewf);  Longview, 
Texas  (In  fruit,  Lcft^rmnn). 

A  tree  !>  to  12  meters  in  hciglit,  with  a  trunk  sometim(s  0.00  meter  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  in  low> 
very  rich  soil ;  the  largest  Nortii  American  representative  of  the  genus. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  <'lose-grained,  compact.  susee])tible  of  a  beautiful  jtolish ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure;  cohu-,  ligiit  brown  tinged  witii  rose,  the  sai)-\vood  lighfcr  ;  siiecilic  gravity,  0.0793  ;  a.sh,  0.42. 

The  large  blue-black  fruit  greedily  eaten  by  hogs  and  other  animals. 

125. — Crataegus  arborescens,  Elliott, 

8k.  i,  .ViO.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  112.— Tiurey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i ,  460.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212.— Dietrich,  Syu.  iii,  IfiO.— 
Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  r,8.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  10,t.45;  2  ed.  i,  160,  t.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  liOO.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1&")8, 
252.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.--Wood,Cl.  Book,;i3I;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Young,  Fl.  Texas,  2.')9.—VaKey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees.  14.— 
Engelmann  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Clut),  ix,  4. 

Phwnopyrum  arborescens,  Roomer,  Syn.Mon.  iii,  153. 

C.  Crus-ffalU,  var.  pyracanthi folia,  Regol  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  109,  in  part. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  river.  South  Carolina  (Aiken,  liavencJ),  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western 
Florida;  valley  of  the  Mississip])!  river,  near  Saint  Louis  (Engcfma)in),  .scmth  and  southwest  to  western  Louisiana, 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  ('olorado  river,  Texas. 

A  snuill  tree,  0  to  0  meters  in  lieighi,  with  a  truidv  sometimes  0.45  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams 
and  in  rather  low,  \\et  swami)s. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  nuMlullary  rays  V' 
numerous,  ol>,scure;  color,  li^ht  brown  tinged  with  I'ed,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.0491 ;  ash,  0,57. 

The  small  globular  fruit  bright  red  or,  more  rarely,  oruuge.  * 


'^i;i  m' 


^^^,,M^:^^:..^^^:r.f...^,„.,,.^ 


M^:;mmi(i^^m^!. 


76 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


■| 


126. — Cratsgus  Crus-galli,  Linnnns, 

Spec.  1  ed.  476. — Kalm,  Travels,  Euglisli  ed.  i,  1  !.">.— Metlicns,  Bot.  Bcobaeht.  ii,  344.— Walter,  Fl.  Csroliniana,  147.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
ii,170;  2cMl.iii,202.— WilUlenow,  Spec,  ii,  1004.— Micaux,  Fl.  bor.-Am.  i,28H.— IVrsoon,  8yn.  ii,  37.— Pursh,  PI.  Am.  Sept-  i,  338.— 
Eaton,  Maiiiml,5r);  G  ed.  111. — Nuftall.Gciieiii,  i,3ur). — liartou,  Compend.  Fl.  PMIadolph.  i,22.'>;  Prodr.  I'l  niiladolpli..''>4. — Elliott, 
Sk.i,548.— Toricy.Fl.U.  S.  476;  Compeiid.  Fl.X.  States, 202;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,2V!l.— Wat  'ui,  Dend.  Urit.  i,  t  1.— Do  Camlollc, Prodr. 
ii,  026.— Hooker,  Fl.  Dor.-Aiii.  i,  2C0 ;  Ccunpaiiiou  Hot.  Maj;.  i,  2r>.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  59r*.— Beok,  Bot.  11  -Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
Anicriea,i,463.— London,  Arboretum,  ii, 820.  f.  574,. '■>75  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,B(>t.212.— Bigclow,  Fl.  Boston.  :i  ed. 206.— Dietrich, 
Syn.  iii,  Ifiii. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  2/8. — Emerson,  Trees  Massaclin setts,  133 ;  2  cd.  ii,  492  &  t. — Ra:mer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. — 
Parry  iu  Owen's  Uep.  612.— Darlington,  Fl.  Ccstrica,  3  cd,  83.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  30,'j.— Cooper  in  Siiiitbsonlan  IJep.  ]8.')8, 252.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Siirv.  N.  Caiolina,  1860,  iii,83. — I.esqucrcux  in  Owen's  2d  Kep.  Arkansas, 
359.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  331 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Poreher,  Kesources  S.  Forests,  148.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160;  Hall's  PI. 
Texas, SI. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  258. — Regol  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,108. — Kaleniczeuko  in  Bull.  Soe.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 
slviii,  19.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'!»0, 54^- Ridgway  in  Proc.  TJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1682,  66. 

C.  lucida,  DuRoi,  Obs.  Bot.  13.— Wangenheiiu,  Auier.  53,t.  17,f.  42.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,!;06.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,629.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  CrusgaUi,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  88.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  441.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  157.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
iv,  149.— Willdenow,  Euum.  522;  Berl.  Baumz.  244.— Hayne,  Dend.  J'l.  80.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  142. 

f  Slcspilus  cunciformis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  88. 

Mespilus  hicida,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,  17.— Mccnch,  Moth.  685.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.ii,57. 

Mespilus  cnneifolia,  Moench,Meth.684. 

C.  Crus-ffdlli,  var.  splendens,  Aiton,Hort.  Kow.2  ed.  iu,203. 

Mespilus  Wdtsoniaua,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.ii,  5". 

C,  Waisoniana,  Roemer,  Syn.Mon.  iii,  U7. 


COCKSPUR  THORN.     NEWCASTLE  THORN. 

Valley  of  tlio  Stiiiit  Lawrence  river,  west  through  southern  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  through  the  Atlantic 
forests  to  the  valley  of  the  Chipola  river,  western  Fh)rida,  anil  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  .sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  running  into  various 
forms.    The  best  marked  are — 

Viir.  pyracanthifolia,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  170 ;  2  ed.  iii,  202.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  626.- Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  An)oriea, 
i,  4(i4.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  820, 1. 128,  f.  580.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  278.— Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg, 
i,  109,  in  part. 

C.  snlicifolid,  Mtilicus.  Hot.  Beobaoht.  ii,  345.— Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  117. 

C.  Crus-galli,  Viir.  sdlici/olia,  Alton,  I.  c ;  2  ed.  I.  c— Willdenow,  Borl.  Banmz.  244.— Do  Candolle,  I.  o.— London,  I.  •,  f . 

551-5r>:>,  .')".-  &,  t.— Browne,  I.  c— Regel,  /.  c.  110. 

Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var.  salieifhtia,  Hayno,  Dend.  Fl.  80. 
Mespilus  Crus-galli,  var.  pyracanthifolia,  Hayne,  I.  o. 

Mespilus  salid/olia,  Koeh,  Dendrologie,  i,  144. 

C.  Cuursetiana,  Ra>mer,  Syn.  Me-.,  ili,  117. 

var.  OValifolia,  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  t.  1860  —Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  ii,  821,  f.r)79  &  t.— Kegel  in  Aet.  H'lrt.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  109. 

Mespilus  (ivali/oUa,  Iloruernann,  Ilort.  Hafn.  guppl.  52.— Kook, Dendvologie,  i,  143. 

Mespilus  pruncllifolia,  Poiret,  Snppl.  iv,  72. 

C.  OValifoUa, po  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  Ii,  598.— RoemW,  8>-».  Mon.  iii,  117. 

C.  prunellifoiiu,  De  Candolle,  L  c— Don,  I.  e.— Romer,  /.  c. 

Mespilus  clliptica,  Guimpel,  Otte  &  Hayne,  Abli.  Holz.  170,  t.  144  fmrf  /4imBrck].— Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  ii,68. 

var.  linearis,  De  Candolle,  I'rodr.  ii,  626.- Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aau-fiCB,  i,  464.— Dietri.li,  .Syn.  iii,  i:,9.—UmAon, 
Arboretum,  li,  821,  f.  .")77.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  278.-  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  1 10. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  77 

Meapilus  lucida,  var.  angustifolia,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iv,  18. 

C.  linearis,  Peraoou,  Syn.  ii,  37.— KoBmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  118. 

Mespilua  linearis,  Desfontainos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  156.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  70.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  57. 

var.  prunifolia,  Torroy  <fe  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  464.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  881,  f.  576  &  t.— 
l{i';rcl  ill  Act.  Hcit.  St.  l'i!t<THbiirg,  i,  110. 

Menpihts  prunifolia,  T Marshall,  Arbustnm,  90.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  44:?.— Nouveau  Duhamol,  iv,  150,  t.  40.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  ii,  506. 

Mespilus  rotundifolia,  Elirhart,  Ucitr.  iii,  20. 

C,  prunifolia,  Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Boso  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.- Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— Lindley,  Bot.  Reg. 
xxii,  t.  1868.- Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

Mespilus  Bosciana,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  58. 

C.  Bosciana,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  118. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  uot  strong,  closii- grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish;  niertnllary  rays 
numerous,  very  ob.sciire ;  color,  browu  tinged  with  red,  t lie  sap-wood  rather  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7194;  ash, 
0.56. 

The  long,  strong  spines  are  occasionally  collected  and  used  to  fasten  sacks  and  for  similar  purposes. 

127. — Crataegus  coccinea,  LiunuMiH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  47G.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  ii,  167 ;  2  ed.  iii,  200.— Willdcnow,  Spec,  ii,  1000  (cxcl.  syn.).— Michaux, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  288. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  36. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337. — liaton.  Manual,  55;  (icd.  111. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305. — 
Schrank,  Pfl. Labrador, 26.  -Barton,  Conipoud,  Fl.  Pliihidelph.  i, 22i>.— Ilayne,  Dend.  Fl.  77.— Elliott,  Sk.  i, ,^).-.3.— Torrcy,  Fl.  U.  S.  474 ; 
Compciid.Bot.N.  States, 201;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  221;  Emory's  Hop.  408.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  11,6^'/.— Hooker,  Fl.  iJor.-Aui.  i,201 ;  Bot. 
Mai?,  t.  3432.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  5i)9.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  8. '.-Beck,  Bot.  112.— Lindley,  Bot.  Keg.  23,  t.  U).",7.— Torrey  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  America,  i,  40."). — 15igolo\v,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  206. — Ealou  &  Wrigljt,  Bot.  211. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160. — VValpers,  Rep.  ii,  58. — 
Loudon,  Arboretniii,  ii,  81(>,  f.  5(')4-566,  t.  121. — Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  270,  f.  18-20,22. — Einer.son,  Trees  Massachusetts, 434 ;  2  ed.  ii, 
493  &  t. — Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  427.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3ed.  83. — Darby,  liot.  S.  States,  30.'). — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Hep. 
1858,  2r>2.— Oray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  43  ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Chaimiiin,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.N.  Carolina,  18;iO,  iii, 82. — Lesquoreux  in  Owen's2d  Uep.  Arkansas, 309. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 331 ;  Bot.tSt  Fl.  HI.— Kaleuiczenko 
in  Bull.  S'le.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  9. — Vasey,Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  177. — Bell  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1879-'8ll,  05^— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,66. 

Mespilil.S  coccinea,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  87.— Moonch,  Meth.  684.— Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,442.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb  ii,  156.— 
Willdenow,  Enuni.  .'>23;  Herl.  Baumz.  2'38. — Wendland  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1823,  699. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  007  —Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ii,  64. 

Mespilus  rotundifolia,  Ehrhart,  Boitr.  iii, 20.— Wendland  in  Regensb.  Fl .  1823,  700.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  58.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  i,  148. 

Pyrus  (jlan'hllosa,  Moench,  Meth.  680. 

C.  (jlanduhsa,  Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1002  (exol.syn.).- Pur8h,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,337,  in  part.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.47.'>;  Curapend. 
Fl.  N.  States, 201. -De  Camlulle,  Prodr.  ii,627.— Loddiges  Bn|.  Cab.  1. 1012.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aiii.  i,  201.— Don,  Miller's 
Diet,  ii,  r.99.— Eaton.  Manual,  6  ed.  111.— Beck,  Bot.  112.~t.at(m  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Louilon,  Arboretum,  ii,  817, 
f.  5.')0,  567,  .')li8  &  t. — RichardNiin,  Arctic  Expod.  427. — Curtis  in  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  84.— 
Kegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petirsburg,  i,  120. 

Mespilus  glandulosa,  Willdeuow,  Eiiiiin.  523.— Sprengel,  Sy.st.  ii,  507.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 62.— ICoch,  Dendrologie,  i,  14& 

Mespilus  puheHnens,  Wendland  iu  Regensb.  Fl.  1823,700. 

C.  CrusgaUi,  Blgelo  w,  Fl.  Boston.  2  ed.  194  [not  Llnumna]. 

f  Mespilus  Wcndlandii,  Opiz  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1834,590. 

(I  macracantlia,  Loddlges  in  London,  Arboretum,  11,819,  f.  572,. ')73  &  t. 

€.  glandulosa,  \nr.  vuieracantha,  Lindliy  In  Hot.Hog. xxii, 1. 1912. 

MlHiiilllH  Jllllwllllla,  M|mill,Hi8l.Vi'i(.  11,63,— Koch,  Dendrologie,  1, 148, 

Halmia  Jluhtllula,  KiuiiMiiMyn.Mou. in, t3u. 
Anthomrlrs  totundifolin.  fJnriH'r.Syn. Mon, III,  <■• 


Phrenoiijii  um  cm  riiti  »///,l.'Niiief,«ijn).  Mon.  iii,  liM. 
PhWHilllj/l  nm    Wendlandii,  Kum.  i-,.S,vn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 


„V'W*'iidfi'ti.'Jiv» 


78 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


if  -'i 


SOAULET  HAW.      RED  HAW.     WHITE  THORN. 

West  coast  of  Newfoundland,  wost  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  and  the  northern  shores  of  the 
great  lakes  to  Manitoba,  south  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.;50  meter  in  diameter;  open  upland  woods  or  along 
streams  and  borders  of  prairies;  very  common  at  the  north,  rare  at  the  south ;  running  into  many  forms,  varying 
in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  fruit,  etc.    The  best  marked  are — 

var.  viridis,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Auioiicu,  i,  4li5.— Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Kep.  149. 

O.  viridis,  Liiimius,  Spec.  1  ed.  476.— Willdcnow,  Spec,  ii,  1001.— Persoou,  Syn.  ii, 36.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,551.— De  Caudolle, Prodr. 
ii,  630.— Doi,,  Miller's  Diet.  ii.COl.-Euton,  Manual,  6  od.  112.— Darlington,  Fl  Cestricii.S  od. 2^3.— Eaton  &,  Wrlrat, 
Bot.  ai2.— Beck,  Bot.  3(1,-).— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  305.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  33d ;  Btt.  .^  TI.  111. 

f  Phcenopyrum  viride,  Rojnicr,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 

Mespitus  viridis,  Koth,  Dcndrologie,  i,  149. 

C.  glandulosa,  var.  rotundi/oHa,  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,120. 

var.  populifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  405. 

C.  populifolia,  Elliott,  Sk.i, 553  [not  Walter].— Nnttall,  Genera,!, 305.— Eaton,Mannal,6ed.  IW—Beck,  Bot. 305.— Eaton* 
Wright,  Bot.  21-:i.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  30o. 

Mespilns  populifolia,  Lamnrck,  Diet,  iv,  447. 

Phanopyrnm  popilli folium,  Roemcr,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  156. 

C.  COCCinca,  var.  ttjpica,  Kegel  iu  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  1,121. 

var.  oligandra,  Torroy  <&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  I,  465. 

Wood  heavy,  bard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8G18;  ash,  0.38. 

128. — Crataegus  subvillosa,  Schrador, 

Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Goott.- Torn^y  in  Pacidc  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  35,— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882, 66, 

C.  coccinea,  var.  mollis,  lOrroy  &  (iray.'Fl.  N.  America,  i,  465.— Gray  in  Jonr.  Boston  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  186.— Parry  in 
Owen's  Rep,  61~'. — Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  121, 

Phwnopyriim  SUbviUosum,  Roemor,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  l,-)4. 

C.  mollis,  Sclioolo  in  Liuuicu,  xxi,  569;  Rienier,  Tt'xas,  Appx.  473. — Walper«,  Ann.  ii,,')23. 

C.  sanguinea,  var.  riUosa,  Kuprecht&  Maximowicz,  Prim.  Fl.  Amuronsis,  101. 

C.  Tcxana,  Buckley  in  Proo.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861,  454  (see  Gray  in  same,  1862,  103),— Young,  Fl,  Texas,  258. 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  mollis,  Gray,  Maimal  N,  states,  5eil.  lOO,- Wood,  CI,  Book,  330;  Bot.  &  Fl.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  14, 

Mespilns  filio'folia,  Koch,  Dcndrologie,  i,  151. 


SCAKLKT   HAW. 

Enstern  .Miissm  |iiH<'tt.><(^po.'^sihly  in  trod  need);  ocntTal  Micliigau  to  eastern  Nebraska,  south  to  middle  Tennessee, 
nnd  soiiHiwcst  (hroiigli  Missdnri,  Arkansas,  tlie  Iinliiui  territory,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river. 

A  Hiiiall  tree,  7  to  1*  meters  in  height,  with  ii  trunk  rarely  *>. 45  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  along  borders 
of  strctnn.s  niiil  pmiiifs. 

Wood  liciivy,  liard,  tint  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light 
brown  or  ligiil  red,  the  saj) -wood  lighter;  H|ieciti(t  gravity,  0.7!)."»;i ;  ash,  0.09. 

The  liirge  red  IVnil  (il'tcn  dtnvny,  edilde,  and  of  iigreeablc  flavor. 


..  ...^.:  -■•-■-. ■■^■^ 


Ilfl 

li 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  70 


129. — Crataegus  tomentosa,  Linueens, 

Spec.  1  ed.  476  (exol.  Hyii.  OrouoviiiH). — Ivaliii,  Travels,  ICngliBh  od.  ii,  151. — Du  Koi,  Harbk.  i,  183. — Torrey  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i, 
4f)C.— Dietrich,  Syii.  iii,  160.— Torny,  Fl.  N.  York,  I,  2'^2.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1  od.  435;  2  ed.  ii,  494  &  t.— Parry  in 
Owen's  Kei).  012. — C'ooixir  in  SinitliNoiiian  Rep.  18u8, 252. — Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  127. — Losqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
359.— Wood,  CI.  Hook,  :t:50.— Enjrelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  8oc.  new  ser.  xii,  191.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  KiO.— Young, 
Bot.  Texas,  25d.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  195.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Mas.  1882,  CO. 

C.  leucophUeos,  Moonch,  H»rt.  Weiss.  31,  t.2.— Rcgel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  106. 

Mespilus  Calpodendron,  Ehrhart,  Beitr.  ii,67. 

C.  pyrifoUa,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  ii,  1()8 ;  2  ed.  iii, 200.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1001.— Perooon,  Syn.  ii, 3G.— Nouvean  Dnbamol,  iv, 
131.— Poiret,  Snppl.  i,  292.— PurKh,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  337.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  550.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8. 
475;  Compend.  Fl.  X.  States,  201.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  C27.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.i,201.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii, 
599.— Eaton,  Miuiual,6  ed.  111.— Lindl  y,  Bot.  Rog.  xxii,  1. 1877.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  819,  f.  571  &  t.--Eaton  &, 
Wright,  Bot.  211. 

Mespilus  lati/olia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  444. — Destbntaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  156. — Nouveuu  Duhamel,  iv,  l.'iO. — SpacU,  Hisi.  Veg. 
ii,60. 

0.  lati/olia,  Persoon,  .Syii.'li,  30.- Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii, 598.— Eaton,  Manual,  G  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 212.— Rmraer, 
Syii.Mon.  119. 

Mespilvs  pyrifolia,  Willlouow,  Enum.523;  Berl.  Bauniz.  240.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  See.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,  15.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  .''i07.— Hayne,  Doud.  Fl.  78. 

Mespilus  lobata,  Poiret,  Suppl.iv,71. 

Mespilus  odorata,  Wondland  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1823, 700. 

Mespilus  pruinosa,  Wendland  in  Regensb.  Fl.  1823,700. 

C.  lobata,  Bosc  in  Do  CnndoUo,  Prodr.  ii,628. 

G.flava,  Hooker,  FI.Bor.-Am.  i,202  (oxcl.syn.). 

Halmia  tomentosa,  Ra-mer,  Syn.Mon.  135. 

Halmia  lobata,  Roemer,  Syn.  Mon.  135. 

Phanopyrum  pruinosum,  Ra-nuT,  Syn.  Mon.  155. 

?  G.  coccinea,  var.  riridis,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  86  [not  Torrey  &.  Gray]. 

C.  tomentosa,  vai-.  pyrifolia ,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  160.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. 

C.  COf  et?!ea,Brandogoe  in  Hay  don's  Rep.  1875,  23G  [not  Linniens]. 

C.  leucocephalus,  Lavalldo,  Arboretum  Segrez.  78,  t. 22  [not  Moonch]. 

G,  coccinea,  var.  COrdata,  LavulMo,  Arborotnm  Sogroz.  81,  t.  22. 

BLACK  THOUN.      PEAR  HAW. 

New  Bruns\vi(!k,  west  ward  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  great 
lakes  to  the  Saskatchewan  region,  .^outliward  through  the  Atlantic  iorests  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western 
Florida,  and  eastern  Texas  west  to  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  southwestern 
Colorado,  and  southwestern  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  <!  (o  It  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  often,  es])ecially  west  of 
the  RoeUy  mountains,  nchn^ed  to  a  low  shrub,  here  forming  dense  thickets  along  niounl  ain  streams ;  the  most  widely- 
distrilnited  of  (he  North  American  Cratagi,  varying  greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  color  of  the  fruit,  form  of  the 
leaves,  amount  of  pubeseence,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  inedidlary  rays  numerous,  thin;  coh)r,  bright  redtlish- 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.763;{;  ash,  0.50, 


fffjflff  I 


jgwjwi**. 


■,'fZSSStS& 


iia£a=SiiaS;i£iS.i5?^i^aB12E 


■fssssm 


80 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ii 


§s4 


Var.  punctata,  Gray, 

Manual  N.  Stat.vs,  3  vA.  124.— Coupur  in  SniitliHouiau  Hop.  1853,  352.— Chitpnmu,  Fl.  S.  States,  lsi7.— Porter  in  Hayilen'H  Kop.  1871, 
481.— Viisey,  Cat.  Fore»t  Trees,  14. 

0.  punctata,  .lacipiin,  Hoit.  Viiidob.  i,  10,  t,  28.— Aiton,  Hort.  Krw.  ii,  KiO;  3  ed.  iii,  302.— Willdnnow,  Spec.  ii.  1004.— 
Micliaiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  i,  281).— IVrsooii,  .Syn.  i,  :i7.— I'ursli,  Fl.  Am.  Siipt.  i,  :t38.— lilliott,  8k.  i,  548.— Torroy,  Fl.  U. 
S.  476 ;  Conipi'iul.  Fl.  N.  Stiitrn,  203 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  222.— D(i  Cimdollo,  Prodr.  ii,  027.— Hookur,  Fl.  Uor.-Ain.  i,  201  (cxcl. 
var.);  Coiiipanioii  Hot.  lla;;.  i,  2.').— Djii,  Millar's  Did.  ii,  .">89. — I'^atoii,  Manual,  (i  od.  UI.— Bock,  Hot.  III.— Torroy 
&Gray,  Fl.  N.  Anii'rlc.a,  i,  106.— Louden,  Arliorctum,  ii,  818,  f..")(i'.),  570  &  t.— Katoii  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Diiitricli, 
Syn.  iii,  15!(. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  277. — Finerson,  Trees  Mus-saelmsettH,  4115 ;  2  ed.  ii,  495.— Gray,  Manual 
N.  Stales,  1  ed.  128. — liiebardHuu,  Arctic  Expi'd.  427. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  H  od.  84. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
yOC. — Li'wjuereux  in  Owen's  2(1  Uep.  Arkansas,  ;!5'.).— Wood,  CI.  Book,  IJIIO  ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  111. — Engelnmnn  in  Trans. 
Am.  Pliil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  11)1. — Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  xlvili,  14. 

Mespilm  CornlfoUa,  Mnenclihausou,  Hausv.  v,  14r>.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  444.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  134.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog. 
ii,  60,  t.  10,  f.  c. 

C.  Cms  gain,  Wangonhoim,  Amor.  52.— Du  Koi,  Hurbk.i,  195  ""not  Linnieus]. 

Mcspilus  cuneifolia,  Ehrhart,  BL-itr.  iii,  21.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  506.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  fil. 

MvspiluH  punctata,  Loisolour  in  Nonvoau  Duhamel,  iv,  152.— Willdmow,  Enum.  524;  Berl.  Banmz.  243.— Poirot,  Suppl. 
iv,  70. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  79. — Watson,  Dend.  Brit.  i,t.57. — Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  ii,61. — Wenzig  in  Linnit-a,  xxxviii,  128. 

Mespilus  pijrifoiia,  Desfontaiuos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  155. 

C.  punctata,  var.  rubra  aud  aurea,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kow. 2  ed.  iii,  202. 

V.  lati/olia,  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627. 

f  C.  flvxuom,  Sohweinitz  in  Lon^j's  2d  Bxi>od.  ii,  Appx.  112. 

C.flava,  Darlington,  Fl.  Ce.strica,  2  ed.  392  [not  Aiton]. 

C.  cuneifolia,  Rmmer,  Syn.  Moii.  iii,  118. 

C.  obovati/olia,  Rd-nier,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  120. 

JIahnia  punctata,  Rremer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  i:i4. 

Hulmia  cornifolia,  Rccmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  i;i4. 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  plicata,  Wood,  CI.  Book,  330;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. 

C.  punctata,  var.  xanthocarpa,  Lavall6e,  Arboretum  Segrez.  1, 53,  1. 16. 

Frnit  lar.Lrcr  tliaii  that  of  the  species,  dull  red  or  yellow. 


130. — Cratcegus  cordata,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,168;  2  ed.  iii,200.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  1000.— i'ersoon,  Syn.  ii,3li.— Eaton, Manual, 55;  6  ed.  111.— Elliott, Sk.  i,554.— 
Torroy,  Fl.  U.S.  474;  Compend.  Fl.  N,  States,  201.— De  Candolle,  I'rodr.  11,628.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  63.— Lindley,  Bot,  Reg. 
xiv,t.  1151.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  201.— Don,  Mill.r's  Diet,  ii,  59<).— lieek,  Hot.  112.  -Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  4()7.— 
Londoi'.,  Arl>oretiini,ii,8J5  &,  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  160.— Browne,  Trees  oi"  America,  280.— Richardson, 
Arctic  Kxi)ed.  427.— Darlington,  Fl.  Ce.striea,  3  id.  83.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  127.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geolo-ical  Siirv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii, 82.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— 
Gray.  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  1.59.— YoiinR,  Bot.  Texas,  2,')7.— Kegel  in  Act.  Hort.  Sr.  Petersburg,  i,  114.— Kaleniczenko  in  Bnll.  Soc. 
Imp.  Nat.  Mii'-eow,xlviii,l!l. — Vasey.Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

Mespilus  Phccnopiirim,  Ehrhart  in  IJmiieiis  f.  Siippl.  2.54;  Beiti.  i,   181;  ii,  07.— Moonoh,  Meth.  685.— Lamarck,  Diet. 

iv,  446. 

(J.  popnlifoUa,  Walter,  I'l.  Carolini.iiia,  1 17  [not  Elliott].— Pnr.sh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  3;!7. 

MespiluH  acerifoUa,  Burgsdorf  in  Lumarek,  Diet,  iv,  442.— Nonveau  Duhamel,  iv,  151.— Spach,  Hist. Vog.  ii,  65. 

Mexpilvs  cordiifa,  M-'Ici,  I.on.  t.  179.— Willdenow, Enum. 523;  Berl.  Banmz. 339. -Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprengel, Syst. U, 

."i"7.-  ICddi,  Dendr<d()L;ie,  i,  13-^. 

riuvnnpjiruin  v.vdutum,  Ra-mei-,  .Syn.  Mon.  Iii,  1.57. 
I'hlCnopiliHin  (icciij'oliuni,  Ricmer,  8yn.  Mon.  iii,  157. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


81 


WASHINGTON  THOUN. 

Valley  of  the  uiiper  Potomac  river,  Virginia,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  uiountains  to  northern  Georgia 
and  Alaliama,  extending  west  throngb  eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Wabash  river,  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  (J  to  «  meters  in  height,  with  a  truiiiv  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  banks  of 
streams. 

Wood  heav.\,  liard,  close  grained,  compact;  mcdidlary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  spi    i  fie  gravity,  0.7203;  ash,  0.40. 

Formei'ly  widely  planted  a.s  a  hedge  plant. 

131. — Cratccgus  apiifolia,  Miolmux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,aH7.— Persoon,  Syu.  it,  llt^.  I'iumIi,  KI.  Am.  Sept.  i,  336.— Nuttivll,  Genora,  i,  30.").— Elliott,  Sk.  i,.V>y.— DcCandollo,  Prodr.  ji, 
tfc>7.— Don,  Millcr'N  Piot.  ii,  .IW.— Au.liilion,  ItlnH  t.  I'JJ.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  nil.  11'2.— Hooker,  t'oniiianiou  15ol.  Mnj;.  i,2r>.— Torrey 
&  (iiay,  Fl.  N.  Anu'rita,  i,  4(i7.— Loutlon,  Ai  l)ori"tuni,  ii,  H-J4,  f.  .'>HH,  .'iH<)  4lt  t.— Eaton  &,  Wi  i;;lit.  Hot.  alii.— Dielricli,  Syn.  iii,  160.— 
Darliy,  Hot.  S.  .Stales,  :i(H!. — Kuaiior,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  121. — CoopiT  in  SuiitliHonian  Ki')).  lK")H,  'i',-i. — Clwi)pnian,  Fl.  S.  .Stuti'.s,  1-J7. — Wood, 
CI.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. -Gray,  Manual  X.  .States,  .'>  ed.  l.')9  ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas.  St.— Voung,  Hot.  Texas.  a-'iT.— Kaleniczenko  in 
Bnll.  Soc.  Iiii]).  Nat.  Moscow,  xlviii,at». — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. 

V.  Odyamniha,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  147  [Hot  Linna'iis]. 

Mcspilus  apiifolia,  Marshall,  Arbnstuni,  -li.- I'olrei ,  Sniipl.  iv,  08.— Sprongwl,  Syst.  ii,  508.— Spucli,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  67. 

,  MenpihiK  vionopyua,  van  apiifolia,  Ko(li,l)en(ir(iiof;ie,i,  itio. 

V.  oxyamniha,  var.  apiifolia,  Kegel  in  Act.  Ilort.  st.lvtirsbnrft,  119. 


PAHSLEY    HAW. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  nei'r  the  coast  to  about  latitude  -'8'',  extending  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  (» to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  slender  stem  rarely  exceeding  0.08  to  0,10  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  a  low  .shrub,  throwing  up  many  stems  from  the  ground;  Imw,  rich  soil,  I'eaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  )>iiie  barren  hummocks  of  central  Florida. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  eompa>;t,  su.sceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very 
obscure;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red  or  rose,  the  .sap-wood  much  lighter;  speeiflc  gravity,  0.7453 ;  ash, 
4).»7. 

132. — Crataegus  spathulata,  Mielumx. 

Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  228. — Persoon,  SvJi.  ii,  37.— Barton,  Conipend.  Fl.  I'liilaii'liil  .  i,  'jati.— Ellioil,  .Sk.  i,  .").">•.'.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  IStil. — 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  ."lO'.l. — Hooker,  Conii)anion  Bi)l.  Map.  i,  2.">. — (irav  in  Linill.y,  Bot.  K'eg.  xxiii  \nidor  t.  lU.'w;  Manual  N.  States, 
.5  ed.  1.59. — Eaton,  Manual,  (1  ed.  112. — Torrey  &.  (iray,  Fl.  N.  .Vnieriea,  i,  11)7.  — London,  Arlioretnui,  ii,  82.'),  f.  .'i'Jl  >.t  t. — Eaton  &. 
Wrijilit,  Bot.  iiia.-Dietriili.  Syn.  iii,  100.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  3(Ui.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  V,>().— Lesipiereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkaiisas,3ri9.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  331;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111. — Voun;;,  Bot.  Texas,  2.57. — Kaleniczenko  in  Bull.  .Soe.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xlviii,31. — Kidttway  in  Aui.  Nat.  vi.  72'^. 

MenpilUH  Azarolus,  Marshall,  Arbustnni,>'.»  [not  l.inniensj. 

Mrspibis  .spafhvlala,  Point,  Snp))l.iv,r)8.—DesContaines,   Hist.   Arb.  ii.   l.")7.— Slirensel,  Syst.  ii,  ,')07.—Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
00. — Koch.  Dcndrolocric,  i,  137. 

C.  niivfocarpa,  Lindh  y,  Hot.  Kc),'.  xxii,  t.  1840. 

Phaiwpyrvm  spathlllutuvi,  Knmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  3r).'>. 


1-^ 


SMALL-FUTHTED   HAW. 

Virginia,  soutiiward  to  the  Ohattahoo<!hee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  .states  to  the  valley 
of  the  Washita  river,  Arliansas  (Hot  Sj)rings.  Letivrmnn),  and  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  (!  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.2."»  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  low 
slirub;  margins  of  streams  and  jtrairies;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  bottom  lands  of 
A(stern  Ijouisiana  and  eastern  Texiis. 

Wood  heavy,  liard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  very  inimerous,  obscure;  color,  light 
l)rown  or  rcl.  the  saj)  wooil  lighter;  specilic  gravity,  0.7150;  ash,  0.66. 
6   FOR 


u 


v^< 


,.'^... 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TESr  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


iio  ** mis 

itt  122    122 

^   US.    12.0 


I 

I 


IL25  i  1.4 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WltSTH.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  •72-4S03 


\ 


i 


o 


^  ^v*-* 

^^^ 

^ 


6^ 


4r 


.^ 


^ 


& 


^ 


^•iaitnOiiAt-iut, 


82 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


133. — Crataegus  berberifolia,  Torrey  &,  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  Aniorica,  i,  469. — Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  159. — Walpors,  Kop.  ii,  59. — Ktumer,  8yn.  Mou.  iii,  116. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  3,32.— Rogcl  in  Act. 
Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  123. — Eugeiniuiin  in  Coulter's  15ot.  Gazette,  vii,  128. 

Mespilna  berberi/oHa,  Wcuzig  in  Linnrea,  xxxviii,  125. 

Pha'nopyrum  elUpticum,  Rremer,  Syn.  Men.  iii,  lf>5. 

Phanopyrum    Virginictim,  Ka-mer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  155. 

New  Orleans?  {Brvmmond,  No.  105');  Opelousas,  Louisiana  {Carpenter,  Sargent). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  prairies,  in  low 
gronnd ;  the  iruit  and  wood  not  yet  collected. 

134.— Crataegus  aestivalis,  Torrey  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  America,  i,  4()«.— Walpers,  Kep.  ii,  58.— Dietrich,  .Syn.  iii,  IG,'.— Niittall,  Sylva,  ii,  12 ;  2  ed.  i,  162.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  306.— 
Chaimian,  Fl.  S.  Stat.-a,  127.— LcRqucroux  in  Owen's  2(1  Rep.  Arkansas,  359.- Wood,  CI.  Book,  331 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  111.— Kegel  in  Act. 
Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  124.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  11. 

Mcspilus  cestiralis,  Walter,  Fl.  Curoliniana,  148.— I.aniaick,  Diet,  iv,  447. 

C.  clliptica,  Elliott,Sk.  i,.'')4H[notAiton]. 

C.  lucida,  Elliott,  Sk.  i.  549  [not Ehrhart]. 

G.  opaca,  Hooker  &  Amott  in  Companion  Bot.  Man- i,  2.". — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2563. 

Anthomeles  ceativalia,  Rceraer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  141.  • 


MAT  HAW.     APPLE  UAW. 

South  Carolina,  .south  to  northern  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley 
of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  G  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  generally  in  sandy  soil  along 
the  margins  of  streams  and  ponds ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  western 
Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown 
or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.65t)4;  ash,  0.67. 

The  large,  globular,  fragrant,  red  fruit,  of  agreeable  subacid  flavor,  used  as  a  i)reserve,  in  jellies,  etc. ;  ripening 
in  May. 

135. — Crataegus  flava,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  ii,  169 ;  2ed.  iii, 201.— Willdeuo w,  Spec,  ii,  1002.— Penoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  338.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— 
DeCandolle,Prodr.ii,  628.— Watson,  IXnd.  Brit.i,  t.  59. —Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  600.— Lindloy,  Bot.  Keg.  xxiii,  t.  1939.- Torrey  & 
Gray,  F:.  N.  America,  i,4(i8.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  112.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  823,  f.585  &  t.— Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  311.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  16<1.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— Cooper  in  Smithsonir.i  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chai)man,  Fl.  S.  States,  28.— Curtis 
in  Kep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  83. — Losqueroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3.')9. — Woo<l,  CI.  Book,  332 ;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  111.— Giay,  Manual  N.  States,  5  <-d.  160.— Kegel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  122.— Kuleniozenko  in  Bull.  Soe.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscow,  slviii,  27. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forcat  Trees,  14. 

MespihlH  flexispina,  Mmnch,  Vcrz.  Paum.  62,  t.  4.- -Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  139. 

C.  glanduloaa,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  168  ;  2  ed.  iii,  20)  [not  Michaux].— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Point, Suppl.  iv,  (il),  in  part. 

Mespilllft  Carottniaiia,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  442.— Desfontaines,  Hist,  Arb.  ii,  156.— Sprcngel,  Syst.  ii,  .VIT. 

C.  Caroliniana,  P.rNoon.  Syn.  ii,  36,— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  554.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  112.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212. 

MexpihtH  Jiam,  Willdouow,  Ennm.  523.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  70.— V/atson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  '.  .^iL-Spiuh,  Hist.  Yog.  ii,  59. 

G.  turbinatu,  I'ursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  Addend.  735.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  643.— Elliott.  Sk.  i,  549— De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599,— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  212, 

Mespilns  turbuutta,  Sprengtl,  Syst.  ii,  506.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  ii,  66. 

G.Jiava,  var.  'obata,  Lindley,  Hot.  Reg.  xxiii,  t.  1932, 

G.  lobflta,  Hose  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ii,  628.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  599,— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  824,  f.  664,  686. 

Phtvnopyrttm  Carolinianum,  RiBmer,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  ir>2. 

Anthometen  Jiava,  glandnlom,  and  turbinata,  Rwmor,  Syn.  Mon.  iii,  141. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


SUITMER  HAW.     TELLOW  HAW. 


83 


Virginia,  southward,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
Citstern  Texas  and  southern  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  U.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  red'iced  to  a  much-branched 
shinb  2  to  3  meters  in  height ;  borders  of  streams,  in  low,  sandy  soil  subject  to  overflow. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary 
rays  very  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7809 ;  ash,  0.79. 

Fruit  small,  red  or  yellow,  acid. 

Var.  pubescens,  Omy, 
Mauual  N.  Stutes,  5  ed.  160. 

Megpilus  hiemalis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447. 

C.  riridis,  Walter,  Fl.  Coroliniana,  147  [not  Linnajns].— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  5fjl. 

C.  elliptica,  Alton,  Ilort.  Kew.  ii,  1G8;  2  ed.  Hi,  201.— Walldenow,  Spec,  ii,  1002.— Porsoon,  Syn.  ii,  37.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  i,  337.— Niittall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Toirey,  Fl.  U.  S.  475;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  201.— Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  ii, 
627.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  i,201.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  598.— BecJ'.,  Bo^  33.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  111.— Torrcy  &, 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  469.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  211.- Dietrich,  Syn.  ill,  109.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  306.— 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  84. — Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  St.  Petersburg,  i,  122. 

Mespilus  elliptica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  447. — Wenzig  in  Linmea,  xxxviii,  125. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  140. 

C,  glandulosa,  Michuux,  I'l.  Bor.-Am.  i,  288  [not  Alton].- Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  305.— Chapman,  VI.  S.  Stat.s,  128.— Vasoy, 
Cat.  FoTcit  Trocs,  14. 

C,  Mii'hauxii,  Per80on,Syn.  ii,38. 

C,  spathulata,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  336  [not  Miohaux]. — De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  ii,  627.— Liudloy,  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  t.  1890; 
xxiii,  under  1. 1957. 

Mespilus  Michauxii,  Homemann,  Hort.  Hafn.  4,')5.— Poirct,  Suppl.  iv,  09. 

C.  flava,  Elliott,  8k.  i,  5,")1  [not  Alton  J. 

C  Virginica,  Loddigcs  in  Loudon,Arborotuni,ii, 842, f.560, 615. — Kalcniozenko  in  Bull. Soc.Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58. 


i 


SUM>IER-nAW.      RED  HAW. 

Virginia,  southward  to  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  sparingly  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana. 

A  low  tree  growing  with  the  6i)ecie8,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  pubescence  of  the  calyx  and 
young  branches,  the  smaller  flowers,  and  larger,  brijiht  red  or  yellow,  globular  or  pear-shaped  fruit. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color,  bright 
red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7083;  ash,  0.91. 

The  large,  edible  fruit  used  in  the  .south  Atlantic  states  in  pi'eservcs,  jellies,  etc. 

NoTR. — Crata'giin purvifulia,  Alton,  «!'  the  south  Atlantic  region,  a  low  shrub,  is  not  included  in  this  catulogiii'. 

136. — Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  Ra-mer, 

Syn.  Mon.  iii,  105.— Dccaisne  In  Nonv.  Arch.  Mns.  x,  144,  t.  9.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  California,  i,  188;  ii,  444. 

CratwgtlS  arbutifolia,  Vonot  in  Nouveau  Duhaniel,iv,i;n  ;  Diet.  Suppl.  1,292.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  202.— Loddtges, 
Bot.  Cab.  t.  201. 

Aronia  arbutifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i.:i(Mp. 

Photinia  arbutifolia,  Lindley  iu  Trans.  Linnasan  Soc.xiii,  l(i;i;  Hot.  Reg.  vi,  191  &  under  I.  I'.u;.— .•'prengol,  .Syst.  i^riO^.- 
DoCundolle,  Prodr.  ii,  031. — CliiiMiis.>(o  &  Schlechteudal  in  Linnu'a,  ii,  ^>4'i. — Don,  Miller's  Diet.  ii.  G(W. — Spach,  Hist. 
Vcg.  ii,  80.— Hooker  &  Aruoti,  Bot.  Iteechey,  139,  340.  — I'orrey  &  (Jray,  Fl.  N.  Aniciiiii,  i,  IT3.  — Di.lrieh,  Syn.  iii,  lo2.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  i^tW,  i.  619.— Benthani,  Hot.  Sulphur,  It;  PI.  Hartwej;.  307.  -  Torny  in  Emory's  liep.  140; 
Sitgroavcs'  Rep.  110;  Piicille  R,  R.  Rep.  iv,  8r>;  Bot.  Mex.  IJniiniliii.v  Survey, 04  ;  Hot.  Wilkes  Expod.  21tl.— Wood,  CI. 
Book,  329. -Bolaiulcr  in  rroe.Calil'Drnia  Aeiid.  iii,HO. — Vasey,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  14. — I'liliiuT  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  599. — 
Maximuwicz  in  Bull.  Arad.  Hci,  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  l.-O. — Weuzig  in  I. inniea,  xxxviii,  9('). 

•  MespiluH  arbutifolia.  Link,  Eumn.  Iloir.  Iteiol.  ii,3('.. 

Photinia  salicifoliu,  Presl, Epiinel.  Bot.204.— Walpor»,Anu.iii,N')8. 

B.  Fremontiona,  Decainne  in  Nouv.  .Vreh.  Mns.  x,  144. 


m 


84 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TOYON.   TOLLON.   CALIFORNIA  HOLLY. 

(California  Coast  ranges,  Mendocino  to  San  Diego  county,  exteading  east  to  tlie  loot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  small,  low-branched  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  meters  in  height,  the  short  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to 
0.45  uietei-  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  lo\v,*much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close  grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  satiny,  suscejitible  of  a  beautiful  polish; 
iiu'dullary  laya  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9326; 
ash,  0.54. 

137. — Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torroy  &  Gray, 

J''l.  N.  America,  i,  473. — Walpers,  Bep.  ii,  55. — Dietrieli,  Syu.  iii,  158. — Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  2^5.— Browne,  Treos  of  Amoricii,  *282. — 
Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  i,  443;  3  ed.  ii,  50;t  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Kep.  G13. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  86. — 
Ricliardson,  Arctic  Exped.  428. — Seemann,  Bot.  Herald,  52. —  Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linmean  Soc.  xxii-,  290,  327. — Cooper  m 
Smitlisonian  Rep.  1>^,">8.  2.")2. — Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  129.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  ill,  68.— Lesqnereux 
in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  359. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  329  ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  110. — Engelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,  191. — 
Porcher,  licsources  S.  Forests,  168. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  162. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  180. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  14. — 
Maxiniowicz  in  BiiU.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  xix,  175. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  66. 

Mespilus  Canadenvis,  Linnaus,  Spec,  l  cd.  478  (cxcl.  sjii.  Gronovins).— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  148.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
ii,  173. 

Cratcegus  tomentosa,  Linnojus, Spc<!.  1  ed.  476  (excl.  syn.  Gronovins). 

Pyrun  Botri/apium,  Linna-us  f.  Supjil.  2.55.— Wangenheim,  Anier.  90,  t.  '^8,  {.  65.— Ehrhart,  Beit r.  i,  183 1;  ii,  68.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  1013;  Euuni.  525;  Berl.  Bauinz.  322. — Alton,  llorr.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  207.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  339.— Hayue, 
Dend.  Fl.  83.T-Guimpcl,  Otto  &  Ilaync,  100,  t.  79.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  509.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  60.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
3  ed.  308. 

Cratd'gUH  raeemosa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  84.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  148.— Nouvean  Dulmmel,  iv,  133.— Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  292. 

Mespihm  nirca,  JIarBliall,Arl)ustnni,90. 

Mespilus  Cunndcnsh,  var.  cordafa,  Midianx.Fl.Bor.-Ani.  i,29l. 

Aronifl  Jiotryapimn,  Pcrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  39.— Xuttall,  Genera,!,  557.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  557.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  479;  Compend.  Fl. 
X.  States, 203.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  29.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  135. 

Mespilus  tnhorea,  Micli.inx  f.  Hist.  .\rli.  .\m.  iii,  (i8,  t.  11;  N.  American  Syha,  :\  r<\.  ii,  60,  t.  66.— Hiirton,  Prodr.  11. 
I'liiladcl])!!.  55. 

A.  {iiitryiipllim,  Uindley  in  Trans.  Linna-au  Soc.  xiii,  100.— De  Candollc,  Prodr.  ii,  6:',J.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  202.— 
n.iii,  Miller's  Diet,  ii,  604.— Beck,  Bot.  112.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  84.— Loml.m.  .\i  iM.retnni.  ii,  874.  f.  627-629  &  t.— 
K'M'uier.  Syn.  AIou.  iii.  145.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  307.— Wenzig  in  Linna;a,  xxxiii,  110. — Docaisne  in  Nonv.  Arch. 
.Mus.  x,135. 

Aroiiitt  arhorcd,  li;iitiMi,Ciimpeii(l.  I'liiladelph.  i,22e. 

AlOllid  corilatd,  Kalinesiiue,  Med.  Dot.  ii,r.M!. 

^L  rt(V(/(.'.-,  Iln.iker.  Fl.  Bcir.-Am.  i,  202,  in  part. 

I'ljrns  r,(irtr<nni<nui,  Tiuisch,  Fl.  xxi,715. 

I'lirna  ]\'tiii(ienlieimianii,  Tiiu.Mh,  Fl.  \xi,7l5. 

..l.  Bart ramiu ltd,  Ud-mer,  Syn.  .Mmu.  ill,  145. 

A.  Waiijienliei iniaua,  Ro'iner,  .'^yn.  Mon.  146. 


.TUNE  nEUUY.      .SHAD  HUSH.      SERVICE  TREE.      MAY  CHERRY. 

Ifewfoundland  and  Labratlor,  west  along  tiie  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay  to  the  Saskatchewan  region, 
south  through  the  Atlantic;  i'orests  to  northern  Florida,  southwestern  Arkanssis,  and  the  Indian  territory. 

A  sniiill  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  hciglit,  with  a  trunk  0..'J0  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  some  forms  reduced  to 
a  low  slirub  (var.  ri>tu>idifoli(i,  Tomy  &  (imy ;  Viir.  iilif/ordrpa,  lorn-y  &  (.ray);  common  at  the  north,  rare  at  the  south, 
and  reaching  it.«  greatest  development  on  the  high  .^^lopes  ef  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains;  varying  greatly 
in  the  sha|)f  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  flowers,  amount  of  pubescence  on  tlie  leaves  and  young  shoots,  et(^ 

The  best  tnarkc'd  arborescent  variety  is — 

var.  oblongifolia,  Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  473.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  55.-  Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  168.— Torrey,  Fl.  N. 
VMrU,i.'.'25;  .Xidillet's  R.p.  149.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  i,  444;  2  ed.  ii,  .504  &  t.— Wood, CI.  Book,  330;  Dot 
*  Fl.  Ml'.— Gray,  Manuel  N.  States,  5  ed.  102.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  lH75-'7t>,  195. 


i' ! 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


35 


CratwgttS  spicata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i, 84.— Dcstbutaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  148.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  132.— Poirot.Suppl.  i,292. 

Mespilus  Canadensis,  var.  ohovalis,  Micbaux.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  291. 

Pyrus  ovalis,  Willdcnow,  Spic.  ii,  1014  ;  Berl.  Baumz.  :523.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. i, 340.— Schrank,  PI.  Labrador, 26.— Bigolow, 
ri.  Boston,  ricd.yo?. 

Aronia  ovalis,  Toiroy,  I'l.  U.  S.  479 ;  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States, 20:i.— Eaton,  Manual. C  cd.  29.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  1.35. 

A.  ovalis.  Do  Caudollf,  I'rodr.  ii,(>3a.— Moyer, PI. Labrador, 81.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.  i,20-.>,  in  part.— Don, Miller'sDict.ii, 
604.— Beck,  Bot.  1 12.— Spnch,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  85.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  87C,  f.  032. 

-4.  intermedia,  Spacb,Hist.V(g.ii,85.— Weuzigin  Liuua;a,xxxiii,112. 

A.  ohlongtjolia,  Ramcr,Syn.Mou.iii,147. 

A.  spicata,  Decaisnc  in  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  x,  135,  t.  9,  f.  5. 

Wood  heavy,  cxceediugly  bard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  somewhat  in  seasoning,  satiny,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  dark  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7838  ;  ash,  0.55  ;  the  small  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 

Note. — Tho  closely  allied  Amelarichier  alnij'olia,  Nuttall,  a  low  shrub,  is  widely  distributed  over  the  iiiouutaiu  ranges  of  the  interior 
Faciflc  region. 


H  A  M  A  M  E  L  A  C  E  Jll 


138. — Hamamelis  Virginica,  Linnajus, 

Spec.  2  ed.  I21.-Maraliall,  Arbustuni,  .-.8.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.i,  423.— Wangcnheim,  A"?er.(-;9,  t.29,  f.(i2.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  68;  III.  i, 
350,  t.  88.  — Alton,  Ilort.  Kew.  i,  KIT;  2ed.  i,27.'). — Scliliiiln-,  Ilandl).  i,  88,  t.  27. — Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  701;  Enum.  171 ;  Berl.  llaiiuiz. 
172.— Mill  inx,  M.  Bor.  Am.  i,  100.— Pcrsoon,  Syn.  i,  ir.O.— Desfontaiucs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,29.— PnrKh.  Fl.  Am.  Sopt.  i,  IKi.— Xutt.-ill, 
Genera,  1,  107.— Nouveau  Dnhaniel,vii,  207,  t.  CO.- Elliott,  Sk.  i,  219.— Rainier  &  Sehultes,  Syst.  iii,  483.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  .'■/J8.— 
Barton,  Fl.  N.  America,  iii,  21,  t.  78.- Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  192;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  Statew,  86;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  200.— Guimi)el,  Otto  & 
Ilayne,  Abl).  Ilolz.  9,'),  t.  75.— Sprenael,  8yHt.  i,  491.— Raliuts<iue,  Med,  Bot.  i,  227,  f.  45.— Do  Candolle,Prodr.  iv,  208.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Aui.  i,  275;  Comiianion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  48. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  391),  f.  09. — Beck,  Bot.  ir)2.— Eaton,  Manual  6  ed.  104.-  -.<pacli, 
list,  V( ;;.  viii,  79. — Dietrleli,  Pjn.  i,  .'"i.'O. — Tiurey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  .507. — Loudon,  Arborctmn,  ii,  1007,  f.  7.50,  757. — 
Ealon  iV-  Wright,  Bot.200.— Higolow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  03.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  410;  2  ed.  ii,  473  &  t.— Carby,  Bot.  S. 
Ptales,  328.— Darlington,  Fl.  Ce.stricn,  3  eil.  98.— Agardh,  Tlieor.  &  Syst.  PI.  t.  13,  f.  7.— Sehnizleiu,  Icon.  t.  1C7,  f.  18-2.5,  27-29.— 
Gray  in  Am.  .Jour.  Sei.2  scr.  xxiv,  438;  3  ser.  v,  144;  Manual  \.  Siates,  5  ed.  173.-  Chapman,  Fl.  .S.  States,  1.57. — Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  .'*iirv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  105. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  302. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  375;  Bot.  &  Fl.  120. — 
Engeliiiaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  193. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  58. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  11,4,58. — Biiillon  In 
Adansonia,  x,  123;  Hist.  PI.  iii,  369,  f.  4(>2-404.— Young,  Ifivf.  Texas,  291.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot.  I'.nglish  ed.  408  &  f. 

H.  dioica,  Walter,  Fl.  C.uoliiiiiina,  2.5,5.— (inicllii,  Syst.  Veg.  i,  281. 

//.  androgyna,  Walter,  Fl.  Carolininna,  2.55.— Gniilin,  Sysl.  Veg.  i,  282. 

H.  cori/lifolia,  Ma>neli,  Mel h,  273. 

II.  macrophijlht,  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  110.— Poirct,  Suppl.  v,  008.- Elliott,  Sk.  i,  220.— Roomer  &  Sehultes,  Syst.  iii,  483.— 
Raiinesiiue,  Med.  Bot.  i,  230.— Eaton,  Manual,  tied.  104.- Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  390.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.2(!l. 

Trilopus  Virginiana,  nigra,  rotundifoUa,  and  dcntata,  Raiinesiiuo,  New  Sylva,  15-17. 

E.  Virginiana,  var.  parrifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  1,  107.— Torrey,  Fl,ir.  S.  193;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  states,  87.— Don, Miller's 
Diet,  iii,  390.— Meek,  Bot.  1.52.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Anieri' a,  i,  597. 

H.parvifoUa,  Rafinesriue,  Med.  Bot.  i,  230. 

Trilopus  parrifolia,  Rafinesqno,  New-  Sylva,  17. 


tLlS4 


WITCH   HAZEL. 

Northern  New  England  and  southern  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  through  the  Atlantic  region  to  northern 
Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  except i<»nally  7  to  D  meters  in  height,  with  ii  trunk  0.30  to  0.;57  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
a  tall  shrub  throwing  up  many  stems  from  the  ground;  common;  rich,  rather  damp  woodlands,  rea<'hing  its 
greatest  development  in  the  region  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 


-  iJ 
ill 

■ti 


.V-;i;il>ii«a?»jy)yi!i 


■'.ammimmum. 


86 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  heavy,  liard,  very  close-graiued,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  haidly  distinguishable;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity, 
O.G8J0 ;  ash,  0.37. 

The  bark  and  loaves  rich  in  tannin,  and  largely  used  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts,  decoctions, 
etc.,  in  external  api)licutioiis,  and  as  a  reputed  remedy  in  hemorrhoidal  affections  {Ncto  Yorlc  Jour.  Med.  x,  208. — 
Trans.  A7ti.  Med.  Assoc,  i,  350. —  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1C61. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  704). 

139. — Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  LiuiuTus, 

Spuo.  1 0(1. 9i)9.— Marshall,  Aibustnm, 77.— Wangeiihoim,  Amor.  49, 1. 16,  f.  40.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana, 237.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ill, 633;  111. 
iii,  307,  t.  783. — Alton,  llort.  Kow.  ill,  365  ;  2  ed.  v,  306. — GiBrtncr,  Fruct.  il,  57,  t. UO. — Mojncli,  Mcth.  340. — Abbot,  InsectB  (Jeorgia,  i, 
.18.—B.  S.Barton, Coll.  1,  16.— Willdenow,  Spee.  iv, 475;  Eiinni.  985;  Berl.  Baumz.  214.— lliclianx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. ii,  202.— Persoon, 
Syn.  ii,  573.— Dcsfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  541. — Titford,  Ilort.  Bot.  Am.  97. — Schkuhr,  Handb.  iii,  275,  t.  307. — Kouveau  Duhamel,ii, 
42, 1. 10;  vii,207,t.60.— Micliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  194,  t.  4  ;  N.American  Sjlva,3  ed.  ii,  42,  t.  64.— Barton,  Prodr.Fl.Fhiladelph. 
92;  Conipeud.  Fl.Philadelpb.  ii,lT7. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  635.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  208. — KaflneBque,  F).  Ladoviciana, 
11(>.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  219;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  2  scr.  v,  168.— Noes,  Fl.  Offlc.  t.  05.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  621.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  864.— 
Hnniboi.U.Bonpland  &  Kunth,  Nouv.  Gen.  &  Spcr.  vii,  273.— Andnbon,  Birds,  t.  44.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.N.  States,  :?57;  Fl.  N. 
York,  ii.  217.— Beck,  Bnt.  326.— Honker,  Companion  Bot.  Maff.  ii,  64.  -Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  302.— Sp.ach,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  84.— Loudon, 
Arl)oretuni,iv,20l9,  f.  1961  &  t.— Lindley,  Fl.  Meil.322.— Grifiith,Med.  Bot..")81,f.254.— Broomlield  in  London  Jour.  Bot.  vii,  144.— 
Schnizlcin,  Icon,  t.98,  f.  ■'')-21.— Seemann,  Bot.  Herald,  316.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  157. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Gi'ologiciil  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  77. — Lestjuereux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
362. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  375;  Bot.  &  Fl.  120. — Porcher,  Resources  .S.  Forests,  344. — Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  157. — Oliver  in  Hooker 
f.  Icon,  xi,  13. — (!ray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  174.— Koch,  Dendrolosie,  ii,  404.— Young,  Bot.  Texa.s,  291. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
15.— Maout  &  Dccaisne,  Bot.  English  ed.  412  &  (igs.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  iii,  3i<7,  f.  471-474.— Ouibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  300,  f. 
445. — Ridgway  ill  \iii.  Xat.  vi,  (i04;  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18f-2,  67. — Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  iii, 53. — Hemsloy,  Bot. 
Am.Cent.i,  100. 

L.  Styraciji:.,,.  var.  Mcvicuna,  (ir-sted,  Am.-Cent.  xvi,  t.  11. 
L.  mncrophljlln,  Oi-sted,  Am. -Cent,  xvi,  t.  10. 

^WEET   GUM.      STAR-LEATED   GUM.      LIQUIDAMBER.      RED   GUM.      BILSTED. 

Fairfield  county,  Connecticut,  to  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Ohio,  White,  and  Wabash  rivers,  south  to  cape 
Canaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  southwest  Ihroiij^li  soutliorn  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to 
the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas;  in  eeiitnil  iuid  .s^outheru  Mt.'xico. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to  36  or,  exceptionally,  48  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  iu 
diameter;  in  low,  wet  soil;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississipj)i  basin,  here,  with  the  cotton  gum,  furniing  a  large  proportion  of  the  heavy  forest  growth. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  riilher  tougii,  close  grained,  compact,  inclined  to  shrink  and  warp  badly  in 
seasoning,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  poli.sh ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  bright  brown  tinged 
with  retl,  the  sap-w(»od  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5!)10;  ash,  O.til ;  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used 
in  the  construction  of  buildings  for  i)lates,  boarding,  and  clapboards,  in  cabinet  work  as  a  substitute  for  black 
walnut,  and  for  veneering  and  street  i)avements;  its  great  economic  value  hardly  ai)preciated  on  account  of 
the  difiicultv  experienced  iu  properly  seasoning  it. 

The  balsamic  exudation  obtained  from  this  species  at  the  south  collected  by  herbalists  and  sometimes  used  in 
the  form  of  a  sirup  as  a  substitute  for  storax  in  the  treatment  of  catarrhal  affections,  or  externally  as  an  ointment  in 
dressing  frost-l)ite,  abscess,  etc.,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  chewing  gums  {Fluckiger  &  Hanbvry,  Pharmticographia, 
2iG.— Nat.  Dispen-.atory,  2  ed.  834). 


RHIZOPHORACE.E 


140. — Rhizophora  Mangle,  Linnaius, 

Sped  ed.  443.— Jacquin,  Amor.  141,  t.  89.— Giertnor,  Fruct.  i,  212,  t.  45,  f.  1.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  517,  t.  396;  Diet,  vi,  160.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  844.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  2.— Deiourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  i,  4.''),  1. 10.— Vellozo,  Fl.  Fluni.  1. 1.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  32.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  301.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  332,  t.  34.— Torroy  &,  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Araei  ica,  i,  184.-  -Nnttall  In  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser. 
T,  295.— Hooker  A-  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  290.— Arnott  iu  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  i,361.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  70.— Beuthum,  Bot.  Sulphur, 
14.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  312.— Porchor,  Resources  8.  Forests,  55.— Orisebach.  Fl.  British  West  Imlii'S,  274.— Sehuizluin,  leon.t. 
26;),  f.  1-7.— Maout  A-  Decaisne,  Bot.  English  cd.  419.— Eichler  in  Martins,  Fl.Dra.sil.  xii',  426,  t.  90.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
15.— Baillon,  Hint.Pl.  vi,284,  f.25;j-259. 

R.  raeetnusa,  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  185.— De  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  iii,  32. 

B.  Americ<ina,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  95,  t.  24;  2  ed.  i,  113,  t.  24.— Cooper  in  Smitbaouian  Bep.  1858,  204. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


87 


JIANGROVE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  soutbern  keys ;  delta  of  the  Mississippi  river 
and  coast  of  Texas ;  southward  tlirot'jjh  the  West  Indies  aud  tropical  America ;  now  widely  naturalized  throughout 
r''c  troi)ic8  of  the  old  world  (^l.  l)e  Candolle,  Oeog.  Bot.  ii,  772). 

A  tree  12  to  18,  or,  oxccptionidly,  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.00  meter  in  diametei',  or  more 
commonly  not  exceeding  4  to  7  meters  in  height;  low  saline  shores,  reaching  in  the  United  States  its  greatest 
devcilopment  on  bay  Bisciiyne  aud  cape  Sable ;  south  of  latitude  29°,  bordering  with  almost  impenetrable  thickets 
the  (!oast,of  the  Florida  j)cninsula,  ascending  the  rivers  for  many  miles,  especially  those  flowing  from  the  Everglades, 
and  entirely  covering  many  of  the  southern  keys. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  rnther  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark 
reddish  brown  streaked  with  lighter  brown,  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  1.1617;  ash,  1.82;  furnishing 
valuable  fuel ;  not  greatly  afl'ected  by  the  teredo,  and  used  for  piles. 


\ 


C0MBRETACEJ5. 


141. — Conocarpus  erecta,  Liunieus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  176. — Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  96;  III.  i,  126,  f.  1. — Jncquin,  Anier.  t.  78. — Gaertner,  Fruct.  ii,  470,  t.  177,  f.  3. — Swartz,  Obs.  79. — 
Willdenow,  8p.  i,  994.— Aitoii,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.i,  381.— Titford,  Ilort.  Bot.  Am.  47.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iii,  16.— Deconrtilz,  PI. 
Med.  Antilles,  vi,  68,  t.  399.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  304.— Torroy  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aiiiericii,  i,  485.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  113,  t.  33  ;  2  ed. 
i,  128,  t.  33.— Kichard,  Fl.  Cuba,  526.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  ia58,  264.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  136.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  277.— Eichler  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  xiv^  101,  t.  35,  f.  2.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 


BUTTON  WOOD 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Oauaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Tampa  bay  to  cape  Sable ;  through  the 
West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  often  8  or,  exceptionally,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.CO  meter  in 
diameter ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United  States  on  Lost  Man's  river,  north  of  cape 
Sable;  or  reduced  to  a  low  under  shrub  {yai.  procumhens,  Do  CaudoUo,  }.  c— Eichler,  /.  c;  V.  procumbens,  Linmcus,  Spec, 
led.  177.— Jacqiiiii  /.  c.  79,  t.  .V2,  f.  2.  — G.urtner,  /.  o.  iii,  205,  f.  4— Grisebach,  I.  c. ;  C.  aotltifolia,  Willdenow  in  Ropraer  &  Schnlt«i, 
Syst.  V,  574). 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  yellow  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9900;  ash,  0.32;  burning 
slowly  like  charcoal,  and  highly  valued  for  fuel. 


142. — Laguncularia  raceinosa,  Gurtmr  f. 

Fruct.  Suppl.  209,  t.  217.— De  Candoile,  Prodr.  iii,  17.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  305.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  117,  t.  34  j  2 ed.  i,  i:«,  t.  34.— Bentham, 
Bot.  Sulphur,  14,  92.— Kichard,  Fl.  Cuba,  527.— Eichler  in  Manius,  Fl.  Brasil.  xiv^,  102,  t.  .^o,  f.  3. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rop. 
1858, 2(54.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  136.— Grisebach,  Fl.  Ihitish  West  linlics,  27('..— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI. 
vi,  278. 

ConocnrptlS  rn^emom,  Linmeus,  Siicc.2id.2.">l  :  .Syst.  l-|._,l,i..,,,iiii,  Amrr.  jo,  t.53.— Swartz,  Obs.  79.— Willdenow,  Spec. 
i,  H9,"). 

Schombnca  commutntu,  Sprengci,  Syst.  ii,3;!j. 

Blicida  Buceran,  Vollozo,  Fl.  Fluui.  iv,  t.  87  [not  LinuuMis]. 

L,  ylabri/vUa,  Prosl,  Reil.  Hank,  ii,  22.— Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  63.— Chapnuui,  Fl.  S.  States,  130. 

WHITE   BUTTON  WOOD.      WHITE  MANGROVE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Camiveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast.  Cedar  Keys  to  cape  Sable ;  through 
the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America;  coast  of  troi)ical  Africa. 

A  .small  tree,  sometimes  (i  or,  «'xceptionally,  22  nu»tera  in  height  (Shark  river,  Florida,  CurtiaK),  with  a  trunk 
0.30  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  very  common  ;  saline  shored 
of  lagoons  and  bays. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  (!l(Kse-grained,  very  compact ;  susceptible  of  a  bejuitiful  ])oIish  ;  jiicdtillary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7137;  ash,  1.02. 


88 


FOREST  lUiKElS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


M  Y  11  T  A  C  E  iE . 


143. — Calyptranthes  Chytraculia,  Swurlz, 

Prwlr.  TJ;  I'l.  Ind.Oco.  ii,  !hjl.— Willd.iH.w,  Spic.  ii,  ;>T.'i.— Ailoii,  Hurt.  Krw.a  cd.  iii,  102.— Dis  CaiidoUo,  Pnulr.  ill,  2;i7.— Niittull, 
Sylva,  i,  101,  )."(>;  'Jrd.  i,  117,  t.  t-Ni.— Uci;;  in  I.iniiii'n,  xxvii,  2('i. — t'<i()]n'r  in  SiiiitliHoiiian  Kop,  18o8, 2CI. — Cliapiiiiiii,  Fl.  S.  StatCH, 
131.— Giisobach,  Fl.  HritiHli  WVhI  IimHom,  2;W.- Ilcinslry.  Hoi.  Atn.-CViit.  i,  108. 

Myrtus  Chytravulia,  Liniiii'UN,  Ainti-n.  v,  :i!i8.— Swnriz,  oiis.  2112. 

Eugenia  pallais,  roir.>(,  Suvpl.  iii,  122. 

Boniitropiciil  I'^loiida,  .shoroa  otbay  Hisciiyiu',  Key  Laijio;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  sniull  tree,  sometiuie.s  8  meters  in  lieifjlit,  witli  a  trniiii  (».!()  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  lieavy,  liard,  «'lo.se-}irained,  «'oini)a<^t,  eoiifaiiiiiijj;  many  evenly-distribnted  rather  hirgc  open  dncts; 
mtKluUary  ray.s  nnmerons,  thin  ;  eoU)r,  brown  tinfjed  witii  red,  tlie  sap-wood  a  little  lijjhter ;  specilie  gravity,  (>.8!)yU; 

Mb,  a.;52." 

144. — Eugenia  buxifolia,  Willdenow, 

Spec.  ii.'.XiO.— lViM><m,."*,vn.ii,2S.— ])(>  Cnndollo.l'iodr.  iii, 27.'>.—Niilt«ll, Sylva,  i, 108, t.2it;  2  od.  i,  12;!,  t. 29.— Coopor  in  Smitlisoiiian 
Rop.  18o8,2(>'l.— Chapman,  l"l.  S.  .><(ato«,  i:U.— (irisolmch,  V\.  Diitish  West  Indies, 2;!(). — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 

MyrtU))  buxifolia,  Swart  z.l'rodr.  78;  Fl.  Ind-Oi-c.  ii,8W. 

Myrius  axillaris.  Point  in  Lamank.Diit.  iv,412. 

/•/'.  myrfoiiirs,  r.iiict,  Suppl.  iii.  12.'>. 

Myrtu.s  roirili,  Sprong<l,Syst.  ii,  ISi. 

E.  triplinerria,  It.-rs  in  l-innira,  xxvii,  llin,  in  part. 

GURGKON  STOPPEK.      SPANISH   STOPPER. 

Senii-tropieal  Fh>rida,  cajie  Canaveral  to  tlie  southern  keys,  west  eoast,  Oahiosa  river  to  cape  Romano;  in 
the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  ti  lo  !>  meters  in  heijiht,  with  a  trnnk  sometimes  O.'M  meter  in  diameter,  reaehiii};  its 
greatest  di'velopment  on  the  rich  hummocks  of  (lie  ICver^ladcs. 

W^ood  very  lieavy,  exeeedin^jly  hard,  very  stronji,  c]o.se-}:raiued,  veiy  compai;t;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  dark  brown  shaded  with  red.  the  sap-wood  a  little  liehtcr;  si)ecilic  fjravity,  O.O.'KIO;  ash,  1.50;  somewhat  used 
for  fuel. 

145. — Eugenia  dichotoma,  i)c  CandoUc, 

Prodr.  iii,  278. — Nnttall,  Sylv;i,  i,  l(i;l,  t.2<  :  2  I'd.  i,l2l',t.27. — Ucrc  in  T.inna'a,  xxvii,  2(il. — Cooper  in  Sinitlisoniun  Rep.  18uri,  2tll. — 
Chapman.  Fl.  S.  States,  IIU. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees.  l,"i. 

E.  dicarioata,  I.amareU,  Diet.  i.  202. 

f  MyitUS  <ii(Iiot(»ll(l,  Vahl  ill  I'oiret.  Siipid.  iv,  oU. 

Atiamom  in  punctata,  (irisibaeh,  Fl.  Hritish  West  Indies,  240. 


NAKKD  WOOD. 

Semi-troincal  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  cape  Canaveral,  eommon;  west  coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Eomano; 
in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  (i  to  S  meters  in  hei;rht.  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.15  meter  in  ditimeter. 

A  form  with  (lie  leaves,  buils,  and  calyx  more  or  less  pubescent  {E,  dichotoma,  var.  frayrans,  Nnttall,  /,  e.;  E. 
punyois.  wiiiden.m.  S)..c.  ii.  i>(;i:  Hot.  Ma^'.  t.  1212:  /-'.  montaiia,  Anidet.  Giiian.  i,  vx>,  t.  vx>'\,  iiot  rare  in  West  Indies, 
and,  acconliiifj  to  Xuttall.  collected  by  Mr.  Halilwin  in  the  vieinity  of  New  Smyrna,  Florida,  has  not  been 
re<Iiscovered  within  the  limits  of  the  rnited  States. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  elo.se-fxrained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin:  color,  lieflit  brown  or  red, 
sap-wood  yellow  :  specilie  yravily.  t>.S!t8;5;  asii,  0.7-1. 

The  small,  edible  I'luit  of  agreeable  aromatic  tlavor,  ami  greatly  improved  by  cultivation  in  rich  soil. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


89 


146. — Eugenia  monticola,  D<!  Candollo, 
Prodr.  iii,  27r..— Cliapmiui,  Fl.  S.  SlutoH,  i;u.— Origel)ur,h,  V\.  British  West  Indies,  5!30.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 
Myrtm  monticola,  Swnrtz,  Fl.inrl.  Oco.  ii,  h9h, 
E.  friplinerria,  Itcru  in  lilnninii,  xxvii,  l'.)i,  in  imrt. 
K.  nxillaris,  Itci^;  In  I.lnnii'a,  xxvii,  '.'(II,  in  part. 


STOPPKU.   WHITE  STOPPKK. 

Kloridii,  Saint  John's  river  to  Umbrella  Key  ;  rare;  in  tlie  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  mctprs  in  height,  with  a  trnnk  O..S()  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  northern  Florida  reduced 
lo  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerou.s,  thin  ;  color,  brown, 
often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  darker;  specilic  gravity,  O.DI.'jCJ;  ash,  1.80. 


147. — Eugenia  longipes,  Ucrg, 

Linoa'ii,  xxvii,  l.''>0.— Cliiviiniiin,  Fl.  S.  States,  .Suppl.  (WO. 

.STOPPER. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  No-Name  Key  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0,15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  liard,  clo.se-grained,  cluicking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  evenly-distributed  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap-wood  brown  tinged 
with  red;  specific  gravity,  1.123.'};  ash,  IJ.48. 

The  snuill  red  I'ruit  with  the  flavor  of  cranberries. 


m 


148. — Eugenia  procera,  Polrot, 

Snppl,  ii,  ia9.— Ue  Candollo,  Prodr.  ill,  !i(38.— Nnttall,  Sylvn,  i,  IOC,  t.  28;   2  ed.  i,  122,  t.  28.— Berg  in  Linuasa,  xxvii,  207.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  204.— Chapman,  FI.  S.  States,  i:U.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  238.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. 

MyrtltH  procera,  .Swartz,  Prodr.  77;  Fl.  Ind.  Oce.  ii,  887.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  PCS. 
E.  BanirnsiK,  (Jrisi'liach,  Cat.  I'l.  Cull,  fn"!  .Jaciiiiiii],  87. 

lU.D   STOPPKK. 

Somitroi»ical  l''lori<la,  shores  oi'bay  Blscayne,  Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key;  in  llie  West  Indies. 

A  tree,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  ()..'>(>  to  O.I.")  meter  in  diameter  ;  often  forming  extensive  groves, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  <leveio])nuMit  in  the.  United  States  in  the  neigliborliood  of  Miami,  l)ay  Blscayne. 

Wood  very  Iieavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong  and  clo.se-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
hardly  d'stingiii.shable ;  color,  light  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  darker;  specific,  gravity,  0.9453;  ash,  2.02; 
probably  valuable  in  cabinet-making  and  as  a  substitute  for  box-wood  for  eoarse  wood-engraving. 

Note. — PaUtium  Guaiara,  Raddi,  the  Giiava,  widely  cultivated  in  the  tropics  for  itsfrnit,  is  now  sparingly  naturalized  in  semi-tropical 
Florida. 


OACTAOE  Jl. 


149. — Cereus  giganteus,  Kngelmann; 

Emory's  Eop.  158 ;  Am.  .lour.  Sci.  2  Ker.  xiv,  ;t:!.') ;  xvii,  vilU  ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iii,  2.^17 ;  Hot.  Mcx.  Bonudary  Survey,  Cuctaceie,  42,  t.  61, 
(52  &  front.;  Brewer  &  Wat.son,  Bot  California,  i,  247. — Tluirlier  in  Mem.  Am.  Aiad.  new  ser.  v,  ;!02,  305. — Fl.  des  Serres,  x,  24, 
&  t. ;  XV,  187,  t.  1(300. — Bigclow  in  Pacific  U,  K.  Kcp.  iv,  12.— Fngelmann  &  I'.igelow  in  Pacilic  U.  If.  Rep.  iv,  30.- Walpers, 
Ann.  v,  4(). — Cooper  in  Smith.sonian  Rep.  IK'8,  2;">9. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  ix.  Misc.  95. — Marcoii  in  .lour.  Hort.  Soe.  France,  2  ser.  iii, 
C7().— Lindley,  Treasury  Bot.  250,  t.  17. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  15. — Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  front.— Henisley,  Bot, 
Am. -Cent,  i,  343. — .lames  iu  Am.  Nat.  xv,  982,  f.  3. 

Piloccrcus  Engclmanni,  Lemaire,  ill.  Hort.  ix,  Misc.  95. 


!^1 


^ 

^     r 


-^tMtsMmimm^-^tttmtm-iutum,^, 


issimxia 


90 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SUWAKBOW.     SAGUAUO.     GIANT  CACTUS. 


i;: 


Valley  of  Bill  Williams  river,  Arizona,  south  and  east  tlirouKli  central  Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pe<lro 


1  ivcr  ;   sontliwaril  in  Sonora. 


A  t;ill,  cohnnnar  tree,  8  to  18  meters  in  heifjht,  with  a  ti-unk  sometimes  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  stony 
menus  or  low  hills  rising  from  the  desert. 

Wood  of  the  large,  strong  ribs,  very  light,  soft,  rather  coarsegraineil,  solid,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  Hue  polish, 
almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  ground;  medullary  rays  very  uumerous,  broad;  color,  light  brown 
tinged  with  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.;J1SS ;  ash,  ^.45 ;  used  in  the  region  almost  exclusively  for  the  rafters  of 
adobe  houses,  for  fencing,  and  by  the  Indians  lor  lances,  bows,  etc. 

The  edible  fruit  largely  collected  aud  dried  by  the  Indians. 


C  0  R  N  A  C  B  iE 


150. — Cornus  alternifolia,  LinnonuB  f. 

Suppl.  126.— Lamarck,  Diet.  H,  11(3;  111.  i,  30:!.— l/IIoiitior,  Cornus,  10,  t.  6.— Ehrbart,  Beitr.  iii,  19.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  i,  159;  2  ed. 
i,  263. — Willdonow,  Spec,  i,  004 ;  Eniin).  IGj ;  lioil.  U.iumz.  104. — Miehanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  9U. — Porsoon,  Syn.  i,  144. — Dosfoutaiaes, 
Hist.  Ar').  i,  :!r)l.— Nouvcau  Duliaiiiol,  ii,  l.")7,  t.  4.'').— Piirsli,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  i,  109.— Nnttall,  Gonera,  i,  99.— Rcomer  &  Sehultos,  Syst. 
iii,  32,T;  JIaiit.  251.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  210.— Giiimm'l,  Otto  &  Hayiir  Abb.  Holz.  53,  t.  43.— Hayno,  Dand.  Fl.  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8. 180 ; 
Compeiul.  Fl.  N.  States,  83;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  288.— .SprcMij^cl,  Syst.  i,  451.— Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  iv,  271.— Hookor,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1,  275.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  398.— Beck,  Bot.  154.— E.aton,  Manual,  C  ed.  109.— Tausch  in  Rcgeunb.  Fl.  xxi,  732,— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  92.— 
Diotricb,  Syu.  i,  503.— Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  C49.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1010,  f.  700. —Baton  &  Wright,  Bot.  210.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3ed.  (10.- C.  A.  Meyer  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  v,  ti,  13. — Walpers,  Rep.  v,  932.— Emerson,  Trees 
Massachusetts, 409;  2  ed.  ii,  4C3  &  t. — Parry  in  Oweu'.s  Rep.  013.— Darlington,  I'l.  Cestr-ca,  3  ed.  110. — Cooi)cr  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1658, 252.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  li;7. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  107. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  391 ;  Bot. 
&  Fl.  143.— Gr.iy,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  201.— Koch,  Dondrologie,  i,  090.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  303. 


G.  altenw,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  35. 


DOGWOOD. 


New  Brunswick,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Superior, 
south  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0,20  meter  in  diameter;  low,  rich  woods  aud  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hiird,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  saj)  wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.(5090;  ash,  0.41. 


151. — Cornus  ilorida,  Linnreus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  117.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  35.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  114;  111.  i,  302. — Wangenbeim,  Amer.  51,  t.  17,  f.  41. — Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliuiana,  88.— L'lleritier,  Cornus,  4.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,  157;  2  ed.  i,  201. — Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  001;  Enum.  1G4;  Berl. 
Baumz.  100.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  73.— B.  8.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  12,  45;  ii,  17,  19.— Bot.  Miig.  t.520.— Michnux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
i,  91.— Persoon,  Syu.  i,  143.— Des^fontaiuos,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  3,''>0.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  82.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  41, 1. 10,  f.  7.— Nouveau 
Duhaniel,  ii,  1.53.— Miehanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  138,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  170,  t.  48.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  108. — 
Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  69,  t.73;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  r>9.— Eaton,  Manual,  19;  0  ed.  108.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  98.— Barton,  Med.  Bot,  1, 
43,  t.3.— Roemcr  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iii,  319.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  0.— Cuimpel,  Otto  &  Ilayue,  Abb.  Holz.  21, 1. 19,— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  207.— 
Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  208;  Fl.  U.  S.  178;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  82;  Fl.  N.  York,  i,  290;  Kicollet's  Rep.  151;  Emory's 
Rep.  408.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  451.— Bock  in  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  1  ber.  x,  204 ;  Bot.  153.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  8,  73,  122.— Raflnesquo,  Med. 
Bot.  i.  131,  f.  28  -De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  iv,  273.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  277,  in  part ;  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  i,  48.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 
iii,  4(10.- Lin.lloy,  Fl.  Med.  81.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  504. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  052.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1017,  f. 
709.— Eaton  t&  Wright,  Bot.  209.— Reid  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1844,  27().— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  ;i.')0.— Emerson,  Trees 
Mas.sachusetts,  413;  2  ed.  ii,  467  &  t.— Orililtb,  .Med.  Bot.  347,  f.  104.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  i,  50,  t.  42.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped. 
429.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  111.— Darb.v,  Bot.  S.  Slates,  339.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  252.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  108.— Curtis  in  Rep,  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  00.— Lcsquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  304.— Wood,  CI. 
Book,  391;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Blakie  in  Canadian  Nat.  vi,  1.— Engelniann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  scr.  xii,  194— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  59.— Gray,  Manual  N.  Statrs,  5  ed.  200;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  11.— Kocli,  Dendrologie,  i,  094.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
o03.~Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10.— Bailloii,  Hist.  PI.  vii,  (►«,  f.  40.— Broadhc  ad  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  .53.— Bentley  A. 
Trimen,  Med.  PI,  ii,  130,  t,  13(i,— Bell  in  Geological  Rep,  Canada,  lH79-'80,  5,5'-.- Ridgway  in  I'roc.  U.  S.  N.it.  Mus.  1882,  67. 

Benthamidiajlorida,  Spach,  Hist.  V(>g.  vUi,  107. 


i| 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


91 


FLOWEnma  dogwood,    nox  wood. 

Soutbern  New  Euglaud,  soutluTii  Ontario,  sontlicrn  Miiinosotii,  and  through  the  Athintic  forests  to  latitude  28® 
GO'  in  Florida,  and  the  vxUoy  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  sniall  tree,  9  to  iJ  meters  in  heiftht,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northoru 
limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  rich  woods ;  very  common,  especially  at  the  south. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong',  close  jiniined,  tough,  checkin*;-  l)adly  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  consi>icnous;  color,  brown,  changing  in  dill'erent  specimens  to  shades  of  greeu 
and  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  speciflc  gi'avity,  0.8153;  ash,  0.G7;  used  in  turnery,  for  wood  engravings  and  the 
bearings  of  machinery,  hubs  of  wheels,  barrel  hoops,  etc. 

The  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  in  connnoji  with  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  possesses  bitter  touic 
properties,  and  is  used  in  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  and  malarial  fevers .  {Am.  Jour. 
Pharm.  vii,  109. — Maisch  in  Proo.  Am.  Pharm.  Axsoe.  315. —  {/.  .S'.  Dispeiisatory,  14  ed.  352, — ynt.  DispenHatory,  2  ed. 
407). 

152. — Cornus  Nuttallii,  Amiubou, 

Birds,  t.  407. — Torroy  &  Griiy,  Fl.  N.  Atuorica,  i,  65?. — Wulpors,  Kcp.  li,  4:!5.— Bcntham,  PI.  Hartwog.  :!1-^. — Nut  tall,  ^ylva,  iii,  51,  t. 
97;  2  0(1.  ii,  117,  t.  97. — Durauil  in  Joiir.  I'liiladelphia  Acail.  1855,  81). — Torroy  in  PacitU'.  R.  R.  Rup.  iv,  94  j  Hut.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey,  71;  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxped.  IWd. — No\vl)(>n'y  in  Paoilic  R.  R.  Ro]).  vi,  2i,  75. — Cooper  in  SinilhsDniiin  Rep.  1858,  259; 
Pacitlc  R.  R.  Rpp.  xii',  29,  O;!. — Lyull  in  ,Tonr.  Tiinninan  Soc.  vii,  i:i4.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  :!S7.— Hrowor  &  Wat«on, 
Bot.  California,  i,  274;  ii,  452. — Va.soy,C'at.  Forest  Trees,  1(1. — Hall  in  Coiiltor's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii.AS. — Macoun  in  Oeologioal  Rep. 
Canada,  lf^75-"7G,  198. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  3:!1. 

O.florida,  nookor,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  277,  in  part. 

FLOWERING  DOGWOOD. 

Vancouver's  island  and  along  the  coast  of  southern  British  Columbia,  through  western  Wasliington  territory 
and  Oregon,  and  southward  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  California  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

A  small,  slender  tree,  fometimes  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter ;  ascending 
the  Cascade  mountains  to  3,000  feet,  and  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  Ironi  4,000  to  5,000  feet  itlevatiou; 
common;  rich,  rather  damp  soil,  generally  in  the  dense  shade  of  coniferous  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  .c^ood  polish ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  s])eci(ic  gravity,  0.7481 ;  iish, 
0.50 ;  .somewhat  used  in  cabinei-making,  for  mauls,  handles,  etc. 


153. — Nyssa  capitata,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  2.5:).— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  50S.— Micliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  ,'.'>7,  t.  20;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  37,  t.  113.— 
Aiton,  llort.  Kow.  2  ed.  v,  4'!^0.— Poiret,  .Sniijil.  v,  7)0.  -Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  (►■^.~).  — Hooker,  Comiianion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  62.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6  od.  2Hl).— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Spaeli,  Hist.  Veg.  x,  41)1.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  493.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
253. — Chai)man,Fl.S.  States,  U>6. — Losquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  364. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  392;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Kooh, 
Dendrologio,  ii,  45G.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  Id. 

JV.  OgecJie,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  97. 

N.  cocci nea,  Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  17. 

JV.  tomcUtOSa,  Poiret  in  Lnm.-ircU,  Diet,  iv,  508. 

N.  catuiicans,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  259.— Persoon,  Syii.  li.OU.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Willdenow,  Spec.  It, 
1113.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  117.— Poiret,  Snppl.  iv,  llti.— NuttiiU,  Genera,  ii,  230;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  v,  167.— 
Roomer  &  Sehnlte.s,  Syst.  v,  .''.57.— Spreiigel,  Syst.  i,  832.- Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  879.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1318,  f.  1199.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  426. 

JV.  moutana,  Gurtner,  Fruct.  iii,  20],  t.  216.  '  * 


■1^  • ' 


OGEECHKE  LIME.      SOUR   TUPELO.      GOPHER  PLUM. 

Georgia,  from  the  valley  of  the  Ogcechee  to  the  Saint  i\lary's  river,  west  Florida  (near  Vernon,  Molir),  and. 
in  southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  9  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  iu  diameter;  deep  swamps  and  river 
bottoms ;  rare  and  local. 

Wooil  light,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  unwedgcable,  containing  many  ref;ularly- 
distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  i-ays  numerous,  thin;  color,  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable;  specific 
gravity,  0.4G13  ;  ash,  0.34, 

A  conserve,  under  the  name  of  "  Ogeechee  limes",  is  umde  from  the  large,  acid  fruit. 


92 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


154. — Nyssa  sylvatica,  MnTHliull, 

Arbustum,  07.— Miclinnx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  2(i0, 1. 21 ;  N.  Anioricuu  8)  Ivii,  3  (•<!.  iii,  ao,  t.  llO.-Poirct,  Snppl.  iv,  116  -  Barton,  PhkIi.  K1. 
Fbiladulpb.  97;  Cuuipuixl.  l-'l.  Pbilitilulpb.  ii,  VXl 

N.  aquatica,  LiniiiunM,  Spcr.  1  c'd.  lO.V,  ill  jmit.— St.  Hiliiiri',  I'liiii.  Niit.  ii,  ir>a.— Poihooh,  Syii.  ii, 614.— Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb. 
Am.  ii,  1(15,  t.  2'i;  N.  AiiR'iiciui  Sjivii,  '^^■^\.  iii,  :U,  t.  111. — I{ttaiiL'i&  SuIhiUuh,  Syst.  v,  .'iTG. — Oiirtnu,  Proilr.  V\.  Philadulpb. 
U7;  Coiiipeml.  V\.  Pliiliirtelpb.  ii,  llhj.— Spniifjel,  Syst.  i,  KW.—Aiuliiboii,  liinls,  t.  l:i;i.— Elliott, 8k.  ii, 684.— Dintricb, 
8yii.i,H78.— Kiit()ii,Miiiiiiiil,(if(l.  a:t(;.— Kiiton  iV  Wiiy:Iit,  Hot.  ;W!).— 8p«cli,  Hist.  V«t?.  x,4()4.— Diirby,  Bol.  8.  Stiiti'.s, 
492. — CImpiiian.n.  S.  StiitoM,  KiH. — Ciirti.s  in  Kop.  Oi;(ilo;fi<;iil  Siirv.  N.  Ciirnliim,  18*10,  iil.  168. — Porcbor,  Kcsourcos  8. 
Forests,  1147. — Kocb,  Upiidrologio,  ii,  4f>r>. — YouiiK.  Hot.  Texas,  304. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. 

y.  mnltijtora,  \VanKeiibeiiii,Am<'r.l(;,t.l(sf.;KK-Elliott,Sk.  11,681.— Walter, Vl.Caiolininna, 253.— IWk, Wot. :«)7.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.2:i«.— Eaton  &  Wri^bt,  liol.329.— Spaeb,  Hist.  Vej,'.  x,  463.— Torroy.FI.N.  York,  ii,  161,  t.O.'i.— Emerson, 
Thts  MaNNaeliusettN,  312,  t.  17;  2  ed.  ii,  3,->3  it  t.— .«!elinizlein,  I-on.  t.  108,  f.  1,  2.— Darliiif^toii,  Fl.  CeNtriea.3ed.25.».— 
Darby,  Hot.  8.  8tates,  4t>2.— Cooper  in  SniitliHonian  He|i.  1858,  252.-  Cliai)man,  FI.  8.  States,  168.— Curtis  in  Uep. 
GeoU){;ieal  8iiiv.  N.  Carolina,  iHtiO,  iii,62.— I.esqiicieux  in  Owen's  2(1  Rep.  Arkansas,  364. — Wood,  CI.  Hook,  3!)2;  Hot. 
&  Fl.  143.— Gray,  Mannal  N.  Slatt's,  5  ed.  201.— Koeli,  Peiidrolonie,  ii,  .551.— Young,  Hot.  Texas,  304.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  16. — Hroadbead  in  Coulter's  liot.  Gazette,  iii,  .53.— Hes.sey  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  134.— Hell  in  Geologieal  Kep. 
Canada,  1879-'80, 5.5^- Ridgwny  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 68.— Hnrgess  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  vii, 95. 

K.  Caroliniana,  Poirct  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  ,507  ;  Lamarck,  111.  iii,  442,  t.  8,51,  f.  1. 

N.  biflora,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  2,53.— Lamarek,  Diet.  iv,. 508.— Miebanx,  Fl.Bor.-Am.il, 259.— Willdenow.Spee.  iv,  1113; 
Ennni.  1001;  Deri.  Haumz.  2.56.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Giertner  f.  Fruct.  Snppl.  203,  t.  216. — Aiton,  Hort. 
Kow.  2  ed.  V,  479.— I'ursh,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.  177.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  236;  Trans.  Am.  Pliil.  Soc.  v,  167. — Poirot,  8ui>pl. 
iv,  115.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y'ork,  ii,  200  ;  Comjiend.  Hot.  N.  States,  372.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  229.— Eaton,  Manual, 
116.— Beck,  Bot.  307.-  -ondon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1317,1'.  1195,  119(i.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  423.— Baillon,  Hist.  PI. 
v,  266,  f.  241-244. 

N.  integrifoUa,  Alton,  Ilort.  Kew.  iil,446.— Pevso<in,Svu.ii,614. 

If.  Canadensin,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  .507. 

N.  Villom,  Mieliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  258.— Willdeiiow,  Spec,  iv,  1112.— Desfontaines  Hist.  Arb.  i,  37.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed- 
v,  •J79.—Higelo\v,  Fl.  Boston  3ed.  3S0.— Puisli,  Fl.  Am.  i^ejit.  i,  117.— Nut  tall.  Genera,  ii,  270.— lJ(rmer&  .Sebultes,  Syst. 
v,  ,575.— Siirengel,  Syst.  i,  832.— Torrey,  Compend.  Bot.  N.  States,  372.— Dietricb,  Syn.  i,878. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii, 
1317,  f.  1197,  1198. 

N.  mvltiflnra,  VAV.  sylvalica,  Watson,  Index,  442. 


TUPELO.      SOTJn   (iUM.      PEPPERIDGE.      BLACK  GUM. 

Viilloy  of  tb«>  Keiiuobee  river,  JIaiiie  (Kent's  Jlill,  Prof.  Stone),  West  Milton,  Vermont,  west  to  central  Micliigaii, 
south  to  Tanipa  bay,  Florida,  and  tlio  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  l.j  to  3(i  nieter.s  in  height,  witli  ii  trunk  O.tiO  to  l.oO  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  much  smaller; 
borders  of  swamps,  or  on  rather  high,  rich  liilisides  and  pine  uplands;  at  the  south  often  in  pine-barren  ponds 
and  deep  swamps,  tlie  base  of  the  trunk  then  greatly  enlarged  and  swollen  {N.  aquatica). 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  unwedgcable,  ditticiilt  to  work,  inclined  to  check  unless  carefully 
seasoned,  not  dueable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  continuing  numerous  regularly  distributed  smtdl  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  yellow  or  often  m»arly  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable; 
specific  gravity,  0.6353;  asli,  0.r)'2;  now  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  rollers  in  glass  factories,  ox  yokes, 
and  on  the  gulf  coast  for  wharf  piles. 

NoTK. — Various  forms  of  Xi/saa,  wliieli  at  difl'erent  times  bave  been  considered  by  botanists 'as  entitled  to  specilic  rank,  are 
connected  by  so  many  iutennediato  forms,  and  oll'<'r  so  few  distinctive  cliaraeltas,  tliat  tbey  are  bore  united  into  one  polymorpbous 
species,  wliicb  tbus  enlarged  may  properly  boar  Marsball's  earlier  namo  of  Xi/ena  sylvalica,  ratber  than  the  moro  familiar  Myssa  mnltijloia 
of  Wangenheim. 

155. — Nyssa  uniflora,  Wangenheim, 

Araer.  83,  t.  27,  f.  .57.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  253.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  086.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  329.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  493.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  l^M,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  168.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  02.— Wood, 
CI.  Book,  392;  Bot.  &  Fl.  143.— Gray,  JIanual  N.  St.ates,  5  ed.  201. —Kocb,  Deiidrologie,  ii,  455.— Young,  Bot.  Texa.s,  304.— Vasey, 
Cat. Forist  Trees.  16. 

J.V.  aquaiica,  Linnoius,  Spec.  10.58,  in  part  .—Marshall,  Arbustum,  9<).— Lamarek,  Diet,  i  v,  507.  — DesfoiitaineH,  Hist.  Arli.  i,  36. 

N,  denticulata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  44(1;  2  id.  v,  480.— I'er.soon,  S^n.  ii,  615.— Willaeuow,  Spec,  iv,  1114.— Ga'rtuer  f. 
Frnet.  Snppl.  203,  t.  216.— Pursli.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  irS.— Poiret,  Siijipl.  iv,  11.5.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  230.— Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  229.— Kcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  v,  577.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  i,  832.— Dietricli,  Syn.  i,  879. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


93 


N.  aiigulosa,  Poin-t  in  Lnmurck,  Diet,  iv,  507;  III.  iii,  442,  t.  a'il,  f.  a.— Rcbiiiit  &  SiIiuUph,  Sysf.  v,  ri78. 

N.  paluHlriH,  SnliHlmry,  Prodr.  17.1- 

N,  tomentosil,  Miclmux,  1"1.  Ilor.-Ain.  ii,  2.">D.— Porsoon,  Syii.  ii,  (il5.— Willilonow,  Spue,  iv,  111:!.— Pur»li,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 
177. — Nuttall,  Crt'iii'ia,  ii,  ~';!(i.— Hiumor  &  SclmltcH,  Hyhl.  v,  577. — Klliott,  Sk.  ii,  085. — .Siininj;!'!,  Sytt.  i,  K!^'. — Audubuu, 
niids,  t.  l:!.— Dictricli,  8yii.  i,  87!).— KiUon  &  Wriglit,  Dot.  :W9.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  Stati-H,  49it. 

N.  angulimr.H,  Michaux,  V\.  llor.-Ani.  ii,  2.V.).— Dii-lridi,  .Syn.  i,  87'J.— Spnch,  Hist.  Vcq.  x,  465, 

N.  {irandUJentata,  Miilmux  f.  Hi.st.  Ail).  Am.  ii,  252,  t.  ID ;  N.  AmiTioan  Sylvn,  3  cd.  ii,  34,  t.  112.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii, 
1310,  f.  12'i(l,  12(11. — Lrsqutdvnx  in  Owe>n'8  2d  Kop.  Arkansas,  3(i4. 

N,  capita  fa  viir  gronilidentata,  iMowno,  Trees  ofAmcrioa,  426. 

LARGK  TUPELO.   COTTON  GUM.   TUPELO  GUli. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coa.sfc  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Mary's  river,  Ueoigia,  through  the  Gulf 
states  to  the  valley  of  the  Ncches  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern  and  southeaitem  Missouri  to 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Illinois. 

A  large  tree,  21  to  ;J0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.!)0  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  deep  swamps  and  river 
bottoms  subject  to  frequent  overflow  ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower 
Mi.ssi.ssippi  river  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  cypre.ss  swamps  of  western  Loui.siana  and 
enstern  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  .strojig,  close  grained,  compact,  uuwedgeable ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light 
brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5194;  ash,  0.70;  used  in  turnery,  largely  for  wooden  ware,  broom 
handles,  and  wooden  shoes ;  that  of  the  root  for  the  floats  of  nets,  etc.,  as  a  substitute  for  cork. 


'•Ii 


CAPRIFOLIACE^. 


156. — Sambucus  glauca,  Nuttall; 

Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Aiuoriea,  ii,  13. — Walpcrs,  Ri^i>.  ii,  4.5;'.. — Tomsy  in  i'uciiic  K.  R.  Rep.  vi,  12;  Ives'  Rep.  15;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary 
Survey, 71. — Gray  in  Siuitljsoiiiau  Coulril).v,(i();  Proc.  Aui.Acad.  vii,367;  tjyn.  Fl.  N.  Ai  L-a,  i-,  9. — Wiitson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 
l.M.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  K!.— Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calii'ornia,  i,  'J7.-*.— Hall  in  Coulter's  But.  Gazette,  88.— Rothroek  in 
^VlK■eler's  Rep.  vi,  135,  ,3tj3. 

a.  Cali/ornim,  llort.— Koili,  Dendrologie,  ii,  72. 

/  /S.  Mexicana,  Newberry  in  Paciiii^  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  75  [not  Prcsl]. 

ELDER. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river  and  Vancouver's  island,  British  Columbia,  southward  through  Califoruia  to  the 
Mexican  boundary,  extending  west  to  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  and  the  Wahsatch  range,  Utah. 

A  .small  tree,  sometimes  S  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.JtO  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  limits  reduced  to  a  large  shrub ;  confined  to  valh^ys,  in  dry,  gra\  elly  soil. 

Wood  light,  .soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  iiuiueious,  rather  conspicuous; 
tolor,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  spocilic  gravity,  0.5!)S7;  ash,  1.57. 

The  large  blue-black  fruit  edil)le  and  .sometimc'»  cooked. 


i 


.  yfi 


3t!. 


157. — Sambucus  Mexicana,  Prcsl, 

llctri.  Iltriik. — De  Caudolle,  Pic.lr.  iv,322. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii, 437. — London,  Arboretum, ii,  1030. — Gray  iu  Suiitbsouiuu  Coutrib. 
V,  66;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  Amoriea,  i',  9.— Torrey  iu  Paeilic  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  95;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  71. — Brewer  &  Wutson,  Bot. 
California,  i,  278. — Rothroek  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  135.— Henisley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  ii,  1. 

8.  glauca,  Bontham,  PI.  Hartweg.  313  [not  Nnttull]. 

S.  VvlKtina,  Dnraud  &  HIgard  in  .lour.  Philadelphia  Aciid.  new  scr.  iii,  39. 


■■'',1 


mm 


^lilt: 


94 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

ELDER. 


Valley  of  the  Nueces  river  (Sau  Patricio),  south  and  west  alon^  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
to  Posa  creek,  Kern  county,  California,  and  southward  into  Jlexico. 

A  small  tue,  sometiiues  6  meters  in  heijjlit,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  bottom  lands,  in 
moist,  gravelly  loain. 

Wood  light,  soft,  i-ather  coarse-grained,  comijuft ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  8i)ocitic  gravity,  0.4iii4;  ash,  2.C0. 


II.    f 


158. — Viburnum  Lentago,  Linnrous, 

Spec.  1  eil.  aiiS. — Maruhiill,  Arbustum,  IGO. — Waugenheim,  Aiiut.  100. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  110. — Aitou,  Hori.  Kow.  i,  \Vi2;  2  eii. 
ii,  1()8.— Willdenow,  Spec.  1,1401;  Ennin.  ;i-27;  Borl. liauinz.  ."):il.— Noiiveau  Diihamol,  li,  129.— Schkdhr,  Handb.  23».--Michaux, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  178.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  IW7. — Dosfont.iiiics,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  'M4. — Poiret  in  Luoiarck,  Diet,  vlii,  658. — Piirnli,  Fl.  Am. 
Sopt.i,  201.— Bartou,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pliiladelph.  40.— Entoii,  Manual,  34 ;  6  cd.  387.— Nuitall,  Genera,  i,202.— Hayno,  Deud.  Fl.  37.— 
Kcpnicr  &  ScliiiltJs,S.V8t.vl,6;J7.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  3{)r..— Toney,  Fl.  U.  S.  1,  318;  Compond.  Fl.  N.  States,  138;  F!.  N.  York,  i,  305.— 
\V»'aon,Doiid.  Brit,  i,  t.  21.— Spren-jel,  Syst.  i,tm.— Guiiiipel,  Otto  &  Hayue,  Abb.  Holz.  126, 1. 102.— Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  iv,325.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  i,  270. — Beck,  Bot.  156. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  440.— Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  vlii,  311. — Loudon,  Arboretniu,  ii,  1033, 
f.  7r'0.— Dietrieh.  Syn.  ii,  1011.  —Eiiton  &  AVriy;ht,  Bot.  473.— Torroy  &  G.-;iy,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  15.— Bigelow,  F'.  Boston.  3  ed.  123.— 
Perm.  Cyel.  xx  vii,  204. —Kmer.son,  Trees  M.Tssaclmsett.s,  364  ;  J  ed.  ii,  412.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cc.striea,  3  ed.  115.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States, 
342. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  171. — Wood,  CI.  Book.  3<trt;  Bot.  &  Fl.  147.— Engolraann  In  Trans.  Am.  Pbil.  Boo.  new  ser.  xil,  194; 
Trails.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  269.— Gr.iy,  Manual  N.  States.  5  ed.  20i);  Syn.  Fl.  N.America,  i«,  12.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  il,  62.— 
Young,  Bot.  Texas.  309.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16.— .Maeouii  in  Hop.  Geological  Siirv.  Canada,  1875-'76,  198.— Bldgway  in 
Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mtw.  1882,  68. 

SHKEPBEREY.   NANNYBERRY. 

Sontliein  .slioivs  of  Hudson  bay  west  in  liiitisli  America  to  about  longitude  lOlio,  south  through  the  northern 
states  to  south^'Hi  Indiana  and  Saint  Louis  county.  Missouri,  .:nd  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Gee  "gia. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  9  meters  in  height,  wirli  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  rocky  ridges 
and  along  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich,  moist  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  devclopmciit 
far  north. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  emitting  a  disagreeable  odor;  medullary  rays  thin,  barely 
distinguishable;  color,  dark  orange-brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7303;  ash,  0.29. 


159. — Viburnum  prunifolium,  Llnmous, 

Spec.  1  od.  268.— Marshall,  Arbustiun,  160.— Waugenheim,  Anier.  98.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  116.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  i,  371 ;  2  ed.  ii, 
167.— Willdeno\r.  Spec,  i,  1487;  Ennm.  326;  Bcrl.  Baumz.  530.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  5;i— Nonveau  Dnhanel,  ii,128,t.38.— 
Schkuhr,  Hand').  2;W. — Miihaus,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  178.— Pers.ion, Syn.  i,  ;!2<i. — Desfontaines,  Hisi'.  Arb.  i,  344. — Poiret  in  Lamarck, 
Diet,  vlii,  6.53.— Piirsh,  Kl.  Am.  Se:'t.i,201.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadeph. :«»;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadclph.  i,  151.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
i,202.— RaMuer  &  Schult.s,  .Syst.  vi,631  -  Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  37.— Torroy,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  318;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  138.— Elliott,  Sk. 
i,  365.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  '.);I3.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  llayne.  Abb.  Uolz.  125, 1. 101.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  23.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  23.— 
Do  Candolle,  Pro<h-.  i\ ,  325.— Beck,  Bot.  1,56.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  440.  -Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  viii,  312.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1034, 
1. 193. — Hooker,  Fl.  Hor.-Am.  ii.  279. — Torrey  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  14. — Walpers,  Rep.  ii,  451.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica, 3  ed. 
115.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  Stat.'s,  342.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  171.— Wood,  CI.  Book.  :»98;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  147.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
5X16;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i',  12. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  269. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  62. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  309. — 
Vasey, Cat.  Forest  Trees,  16. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,68. — Watson  in  Prnc.  Ai.i.  Acad,  xviii, 96. 

V,  pyrifoHum,  Poiret  in  Lamarek,  Uict.  v.  6,58.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  2^1  —Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Barton,  Conipeufl. 
Fl.  Philadclph.  i,  152.— Rujmor  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  631.— Hayno,  Dend.  Fl.  37.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  t.  22.— 
Desfon;aine.s,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  3-15;  Cat.  Ilort.  Paris,  3  cd.  404.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  iv,  325.— Beck,  Bot.  156.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  ii,  10:M,  f.  781,  782.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston,  3  ed.  123. 

V.  pri:ni/oUum,  vat.  J'erruginetim,  Torrey  diGray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  15. 

BLACK   HAW.      STAG  BUSH. 

the  h)wer  Inidson  river  (Fishkill  landing),  soutl'  to  Ilernando  county, 
r,  Texas,  w(>st  to  .Mis.souri,  Arkaiusaa,  and  the  Indian  territory, 
in  height,  v.itli  a  trun'v  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  'liametei,  or  at 
branched  shrub ;  usually  oi<  rocky  hillsides,  in  rich  .soil. 
',  ( lose-grained,  lialtie  to  check  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerouH, 
,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.83,'}2;  ash,  0.52. 

tonic  and  astringent  bark  somewhat  used  in  the  treatment  of  uterine 
trsw;ts  ( Bonion  Med.  and  Sury.  Jour.  October  10, 1807. —  U.  S.  lUxpcnhtttnry^ 


Fairfiehl  coujity,  Oonneetieut,  valley  of 
Florida,  and  the  valley  ol'tiie  ('olorado  rive 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  0  to  0  meters 
the  north  generally  reduced  to  a  low,  much 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  britllt 
very  obscure;  color,  brown  tinged  witli  red 

The  edible  fruit  sweet  :ind  insipid,  the 
disoixlers  in  the  lurm  of  decoctions  or  lluid  ex 
14  ed.  1783.— JVaf.  Dispcnrntortf,  2  ed.  1821). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


95 


RUBIAOE^. 


V\t' 


160. — Exostemma  Caribseum,  RoBmor  <&  Sohultes, 

Syst.  V,  18.— Sprengol,  Syst.  i,705.— Do  Oandollo,  Prodr.  iv,  35U.— Dou,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  481. — Dietrich,  Syn.  i, 72*2.— Spach.HiBt,  Vog. 
viii,  095.— Torroy  &.  Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  3C.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  StatJ8,180.— Grisebach,  Fl.  Britisl  West  Indies,  324.— 
Gniboiirt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  iii.  187,  f.  C28.— Gray,  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America,  i»,  23. 

CincIiOna  Caribcea,  Jacqnin,  Stirp.  Amcr.  t.  176,  f.  65.— Grortner,  Fruot.  i,  109, t.  33.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  i,  228;  2  od.  i, 
372. — Lambert,  CincUonu,  38,  t.  12  (iixcl.  syn.). — Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  vii,  t.  4t'.i. 

Cinchona  Jamaicencis,  Wright  iu  Traus.  Royal  Soo.  Ixvii,  504,  t.  lO. 

Somi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  key.s;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trnnk  0.20  to  0,30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  verj'  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish ;  medullary  rays  unmerons,  very  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  beautifully  streaked  with  different  shades  of 
yellow  and  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear,  rich  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.9310 ;  ash,  0.23. 

161. — Pinckneya  pubens,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Uoi  Am.  i,  103,  t.  13.— Willdonow,  En;im.  Snppl.  30.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2ed.  i,  372.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii, 276,  t. 24 ;  N. 
American  Sylva,  i,  180, 1. 49.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  158.— Nuttall,  Genora,  ii, 37.— Barton,  Fl.  N.  A-nerica,  i,  25,  t.  7.— Sprenge),  Syst. 
i, 705.— Elliott,  8k.  i, 269.— Rafi'.iesqnc,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  57,  t.  72.— De  CanduUc,  Prodr.  iv,  366.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 105.— Eaton,  Mannal, 
6ed.  2(i3.— Don,  J 'iller's  Diet,  iii,  486.— Lindloy,  V\.  Med.  433.— Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  viii,  400.— Eaton  «&  Wright,  Bot.  357.— Torrey  St, 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  America,  ii,  37. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  354.- -Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  365,  f.  174. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  347. — Cooper  ia 
Smithsonian  Rep.1858,253.— Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  179.— Wood,  01.  Book,  401;  Bot.  &  Fl.  15C.— Porchor,  Resources  8.  Forests, 
404.— Vasoy, Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i«,  2,3. 

Cinchona  Caroliniana,  Poirot  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  40. 

P.  pubescens,  Persoon,  Syn.  i,  l'.>7.— Giertnor  f.  Fruct».  Suppl.  81,  t.  104,  f.  3. 

aKORGIA  BARK. 

South  Carolina,  near  the  coast;  basin  «^f  the  upper  Apalachicola  river  in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0..30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams,  in  low, 
sandy  swamps ;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  checking  badly  iu  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by 
four  to  six  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  mcdulla'-y  rays  few,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  .s.ip-wood  lighter;  .spccilic 
gravity,  0.5350 ;  ash,  0.41. 

Infusions  of  the  bark  are  successfully  used  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fever,  as  a  substitute  for  cinchuuiv 
{U.  8.  Diitpensatory,  14  ed.l734). 

162. — Genipa  clusiaefolia,  (iristba.h, 

Fl.  British  West  Indies,  317.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  i",  29. 

Gardenia  clusiwfolia,  Jacquiu,  Coll.  Appx.  37,  t.  4,  f.  3.— Persoon,  Syn,   i,  199.— De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  iv,  381 ;   Dietrich,. 
Syn.  i,  796. 

liamiia  chtaia'/olia,  Clmpninn,  Fl.  S.  States,  179.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. 


Ir  at 

|)US, 

i'iiiu 
'n/r 


SEVEN-TKAR  APPLK. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  th'i  southern  keys;   in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  much-branched,  knotty  tree,  sometimes  G  meters  in  height,  with  n  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.10  meter 
in  diameter,  or  m  Florida  more  often  a  shrub;  saline  shor<  s. 

Wowl  very  hciivy,  hard,  close  grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  |>olish;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin;  color,  rich  dark  brown  shaded  with  orange,  the  sap-wo(Hl  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  1.031G;  ash,  l.OO. 

The  large  insipid  fniit  popularly  but  incorrectly  suppo.std  to  require  seven  years  in  which  to  ripen. 


ii 


96 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'  163. — Guettarda  elliptica,  Swartz, 

Prodr,  59 ;  I'l.  lud.  Occ.  i, 034.— Lamarck,  Hi.  ii, 218.— rersoon,  Syii.  i,  200.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  859.— Roemcr  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  412.— De 
Camlolk.rrodr.iv,  457.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  787.— Don,  Jliller's  Diet,  iii,  551.— Torroj' &  Gray,  KI.  N.  America,  ii,  35.— Grisebach, Fl. 
British  West  Indies,332.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.N.  America.  i=,30. 

G.  Blodgettii,  Shuttleworth  iu  horb.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  btates,  178.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 'xrees,  17. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  soutberii  keys;  tliroutfh  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  meters  iu  lioigbt,  witL  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  Leavy,  bard,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing 
numerous  scattered  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red; 
specific  gravity,  0.8337 ;  ash,  1.C5. 


EEICACEJi:. 


164. — Vaccinium  arboreum,  Maisiuill, 

Arbiistum,  157. — Micbaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ai.i.  i,  230. — Pcrsoon,  Syn.  i,  479. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,270. — Pursh,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  i,  285. — 
NuttElI,  Genera,  i,  263. —Elliott,  Sk.  i,  49;). — Don,  Miller*!*  Diet,  iii,  853.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1159.— De  CamloUe,  Prodr.  vii, 
567.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1264.— Darby,  Hot.  S.  States,  414.— Loddiges,  IJot.  Cal».  t.  18^5.— Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  1096.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  2."9.— Wood.Cl.  Book,  482;  Bot.  A  Fl.  198.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  373.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  369.— 
Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15;   Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',20.— Vnsey.Cat.  Forest  Trees, 71. 

V.  mucronatinn,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  139  [not  Linmeus]. 

V.  (liffiinvm,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  a'')0.— Bot.  May.  t.  Iti07.— Koeh.Dendrologie,  ii,96. 

Botodendroil  inhorfvni,  Nutdill  in  Trims.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  2ser.  viii,201;  Sylvn,  iii,  43;  2  ed.  ii,lll. 


FABKLEBKRRY. 

North  Carolina,  south  iieia  ibo  coast  to  Hernando  county,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states,  and  from  southern 
Illinois  and  southern  Missouri  south  through  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  bay. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.25  meter  iu  diameter,  or  toward  its  rorthorn 
limits  often  reduced  to  a  low  siirub;  very  common  tlwoughout  the  pine  belt  of  the  Gulf  states  along  the  larger 
ponds  and  streams,  in  moist,  sandy  soil,  and  reaching  its  greatest  develoi)ment  in  eastern  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  twist  in  drying,  satiny,  .susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
j/Olish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly 
distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.7010;  ash,  0.39;  somewhat  used  in  turnery  in  the  manufacture  of  .small 
handles,  etc. 

165. — Andromeda  ferruginea,  Walter, 

I'l.  Caroliniana,  l;i8.  — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ji,67  ;  2ed.  iii,  .52. — Willdenow,  Sp.  ii,(i09. — Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1,262. — Nouveau  Duliumel, 
i,190.— Ventenat,  Hor*.  M.ilmaison,  80,  t.  80.— Porsoon,  Syn.  i,  480.— DesfontaineH,  Hist.  Arb.  1,257.— Pursh,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  i,  292.— 
Elliott,  Sk.i,4i^9.— Davbv.  Bot.  S.  States,  420.-Chapman,Fl.  S.  States,2ti3.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  488;  Bot.  &  Fl.  202.— Gray,  Syn.  FI. 
i\.  America  ii',  33. 

^l.  rliomhoulalin,  Nouvean  I)nlian\el,  j,lit;.'. 

A.ferrvglnctt,  var.  afhorrsciUH,  Miehanx,l"l.  IWu-.-Ani.  i,252. 

A./errUjliliea,  Vi\r.fn((U0Na,  Micbaux,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i,2f)2. 

A.  rif/ida,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,2i»2.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  430. 

Lyonia  Jemiginea,  Nuttall,  (ieuera,  i,  266.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii, 830.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1109.~Dictrich,  Syn.  ii, 
139i>.— De  Cnndtdle,  Prodr.  vii.tiOO.— Koeb,  Deiidrologie,  ii,  122. 

Lyonia  rigida,  Nuttall,  (ienerH,i,2(;(!.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ili.830.— He  Candolle,  Prodr,  vii.tiOO. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


97 


•■  1 


South  Carolina  to  uorthem  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  in  rich  hummocks,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.16  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  often 
crooked  or  semi-prostrate;  or  in  sandy  pine-barren  soil  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  height;  the 
leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  venation,  etc . 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautifhl 
polish;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.7500 ;  ash,  0.46. 

166. — Arbutus  Menziesii,  Pursb, 

FLAm.  Sept.  i,282.— Sprengel.Syst.  ii,  286.— Dou,  Miller's  Diet,  ill,  8:54.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1122.— Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  582.— 
Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1387.— Hooker, Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  li,  3C.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Bcechcjr,  143.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii.  42,  t. 95;  2  cd.  ii,  109, 
t.  95.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Eop.  iv,  116 ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Expcd.  378.— Newberry  in  Pacific  E.  R.  Rep.  vi,  23,  79,  f.  22.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Eep.  1858, 260;  Pacific  Ii.  R.  Eep.  xii',  29,  66. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linniean  Soc.  vii,  131.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  393; 
Bot.  California,  i,  452,  in  part ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  27,  in  part. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii, 
88. — Macoun  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1875-'76. 203. — G.M.Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat. new  ser. ix,331.— Hemsley, Bot.  Am.-Cint. 
ii,276. 

A.procera^  Douglas  iu  Lindley's  Bot.  Eeg.  sxi,  t.  1753. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1121.— Do  Candolle,  Prcdr.  vii,  582. — 
Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1387.— Pnxton,  Mag.  Bot.  ii,  147  &  t.— Walpers,  Eep.  vi,  416. 

A.  laurifolia,  Lindley,  Bot.  Eeg.  xxx,  t.  67.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  36. 


«» 


MADEONA. 

Islands  of  British  Columbia,  from  Seymour  narrows  southward  through  Washington  territory  and  Oregon, 
near  the  cbast,  and  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  California  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  25  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally, 
much  larger  (the  great  specimen  near  San  Bafael,  Marin  county,  California,  6.85  meters  in  circumference  2  meters 
from  the  ground) ;  south  of  San  Francisco  bay  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  hillsides,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color, 
light  brown  shaded  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7052;  ash,  0.40;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  gunpo'.f der,  the  bark  in  tanning. 


lall 


ii, 


167. — Arbutus  Xalapensis,  hbk. 

No'-.Gen.  &  Spec,  iii,  281.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  286.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  834.- Hooker,  Icon,  i,  t.  27.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  66.— 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  583.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1388.— Walpers,  Ann.  ii,  1105.— Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  192  &  t. 

fA.  Variena,  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  77.— Paxton,  Brit.  Fl.  Card,  ii,  118.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,277. 

tA.  macrophylla,  Martens  &  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  ix,  9.— Walpers,  Eep.  ii,  725. 

A.  Menziesii,  Gray  in  Bot.  California,  i,  452,  in  part;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii<,  27,  in  part.— Bothrock  in  Wheeler's  Eep. 
vi,  25,  183  [not  Pnrsh]. 

Southern  Arizona,  Santa  Kita  mountains,  between  4,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation ;  southward  through  northern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  with  white,  scaly  bark,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter; 
dry,  gravelly  slopes:  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7099; 
ash,  0.25. 

168. — Arbutus  Texana,  Buckley, 

Proc.  Philadelphio  Acad.  1861, 460.— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862, 165.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  370. 

A.  Memiem,  Gray  in  Bot. California, i,4.')2,  in  part;  Syn.Fi.N.  Atrferica,  ii',27,  in  part. 

tA.  Xalapen8i8,  Watson  inProo.  Am.Acad.xviii,  111. 

Western  Texas,  Hays  aad  Travis  counties  (Bvcilq/),  west  to  the  Gnadulupo  and  Eagle  mountains  (Savard), 
and  southward,  probably  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  6  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0,25  meter  in  diameter;  dry  limestone  hills  and 
ridgeb;  rare. 
7  FOE 


.  !, 


98 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter,  tinged  with  red;  specific  gravity,  0.7500;  ash,  0.51;  used  in  turnery,  the  manufacture  of  mathematical 
instruments,  etc. 

Note. — The  H^nonomy  and  specific  position  of  the  Mexican  species  of  Jrbtitua  wliich  reacb  the  sonthem  bonBdary  of  the  United 
States  are  still  obscure,  and  cannot  be  'vrell  elucidated  with  the  existing  knowledge  of  the  Mexican  flora. 

169. — Oxydendrum  arboreum,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  vii,  601. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1389. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  25n. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  863. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's 
2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  372.-  Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18C0,  iii,  79.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  489 ;  Bot.  &  f  1.  203.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.206;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  33.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  128.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17.— Nat. 
Dispensatory,  2  ed.  798. 

Andromeda  arborea,  Linnaeus,  Spec,  l  ed.  394.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  158.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  7.— Wangcnheim,  Amer.  105.— 
Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  138. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  69  ;  2  ed.  iii,  53. — Willdenow,  Spec,  ii, 612;  Enum.  452 ;  Berl.  Baumz. 
31.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  255. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  i,  178. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  905. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  257. — 
Mithanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  222,  t.  7 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  126,  t.  85.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  295.— Nnttall, 
Genera,  i,  265.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  491.— Barton,  Fl.  N.  America,  i,  105,  t.  30.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  59.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.i, 
420;  Compend.  Fl.N.  States,  182.— Sprcngel,  Syst.  ii,  291.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  266.— Darby,  Bot.  S. 
States,  419. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  379. 

Andromeda  arborescens,  Persoon,  Syn.i,  480.— Willdenow,  Enum.  453.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t.l210. 

Lyonin  arborea,  Don  in  Edinburgh  Phil.  Jour,  xvii,  159.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  831.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1111.— Spacb, 
Hist.  Veg.  ix,  486. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  356. 

SOERKL  TREE.     SOITR  WOOD. 

Western  Pennsylvania,  southward  aloug  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  western  Florida  and  the  eastern  shores 
of  Mobile  bay,  west  to  middle  Tennessee  and  through  the  upper  regions  of  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.35  meter  in  diameter;  usually  in  rather  dry, 
gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin  ;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7458 ;  ash,  0.37  ;  used  for 
the  handles  of  tools,  bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 

170.— Kalmia  latifolia,  Linneens, 

Spec.  1  ed.  301.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  335.— Marshall,  Arbustnm,  72. — Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  345;  111.  ii,487,  t.  363,  f.  1.— Giertner, 
Fruct.  i,  305,  t.  C3,f.  7.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  64,t.24,f.  50.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  138.— Alton,  Hort,  Kew.ii,64;  2  ed.  iii,  47.— 
Lamarck,  El.  487,  t.  363,  f.  1.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  87.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  600;  Enum.  450;  Berl.  Baumz.  202.— Schknhr, 
Handb.  359, 1. 116.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  258.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  477.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  220.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  419. — 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  144,  t.  4;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  od.  ii,  62,  t.  07.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  296.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  49.— Eaton,  Manual,  47;  6  ed.  195.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  i,  113, 1. 13;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  179.— Nnttall,  Genera,  i,267.-- 
Hayne.Dend.  Fl.  54.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  481.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  422 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  182.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 293.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  55.— Rivfinesquo,  Med.  Bot.  ii.lC,  t.  57.— Scrtiiui  Botanicum,iv  &  t. — Beck.Bot.  219.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  850.— Lindley, 
Fl.  Med.  380.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1151,  f.  959.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  729.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  498, 1. 139.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  41. — Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1407. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  363. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  392;  2  ed.  ii.  443  &  t. — 
Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  428,  f.  192.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  172.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  420.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
253. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  264.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  99. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  373.— Wood,  CI.  Book.  484;  Bot.  &  Fl.  200.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  381.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  296; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  38. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  152. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. — London  Garden,  xxii,  6,  t.  343. 


LAUREL.     CALICO  BUSH.     SPOON  WOOD.     IVY. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Erie,  south  to  western  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states 
to  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Red  river,  Arkansas  (Hot  Springs,  Letterman). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.CO  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often 
a  low  shrub;  rich  woodlands;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains,  here  often  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  principal  medullary  rays  broad,  dark  brown, 
conspicuous,  intermediate  rays  numerous,  thin,  inconspicuous;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  lighter ;  .specific  gravity,  O.^ICO  ;  ash,  0.41 ;  used  for  tool  handles,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

The  leaves,  buds,  and  fruit,  reputed  poisonous  to  cattle,  are  occasionally  used  medicinally  (U.  S.  Dispensatory f 
14  ed.  1G82.— Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  798). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


99 


171. — Rhododendron  maximum,  Linnnus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  391.— Marsliall,  Arbustum,  127.— Grcrtnor,  Frnct.  i,  n04,  t.  C3,  f.  6.— Wiingenhoim,  Amer.  63,  t.  22,  f.  49.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow, 
ii,  67;  2  ed.  iii,  .50.- Mcencb,  Motli.  45.— Lamurck,  Diet,  vi,  3C5;  111.  ii,  44H,  t.  364,  f.  1.— B.S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  18.— Willdenow, 
8p«c.  ii,  606 ;  Ennin.  .451 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  3r>7. — Noiiveau  Dubamel,  ii,  141. — Miclinux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  a59. — Scbktihr,  Handb.  362. — 
Persoon,  Syn.  i,  478. — Desfontaiiios,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  221. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  951. — Miclinnx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  144,  t.  4;  N.American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  64,  t.  68.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Eaton,  Manual,  47 ;  0  eA.  301.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  268.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot. 
iii,  101,  t.  51 ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  178.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  483.— Hay ne,  Dend.  Fl.  57.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  426 ;  Conipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  184.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  292.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  103.— Beck,  Bot.  220.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1134,  f. 
932.— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  vii,  722.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  ii,  43.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  503.— Dietricb,  Syn.  ii,  1404.— Eaton  & 
WrigUt,  Bot.  391.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  359.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  384 ;  2  ed.  ii,  435  &  t— Griffltb,  Med.  Bot.  428.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  171.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  421.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States, 
265. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  97. — Lesqncreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  373. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 
491;  Bot.  &  Fl.  204.— Poroher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  380.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  300 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii',  42.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii,  169. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  17. 

B.  procerum,  Salisbury,  Prodr.  297. 

B.  maximum,  var.  roseum,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.  1,484. 

B.  maximum,  var.  album,   Pnrsb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  484. 

B.  maximum,  var.  purpureum,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  297.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  484. 

B.  purpureum,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1134.— Dietrich,  Syn,  ii,  1404. 

B.  Purshii,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iii,  843.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1135.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1404  (var.  album,  Pursb,  I.  c). 

GREAT  LAUREL.      ROSE  BAY. 

Nova  Scotia  and  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Erie,  south  through  ITew  Eugland,  New  York,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarelj'  exceeding  0.30  motor  in  diameter,  or 
often  a  tall,  straggling  shrub;  at  the  north  in  cold  swamps;  rare;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains,  steep,  rocky  banks  of  streams,  etc.;  never  on  limestone. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-graiue'^  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  clear 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6303;  ash,  0.3G;  occasionally  used  in  turnery  for  the  handles 
of  tools,  etc.,  and  a  possible  substitute  for  box- wood  in  engraving.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used 
domestically  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  sciatica,  etc. 


{  I! 


MYRSINACEJ], 


tes 


•Vr 


172.— Myrsine  Rapanea,  Roemer  &  Schultes, 

Syst.  iv,  tt09. — Don,  Miller's  D'ct.  iv,  10. — Dietricb,  Syn.  i,  618. — A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  97. — Miquel  in  Martins,  Fl.  Uiasil.  ix, 
307,  t.  r)0-62.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii',  65. 

Bapanea  Ouyanensia,  Aublet,  Guiau.i,  121,  t.  46.— Swartz,  Obs.  51;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  362.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  48,  t.  l.'2,f.  1. 

Samara  pentandra,  Swartz,  Obs.  51 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  262  [not  Alton]. 

Samara  floribunda,  WiUdenow,  Spec,  i,  665.— Lamarck,  HI.  ii,  46,'t.  122,  f.  1. 

Caballeria  coriacea,  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esscq.  118. 

M.  Floridana,  A.  De  Candolle  io  Trans.  Linnnan  Soc.  xvii,  107 ;  Prodr.  viii,  98.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  98.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. 
States,  277. 

M.  floribunda,  Grisobnch,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  393. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Indian  ri^er  southward  to  the  southern  koys;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or 
often  a  shrub;  borders  »»f  ponds  and  freshwater  crooks  ;  in  the  Weet  Indies  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  oioso-grainod,  compact ;  niodnllary  rays  numerous,  very  ooiit-picuous ;  color,  brown 
tinged  with  rod  and  boautitully  striped  with  the  diirkor  modullary  rays,  the  snp-wood  hardly  distinguishable; 
specific  gravity,  O.SiUl ;  ash,  0.81. 


If 


too 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


173. — Ardisia  Pickeringia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii,  09,  t.  102 ;  3  ed.  ii,  ISIi,  t.  102.— A.  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  124.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  264.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  277. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. — Gray,  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  05. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent,  ii,  294. 

Cyrilla  2)aniculata,  Nuttall  in  Am.  Jcur.  Sci.  v,290. 

PicJceringin  pcmiculata,  Nuttall  iu  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad,  vii.l. 


MABLBEBBT.  OHRBBY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  iulet  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  Galoosa  river  to  cape  Bomano;  in  the 
West  Indies  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub; 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  very 
numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  brown,  beautifully  marked  with  the  darker  medullary  rays,  the  sap-wood  a 
little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8C02;  ash,  1.86. 

174. — Jacquinia  armillaris,  Jacquin, 

Amer. 53, t. 39.— LinnoBus,  Spec.  2ed.  272.— Aiton,  Hort.Kew.  i,257;  2  ed.  ii,5.— Lamarck,  111.  ii, 46,  t. 39.— Vahl,Eclog.  i, 26.— Swartz, 
Obs.  85.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1064 ;  Enum.  246.— Persoon,  8yn.  i,  234.— RcBmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  490.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 668.— 
Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  24.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  638.— Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  123.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  149.— Miqnel  in 
Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  ix,  282,  t.  27.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,265. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  276. — Grisebacb,  Fl.  British 
West  Indies,  397. — Seemann,  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  279. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  06. — Hemsley, 
Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  294. 

Chryaophyllum  Barbasco,  Loefling,  Iter.  204,  277. 

JOE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys;  rare;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low,  rigid  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  meter  in 
diameter ;  in  the  Bahamas  and  other  West  Indian  islands  probably  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  checking  and  shrinking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  scattered 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  light  clear  brown  tinged  with  yellow; 
specific  gravity,  0.G948;  ash,  3.45. 

The  saponaceous  leaves  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 


SAPOTACE^. 


175. — Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  i,  552;  111.  ii,  42.— Descourtilz,  Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  ii,  71.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  158.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies, 
398.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  67.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  634. 

C.  Caneto,  p.  Linnieus,  Sp.  3  ed.  278  (excl.  syn.  Lwfling). 

0.  motiopyrenum,  Swartz,  Prodr.  49;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  480.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  236.-R(Emer  &,  Schultes,  Syst.  iv  703.— 
Sprengel,  .Syst.  i,  666.— Bot,  Mag.  t.  3303.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,638.— Miquel  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  vii,  94. 

C.  ferrugineum,  Grortnor  f.  Fnict.  Suppl.  120,  t.  202,  f.  1. 

C  microphyllum,  Chapman  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  9.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18  [not  A.  De  Candolle]. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  tlie  southern  keys  (Elliott's  Key,  No-Name  Key,  Key  Largo),  west 
coast,  Caloosa  river  to  cape  Sable;  rare  ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  !)  meters  in  h'.'ight,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  diccking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous; 
color,  light  brown  sliade<l  with  red,  the  thin  sap  wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9360;  ash,  1.24. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


101 


in 


176. — Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron,  Jacrmin, 

CoU.ii,  1. 17,  f.  5.— Lamarck,  lU.ii,  41,  t.l20,  f.  2.— Gnjrtncr  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  125.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  i.cec.— Diotrioh,  Syn.  i,  622.— A.  D« 
Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  181.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  399.— Gray,  Syn.  FI.  N.  America  ii',  67. 

Bumelia  pallida,  Swartz,  Prodr.  40;  Fl.  lud.  Occ.  4H9. 

4 

Achras  pallida,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  533. 

Bumelia  Mastichodendron,  Bcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  493. 

8.  pallidum,  Sprcngel,  Syst.  i,  666.— A.  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  180.— Chapman,  Fl.  6.  States,  274.— Vascy,  Cat.  Forort 
Trees,  18. 

Bumelia  fcetidissima,  Nnttall,  Sylva,  iil,  39,  t.94  ;  2  ed.  ii,  108,  t.  94.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  265. 

MASTIC. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west  coast,  cape  Bomano  to  cape  Sable ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  tmnk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  the  largest  and  most  valaable 
tree  of  semi-tropical  Florida;  common. 

"Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  few  scattered  small 
open  dncts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous ;  color,  bright  orange,  the  sap-wood  yellow;  specific  gravity, 
1.0109 ;  a«h,  5.14 ;  not  affected  by  the  teredo;  largely  used  in  ship-  and  boat-building. 

The  dry  fruit,  of  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor,  eagerly  eaten  by  animals. 

177. — Dipholis  salicifolia,  A.  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  viii,  188  (Deleseert,  Icon.  Mei.  ined.  t.  40).— Richard,  PI.  Cuba,  t.  54». — Miqnel  ia  Martina,  Fl.  Brasil.  vii,  45,  1. 18. — Chapman, 
Fl.  8.  States,  274.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  401.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America  ii',  67. 

Achras  salicifolia,  Linnsus,  Spec.  2  ed.  470. 

Bumelia  salicifolia,  Swartz,  Prodr.  50 ;  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i,  491.— Lamarck,  III.  ii,  42.— WiUdenow,  Spec,  i,  1086.- Aiton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.ii,  12.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  494.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621. 

Sideroxylon  salicifolium,  Gaertner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  124,  t.  202.— Lamarck,  111.  ii,  42. 


HI? 


est 


us; 


BUSTIC.     OASSADA. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  vith  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  the  largo  trees  hollow  and 
defective;  rare. 

"Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  checking  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish,  containing  many  scattered  large  open  ducts ;  color,  dark  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ; 
specific  gravity,  0.9316 ;  ash,  0.32. 

178. — Bumelia  tenax,  Willdonow, 

Spec.  i,1088;  Enum.  248;  Berl.  Baumz.  67.  -Aitou,  Hort.  Kew.  2  cd.  ii,  12.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  490.— Elliott,  Sk.i,288.— 
Persoon.Syn.  i,237.- Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  18.— Spreiigol.Syst.  i,(i()4.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  (10.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  iv,30. — Loudon, 
Arboretum,  ii.  1193,  f.  1017.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i, C21.— Spacli,  Hist.  Vcg.  ix,  :!S8.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  102.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  35,  t. 
92;  2ed.  ii,  104,  t.  92.— A.  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  428.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii', 68. 

Sideroxylon  tenax,  Liumuus,  Mant.  48.— Jacqnin,  Coll.  ii,  252.— Lamarck,  Diet.  i,245 ;  111.  ii,  42.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow,  1,262.— 
Swartz,  Obs.  91. — Doslbutaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  204. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  401. 

Sideroxylon  CaroUnensc,  Jacquin,Obs.iii,  3,  t.54. 

Sideroxylon  sericeum,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  100. 

Sideroxylon  chrysophylloides,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  123.— Rnflnesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  53. 

B.  chrysophylloides,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  l.^iS.- Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  135,— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  1. 10. 

tB.  reclinata.  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275  [not  Vontenat]. 


p- 


.f?1 


i 


102 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  well  characterized, 
as  in  all  the  North  American  species,  by  largo  open  ducts,  defining,  with  several  rows,  the  rings  of  annual  growth, 
and  connected  by  conspicuous  branching  groups  of  similar  ducts,  giving  to  a  cross-section  a  beautifully  reticulated 
appearance ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  browu  streaked  with  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.7293;  ash,  6.78.    " 

179. — Bumelia  lanuginosa,  Porsoou, 

Syn.  i,  S-'U".— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sopt.  i,  155.— NuttaU,  Genera,  i,  135.— Rajiucr  &  Scbultes,  Syst.  iv,  497.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  288.— Eaton,  Manual, 
6ed.  CO.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1194.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Dot.  102  — A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  428.— Cooper  in  Siuitbsouian  Rep.  18.')y,2.')3.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 275. — Lesqncreux  in  Owen's  Sd  Rep. 
Arkausas,  374.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308;  iloU's  PI.  Texas,  15;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America, 
ii',  68.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  377.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

tSideroxylon  tenajc,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  lOO. 

Sideroxylon  lanuginosum,  Michaus,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  122. 

tB.  oblongi/olia,  NuttaU,  Genera,  i,  135;  Sylva,iii,33;  2  ed.ii,  102.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 664.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  60. —Eaton 
&  Wright,  !!ot.  162,— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1194.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  viii,  190. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374. 

B.  ferruginea,  N attall,  Sylva,  iii,  34 ;  2  ed.  ii,  103. 

B.  tomcntom,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190. 

B.  arborea,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1861,461. 

GUM  ELASTIC.     SHITTIM  WOOD. 

Georgia  and  northern  Florida  to  JVIobile  bay,  Alabama ;  southern  Illinois  and  southern  Missouri,  through 
Arkausas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grando,  Texas  (Eagle  pass,  Ilavard)  (B.  oblongi/olia). 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  IS  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states 
much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  G  meters  iu  height ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich 
bottom  lands  of  eastern  Texas. 

A  low,  depressed  form  of  tin  sandhills  of  the  Altamaha  river,  Georgia,  still  to  be  rediscovered,  with  small 
leaves  and  "edible  fruit  as  large  as  a  small  date",  is  var.  macrocarpa,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  68  {B.  macrocarpa, 
NuttaU,  Sylva,  iii,  37;  2  ed.  ii,  IOC). 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  very  compact,  the  open  ducts  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6544;  ash,  1.23;  somewhat  used  in 
cabinet-making,  ibr  which  it  is  well  suited. 

A  clear,  very  viscid  gum  exuded  from  the  ii-eshly-cnt  wood  is  sometimes  used  domestically. 

•  180. — Bumelia  Spinosa,  A.  Do  Candolle, 

Prodr.  viii,  191  (Delessert,  Icon.  Mex.  ined.  t.  75). — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  ii,  299. — Watsou  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  112. 

Santa  Catalina  mountains,  Arizona,  at  an  elevation  of  2,700  feet  (Pringle) ;  Parras  and  Saltilio,  Mexico  {Palmer, 
No.  787). 

A  small  tree,  G  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  near 
water-courses. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ; 
color,  light  rich  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity.  0.6603 ;  ash,  1.24. 


181. — Bumelia  lycioides,  Giertner  f. 

Fruct.  Suppl.  127, 1. 120.— Porsoon,  Syn.  i, 237.— Willdcnow,  Enum.  249 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  68.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  5,2.17.— NuttaU,  Genera. 
i,135;  Sylva, iii, 31,  t. 91;  2  ed.ii,  101,  t.91.— Rocmcr  &  Scbultes, Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne,  Dend. Fl.  19.— Elliott,  Sk.  i, 287.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  i,()64.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  (W.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  30.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1193,  f.  1016.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.ix,  388.— Eiiton  &  Wright.  Bot.  162.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  189.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  441.— Darby,  Bot.S. 
States,  427.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 2!j3.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  275.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374.— 
Wood,  CI.  Book.iiOl;  Bot.&Fl.  210.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  68.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  376.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent.  ii,298. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


103 


Sidtroxifhn  lycioidea,  LiunuiUH,  Hort.  Cliff.  4ti8(oxol.  hal).)-— Lamarck,  Diet,  i, 346;  111.11,43.— Alton,  Hort.Kew.  1,263;  9 
eil.  li,  13.— Willdcuow,  Spoc.  1,  1090.— Michans,  FI.Uor.-Ani.  1, 123.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1, 155.— Jaume  St.  HIIaIn, 
Fl.  &.  Pom.  Am.  Frauc.  t.  SI. 

Sideroxylon  decandrum,  Liumeus,  Maut.  4«.— vvilldonow,  Spoc.  1,  loyi. 
Syderoxylon  Iceve,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  100. 

IRON  WOOD.  SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN. 

Guast  of  Virginia  and  southorn  Illinois,  south  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  Oaloosa  river,  Florida,  and  throngh 
Bouthera  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Bio  Concho,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  tmnk  rarely  exceeding  0.16  meter  in  diameter;  low, 
rich  soil,  or  often,  in  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  a  low,  semi-prostrate  shrub,  described  as — 

Var.  reclinatum,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  it',  68. 

Sideroxylon  rcelinatum,  Mlchaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  123. 

B,  recUnata,  Ventouat,  Cholx,  t.22.— Peraoon,  8yn.i,237.— Pursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,  155.— Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syat.  iv,  496.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  1,287. — £atoii.  Manual, 6  ed.  CO. — Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  621. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  'M. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii, 
1193.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  438.- Wood,  CI.  Book,  501 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  210. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  or 
yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7467 ;  ash,  0.81. 

182. — Bumelia  cuneata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Dec.  i,  496.— Porsoon,  Syn.  i,  237.— Roomer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  iv,  498 Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  665.— Don,  Miller'sDict.  iv,  30.— Dietrich, 

Syn.  i,  621.— Grisebaeh,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  401.— Gray ,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  68.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  297. 

Achraa  CUneifoUa^  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  531. 

B.  cmgmtifolia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ill,  38,  t.  93 ;  2  ed.  ii,  106,  t.  93.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 365. 

Sideroxylon  CUneatum,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viil,  181. 

B.  parvifolia,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  190.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  375.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

B,  myrsini/olia,  A.  Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  viii,  192. 

B.  reclinata,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mox.  Boundary  Survoy,  109  [not  Ventouat]. 

ants'  WOOD.     DOWNWARD  PLXnvi.     SAFFRON  PLUM. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Merritt's  island,  Indian  river,  and  southward  to  the  southern  keys,  not  rare;  west  coast. 
Cedar  Keys  to  capo  Bomano,  rare;  rocky  sliores  and  in  the  interior  of  low,  barren  keys;  Texas,  valley  of  the 
lower  Bio  Grande,  Boss  to  Laredo,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  in  the  West  Indies. 

Wood  heavy,  Lard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  or  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7950;  ash,  1.90. 

183. — Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl.  S.  States, 275.— Vasty, Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Gray, Syn. Fl.  N.  America,  11', 69. 
Achras  Zapotilla,  vav.  parviflora,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  ill,  28,  t.90;  3ed.ii,97,t.90. 
M.  dissecta,  Grisebaeh,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  400,  iu  part. 
Achras  mammosa,  Siober,  Pl.  Trin.  No.  33  [not  LinufBUs  nor  Bonpland]. 


iii 


WILD  DILLY. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys,  common ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  low,  gnarled  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  meter  in  diameter;  generally 
hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grnincd,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  rich,  very  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  1.0838; 
ash,  2.61. 


S^    41 


104 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


EBENACEJ]. 


'* 

'  'I 


184. — Diospyros  Virginiana,  LinnBBus, 

Sped  cd.  1057.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  cd.  i,  127,  345.— Marshall,  Arbiistum,  40.— Wangenhoim,  Amcr.  84,  t.S88,  f.  58.— Walter,  PI. 
Caroliniano,  253.- Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  440;  2  cd.  v,  478.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  01,  74.— B.  8.  Barton,  Coll.  1,  11,45;  ii, 
52.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.ii,  258.— Gcertner  f.  Fruct.  Suppl.  138,  t.  207.— Willdeuow,  Spec.iv,  1107;  Entim.  1061;  Berl.  BaomZo 
127.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Dict.v,  528.— Persoon,  Sjn.  ii,  1806.— Desfontaiues,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  208.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  106.— 
Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  195,  t.  12 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.  ii,  157,  t.  93. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  265.— Nouveau  Duhamel, 
yi,  84.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Fhiladelph.  97;  Compend.  Fl.  Pliiladelph.  ii,  198.— Eaton,  Manual,  117;  6  ed.  126.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  240.— Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  228.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  712.— Collin,  Forslag  af  ufigra  Nord-Americas  TrM.  23.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  375.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  87.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  202.— Watson,  Dond.  Brit,  ii,  146.— Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  153,  t.  2&.— 
Beck,  Bot.  229.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  39.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1195,  t.  200,  201.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  225.— A.  DeCandolle, 
Prodr.  iv,  228.— Browne,  Trees  of  Aiuorica,  308.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  435,  f.  196.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  437.— Belg.  Hort.  iv,  118  &t.— 
Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  425.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  176.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.- Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
273. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.Carolina,  1860,  iii,  70.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374. — "Ettingsh.  Blatt- 
Skel.  Dikot.  89,  t.  38,  f.  12."— Wood,  CI.  Book,  500 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  385.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  8oc.  new  ser.  xii,  200.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  308;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  69.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii,  204.— Hiem  in  Trans.  Cambridge  Phil.  Soc.  xii',  224.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii, 
59.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  68. 

D.  ooncolor,  Mcench,  Meth.  471. 

D.  Guaiacana,  Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  417. 

D.  pubescem,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  265  [not  Persoon].- Raflnesque,  Fl.  Lodoviciana,  139.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  ivj  38.— 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1196. 

D.  Virginiana,  yar.  pubescens,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  240.— EUiott,  Sk.  ii,  713, 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  microcarpa,  Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  115. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  concolor,  Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  155. 

D.  Virginiana,  var.  macrocarpa,  Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  i,  155. 

D.  Persiman,  WikstrOm,  Jahr.  Schwed.  1830,  92. 

D.  ciliata,.  Raflnesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  25  [not  A.  De  Candolle]. 

D.  calycina,  Audibert,  Cat.  Hort.  Tonn.  (ex.  Spach).— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841,  394. 

D.  angustifolia,  Audibert,  Cat.  Hort.  Tonn.  (ex.  Spach).— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841, 394. 

D.  lucida,  Hort.— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841,  394. 

D.  intermedia,  Hort.— Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  1841, 394. 


PERSIMMON. 

Light-house  point,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  southward  to  bay  Biscayne  and  the 
Galoosa  river,  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi ;  southern  Ohio  to  southeastern  Iowa,  southern  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  10  to  20  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  meters  in  height  (Ridgway),  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in 
diameter ;  very  common  and  often  entirely  occupying  abandoned  fields  throughout  the  middle  and  lower  regions 
of  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the  lower 
Ohio  basin. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  containing  few  scattered, 
open  ducts,  the  rings  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  more  rows  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown,  or  often  nearly  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown,  often  containing  numerous 
darker  spots;  specific  gravity  of  the  sap-wood,  0.7908;  ash,  0.96;  used  in  turnery  for  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks, 
etc.,  and  preferred  for  shuttles;  the  dark  heart-wood  only  developed  in  very  old  specimens  and  rarely  seen. 

The  yellow  edible  fruit  exceedingly  austere  until  after  frost,  then  becoming  sweet  and  luscious,  or  in  the  Gulf 
states  rii)ening  in  August  without  austerity ;  sometimes  used  domestically,  fermented  with  hops,  corn-meal,  or 
wheat  bran,  as  a  beverage  under  the  name  of  "  simmon  beer  ". 

A  decoction  of  the  bitter  and  astringent  unripe  fruit  and  inner  bark  occasionally  used  in  the  treatment  of 
diarrhcea,  sore  throat,  hemorrhage,  etc.  {B.  R.  Smith  in  Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  October,  1846, 215. — J.  E.  Bryan  in  same, 
May,  1860,  2\o.—  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  380. — Ifat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  514). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


105 


185. — Diospyros  Texana,  Sckeelo, 

Linniea,  xxil,  145;  Rceiner,  Texas,  441;  Appx.  763.— Wnlpors,  Ann.  iii,  14. — Torroy,  Dot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  109.— Cooper  lo 
Smithsonian  Rop.  1858,  2C6.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  376.— Hiern  in  Trans.  Cambridge  Pliil.  Soc.  xii',  238.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  15; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  70.— Vusey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Ani.-Cent.  ii,  300. 

BLACK  PERSIMMON.  MEXICAN  PERSIMMON.  CHAPOTE. 

Western  Texas,  Matagorda  bay  to  the  valley  of  the  Concho  river ;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low 
Bhmb ;  not  rare,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Texas  along  the  rich  bottoms  of  the  Guadalupe  river ; 
borders  of  prairies,  in  rich  soil ;  in  Mexico  more  common  and  of  larger  size. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  taking  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  few  minute, 
scattered,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ?  color,  nearly  black,  often  streaked  with  yellow,  the  thick 
sap-wood  clear  bright  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.84G0;  ash,  3.33;  used  in  turnery  for  the  handles  of  tools,  etc., 
saitable^for  wood-engraving,  and  probably  the  best  substitute  among  American  wood6  for  box-wood. 

The  small  black  froit  sweet  and  insipid. 


STYRACACE^. 


186. — Symplocos  tinctoria,  L'Heritier, 

Trans.  Linnean  Soo.  i,  176.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  1436.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iv,  419.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  339.— Don,  Miller's  Diet.  It, 
2.— A.  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  viii,  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.- Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  272.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  65.— Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  374.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  499 ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  209.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  310;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  71.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  374.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18. 

Sopea  tinctoria,  Linnceus,  Mant.  105.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  189.— Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  42.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  72.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  217.— Gairtner  f.  Frnct.  Suppl.  146,  t.  209,  f.2.— Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  419.— Michaux  f.Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  iii,  61,  t.  9 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  45,  1. 117.— Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  451. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  83.— 
EUiott,  Sk.  ii,  173.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  176.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  420.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  272.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  425, — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  388. 

HORSE  SUGAR.     SWEET  LEAF. 

Sontheru  Delaware,  south  to  about  latitude  30°  in  Florida,  and  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western 
Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas  (Malvern,  Texarkana,  Letterman). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub; 
borders  of  cypress  swamps  or  in  deep,  damp,  shaded  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light 
red,  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5325;  ash,  0.68, 

Leaves  sweet,  greedily  eaten  by  cattle  and  horses,  and  yielding,  as  does  also  the  bark,  a  yellow  dye. 

187. — Halesia  diptera,  Linnaius, 

Spec.2ed.  636. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  57.— Lamarck,  Diet.  ii,66.— Willdenow,Spec.  ii,849;  Enum.496;  Berl.  Banmz.  171.— Cavauill'es, 
Diss,  vi,  338,  t.  187. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  40.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  4. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iii,  143. — Nouveau  Dnhamel,  v, 
144.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  450.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  83.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  508.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  66.— Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  t. 
1172. — Sprengel,  Syst.  ill,  84.— Eaton,  Manual,  C  ed.  104. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  7.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1191,  f.  1014.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  ix,  426»— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  260.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  viii,  270.— Miers,  Contrib.  i,  193.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
425.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  271.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  499;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— Koch, 
Dendrologio,  ii,  201.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  71. 

H.  reticulata,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Pulluuciphia  Acad.  1860,  444. 


of 


SNOW-DROP  TREE.     SILVER-BELL  TREE. 

South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida,  near  the  coast,  and  west  through  the  lower  region  of  the  Gulf  states  to 
eastern  Texas  and  Garland  county,  Arkansas  {Harvey). 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub 
sending  up  many  clustered  stems  from  the  root;  borders  of  swamps,  in  low,  wet  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5705;  ash,  0.42. 


■'  iiil 


I  it  -|i 

■I  ^U'f 


106 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


188. — Halesia  tetraptera,  Llnumus, 

Spoo.  3  0(1.  U:m.— Marshall,  Arbuatinn,  .'i7.— Oii<rtii«r,  Friiut.  i,  KUI,  t.  Wi,  f.  ij.— Lamnrok,  Diut.  ii,  66  ;  111.  11,  521,  t.  404,  f.  1.— Aitou,  Hort. 
Kew.  11,  IS.'i;  a  «(1.  Ill,  14;».— Mmnch,  Mct.li.  ■'iOT.— Abbot,  InsoctH  Georgia  1,  t.  4(i.— WiUdenow,  Speo.  11,  849;  Enuin.  496;  Berl. 
Baumz.  170.— Cavanlllos,  Diss,  vi,  :«;»8,  t.  1H6.— Micliiuix,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  11,  40.— Persoon,  8yn.  ii,  4.— DosfontaiueH,  HUt.  Arb.  i,  216.— 
Nouvoaii  Dnbaiiiol,  v,  H;i,  t.  45.— Piirnli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  449.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  82.— Dot.  Mag.  t.  UlC— Elliott,  Sk.  1,  507.— 
Hayne,  Deiid.  Fl.  0(i.— Lodiligcs,  IJot.  Cub.  1. 1173.— Sprongol,  Syst.  ill,  84.— Gulmpol,  Otto  &  Hayno,  Abb.  Holz.43,  t.  35.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  etl.  164.- Don,  Miller'H  Diet.  Iv,  ti.— Loudon,  Arborotuin,  ii,  1190,  f.  lOia,  t.  196,  197.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  4SJ6.— Eaton 
&  Wriglit,  Bot,  'i()0.— A.  Do  Cundcdle,  Prodr.  viii,  270.— Browno,  Trees  of  America,  366.— Miers,  Contrlb.  1,  191,  t.  93.— Darby, 
Bot.  S.  States,  4S.'i.— Cooper  in  SmitbBonian  Rep.  1858,  353.— Agardli,  Theor.  &,  Syst.  PI.  t.  33,  f.  16,  17.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States, 
271.— Curtis  In  Rep.  Gi-ologicul  Sitrv.  N.  Carolina,  1600,  ill,  80.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  499;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209.— Orstod  In  Saerskltt.  Aftryk. 
af  Nat.  For.  Vidon.  Meddelt.  Noh.  1-6,  im>,  89,  f.  2.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  310;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  11',  71.— Koch, 
Dendrologlo,  11,  199.— Yonng,  Bot.  Texas,  374.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  18. 


W 


BATTLEBOX.     SNOW-DROP   TREE.      SILVER-BELL  TREE.     0AI.I0O  WOOD. 

Mouutains  of  West  Virginia  to  soutbern  Illinois,  Bouth  to  middle  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub;  generally 
along  streams,  in  rich  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains;  common  in  cultivation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.502S;  ash,  0.40. 

NoTB. — Halesia  par I'iAorn,  Michanx,  of  itouthern  Georgia,  and  Florida,  does  not  attain  the  size  or  babit  of  a  tree. 


OLEACE^. 


189.— Fraxinus  Greggii,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vli,  64;  Syn.Fl.  N.  Anioricii,  ii',74. — Heni.sley,  Bot.Ani.-Cent.il,  305. 
F.  Schiedeana,  var.  parvifoUa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  166. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  from  the  San  Pedro  to  the  Pecos  river ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter  (Lampasas 
mountains,  Mexico,  BucMey),  or  often  a  graceful  shrub;  limestone  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  coiiii)act;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  obscure;  color, 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7004;  ash,  0.93. 

190. — Fraxinus  anomala,  Torrey; 
WatBon  in  King's  Rep.  v,  283.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  203.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  74. 

Southw-  tern  Colorado,  McElmo  river  (Brandegee),  southern  Utah,  Kanawa,  Leeds,  Silver  Leaf,  Labyrinth 
caiion  of  tL^       lorado  river,  valley  of  the  Kio  Virgen,  near  Saint  George. 

A  smai;  ii-ee,  sometimes  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  with  the  habit  of  a 
dwarf  pear  tree;  common  on  elevated  sandstone  mesas  and  plateaus. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  containing  many  large,  open,  scattered  ducts,  the  layers  of  annaal  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,- the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6597;  ash,  0.85. 

191. — Fraxinus  pistaciaefolia,  Torrey, 

Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  166.- -Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.America,  ii',74.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Enoly  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii, 
305. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  113. 

F.  Velutina,  Toney  in  Emory's  Rep.  149. 

F.  coriacea,  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  302,  in  part.— Rothrock  In  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  186,  t.  22.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, !». 

F.  pistacuB/olia,  var  coriacea,  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii^  74. 


CATALOGUE  OF  POOREST  TREES. 


107 


ASH. 

Mouutaiiis  of  western  TexiiH,  tbrough  soutlicrn  Now  Mexico,  Houthern  iiiid  ouHtcrn  Arizona,  to  soutbom 
Nevada  (AhIi  MeadowH,  Eothrock) ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trnnk  rarely  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  borders 
of  streams,  in  elevated  caOons,  less  commonly  in  dry  soil,  the  foliage  then  thick  and  coriaceous  or,  more  rarely, 
velvety  tomentose  (var.  coriacca,  Qray,  I.  o.) ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  detective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  ^ompact;  medullary  rays  numerouN,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.G810;  ash,  0.02;  occasionally  used  in  wagon- ^'Mlding,  for  ax  handles,  etc. 


rth 


192. — Fraxinus  Americana,  LinmuiiH, 

Spec.  3ed.  1510.— Walter,  Fl.  Carollniana,  254.— Aitou,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  445;  2  od.  v,  476.— Wllldouow,  Spec,  iv,  llOS;  Euiim.  1000; 
Berl.  Baumz.  145.— Mulilonberg  &  Willdenow  in  Netie  Sobriften  Qesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  393. — Vahl  Eoun.  i,4B.— Per80on,S>-n. 
ii,  604.— DesfontnineH,  Hist.  Arb.  1, 102.— Nouveau  Duhaniol,  iv,  63. — Micliaux  f.  Hi»t.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  106,  t.  8;  N.  /"lerican  Sylva, 
3ed.  iii,  49,  t.  118(cxcl.  fruit).— Burton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pliilodolph.  97;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadolnb.  ii,  192.— Eaton,  Manual,  114.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  221.— Cobbett,  Woodlands,  131.— Sprongel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1232,  f.  1055 
&  t.— Penn.  Cycl.  X,  455.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  408.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  51.— Torroy,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  125,  t.  89.— A.De 
CandoUo,  Prodr.  viii,  177. — Browne,  Trees  of  Araerioa,  394. — Darlington,  Fl.  Ct'striea,  3  ed.  238. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep. 
1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  369.— Curtis  in  Qeoloj?ical  Rep.  N.  Carolina,  18()0,  iii,  54.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  597;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
277. — Lesquoreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — Engelmaim  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  avx.  xii,  206.— Porcher,  Resources 
8.  Forests,  494.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  74.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  it, 
252.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  452.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7ti,  207.— Sears  in  Bull. 
Essex  Inst,  xiii,  177.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  52«.— Ridgway  in  Proc,  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  68. 

F,  CaroUniemia,  Wangenhelm,  Amer.81. 

F.  alba,  Marshall,  Arbu8tum,51.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223. 

F.  aeuminata,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  542.— Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  205.— Pur8h,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  9.- Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,231; 
Sylvn,  iii,  04 ;  2  ed.  ii,  129.— Hayne,  Dend.  PI.  220.— Elliott  8k.  ii,  672.— Sprongel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  371 ;  Nicollet's  Rep.  154.— Rosmer  &  Sohultes,  Syst.  iii,  277.— Darlington,  Fl.  Costrica,  2  ed.  8.— Eaton,  Manual,  0 
ed.  148.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  56.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  247.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  333; 
2  ed.  ii,  376  &  t.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  494. 

t  F.  juglandifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  542.— Boso  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  208.— Desfontaines,  Hist,  Arb.  i,  103.— Hayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  221.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55. 

F.  Canadensis,  Gtertnor,  Fruct.  i,  2i>2,  t.  49. 

F.  epiptera,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii, 256.— Vahl,  Knum.i,.')0.— willdenow,  Spec.  iv,1102;  Berl.  Bauniz.  147.— Persoon,  Syn. 
ii,603— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671. —Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,231.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,8.- 
Elliott,  8k.  ii,  672.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  9G.— Roomer  &.  Schultes,  Syst.  278.— Eaton,  Manual, 6ed.  148.— Don,  Miller's  Die*. 
iv,55.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237.— Penn.  Cycl.  x,  455.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.247.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.ii, 50.— 
A.  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  viii,  277.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  429.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 399. 

F.  lancea,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808, 209  (Jide  London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237). 

F.  discolor,  Muhlenberg,  Cat.  111.— Raiinesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciaua,  37.— Spach,  Hist,  Veg.  viii, 297. 

F.  Americana,var.  latifolia,  Loudon,Arboretnm,ii,1232.— Browne. Trees  of  America,  396. 

tF.  juglandifoHa,  var.  serrata,  Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  221. 

tF.  juglandifolia,\&T.  subserrata,  Hayne, Dend.  Fl.221. 


^1 


19; 

I.  ii, 


l,ao. 


WHITE  ASH. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  southern  Ontario  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  to  northern  Florida,  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  west  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  15  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  42  meters  {Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rich,  rather  moist  soil  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands 
of  the  lower  Ohio  River  basin;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  smaller,  of  less  economic  value,  and 
generally  replaced  by  the  gree!t  ash  {Fraxinus  viridia). 

A  form  of  the  southern  states  with  remarkably  small  fruit  has  been  described  as — 


:«■-'! 


108 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


var.  tnicrocarpa,  Oray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii>,  75. 

F.  albicans,  Buv.Uley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862,  4,  in  part. 

F.  CurtiHsii,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

Wood  heavy,  htird,  strong,  ultimately  brittle,  coarsegrained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  occupying  in  slowly-grown  specimens  nearly  the  f  itire  width  of  the  annual 
rings;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.6543;  ash,  0.42;  specific  gravity  of  the  heavier  sap-wood,  0.7180;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implementn,  carriage?,  handles,  oars,  and  for  interior  and  cabinet  work. 

Var.  Texensis, 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii>,  75. 

F.  albicans,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1802, 4,  in  part. 

F.  OOriacea,  Watson  in  Am.  Nat.  vii,  302,  in  part. 

F.  pistaeia/olia,  Gray,  HaU's  Pi.  Texas,  19  [not  Torrey]. 

Western  Texas,  Dallas  (Beverchon),  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  hills  and 
ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  more 
rows  of  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ouscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  g)avity, 
0.7636 ;  ash,  0.70 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  species. 


103. — Fraxinus  pubescens,  Lamarck, 

Diet,  ii,  548.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  254.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1103;  Enum.  1060;  Berl.  Baumz.  148.— Muhlenherg  &  Willdenow  in 
Nene  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  393.-  Vahl,  Enum.  1, 51. — Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  604. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  102. — Nonvean 
Duhamel,  iv,  62. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  476. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,9. — RcBuier  &  Schultes,  Sysi.  279. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 
231.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223.— Elliott,  Sk.ii,  673.— Spi-sngoI.Syst.  i,  95.— Torrey,  Compend.Fl.N.  States.  371;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  126.— 
Beck,  Bot.  232.- Eaton,  Manual,  6  eu.  148.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i^r,  .55.— London  Arboretum,  ii,  1233,  f.  1056.— Penn.  Cyol,  s,  455.— 
Eaton  &  Wr.  jht,  Bot.  247. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  51. — A.  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  337 ;  2  ed. 
ii,  380.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  239.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— Cooper  io  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  370,— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  .54.— iVood,  CI.  Book,  597;  Bot.&  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manoal  N. 
States,  5 ed.  402;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  75.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  452.— Vasoy ,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii, 
177.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  II.  8.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,69. 

F.  Pennsylvanica,  Marshall,  Arbustnm,  51  —Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  253. 

F.  nigra,  Dn  Roi,  Harbk.2  ed.  i,398  [not  Marshall]. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  longifoUa,  WiUdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1104.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  9.— Loddiges,  Cat. 
ed.  1836.— Loudon,  Arborrjtum,  ii,  1233.— A.  De  Caudolle,  Prcdr.  viii,  278. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  latifolia,  Willdeuow,  Spec.  Iv,  1104.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 9.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
223.— Eaton,  Manual, 6  od.  148.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1223.- A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  viii, 278. 

F.  pubescens,  var.  SUbpubcseens,  Persoon,  Syn.  il,  605.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  148.— London, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1234. — A.  De  '/uudolle,  Prcdr.  viii, 278. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  395. 

F.  longifoUa,  Boso  in  Mom.  Inst.  1808, 209. 

F.  SUbvillosa,  Boso  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  209. 

r.  tomentosa,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  112,  t.  9 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  53,  t.  110.— Barton,  Comp«nd.  FL 
Philadr. ;.h.  ii,  192. 

F.  Atnericana,  var. pubescens,  Brown:,  Trees  of  Amekica,39G. 

J^.  oblongooarpa,  Bookley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1864, 4. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


109 


BED  ASH. 


TSew  Brunswick  to  southern  Ontario  cud  northern  Minnesota,  south  to  northern  Florida  and  central  Alabama. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  wivh  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.CO  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  swamps,  in  low  ground;  corimon  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  north  Atlantic  states;  rai"e 
west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  probably  not  extending  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  brown, 
the  sap-wood  light  brown  streaked  wita  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.6251 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  specific  gravity  of  the  lighter 
sap-wood,  0.5609;  somewhat  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  more  valuable  white  ash,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded. 


i{'.l 


1.  S. 

N. 


.Fl. 


FL 


194. — Fraxinus  viridis,  Michanx  f. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  115,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  54,  t.  120  (excl.  fruit). — Hayne,  Deiid.  Fl.  222.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Eep.  1858,  253.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  3*0.— Gray  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Bep.  xii^  46 ;  Manual  N.  States,  5  od.  402;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
19;  Syn.Fl.  N.  A'.iorica,ii',  75. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  54.— LesquereuxinO\von'8  2dEop.  Arkansas, 
382.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  598;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  277,  -Viitson  iu  King's  Rep.  v,  284.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  453.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
20. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875  -76, 207.— Bell  in  Geological  Eep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  ii, 
305. — Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  J5. 

F.  juglandifolia,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  1104;  Ennm.  lOCO;  Berl.  Baumz.  140  [not  Lamarck].- Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50.— Porsoon, 
8yn.  ii,  C04.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  63,  1. 16.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  ed.  v,  476. — Pursk,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— Rcemei 
&  Scliultcs,  Syst.  i,  278 ;  iii,  Suppl.  25*:.-  Eaton,  Manual,  114.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95. — Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
371.— Beck,  Bot.  233.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1236,  f.  1061,  1062  &  t.— Eoton  &  Wright, 
Bot.  247.— Gray,  Mat«ual  N.  Statos,  1  ed.  373. 

tF.  Caroliniana,  willdenow.  Spec,  iv,  1103;  Enum.  1060;  Berl.  Baumz.  148.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  51.— Du  Eoi,  Hartk.  2  ed. 
i,  400. — Pcrsoou,  Syn.  ii,  COS. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  iv,  62. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9.— 
Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  67.3.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  95.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
148.— Don,  Millc'i-'s  Diet,  iv,  .55.- Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  147.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. 

F.  jitglandifolia,  var.  subintegerrima,  Vahl,  Enum.  i,  50. 

F.  expansa^  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  150.— Roemer  &  Sohultes,  Syst.  i,  279.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  .55.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  ii,  1238.— A.  De  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  viii,  278. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  399. 

F.  Arnvricana^  var.  juglandifolia,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  398. 

F.  NovCB-AnqUc:^  Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii,  251  [not  Miller  nor  Wangenheim] 

GREEN  ASH. 

Shores  of  lake  Ghamplain,  Tiverton,  Rlii.de  Island,  and  southward  to  northern  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  llocky  mountains  of  Montana,  the  Wahsatch  mountains  of  Utah,  and  the 
ranges  of  eastern  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  or  in 
•low,  rather  moist  soil ;  at  the  west  confined  to  the  bottom  lands  of  the  large  streams  and  to  high  monntain  caBous. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  numerous  scattered,  small, 
open  ducts,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7117  ;  ash,  0.65;  inferior  in  quality,  although  often 
used  as  a  Hubstitute  for  white  ash. 

Var.  Berlandieriana,  Torrey, 

Bot,  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  106.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  75.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Ain.-Cent.  ii,  305.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xviii,  113. 

F.  Berlandieriana,  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  278. 

F.  trialata,  Buckley  iu  Pro.\  Philadelphia  Acad.  1862,  5. 

Texas,  west  of  the  Colorado  river;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  iu  height,  with  a  rrunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams, 
in  low,  rich  soil. 

Wood  lifeht,  soft,  rather  dose  grained,  compact,  containing  few  small,  scattered,  open  ducts,  the  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  or  iwo  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5780;  ash,  0.54. 


m 


•■!( 


■S 


iio 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


105. — Fraxinus  platycarpa,  Micbuux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  256.— Vahl,  Enum.  i,  49.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  103. — NouToau  Duhamol,  iv,  64.— Minhaux  f. 
Hist.  Arb.Aro.iii,  128,  1. 13;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  63,  t.  124. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  9. — Btsmer  A. 
Scbultes,  Syst.  i,278.— Nuttall,  Geuera,  ii,  231. — Hayuo,  Den<l.  Fl.  2:20. —Elliott,  8k.  ii,  CTS.-SpreugeljSyst,  i,  96. —Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  149.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  55.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,Bot,247.— A.De  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  277.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— 
Cooper  in  Smitbsoiiian  Rep.  1658,  253.— Cbapmau,  Fl.  8.  States,  370.— Curtis  in  Rep.  G«ologicaI  Surv.  K,  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  53.— 
Lesquereax  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  598 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402 ;  Syn.  Fl. 
N.  America,  ii',  75. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  453. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

tF.  Caroliniana,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  6.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  518.— Roemer  &  Scbultes,  Syst.  i, 278.— Don,  Meier's  Diet,  iv,  55.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1237. — Kocb,  Deudrologie,  ii,  258. 

F.  excelsior,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  254  [not  Linnteiis]. 

F.  Americana,  Maroball,  Arbn8tum,50  [not  Liunieus]. 

F.  pallida,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  209. 

F.  pubescens,  Bosc  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  ;^iO  [not  Lamarck]. 

F.  triptera,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,232;  Sylva,  iii,  62,  t.lOO;  2  ed.  127,  1. 100.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  674.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  66.- 
London,  Arboretum,  ii,1240.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,274.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429. 

F.  curvidem,  Hoffmannsegg,  Verz.  d.  Pflaiuienkult.  29. 

F.  pattciflora,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  61,  1. 100 ;  2  od.  ii,  126,  t.  100. 

F.  Americana,  var.  Caroliniana,  Bi-owne,  Trees  of  America,  398 

F.  Americana,  var.  triptera,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  399. 
F.  NuttalUi,  Buckley  in  Proc.  PbUadolpbia  Acad.  1360,  444. 
F.  nigrescens,  Buckley  in  Proo.  Pbiladelpbia  Acad.  1862.  5. 


WATEU  ASH. 

Southeastern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  capo  Canaveral  and  the  Oaloosa  river,  Florida,  west  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas,  and  the  Washita  river,  southwestern  Arkansas ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  deep  river 
swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  not  conspicuous ;  medullary 
rays  few,  obscure ;  color,  nearly  white,  or  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gi-avity, 
0.3541 ;  ash,  0.73. 

196. — Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  Micbaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  250.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  1104.— Vobl, Enuiii.  i,  50.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Bosc  inMem.  Inst.  1808, 211.— Desfoutaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  i,  103.— Nouveau  Dubamel,  iv,  64.— Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  118,  I.  11 ;  2  ed.  iii,  61,  t.  123.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  671.— 
Pursb,  Fl.  Am  Sept.  i,  8.— Roemer  &  Scbultes,  Syst.  i,  278.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  223. — Sprcngel,  Syst.  i, 
96.— Eiitim,  Manual,  6  ed.  149.— Don,  Millers  Diet,  iv,  55.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1235,  f.  1059,  1060.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  viii, 
296.— Pciin.  Cycl.  x,  455.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,  Bot.  247.— A.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  278.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— 
Cbapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  370.— Lesquercux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  598 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray, 
Mttuuul  N.  States,  6  od.  402 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  75.— Kocb,  Deudrologie,  ii,  259.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  453.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  20.— Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  63.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  69.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bol. 
Gazette,  vii,  95. 

F.  tetragona,  Cels  in  Nouv.  Cours,  Agr.  vii,  73. 

F.  quadrangularis,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

F.  nirvom,  Loddigos,  Cat.  1836, 

F.  quadrangulata,  var.  nervosa,  Loudou,  Arboretum,  li,  1235. 

F.  Americann,  var.  quadrangulata  ^  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  397. 

F.  Americana,  var.  quadrangulata  nervosa,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  397. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


Ill 


BLUE  ASH. 

Southern  Michigan  to  central  Minnesota,  south  to  northern  Alabama,  and  through  Iowa  and  Missoui'i  to 
northeastern  Arkansas  (Duvall'sbluflF,  Letterman). 

A  tree  18  to  25  or,  exceptionally,  37  nseters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.6G  meter  in  diameter ; 
generally  on  limestone  hills,  rarely  extending  into  the  bottom  lands,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
basin  of  the  lower  Wabash  river. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  yellow  streaked  with 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7184  ;  ash,  0.78 ;  largely  used  for  flooring,  in  carriage-building,  etc. 

The  inner  bark,  macerated,  dyes  blue. 

197. — Fraxinus  Oregana,  Nuttall, 

Bylva,  lii,  59,  t.  99 ;  2  cd.  ii,  124,  t.  99.— Torroy  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iy,  128.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  25,  87.— Cooper  ia 
SmithsoDian  Rep.  1858,  260;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii',  28,  (}8;  Am.  Nat,  iii,  407.— Koch,  Deuilrologie,  ii,  260.— Oray  iu  Bot.  California, 
i,  472 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  76.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

F.  pubesoena,  var.  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  51. 

F.  grandifolia,  Bentham,  Bot.  Salpbnr,  33. 

OREGON  ASH. 

Shores  of  Puget  sound,  south  through  Washington  territory  anc*  Oregon  west  of  the  eastern  valleys  of  the 
Oascade  -nountains,  along  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  San  Francisco  bay  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  Hot  Spring  mountains,  California. 

A  tree  sometimes  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  iu  diameter ;  moist  soil, 
generally  along  streams,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  nianj'  large,  open,  scattered  ducts, 
the  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  with  several  rows  of  similar  durts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.5731 ;  ash,  0.34 ;  specific  gravity  of  the  lighter  sap-wood, 
0.5G30 ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  frames  of  carriages  and  wagons,  iu  cooperage,  for  fuel,  etc. 


It: 


tl 


1.— 

t.  i, 
iii, 
4.— 
ray, 
rest 
Bot. 


108. — Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  Lamarck, 

Diet.  ii,549.— Muhlenberg «&\Villdenowiu NcucScLriftenGosell. Nat. Fr.  Berlin, iii, 393.— Willclenow, Spec.  iv,1099;  Enum.  1059;  Berl. 
Baumz.  150.— Vahl,  Enum.  •.,  51.  — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  605.— Desfontaiucs,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  10;!.— Bosc  iu  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  211.— Nouveau 
Duhamel,  iv,  60.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  v,  475. — Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  122,  t  12 ;  N.  Ameiicau  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  159,  t.  122. — 
Pursb.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i.8.— Roemcr  &  Scbultes,  Syst.  i,  279.-Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  231.— liartc-i.Coinpcnd.  Fl.  Pbiladelph.  ii,192.— 
Hayne, Dend.  Fl.  224.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  371 ;  Fl.  N.  Vork, ii,  126.— Deck,  Bot.  232,— Eatou,  Manual, C  ed.  148.— Don, 
Miller's  Diet. iv, 54,— Loudon,  ArboretU'i),ii,  1234,  f.  r'7,  1058,— Spacb,  Hist,  Veg.  viii, 299.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  50.— Eaton 
&  Wrigbt,  Bot.  147. — A.  De  Candollc,  Prodr,  viii,  276,— Emerson,  Trees  Massackusctta,  338;  2  ed,  ii,381  &  t, — Darlington,  Fl, 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  239,— Coopc:r  in  '^mithsoniun  Rep,  1&58,  253, — Lesquereux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep,  Arkansas,  382, — Wood,  CI,  Book,  598; 
Bot,  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  StatcH,5  ed.  402;  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  70,— Viiaey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 20.— Ridgway  in  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  1882,69,— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 48c. 

F.  nigra,  Marshall,  Arlmstum,51. 

F.  NOVCB-Altgliw,  Waugeuheim,  Amur.  51. 

F.  crispa,  Hort. 

'      F.  sambucifolia,  var.  crispa,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1231. 

F.  Americana,  var.  sambucifolia,  Browne,  Trees  of  America,  393- 


Hi 


m 


BLACK  ASH.     HOOP  ASH.      GROUND  ASH. 


Southern  Newfoundland,  along  the  northern  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Saiut  Ltiwreuco,  southwesterly  to  the  eastern 
shares  of  lake  Winnipeg,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  New  Castle  county,  Delaware,  the  mountains  of 
Virginia,  southern  Illinois,  and  northwestern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  2.^  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  'aeter  in  diameter;  swamps  and  low  river  banks; 
the  most  northern  ri'i>ro.sentative  of  the  genus  in  America. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  diuablo,  .separating  easily  iuto  thin 
layers;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 


I  Ii 


1 

!]" 

m 


112 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NOflTH  AMERICA. 


thin;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.0318;  ash,  0.72; 
specific  gravity  of  the  heavier  sajj-wood,  0.74C5;  largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  barrel  hoops,  In  cabinet^ 
making,  and  the  manufacture  of  baskets. 

Note. — FraiiiiuB  d'qyclaJa,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  of  tlio  California  Coast  ranges  and  tho  western  slopes  of  the  sonthern  Sierra  Nevadas, 
and  F.  cuapidata,  Torroy,  of  the  valley  of  tlio  Kio  Grande,  do  not  attain  arborescent  habit  or  dimensions. 

The  following,  characterized  by  Hose  in  Mem.  Inst.  1808,  mainly  from  tho  foliage  of  garden  specimens  of  supposed  North  American 
origin,  cannot  be  safely  referred  to  our  species :  F.  alba,  cinerea,  elliptiea,  fuaca,  mixta,  nigra,  ovata,  pannoaa,  pulrerulenta,  Sicluirdi,  ruhiounda, 
and  ru/a. 

199. — Forestiera  acuminata,  Poiret, 

Suppl.  ii,  664. — Haync,  Dend.  Fl.  194. — Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  v,  176. — Torrey  in  Nicollet's  Eop.  154. — Engelmann 
&  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  262. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  370. — Lesquoreux  i:i  Owen's  2d  Kep.  Arkansas,  382. — 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  600;  Bot.  &  Fl.  277.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  .5  rd.  402;  Proo.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  363  (excl.  var.);  Syn.  Fl.  N. 
America,  ii',  76. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  224. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

Adelia  acuminata^  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  225,  t.  48. 

Borya  acuminata,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  711.— A'ton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  366.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  675.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  57.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  159. 

Borya  ligustrina,  Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  711,  in  part.— Alton,  Hort.  Sew.  S  ed.  366,  ia  part.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  3  ed. 
358,  in  part.' 

Borya  nitida,  Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  66. 

Bigelovia  acuminata,  Smith  in  Bees'  Cyol.  xxxix,  No.  4. 

PRIVET. 

Western  Georgia,  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and 
northward  through  Arkansas  to  southern  Missouri  and  Oahokia  creek,  Illinois  (opposite  Saint  Louis). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.20  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  swamps  and 
streams,  in  low,  wet  soil ;  common  in  the  Gulf  region,  near  the  coast,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  soft.,  not  .strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  rather  conspicuous ; 
color,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown;  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  specific  gravity,  0.6345;  ash,  0.72. 


200. — Chionanthus  Virginica,  Linneeus, 

Spec.  -  ed.  8. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  33. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  60. — Wangeuheim,  Amer.  92. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  14;  2  ed.  i,23. — 
Lamarck,  111.  i,  30,  t.  9,  f.  1. — Willdeujw,  Spec,  i,  40;  Enum.  14;  Berl.  Baumz.  87. — Abbot,  Insects  Gksorgia,  ii,  t.  98. — Michanx,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  i,  3. — Vahl,  Enum.  i,  44. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  9.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,  HI. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  7. — Roemor  &, 
Schultes,  Syst.i,  72.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,5;  Sylva,  iii,  56,  t.  88;  2ed.ii,  122,  t.  88.— Elliott,  Sk.i,  6.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  2.— Torrey, 
Fl.  U.  S.  i,  r;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Sprongel,  Syst.  i,  34.- Loddigef  Bot.  Cab.  1. 1264.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abo.  Holz. 
9.1,  t.  73.— Bc-ck,  Bot.  232.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  92.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50.— London,  Arboretum,  ii,  1206,  f.  1029,  1030.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  viii,  259.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  37.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  193. — A.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  viii,  29o. — Browne,  Ti  <58  of  America, 
371.— Darlington,  PI.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  238.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  3t)9. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Caroliua,  1860,  Hi,  95.— Lesquorenx  In  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  382. — Wood,  CI. 
Book,  599 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  276.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  494.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19 ;  Syn.  Fl.  N. 
America,  ii',  77. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  262.— Young,  Bot.  Texas.  452. — Vnsey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

0.  trijida,  Mcencb,  Meth.  437. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  latifolia,  Vahl,  Enum.  i,  44.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  23.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— Hayno,  Dend.  Fl. 
2.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  50. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  angustifolia,  Vahl,  Euum.  i,44.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.2ed.i,23.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 2.— Watson,  Dend. 
Brit,  i,  1. 1.— Don,  M'ller's  Diet,  iv,  50. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  montana,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  7 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Beck,  Bot.  238.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  92.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  194.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  295. 

C.  Virginica,  var.  maritima,  Pursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  8.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  7 ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  17.— Beck,  Bot.  232.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.92.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  60.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  194.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  viii,  296.— 
Regel,  Gartenflora,  xvi,  t.  564. 

0.  maritima,  Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

C.  heterophylla,  Raflnosque,  Now  Fl.  &.  Bot.  i,  86. 

C.  longifolia,  Rallnesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  87. 

C.  montana,  Hutlnesquo,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,86. 

C.  angustifolia,  Rufiuesque,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  88. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


113 


FBINOK  TBEE.     OLD  MAN'S  BEABD. 

Lancaster  county  and  the  banks  of  the  Brandy  wine,  Chester  connty ,  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Tampa  buy,  Florida, 
»nd  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree, G  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  streams  in 
low,  rich  soil ;  very  common  in  cultivation. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  auuiial  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  largo  open 
ducts,  connected  as  in  that  of  Bumelia  by  branching  groups  of  similar  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure; 
color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6372;  ash,  0.51. 

A  decoction  of  the  tonic  and  anti-periodic  bark  of  the  root  sometimes  employed  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent 
fevers  (Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  xliv,  398. —  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1612). 


11^ 


201. — Osmanthus  Americanus,  Boutham  <&  Hooker, 

Oenero,  ii,  667.— Gray,  8y n.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  1, 78. 

Olea  Americana,  LiuuiBus,  Mant.  24. — MarHhall,  Arbustimi,  98.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  54:i;  111.  i, 28. — Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  1, 
14;  2  0(1.  i,  23. — WilUlenow,  Spec.  1, 45 ;  Eimm.  I'.l. — Michaux.FI.  Uor.-Aiii.  ii,222. — VaUl,  Euani.i,41. — Pcrsoon.Syn.i, 
9. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  1,  112. — Nouvean  Dnliaiiiel,  v,  67. — Miuhaiix  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ill,  r>0,  t.  6;  N.  Aniprican 
Sylva,  ii,3  ed.  128,t.  86. — Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,7. — Roemor  &  ScliuUcs,  Syst.  i,70. — Kaliupsqiie,  Fl.  Ludoviciaii!i,38. — 
Nuttall,  G?'nera,  i,  5. — Elliott,  Sk.  i,  .''i. — Sprengel,  Syjit.  i,  34.— Crooin  iu  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  315. — Dietrich,  Syn. 
l,37.—Don.  Miller's  Dict.iv,48.— Spacb,  Hist.  Vog.  viii,2e7.—Eaton,  Manila',  C  ed.  239.— Lietrieh,  Syii.  i,  ;'.7.— Eaton 
&  Wright,  Bot.  333.— A.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.viii,  286.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  381.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  429.- 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  ?  ■i.58,253. — Cliapmaii,  Fl.  S.  States,  369. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,57. — Lesquercux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  :182. — Wood, CI.  Book, MO;  Bot.  A  Fl.  276. — Porchor,  Resonrces  8. 
Forests,  493. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  401. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  451.— Vasey,  Ca>;.  Forest  Trees,  20. 

DEVIL  WOOD. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  to  cape  Gaaaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  eastern 
Louisiana,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
and  pine-barren  swamps,  in  moist,  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  unwedgeable,  difficult  to  work,  containing  many  radiating 
groups  of  open  cells  parallel  to  the  thin,  obscure,  medullary  rays ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light 
brown  or  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.8111;  ash,  0.46. 


m 


PI 


BORRAGINAOE^. 


202. — Cordia  Sebestena,  Linnojus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  190.— Jaoquln,  Amer.  t.  42.— Lamarck,  111.  i,  421,  t.96  f.  1.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  P73;  Knura.  248.— Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  ill, 
157, 1. 157.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vii,  45.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,  166.— Trattinick,  Archiv.t.3!>4.—RcBmer  &,  ScLultes,  Syst,  Iv,  452. — 
Sprengel,  Syst.  1, 649. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  794. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  ii,  8.— Descourtilz,  F  .  Antilles,  iv,  i;05,  t.  277. — Chamisso  in  Linnouk, 
vi,  755.— Audubon,  Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Millers  Diet,  iv, 375.— Dietrich,  Syn.  1, 611.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii, 81, 1. 106;  2ed.  ii,  145, t.  IOC- 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 265.— Grisobach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  478.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  180. 

f  0.  juglandifoUa,  Jacquin,  Amer.  t.  43. 

C.  speciosa,  Willdenow  iu  Rcomer  &  Sohultes,  Syst.  iv,799.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ix,476. 

Sebestena  scahra,  Rafinrsqno,  Sylva  Tellnriana,  38. 


GEIGEB  TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys;  rare;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.08  meter  in  diameter;  rich  hummock 
soil;  ornamental  and  becoming  a  large  tree  in  cultivation. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  few  .scattered,  small,  open  ducts;    medullary 

rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow;  specific 

gravity,  0.7108;  ash,  4.22. 
8  KOR 


45» 

m 


Si;:fi 


ilf 


114 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


^i 


u  i 


203.— Cordia  Boissieri,  a.  De  CandoUe, 
Prodr.  Is,  476.— Torrey,  But.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  135. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rup.  1860, 442.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  180. 

Texas,  valley  of  the  Eio  Grande,  westward  to  New  Mexico  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  S  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub. 

Wood  light,  rather  soft,  close-giained,  compact,  containing  many  small  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  very  numerous,  thiu,  conspicuous;  color,  dark  brown,  tho  sap-wood  light  brown;  speciflc  grav'ty,  0.6790; 
ash,  3.53. 

204.^Bourreria  Havanensis,  Miers, 

Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  2;«.— Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  181. 

Dhretia  Havanensis,  VVilldenow  iu  Roomer  &  Scliultes,  Syst.  iv,  805.— Homboldt,  Bonpland  &  Kuntb,  Not.  Gen.  &  Spec, 
vii,  S06.— A.  De  Caiulollo,  Prodr.  is,  508. 

Ehretia  tomentosa,  Lamarck,  III.  i,  425.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  1.— Sprongel,  Syst.  i,  648. —Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  630. 

B.  tomentosa,  Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  390. 

B.  reourva,  Miers,  Bot.  Coutrib.  ii,  238. 

B.  orata,  Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  238. 

Ehretia  Bourreria,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  339  [not  Liunieus].— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

B.  tomentosa,  var.  Havanensis,  Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  482. 


W  >  '^   - 


STRONG  BARK. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key,  etc.) ;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  10  oi,  exceptionally,  15  meters  (Key  Largo,  Curtiss)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in 
diameter;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

A  form  (generally  shrubby  iu  Florida)  with  scabrous  or  hispidulous  leaves  is — 

Viir.  radula,  Gmy,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  ItSl. 

Ehretia  radula,  Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  v.'. -Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  630.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  ix,  506.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  32t>. 

B.  radula,  Don,  Miller's  D'ct.  iv,  390.— Chamisso  in  Linnica,  viiij  120.— Miers,  Bot.  Cor  trib.  ii,  23H. 

Cordia  Floridana,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  Hi,  83,  t.  107;  2  ed.  ii,  147,  t.  107.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  .obscure;  color,  brown  streaked  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  not  distinguishable;  speciflc  gravity,  0.8073; 
ash,  ?.79. 

205. — Ehretia  elliptica,  De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  ix,  !J03.— Torroy,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  13G.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 266.— Miers,  Bot.  Contrib.  ii,  228,  t.  85.— 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  181. 

KNACKAWAY.     ANAQUA. 

Texas,  Corpus  Cbristi  to  ifew  Brauiifels  (Mohr),  aud  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Eio  Grande. 

A  tree  10  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  .sometimes  0.50  meter  in  diaiqoter;  generally  along  borders  of 
Btreain.s,  in  rich  loam,  aud  reaching  its  greatest  development  between  the  Guadalupe  and  Nueces  rivers,  50  to  75 
miles  from  the  Gulf  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable,  containing  many  small  oi)en  ducts 
arranged  iu  numerous  concentric  rings  within  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  these  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger 
duds ;  medulhiry  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6440; 
nsh,  1.31. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


115 


BIGNONIACE^. 


206. — Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walter, 

Fl.  Carollniana,  64. — ^De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  ix,  226. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestricu,  3  od.  182. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 253. — Chapman, 
F1.8.  States,  285.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  ili,  .50.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  513;  Hot.  &  Fl.  218.— Bureau,  Mon. 
Bignoniacew,  t.  25. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  321,  in  part ;  Syu.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  319,  in  part. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  302. — 
Tonng,  Bot.  Texas,  385. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19,  in  part.— Guibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  548. 

Signonia  Catalpa,  Linneens,  Spec.  1  ed.  622  (exc],.  syu.). — Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  417.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  21. — Wangeuheim, 
Amer.  58,  t.  20,  f.  45.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iii,  289;  Emim.  649.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,25.— Desfoulaiiies,  Hist.Arb. 
1, 189.- Mlchanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  217,  t.  6;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,55,  t.  64.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
66. — Rafiuesqne,  Fl.  Lndoyiciana,  159. — Porcher,  Resonrces  S.  Forests,  460. — Maout  &  Decaisno,  Bot.  Euglish  ed.  602 
&f. 

0.  COrdifolia,  Jaume  St.  Hilaire  in  Nouveau  Dubanibl,  ii,  13,  in  part  (excl.  t.  5). — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  i,  9. — 
Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  10.— EUiott,  Sk.  i,  24.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,  16 ;  Couipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  20.— Beck,  Bot.  245.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  85.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  363.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  ix,  132.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  184.— 
Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  439. 

0.  syringaifolia,  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1094.— Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  175.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  i,  24.— Pursh.  Fl.  Aui.  Sept. 
i,  10.— Eaton,  Manual,  8;  6  ed.  85.— Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  3.— liayne,  Dend  Fl.  2.— Loddigcs,  Bot.  Cab.  t.  128,").— 
Sprengol,  Syst.  i,  70. — Sertum  Botanicum,  i,  t. — Liudley,  Fl.  Med.  499;  Penn.  Cycl.  vi,363. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  230. — 
Loudou,  Arboretum,  iii,  1261  &  t.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  82.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  77 ;  2  ed.  ii,  140.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  25. — 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  406. 

0.  communis,  Du  Mont,  Bot.  Cult.  2  ed.  ili,  242. 

OATALPA.     OATAWBA.     BEAN  TBEE.     OIOAB  TREK.     INDIAN  BEAN. 

Southwestern  Georgia,  valleys  of  the  Little  and  Apalacbicola  rivers,  western  Florida,  and  through  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps,  in  rich  loam ;  rare  and  local ;  long  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  now  extensively  naturalized 
throughout  the  middle  and  southern  Atlantic  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown,  the  thin  (one  or  two 
years')  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4474;  ash,  0.38;  used  and  highly  valued  for  fence 
posts,  rails,  etc. ;  a  reputed  emetic. 

A  decoction  of  the  seeds  and  dried  bark  occasionally  used  in  cases  of  asthma  and  bronchitis  {Am.  Jour.  Pharmy, 
xlii,  204 — U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1608.— JVo^.  J)ispematory^  2  ed.  367). 

207. — Catalpa  speciosa,  Warder; 

Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  v,  1.— Sargent  in  London  liard.  Chronicle  1879,  784.— Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mue.  1882, 70.— 
Barnes  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ix,  74. 

C.  OOrdifoUa,  Jaumc  St.  Hilaire  in  Kouveau  Duhamel,  ii,  13,  in  part,  t.  5.— Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  183. 

C.  bignonioides,  Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  375  [not  Walter.] -Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  321,  in  part; 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii',  319,  in  part.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19,  iu  part.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  69. 


WESTERN  CATALPA. 

Valley  of  the  Vermilion  river,  Illinois,  through  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
southeastern  Missorri  and  western  Arkansas. 

A  tree  20  to  36  or,  exceptionally,  45  meters  iu  height  {Ridgway),  with  a  trunk  1  to  2  meters  in  diameter;  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich  bottom  lands;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Wabash  river;  <!ultivated  and  now  widely  ..aturalized  through  southern  Arkunsas,  western  Louisiana,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  iu  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  ainunil 
growth  tilearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  niednllary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  brown,  the 
thin  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.4165  ;  ash,  0.39 ;  largely  used  for  railway  ties,  fence  posts,  rails,  c,  and 
adapted  for  cabinet  work  and  interior  finish. 


.i;   Hi 


116 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


^]:^' 


208. — Chilopsis  saligna,  D.  Don, 

Edinburgh  Phil.  Jour,  ix,  261.— Don,  Miller's  Diet,  i v,  22-t.— DiPtrich,  8yn.  iil,  566.— Gray  in  Bot.  California,  i,  587 ;  8yn.  Fl.  N.  Amorioo, 
ii',  3'JO.— Viisoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19.— Rothiock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  217.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  li,  404.— Rusby  in  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 

Bignonia  linearis^  CavHnille8,lcon.iii,;J5,t.2C9. 

0.  linearis,  Do  Condollo,  Prodr.  ix,  227.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 266. 

O.  glutinosaf  Eugelmann  in  Wislizonus'  Rep.  10. 


DEaEET  WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Eio  Grande,  Texas  (Laredo,  Letterman),  wfist  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the 
San  Gorp;onio  pass  and  the  San  Felipe  canon,  San  Diego  county,  California;  southward  into  northern  Alexico. 

A  small  tree,  C  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometiine!!i  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  mesas  and  banks  of 
depressions  and  watercourses  in  the  desert;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  ligiit,  soft,  not  strong,  oloaegniined,  checki?ig  in  drying,  containing  many  scattered,  small,  open  ducts, 
the  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5902;  ash,  0.37. 

209. — Crescentia  cucurbitina,  Linnnus, 

Munt.  2  ed.  2.50.— Swartz,  Obs.  234.— Willdonow,  Spec,  iii,  311.— Porsoon,  Syn.  ii,  168.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iv,  37.— Gwrtner  f. 
Fniot.  Suppl.  230,  t.  223.  — Diotrioh,  Syn.  iii,  5(17. — Don,  Miller's  Diet,  iv,  232. — De  Candollo,  Prodr.  ix,  246. — Seeuiann  in  Jour. 
Bot.  Sc  Kow  Gard.  Misc.  vi,  274  ;  ix,  142. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  5^4. — Grisehach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  445. — Hemsloy,  FI.  Am.  Cent. 

ii,489. 

C  orflte,  Bnrmati,i,Fl.Ind.  132. 

C.  latifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  558 ;  Ill.lii,90,t..547.—De8Courtlki,Fl.  Antilles,  iii,  143, 1. 182. 
C.  letliifcra,  Tussac, Fl.  Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17. 
C.  toxicaria,  Tussac, Fl. Antilles,  iv, 50, 1. 17. 
0.  obaeata,  Bontham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  130,  t.  46. 

BLACK  CALABASH  TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  near  Miami,  and  on  Little  river  {Oarber,  Ctirtiss) ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  G  meters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.12  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small,  regularly -distributed,  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific 
gravity,  0.6319;  ash,  1.35. 


VERBENACE^. 


:i!l 


210. — Citharexylum  villosum,  Jacquin, 

Coll.  i,  72;  Icon.  Rar.  t.  118.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  142.— A;*on,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  iv,  .36.— Dietrich,  Syn.  iii,  614.— Schauer  in  DeCandollo, 
Prodr.  xi,  610. — Walpers,  Rep.  iv,  76. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  tstates,  309. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  10. — Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  N.  America,  ii', 
340. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  ii,  537. 

FIDDLE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  (Pumpkin  Key,  Curtiss);  and  through  the  West 
Indies  to  Mexico. 

A.  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  O.lo  meter  in  <liameter,  or 
north  of  bay  BiRcayue  reduced  to  a  low,  much  branched  shrub;  common  and  reaching  within  the  United  States 
its  greatest  develop  nent  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne,  Lost  Man's  river,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  flue  polish,  containing  numerous 
small,  regularly -distributed,  open  ducts;  color,  clear  bright  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specitlc  gravity,  0.8710; 
ash,  0.52. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


117 


211. — Avicennia  nitida,  jacqnin, 

Amer.  177,  t.  113,  f.  1. — Peraooti,  Syn.  ii,  143. — ChamiBso  in  Linnoja,  vii,  370.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  li,  768.— Martlus,  Mat.  Med.  Braeil.  49; 
Bot.  Brasil.  ix,  303.— Dietrich,  8yn.  iii,  619.— Sohaner  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xi,  699.— Griuebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  502.— 
,  Gray,  Syn.FI.N.  America,  ii>,  341. 

A.  tomentosa,  Meyor,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  221  [not  Jacquin].— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  79,  t.  105;  2  crt.  ii,  143,  t.  105.— Cooper  in 
SmithHoninn  Rep.  1858,  265.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  310.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  19. 

A.  Oblongifolia,  Nuttallt;  Chapman,  Fl. S.  States,  310.— Vasey,  Cat. Forest  Trees,  19. 

BLACK  MANGROVE.     BLACK  TREE.     BLACK  WOOD. 

Florida  coast,  Saint  Augustine  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  Cedar  Keys  to  cape  Sable;  deltas  of  the 
MississijJin  river ;  throu}>:li  tlic  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  G  to  9  meters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  20  to  23  meters  in 
height,  with  a  trunk  0  (iO  meter  in  diameter;  north  of  Mosquito  inlet  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  common  along 
saline  shores  and  swamps,  throwing  up  many  leafless,  corky  stems,  and  forming,  with  the  red  mangrove  {Khizophora\ 
imi)enetrable  thickets,  or,  more  rarely,  scattered  and  round-headed;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  United 
States  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  north  of  cape  Sable. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  the  eccentric  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap- 
wood  brown;  specific  gravity,  0.9138;  ash,  2.51. 


NYCTAGINACE^. 


212.— Pisonia  obtusata,  Swartz, 

Fl.  Ind.  Oco.  I960.— Jacquin,  Hort.  Sohoonb.  iii,  ;«>,  t.  314.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  449,  t.  861.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1226.— Choisy  in  Do 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xiii',  443. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  374. — Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  71. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 


PIGEON  WOOD.  BEEP  WOOD.  COKK  WOOD.  PORK  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  saline  shores  and  beaches, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  and  Old  Rhodes  Keys. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large  open  ducts;  layers  of 
annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker; 
specific  gravity,  0.G529;  ash,  7.62;  probably  of  little  value. 

Note. — The  seiui-prostratu  and  vine-like  trunks  of  P.  aeuleata,  Liunieus,  of  the  same  region,  although  attaining  a  considerable  size, 
cannot  be  properly  considered  arborescent. 


POLYGONACEiE. 


213. — Coccoloba  Floridana,  Meisner; 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xiv,  165. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  392. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  376. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 
0.  parvifolia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  25,  t.89;  2  ed.ii,9.5,t.89  [not  Poiret].— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,265. 


n 

ii  i  i 


PIGEON  PLUM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  cape  Bomano  to  cape  Sable. 

A  tree  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
common  trees  of  the  region. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  containing 
few  small,  scattered,  open  ducts;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  rich  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9835;  ash,  5.03;  valuable  and  somewhat  used  for 
cabinet-making. 

The  edible  and  abundant  grape-like  fruit,  ripening  in  February  and  March,  is  eagerly  devoured  by  raccoons 
and  other  animals. 


ii  I 


I 


mH 


I! 


118 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


l!  ^ 


J-,    1 


!li 


214. — Coccoloba  uvifera,  Jaoqnln, 

Amer.  112,  t.  73.— Gtortnor,  Fmot.  i,  214,  t.  45,  f.  3.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  34 ;  2  ed.  ii,  421.— Lamarok,  111.  U,  445,  t.  316,  f.  2.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  ii,  457;  Enum.  431.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vl,  61.— Peraoon,  8yn.  i,  442.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  01.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  ii,  421.— Sprongel,  Syst.  ii,  262.— Descoiirtilz,  Fl.  Antilles,  11,  41,  t.  77.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  3130.— Raflnosqne,  Fl.  Tellnriana,  H, 
34.— Spacli,  Hist.  \eg.  x,  542.— Dietrich,  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  132G.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ill,  23,  t.  88;  2  ed.  11,  03,  t.  88.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  ii, 
21,  t.  67.— BIcisnor  in  De  Caudollc,  Prodr.  xiv,  ir>2;  Bot.  Brasll.  v',  42.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858.  265. — Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  391.— Porcher,  Besouroes  8.  Forests,  370.— Orisebach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  I'l. 

Polygonum  uvifera,  Linnroiis,  Spue,  l  ed.  niKi. 

SEA  GRAPE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Mosquito  inlet  to  the  sontbern  keys,  west  coast,  Tampa  bay  to  cape  Sable ;  through  the 
West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  meters  in  height,  with  a  gnarled  and  contorted  trunk  often  0.90  to 
1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low,  generally  prostrate  shrub;  saline  shores  and  beaches;  common. 

West  Indian  forms,  differing  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  etc.,  are — 

var.  ovalifolia,  Meisnor,  /.  c. 
var.  Loeganensis,  Mrisnor,  ^  o. 

C.  LoegailCHSI.S,  .laciiniii.  Amer.  ll:{,  t.  178,  f.  33. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  snsceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  few  scattered,  rather  small,  open  ducts;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  nnmerons  medullary  rays  hardly 
distinguishable;  color,  rich  dark  brown  or  violet,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9635;  ash,  1.37;  valuable 
for  cabinet-making. 

The  edible  fruit  of  agreeable  subacid  flavor. 


LAURACE^. 


215. — Persea  Carolinensis,  Nees, 

Syst.  Lanrinarnm,  150.— Spach,  Hint.  V<>g.  x,  492.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1339.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 264.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  ()3.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Ciiroliua,  1800,  iii,  63.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  620;  Bot.  &  Fl.  290.— Meisner  in  De 
CaudoIIe,  Prodr.  xv',  .''jO.- Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  .')  ei\.  422;  Hall's  Pi.  Texas,  473.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  473.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  SI. 

Laurus  Borhonia,  Linnaeus,  Spec,  l  ed.  370,  in  part.— Marshall,  Arbustnra,  73.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  133.— Aiton, 
Hort.  Kew.  ii,  39;  2  ed.  ii,  429.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  460.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii,  481.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  i,65.— 
Nonveau  Diihaniel,  ii,  163. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesby,  Carol,  i,  63,  t.  03.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  245.— Porsoon,  Syn.  i,  449.— Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  i,  6.").— Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  321.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  22.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  IHO,  t.  2 ; 
N.  Anierieaii  Svlva,  3  ed.  ii,  116,  t.  82.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  270.— Elliott,  8k.  i,  461.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  605.— 
Torrey,  Conipeiid.  I'l.  N.  States,  174.— Beck,  Bot.  305.— Eaton,  Manual,  6ed.  199.— Loudon,  Aboretum,  iii,  1299, f.  1168, 
1169.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  293.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  414.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  491.— Schnizleln,  Icon.  t. 
106,  f.  .'>-12. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,  var.  glabra,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276. 

Laurus  Carolinensis,ysiT.  obtusa,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  276. 

Laurus  Caroliniana,  Poiret,  Suppl.  iii,  .323.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  258. 

P.  Borbonia,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  208. 

P.  Carolinensifi,\HT.  glabriuseula,  Meisner  in  Do  Candollc,  Prodr.  xv>,  61. 

RED  BAY. 

Southern  Delaw.ire?,  south  to  bay  Bisciyne  and  cape  Boraano,  Florida,  and  throngh  the  Gulf  states  to 
southern  Arkansas  and  the  vallej'  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

A  tree  15  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
in  low,  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish, 
containing  many  evenly  distributed  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  bright  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6429 ;  ash,  0.76;  formerly  somewhat  used  in  ship-building,  interior  finish,  and  for 
cabinet  work. 


■tg.: 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


119 


to 
ips, 

[iah, 

lood 
for 


Var.  palUBtris,  Chapman, 
¥1.  S.  States,  393. 

Lauru8  Carolinensis,  var.  pubescens,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,  are. 

•     P.  Carolinensis,  var.  pubcscenSf  Meisncr  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xv',  61, 

North  Carolina  to  Alabama,  generally  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  low,  sandy  banks 
of  pine-barren  streams  and  swamps ;  well  distinguished  from  the  species  by  the  longer  peduncles  densely  clotlifd, 
as  are  the  young  shoots  and  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  with  short,  brown  tomentum,  and  by  the  somewhat  coarser- 
grained  orange-colored  wood. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  rather  large  oi)on  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  iiumerous,  thin;  color,  orange  streaked  with  brown;  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  gray;  specific  gravity, 
0.0396 ;  ash,  0.37. 

216. — Nectandra  Willdenoviana,  Nces, 

Syat.  Laurinanim,  200, 321. — Meisncr  in  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi',  105. 

Laurus  sanguinea,  Swartz,  Fl.  Ind.  Oco.  ii,  707. 

Laurus  Catesbyana,  Micbmix,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  244.— Poirct,  Suppl.  iii,  321.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  27.5.— Elliott,  8k.  i, 
462.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  265.— F-aton,  Mannal,6  ed.  199.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  294.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  491. 

Laurus  Catcsbtei,  Porsoon,  8yn.  i,  499.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  258. 

Oymnobalanns  Catesbyana,  Nces,  Syst.  Laurinanim,  4B3. 

N.  Bredemeieriana,  Nees  .'.n  Linnna,  xxi,  505. 

Persea  Catesbyana,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  393.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

LANOE  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  cape  Canaveral  and  cape  Eomano  to  the  southern  keys;  through  the  West  Indies  to 
Central  America. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.15  meter  in  diameter ;  comiiioii  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  bay  Biscayne  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  cape 
Bomano. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many  small,  regularly-distributed,  oi)en 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  specific  gravity, 
0.7693 ;  ash,  0.60. 

217. — Sassafras  ofiicinale,  Nces, 

Handb.  der  Med. Pharm.  Bot.  ii, 418;  Syst.  Lnurinariuii,  488.— Hayne,  Arzn.  i,  12, 1. 19.- Lindlcy,  Fl.  Med.  338.— Dietrich,  Syu.  ii,  1357.— 
Spach,  Hists  Veg.  x,  503.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  158.— EniprHoii, Trees  MnsHachn8ett8,3!>9;  2  ed.  ii;  359  &  t— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
551, — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  251.— Spruce  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  vii,  278. — Cooper  in  Suiitlisoniiin  Rep.  1858, 
254. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  394. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  03. — Lcsqucrenx  in  Owen's  2d  Kcp. 
Arkansas,  384.— Wootl,  CI.  Book,  620;  Bot.  &  Fl.  290.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  350.— Meisner  iu  De  Caudollc,  Prodr.  xv', 
171.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  423;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  19— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii, 364.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 473.— Vnscy,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  21.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  .59.~Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iii,  220,  t.  220.— Ridgwny  in  Proc. 
U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 70.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80^55<=. 

Laurus  Sassafras,  UnniBWi,  Spec,  l  ed.  371.— Du  Roi,  Hnrbk.  i,  :!nO.—Kalni,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  146,  341.— Marshall, 
Arbu8tum,74. — Wangenhoim,  Araer.  82,  t.  27,  f.  56. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  134.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  ii,40;  2  ed.  ii, 
429.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iii,  454.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i.  t.  11.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  11,  19;  ii, '-'7.— Willdenow,  Spec,  ii, 
485;  Enuni.  435;  Berl.  Baumz.  208.  — Michanx,  Fl.  Boi-.-Ain.  i,  243.— Schknhr,  Handb.  349.— Pcrsoon,  Syn.  i,  450.— 
Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  361.— Desfontaines,  HiNt.  Arb.  i,  60.— Titfoj d,  llort.  Bot.  Am.  130.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii, 
173,  t.  1;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  113,  t.  81.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sc))!.  i,  277.— Raiincstiuc,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  25. — 
Bigelow,Med.  Bot.  ii,  142,  t.  :15;  Fl.  Boston.  3 ed.  170.— Nuttall, Genera,  i,2.V.) ;  Sylva,  i, 88;  2  ed.  i,  lO-J.— Elliott,. Sk.  i, 
464.— Nees,  PI.  Offic.  t.  131.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8.  i,408;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  174.— D.scourtllz,  Fl.  Antilles,  vii, 51,  t. 
464.— Avidubon,  Birds,  t.  144.— Stephenson  &  Chiircliill,  Med.  Bot.  iii,  t.  120.— Beck,  Bot.  30,').— ICuton,  Manual,  (i  ( d. 
199.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  2  ed,  254.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  293.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  410.— Darby,  IJot. 
8.  States,  492. 

Persea  Sassafras,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  270.— Schnizloin.  Icon,  t.  106.  f.  15-23. 


I  -M 


:  i 

>-Ml 


1 

m 


Wi 


I 


120 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SASSAFRAS. 


EaHtorn  MassnchuHottH,  south wcstorii  Vonnont,  atxl  w<!Hr  tli rough  Houtticrn  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to 
sontbeastcni  Iowa,  eaHtern  Kaimaa,  and  thu  Indian  territory;  Houtli  to  Ilurnando  county,  Florida,  and  the  valley 
of  the  Brazos  nvor,  Texas. 

A  tree  12  to  IH  meters  in  liulght,  with  a  trunl{  0.00  to  0.1)0  meter  in  diameter,  exceptionally  24  to  27  meten 
in  heifflit,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  2,25  meters  in  «liaineter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  small  tree  or 
shrub;  rich,  sandy  loam,  reaching  its  greatest  develo]>mcnt  in  soutli western  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory; 
at  ihe  south  often  taking  possession,  witii  the  persimmon,  of  abandoned  liehls  in  tlie  middle  districts. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse  grained,  very  diiralile  in  eontact  with  the  soil,  slightly  aromatic, 
checking  in  drying ;  lajers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  with  three  or  four  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  dull  orange-brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.5042;  ash, 0.10; 
used  for  light  skiifs,  ox  yokes,  etc.,  and  hugely  for  lenee  posts  and  rails,  and  in  cooi)erage. 

The  root,  and  especially  its  bark,  enters  into  eomnieree,  affording  a  powerful  aromatic;  stimulant;  the  oil  of 
sassafras,  distilled  from  the  root,  is  largely  used  in  imparting  u  ])leasant  flavor  to  many  articles  of  domestic  use; 
the  pith  of  the  young  branches  infused  with  water  furnishes  a  mucilage  used  as  a  demulcent  in  febrile  and 
inflammatory  afi'ectious  (iS7j«»7«'  in  Am.  Jour.  Fhann.  1803,  5;$. — Proctor  in  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Amoi.'.  18C0,  217. — 
JJ.  8.  DispcnHatory,  14  ed.  814. — Xat.  Diupcnmttory,  2  ed.  1274;  Fidckiger  &  Ilanbitry,  Pharmacographia,  483). 

"  Gumbo  Jilct,''^  a  powder  prepared  by  thu  Choctaw  Indiaus  of  Louisiana  from  the  mucilaginous  leaves,  is  used 
at  the  south  in  the  preparation  of  "gumbo"  soup. 


218. — Umbellularia  Californica,  Nut  tall, 

Sylva,  i,  87;  2  ccf.  i,  102.— Watson,  Bot.  Cnlironiia,  ii,  (il. 

LaurUH  retjia,  DouglaH  in  Componion  Hot.  Mag.  ii,  137. 

Oreodaphne  CitUforniea,  Nces,  Syst.Limriuiiruni,  •«>;$.— Htiitliiini,  I'l. Ilnrtwig.  a:!4;  Bot.  SnliiLui,  49.— Dietrich, 8yn. il, 
135().— Hooltor &  Aniott,  Bot.  Bei-clicy, 381). — Ttirroy  in  I'auilii!  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  VXi ;  v,  364 ;  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  184.— 
Newberry  in  Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  24,  8.S,  f.  3.— Cooper  in  SmitliHonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  5320. 

Tetranthera  CaU/o-">nca,  Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Beechey,  LW.— Moisuer  in  Do  Can('ollo,  Prodr.  xv',  192.— Torroy  in  Hot. 
Wilkes  Exped.  451. 

Brimophyllum  paucijloriiin,  XuttJill,  Sylva,  i,  85,  t.2'2;  2  ocl.i,102,t.22. 


MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.     OALIFOKNLA  LAUREL.    SPICE  TREE.     CAGIPUT.    CALIFORNIA  OLIVE.    CALIFORNIA  BAY  TREE. 

Rogue  River  valley,  Oregon,  .south  through  the  California  coast  langes  to  Han  Diego  county,  and  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern 
limits  and  at  high  elevations  a  small  tree  or  shrub ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
rich  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small, 
regularly-distributed,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  Ihin  ;  color,  rich  light  brown,  the  sai)wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6517 ;  ash,  0.39 ;  used  on  the  Oregon  coast  in  siiip-building,  for  jaws,  bitts,  cleats,  cross-trees,  etc.; 
the  most  valuable  material  i)roduced  by  the  Pacific  forests  for  '  a  irior  and  cabinet  work. 

The  leaves  yield  a  volatile  oil,  Oreodaphne  {Am.  Jour.  Phar.'t.  slvii,  105). 


EUPHORBIACE^. 


i 


219. — Drypetes  crocea,  Poitesn, 

Mem.  MuH.  i,  \h9,  t.  8.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  ii,  66,  t.  0:i ;  -J  ed.  ii,  Vi,  t .  63.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  265.— Chapman,  FL  8.  Statca, 
410.— Grisebach,  Fl.  British  West  ludies,  ovJj  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  15.— MUUer  in  Do  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  xv»,  455. 

Schcefferia  lateriflora,  Swartz,  Fl.Ind.Occ.i,329. 

D.  nensHiflora,  Bullion,  Kfnd.Gin.  Enphorbiucew,  Atlas,  4!>,  t. 24. f. 34-40. 

D.  l/laucit,  GriNebiicli  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad,  new  see.  viii,  15V  [not  Vahl]. 

J),  crocia.  Viir.  lungipen,  JlUller  in  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xv«,  456. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TKEE8. 


121 


GUIANA  PLUM.     WIIITK  WOOD. 


Somi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Bisca.viio  to  the  Houtlierii  keys ;  iu  the  Vest  ludioa. 
A  small  tree,  soinotimes  9  inetora  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.17  meter  in  diameter. 
Wood  heavy,  bard,  not  Htrong,  brittle,  close-grained,  uhcukiug  in  drying ;  medullary  rays nume^-oaa,  thin ;  color, 
rich  dark  brown,  the  Bap- wood  yellow ;  speciilo  gravity,  0.9209;  ash,  0.14. 


Yar.  latifolia,  MUtlor, 


Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xv^  45(3. 


D.  glauca,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  U,  06;  2  diI.  ii,  14.— Cliupman,  Fl.  8.  States,  -tio. 

D.  alba,  var.  latifolia,  Grisobach  in  Nacbriuh.  (1.  Kuiiigl.  Ooaoll.  Wimb.  Univ.  Oiittlng.  18C5,  1G5,  In  part. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayne  to  the  sonthcrn  kcy.s;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.3.5  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  brown  streaked  with  bright  yellow,  the  Bai)-wood  dull  brown;  specific  gravii  v,  0,9340;  ash,  8.29. 
Perhaps  a  distinct  species,  the  fruit  and  flowers  not  recently  collected. 


220. — Sebastiania  lucida,  Muilcr; 

Do  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  xt",  1181. 

Oymnanthcs  lucida,  Swnrtz,  Prodr.  96. 

Exccecaria  lucida,  Swnrtz,  Fl.  Ind.  Oco.  ii,  1122.— WiUdenow,  Spoc.  iv,  8G5.— Poirot,  Suppl.  i,  155.— Pcrsoou,  Syn.  ii,  034.— 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  CO,  t.  01 ;  2  cd.  ii,  6,  t.  61.— A.  do  Jiissieu,  Tout.  Eiipliorl>.  1. 16,  f.  55.— Kichanl,  Fl.  Cuba,  1U9.— 
Dietrich,  Syu.  v,  250. — Cooper  ia  Sinitbsonian  Kep.  IWiS,  205.— Cliapninn,  Fl.  S.  States,  405. — OriHebach,  Fl.  Uritiah 
West  Indies,  50.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 


,Vl 


GRAB  WOOD.     POISON  WOOD. 

Semi-tropical  Floiida,  bay  Biscaync  to  the  southern  keys;  common  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.l.'i  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  the  large  specimens 
generally  hollow  and  decayed. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure ;  color,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  speciiic  gravity, 
1.0905 ;  ash,  2.78 ;  now  largely  manufactured  into  canes,  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

221. — Hippomane  Mancinella,  Linniens, 

Spec.  1  ed.  U'Jl.- Jac<iniii,  Aioer.  250.  t.  1.59.- Liimarck,  Diet,  ii,  094.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  378;  2  cd.  v,  333.— Swartz,  Obs.  369.— 
Willdonow,  Spec,  iv,  571.— Persoon,  Syn.  il,  589.— Titford,  IIoi  t.  Bot.  Am.  Suppl.  9,  t.  12,  f.  5.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  374,  t.  793,  f.  1.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  805.- Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  r)24.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ii,  .04,  t.  CO;  2  ed.  i,  202,  t.  CO.— Hentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  103.— 
Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  200. — Dietrich,  Syn.  v,  224. — Coopijr  in  Smithsoniiin  Rep.  1858,  205. — Baillon,  Ftud.  Gen.  Duphorbiaceoi,  t.  0, 
f.  12-20.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  404.— Porohor,  Resourciis  S.  Forests,  120.— Grisrbach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  50.— Rogol, 
Oarteuflora,  xv,  1C3,  t.  510.— MUllor  iu  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xv",  1201.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  243,  f.  3.— Maout  &  Decaisne,  Bot. 
Eng  ish  cd.  693  &  f.- Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  21. 

Mancinella  venenata,  Tussac,  Fl.  Antilles,  iii,  21,  t.  5. 


il  I') 
MM 

m 


v*^ 


MANOHINEEL. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  on  the  southern  keys;  common  ;  through  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America  to  tho 
Pacific. 

A  small  two,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  1  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.17  meter  in  diameter; 
abounding  in  white,  milky,  exceedingly  caustic  poisonou.s  sap.  "  llaiu  washing  the  leaves  becomes  poisonous,  and 
the  smoke  of  tlie  burning  wood  injures  or  destroys  tlie  eyes." — (A.  U.  Curtiss). 

Wood  liglit,  soft,  close  grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  evenly-distributed,  small,  open  ducts;  medullary 
rayji  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown,  tlie  thick  sap-wood  liglit  browu  or  yellow ;  specific  gravity  (sap-wood), 
0.5W2;  ash,  5.10. 


I  '-i 


122 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


URTICACEiE. 


222. — Ulmus  crassifolia,  Nnttull, 

Trane.  Am.  Phil.  800.  2  ser.  v,  169.— Plauolion  in  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  279 ;  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  162.— Walpers,  Ann.  iil,  426.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Lcaquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arltausas,  386.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  633.— Gray,  Hall's,  PL 
Texas,  21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. 

U.  opaea,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  35,  t.  11 ;  2  ed.  i,  51,  t.  11.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  503. 


i 


11 


ih 


i  ■ ) 


OEDAB  KLM. 

ArLaiJsas,  south  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Graude,  Texas,  exteudiug  west  to 
Eagle  Pass. 

A  tree  18  to  20  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  or 
southwestern  limits  much  smaller;  borders  of  streams,  in  rich  soil;  one  of  the  most  common  and  valuable  timber 
trees  of  Texas  west  of  the  Trinity  river,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  Guadalui)e 
and  Trinity  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary 
rays  ob.scure;  marked,  in  common  with  that  of  all  the  North  American  species,  by  concentric  circles  of  irregularly- 
arranged  groups  of  small  open  ducts ;  color.,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific 
gravity,  0.7245 ;  ash,  1.20 ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wagon  hubs,  saddle-trees,  chairs,  etc.,  and  very  largely  for 
fencing. 

223. — Ulmus  fulva,  Michaux, 

Fl.Bor.-Am.  i,  172.— Persoon, Syn.  i,  291.— Willdenow,  Enum.  Suppl.  14.— Pnrsh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 200.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.xxxix,  No. 
10.— Eaton,  Manual,  31;  6  ed.  370.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  201.— Roiraer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  301.- -Elliott,  8k.  i,  33o.— Hayue, 
D.ud.  Fl.  32.— Torrey.Fl.  U.8.i,299;  Conipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  132;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  166;  Fremont's  Rep.  97.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 
931.— Riifinesqne,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  271.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.Am.  ii,  142.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  114.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  464. — London,  Arborotuin,  iii,  1407,  f.  1247.— Dietricli,  Syn.  ii,992.— SpacU  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xv,  363;  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 
107. — Emerson,  Trees  MassachiiHetts,  297;  2  ed.  ii,  334  &  t. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  !i01. — Oriffltb,  Med.  Bot.  551. — 
Planclion  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  276. — Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvii,  161. — Scbeele  in  RoDmer,  Texas,  446. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  426. — 
Ricbardson,  Arctic  Exped.  436. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  2.'>5. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  502. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
254. — Cbapnian,  Fl.  S.  SLites,  416. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  IWiO,  55. — Lesquoreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  3i?6.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  633 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  310.— Engclmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  800.  new 
ser.  xii,  208. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442.— Koch,  Dcndrologie,  ii,  422. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  496. — Haydon  in  Warren's  Rep. 
Nebraeka  &  Dakota,  2  cd.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 22.— Bentley  &  Trimen,  Med.  P).  iv, 233,  t. 233.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8. 
Nat.  Mus.  1882, 72.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada.  1879-'80, 55«. 

U.  pubescens,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliciana,  HI. 

U.  Americana,  var.  rubra,  Alton,  Hort.Kew.i,  319;  2  ed.  U,  107.- Willdenow,  Spec,  i,  1326.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  31. 

t  U.  crispa,  A7ilIdenow,  Enum.  295 ;  Berl.  Baumz.  520. 

U.  rubra,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  278,  t.  6 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  73, 1. 128. 


BED  ELM.     SLIPPEBT  ELM.     MOOSE  ELM. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  Ontario  and  northern  Dakota,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region 
of  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  an<l  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  16  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  hillsides, 
in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  comi)act,  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  s'.tlitting  rea<lily 
when  green;  layers  of  annual  growth  clan.rly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
nnmerous,  thin;  color,  dark  brown  or  rod,  the  thin  sap-wootl  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.69.'56;  ash,  0.83;  largely 
used  for  wheel  stock,  fence  posts,  rails,  railway  ties,  sills,  etc. 

The  inner  i)ark  mucilaginous,  nutritious,  and  t^^tl'llsivtJ!y  used  in  various  medicinal  preparations  {Am.  Jour. 
Phann.  xxiv,  im.— Philadelphia  Med.  Times,  1874, 303.— U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  913.— JV^a^  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1480.— 
FlUokiger  <&  Ranhury,  P'larmaeographia,  501). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


123 


224. — Ulmus  Americana,  Lidikbub, 

.  led.  226. — Kalm,  Travols,  Eu<;lUh  t-il.  ii,  2i)rf. — Marsball,  Arbustuni, KiO.  — Wangenlieim,  Amcr.  40. — Gaertncr,  Frnot.  i,  2"25,  t. 49, 
f.  5. —Walter,  Fl.  Carolinian.a,  111.— Aitoii,  Hort.  Kew.  i,310;  2  cd.  ii,107.— Willdcuow,  Spec,  i,  13^25;  Ennra.  295  ;  Suppl.  14;  Bcrl. 
Baumz.  519. — NouveauDubamel,  ii,  147. — Schkubr,  Handb.  179. — Michaiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Aiii.  i,  173. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  191. — Desfontaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  442.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  269,  t.  4  ;  N.  Ameiican  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  07,  .t.  126.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Siipt.  i,  109.— 
Smitb  in  Rees' Cycl.  ixxix,  No.  7. — Eaton,  Manual,  31;  Oed.  370. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelpb.  i,  150. — Nnttall,  Genera,  i, 
201.— Rcemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  300.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  333.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  31.— Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  i,298;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
i:i2;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  165 ;  NicoUot'a  Rep.  160;  Emory's  Rep.  412.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  i,  930.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— Loudon,  Arboretnm, 
iii,  1406,  f.  1246.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  142.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  114.— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  992.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
464. — Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  364  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  108. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  286;  2  ed.  ii,  322  &  t. — Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  499. — Planchon  in  Ann  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  268 ;  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvii,  155. — Scheele  in  Reemer,  Texas,  446. — 
Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  424. — Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiii,  398.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  43(). — Darlington,  Fl.  CeRtri(^a,3 
ed.  255. — Diirby,  Bot.  S.  States,  502. — ('oopor  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2.'>4. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Slates,  410. — Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1800,  55. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  :i86. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  633 ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  298. — 
Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  311. — Engclmann  iu  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,208. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442. — Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  21. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  421. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  496. — Wincholl  iu  Liullow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  68. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  22. — Haydeu  in  Warren's  Ri-p.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2ed.  121. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'70, 209. — 
Scars  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  177.— Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 71.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  48^ 

U.  moUifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  156. 

U.  Americana,  var.  pendula,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  i,3a0;  2  ed.  ii,  107.— Willdcnow,  Spec,  i,  1320.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 
200.— Eaton,  Manual,  31.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  364;  Hist.  Veg.xi,  109. 

U.  Americana,  var.  aWa,  Aitou,Hort.  Kew.  i,320;  2  ed.  ii,  107.— Hayne, Dend.  Fl.  32. 

U,  pendula,  Willdonow,  Berl.  Baumz.  519.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  33. 

U.  alba,  Rafinesquc,  Fl.  Lndoviciana,  115 ;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  38. 

U.  Americana,  var.  scabra,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  364 ;  Hist.  Veg.  ix,  109.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  424. 

U.  Americana,  var.  Bartramii,  Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  424. 

U.  Americana,  var.  laspera,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  416. 

U.  Floridana,  chapman,  Fl.  S.  states,  416. 


;•?   ;)'- 


WHITE  ELM.      AMERICAN  ELM.      WATER  ELM. 

Soutlierii  NcwfoiiiuUaml  totlio  nortlu'iii  sliorcs  of  lake  Superior  and  tlie  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains, 
in  about  latitutle  r>2°  N.;  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  I'ease  creek,  Florida,  extending  west  in  the  United  States 
to  the  lihuik  hills  of  Dakota,  central  Nebraska,  the  Indian  territory,  in  about  longitude  100°  W.,  and  the  valley 
"f  the  Rio  (Jon(!lio,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  .Jo  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  2.70  meters  in  diameter;  rich,  moist  soil,  borders 
of  streams,  etc.;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  only  in  river  bottoms. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tougli.  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split;  layers  of  annnal  growth 
•learly  nmrked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  O.G50(>;  ash,  0.80;  largely  used  for  wheel  stock,  saddle-trees,  tiooiing,  in 
•ooperage,  and  now  largely  exported  to  Great  Britain  and  used  in  boat-  and  ship-building. 


226. — Ulmus  racemosa,  Thomas, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xix,  170  &.  t.— Beck,  Bot.  334.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed,  370.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  464.- -Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,37, 
t.  12;  3  ed.  i,  K\,  t.  12.— Torn^y,  Fl.  N.  Yrtrk,  ii,  KiO,  t.  90.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  500.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
5J54.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  633;  Bot.  &  Fl.  29S>.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  442.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  82.— Sargent  in  Rep. 
MassachuHHtts  Board  Ag.  1878,  271— UiU  iu  Geological  Rop.  Canada,  1879-'8U,  55<:.—Chapmau,  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  649. 

U.  Americana,  Planchon  in  Di^  Candollc,  Prodr.  xvil,  155,  in  part. 


:  !:i 


KOCK  ELM.      CORK  ELM.      IIIOKORY  ELM.      WHITE  ELM.      CLIFF  ELM. 

Southwestern  Vermont  (liobbins),  west  through  western  New  York,  Ontario,  and  southern  Michigan  to 
northeastern  lowa(\Vaverly,  Bfisacjf),  and  south  through  Ohio  to  central  Kentucky. 

A  hirf  tree  of  great  economic  value,  20  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  meter  in  diameter; 
low,  wet  clay,  rich  uplands,  rocky  declivities,  or  river  cliffs;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
aouthern  Ontario  and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. 


124 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  toaf^h,  very  close-grained,  compact,  sasceptible  of  a  beantifal  polish ;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  with  one  to  two  rows  of  small  open  dncts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  clear  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7263 ;  ash,  O.GO; 
largely  ueeci  in  the  manufacture  of  heavy  agricultural  implements,  wheel  stock,  and  for  railway  ties,  bridge  timbers, 
sills,  etc. 

226. — Ulmus  alata,  Micbaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  173. — Persoon,  Syn.  i,  291. — Michrux  f.  Hiat.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  275,  t.  5;  N.  Americaa  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  71,  t.  127. — Purub, 
Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  201.— Roeiuor  &  Scbiiltes,  Sysl.  vi,  209.— Elliott,  Sk.  i,  333.— Si»reiigel,  Syst.  i,  931.— 
Audubon,  Birds,  t.  18. — Eatou,  Manual,  6  ed.  376. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1408,  f.  1248. — Dietricb,  Syn.  11,992. — Ea..ou  &  Wrigbt, 
Bot.  464. — Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  493. — Browne,  Trees  of  America,  502. — Plancbon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  scr.  x,  270 ;  De  Candollo,  Prodr. 
svii,  1!S5. — Walpcra,  Ann.  ill,  425. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  503. — Cooper  in  Smitbsuuian  Rep.  1858,  254. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States, 
417. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  .)5. — Losqueroux  in  Owen's  2il  Rep.  Arkansas,  3(^6. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 
63:5;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  311.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young.  Bot. 
Texas,  496.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Broadhead  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 70. 

U.  pumila,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniarin,  111  [not  Linnmus]. 

U.  Americana,  var.  alata,  Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  XV,  364 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  109.  > 


•        1   "-'U.  ■ 


"WAHOO.     WINGED  ELM. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  through  the  middle  districts  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida ;  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  south  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and  southwest  througli  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  the  eastern 
portions  of  the  Indian  territory  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  12  meters  in  heigbt,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter;  generally  in  dry,  gravelly 
soil,  or,  rarely,  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and  river  bottoms ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  southern  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  uuwedgeable;  medullary  rays  dist  .nt,  not 
conspicu*>us ;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7491;  ash,  0.99;  largely  Uf-eO  ff  'bs, 
blocks,  etc. 

227. — Planera  aquatica,  Gmeliu, 

8yst.  li,  150. — WilUleuow,  Spec,  iv,  967;  Enura.  Suppl.  14;  Berl.  Buumz.  281.— Persoou,  Syn.  i,  291. — Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202. — Hayno, 
Dend.  Fl.  202.— Eaton.  Manual,  6  ed.  266.— TIaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  360.— Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  :«)5 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  116.— 
Plancbon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x, 261 ;  Do  Caiidolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  167. — Walpers,  Ann.  iii, 428. — Cooper  in  Smitbiioniiin  Rep.  1858, 
254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  4 17. —Wood,  CI.  Book,  C33;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299.— Gray,  Manual  N.  8tate8,5ed.4;3.— Kocb,  Deudrologie, 
ii,424. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  497. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. 

Anonymoa  aquatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  230. 

P.  Omelini,  Miclianx.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  248.— Dosfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  446.— Roemer  &  Scbultes,  Syst.  vi,  305.— Elliott,  8k, 
i,  334.— Sprengel,  Syst.  1,493.- Dietrich,Syn.  i,  551.— Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  503. 

P.  uhnifoliay  Miehaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  283,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  80,  t.  130.— Poiret,  8up]il.  iv,  429.— 
Nouveau  Du'aatnel,  vii,  !!5,  t.  21.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1413,  f.  1251. — Browne,  Trees  of  Ameriua,  515. — Curtis  iu  Rep. 
Geological  .Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860,81. 

f  Ulmus  ncmoralin,  Alton,  Fort.  Ki'w.  i,  319;  2  ed.  li,  108.— Willdenow,  Spec.  1, 1326;  Berl.  Eanmz.  520.— Desfo.itaines,  Hist. 
Arb.  ii.  442.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i. 200.— Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxxix, No.  8.— Nuttall,  Genera, i,20l.— Beck,  Bot.  334.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  376.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  464. 

Ulmus  aquatica,  RaflucB«iue,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  165. 

P.  Richardi,  Sprengel.Syst.  i,493,  in  part.— Torrcy  &  Gray  in  Pacifle  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,ir5  [not  Miehaux]. 

Valley  of  the  (Jape  Fear  river,  North  Carolina,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and 
through  central  Alabama  and  Missi.ssipi)i  to  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  extending 
north  tliroUjCh  Arkansas  and  southern  Missouri  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river  and  central  Kentucky. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.(iO  mett.  in  diameter;  cold,  deep,  inundated 
river  8wami)s  ;  rare  in  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  Gulf  states;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  lied  River  valley  and  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  f^w  scattered  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5294;  ash,  0.45. 


CAfALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


125 


228. — Celtis  occidentalis,  Liuhojuh, 

Spec?  p;l.  1478.— Du  Koi,  HarUk. ;,  141. — Marxliall,  Arbiiatum, 29. — Wanguaheim,  Amor.  46. — Gtertuor,  Fruct.  i,374,t.  77,  f.  3. — Walter, 
Fl.  Curoliniann,2.')0. — Alton,  Hort.  Kcw.  iii,4;J7;actl.v,449. — Lamarck,  Die',  iv,  137;  111.  111,437,1.844,  f.  1. — Abbot)  Insects  Georgia, 
i,  t.  30.— VVilldenow,  Spec,  iv,  944;  Kiiuin.  1040;  Berl.  Bauraz.  H2.— Notivdiiii  Diili»iii;"l,il,36,t.9.— Mlchaux,Fl.  Bor.-Aiii.  11,249.— 
PBraoou,  Syn.  i,29:J. — Deslbutaiues,  Hist.  Arl>.  11,448. — Micliauxf.  HiHt.  Arb.  Am.  ili,'2vJ5,  t.8;  N.  Aiiierivan8ylva,3e(1. 111,38, 1. 114. — 
Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i, 200.— Eaton,  Miiiinnl,  31 ;  6  cd.  36.— NuttiiU,  Genera,  1, 202.— RoDiner  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi, 300.- Hayne,  Dcnd. 
F1.21C.— Elliott,  Sk.  11,  .'■)84.—Torrey,  Fl. U.S.  1,300;  Compcml.  Fl.  N.State«,  132;  Fl.X.  York, il,  107;  Bot.  Wl.kes  Expeil.  456.— 
Gulmpel,  Otto&  Hayne,  Abl>.  Holz.  119,  t.9t>.— Sproagel,  Syst.  1, 932.— Watson,  Deud.  Brit.  11, 147.— Beck,  Bot.  334.— Ratinesqnc,  New 
Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  32.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ill,  1417  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  11, 142.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  180.— Spuch  in  Ann.Sci. 
Nat.2  scr.  xvi,40;  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,  133. — Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490.— Browne, Trceb  of  America,517. — Emeraou, Trees  Massucbusetts,  306, 
1. 16;  2ed.  11,  3I4&  t.— Planchou  in  Ann.  Soi.Nat.  3  8er.  x,23rt;  DeCaudollu,  Proiir.  xvii,  174.— Walpers,  Ann.  111,390.- Richardson, 
Arctic  Exped.  430. -Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  2.'>0.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  503.— Cooper  in  Smithsoninn  Rep.  185H,  254.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— (^urtlsiu  Rep.  Geological  Siirv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iil,  01.— Lesqueroux  luOwen'M2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386.— 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  034 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  299. — Engehuaun  iu  Trans.  Am.  Plill.  Sec.  now  sor.  xll,  208.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  312. — 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  11,  432. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nel)raska  &  Dakota, 
2  ed.  121. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. — Burbank  in  Proe.  Bostim  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvili,  215. — Putzbys  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  xxii, 206. — 
Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7ii,209.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,72. 

C  crassifolia,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  133.— Nouvoau  Diihamel,  il,  37. — Mlchaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ill,  228,  t.  9 ;  N.  American 
Sylvi»,3  ed.  ill,  40,  t.  115.— Pnr.sh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1,  200.— Nuttall,  Genera,  1,  202.— Ruinier  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,307.— 
Torroy,  Fl.  U.  8.  i,  300;  Coiupoud.  Fl.  N.  States,  132;  Fremont's  Rep.  97;  Emory's  Rep.  412.— Sprongel,  Syst.  1,932.— 
Beck,  Bot.  334. — Eaton,  Manual, 0  eil.  83, — Ratinesqao,  Now  Fl.  &  Bol.  i,  31. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1418,  f.  1254. — 
Eaton  &,  Wright,  Bot  180. — Spach  iu  Ann.  Scl.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  39 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  130. — Penn.  Cycl.  xxv,  490. — Browne, 
Trees  of  America,  519. — Emerson,  Trees  of  Massachusetts,  :K)9  ;  2  ed.  il,  347  &,  t. 

C.  obliqua,  Moonch,  Moth.  344. 

0.  occidentalis,  var.  scabrimcula,  Willdonow,  Spec,  iv,  995;  Berl.  Banmz.  2  ed.  82.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  217.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1417. 

C,  occidentalis,  var.  tenuifolia,  persoon,  Syn.  i,  292. 

C.  cordata,  Persoon,  Syn.  1,292.— Dcsfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,448.— Da  Mont,  Cour.  Bot.  Cult.  vi,389. 

C  Iccvigata,  WlUdenow,  Ber".  Bauniz.  2  ed.  81;  Ennm.  Snppl.  68.— Rremor  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  vl,  306.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i, 
932. — Raliuesque,  New.  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,34.—Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1420.— Koch,  Dentlrologie,  11,  432. 

C.  pumila,  Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i,  200.— Roemer  &  Schnltes,  Syst.  vi.  306.— Torroy,  Fl.  U.  S.  1,300  ;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
132. — Book,  Bot.  334. — Eaton,  Manual,  C  ed.  86.— Rafiucsqne,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  Si. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1420.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  180. 

C.  alba,  Ralinosiiue,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  25;  Now  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  32.— Planchon  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  177. 

C.  canina  and  C.  maritima,  Raflnesque  in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  &  Crit.  Rev.  ii,43,44. 

C.  occidentalis,  Viir.  cordata,  willdonow,  Berl.  Baumz.  2cd.  82.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  217.— Pocmer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  vi,  306.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1417. 

C.  tenuifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i.  202;  Sylva,  i,  135;  2ed.  i,  149.— Battnesqne,  Now  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  36. 

C.  occidentalis,  vnr.  integrifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  202.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  417.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  634;  Bot.  St 
Fl.  2<>9. 

C.  Misxissippiensis,  Boso,  Diet.  Ag.  new  ed.  X,  41.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ill,  088.— Spach  in  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  42;  Hist. 
Veg.  xi,  136.— Planchou  in  Ann.  Scl.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  287  ;  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  176.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  397.— Cooper 
iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  18.58, 2.")4. — Lesqueroux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  380.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  443; 
Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 23.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  72. 

C.  integrifolia,  NuttuU  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  sor.  v.  169.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18.')8,  '2.54. 

C.  longifolia,  Nut  tall  In  Tr.ans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  new  ser  v,  169  ;  Sylva,  i ,  '.34,  t .  40 :  2  od.  i,  148,  t.  40.— Rafino.squc,  New  Fl.  &. 
Bot.  i,  33. — Planchou  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  177. 

C.  heteropln/lla,  0.  patula,  C.  Floridiana,  C.  fuscata,  C.  salicifolia,  V.  vorifolia,  C.  maritima,  Rafinc8<iuo, 

New  Fl.  &  Bot.  1.  31-37. 
C.  occidentalism  \t\r. grandidtntafa,  SpacU  in  Ann.  Scl.  Nut.  2  ser.  xvi,  40;  Hist.  Veg.xi,  133.— Walpers,  Ann.  ill,  396. 
C.  occidentalis,  vnr.  serrulata,  Spach  in  Ann.  3ci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  41  ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  134.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 
C.  crassifolin,  vnr.  filiafdia,  Spneh  in  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  2  sor.  xvi,  39;  Hist.  Veg.xi,  131.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  300. 
V.  crassifolin,  var.  morifolia,  Spneh  In  Ann.Sci.  Nat.8  ser.  xvi,  39;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  131.— Wiilporr  Ann.iii,  396. 
C.  craHHifolia,  var.  eucalypiifnlia,  Spich  in  Ann.  Scl.  Nut.  2  sor.  xvi,  40;  Hist.  Veg.  xl,  131.— Wallers,  Ann.  iii,  390. 


t- 
i 

m 


m 


m 

r 

'?¥ 

■       ,■ 

■■  i^  ■ 

^       ; 

";'|r 

'      'r' 

■;^. 

1 

■'  '■", 

'■Hi  • 

]  i: 

I ' 

^Ml 


126  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

0.  Atldihertiana,  Spach  in  Ann  Soi.  Na  .  2  ser.  xvi,  41 ;  Hist.  Fl.  ^^i,  135.— Planohou  in  Da  Candolle,  Prodr.  zril,  174. 

0.  AudibertianJl,  Var.  OVato,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Kat.  3  ser.  xvi,  41 ;  Hist.  Vng.  xi,  135. 

C.  Audibertiana,  var.  oblongata,  Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  41 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  135. 

C.  Llndheimeri,  Engelmann  in  herb.  A.  Bratin.  (Koeh,  Drendrologie,  ii,  434), 

C.  Berlandieri,  Klotsch  in  Linniea,  xviii,  541.— Planchon  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178. 

C.  Texana,  Scheelein  LinniBa.xx,  140;  Koemcr,  Texas,  446;  Appx.  146. 

C.  occidentalis,  var.  crassi/olia,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  cd.  395 ;  5  ed.  443.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  634 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  209. 

C.  OCcidentaliSyXar.pumilc,  Gray,  Manual  N.  Stati-s,  2cd.  397;  5  ed.  443.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  417.— Curtis  in  Rep, 
Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  iii,  1860,  62. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  321. 

SUGABBEBBY,     HACEBEBBY. 

Valley  of  the  Saiut  Lawrence  river  wes':  to  eastern  Dakota,  south  throngh  the  Atlantic  region  to  bay  Biscayne 
and  cape  "Rjniano,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  to  39  meters  [Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1,50  meter  in 
diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Mississippi  River  basin ;  rich  bottoms  or 
dry  hillsides;  som'^times  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  {C.  pumila),  anuX  varying  greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  texture 
of  the  leaves  (C  Missiasippienais  Iwvigata,  integrifolia,  crassifolia,  etc.) :  the  extremes  connected  by  innumerable 
intermediate  forms,  which,  thus  considered,  make  one  polymorphous  species  of  wide  geographical  range. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  coarsegrained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  containing  many  small  groups  of  smaller  ducts 
arranged  in  intermediate  concentric  rings ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  clear  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specitic  gravity,  0.7287 ;  ash,  1.09;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap 
furniture. 

Var.  reticulata. 

C,  reticulata,  Torroy  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  247.— Eaton,  Manual.  6  ed.  86.— Raflnesquc,  New  Fl.  &  bot.  i,35.— Katon  St 
Wright,  Bot.  186.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  13.t,  t.  39;  2  ed.  i,  140,  t.  39.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  518.— PlaucUon  in  Ann. 
So:.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  293 ;  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178.— Walpcrs,  Ann.  iii,  396.— Torrey  &,  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  K.  Rep. 
ii,  175.— Cooper  in  Smithsouiati  Rep.  1858,  260;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  401. — Watson  in 
PI.  Wheeler,  16.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Hull  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi,  238.— Rushy  in  Bull.  Torroy  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 

C.  Douglami,  Plauchon  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  x,  293;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  178.— Walpers,  Ann.  iii,  396. 

tC.  OCCidentalis,  var.  pumila,  WatPon  in  King's  Rep.  v,  321  [not  Gray]. 

C.  brevipea,  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  3  ser.  xiv,  297.- Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vl,  238. 

HACKBERRY.      Pj  LO   BLANCO. 

Western  Texas  (Dallas,  Ravenel)  to  the  mountains  of  southern  Arizona,  and  through  the  Rocky  mountains  to 
eastern  Oregon  ;  in  the  Tehachipi  pass,  California  (Pringle). 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  generally 
in  high  mountain  canons,  or  in  the  more  arid  regions  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  well  characterized  by  its  small,  thick, 
coriaceous  leaves,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  underside  along  the  prominent  reticulated  veins,  and  by  the  light-colored, 
deeply-furrowed  bark,  but  connected  with  the  typical  G.  occidental^  by  intermediate  forms  not  rare  in  western  Texas. 

Wood  not  distinguishable  in  strncture  or  color  from  that  of  the  species  ;  specific  gravity,  0.7276;  ash,  1.22. 

229.— Ficus  aurea,  Nuttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  4,  t.  43 ;  2  ed.  i,  154,  t.  43.— Cooixr  in  SmithHouian  Rep.  1858,  26.5.— Chapman,  Kl.  S.  States,  415.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22. 
F.  aurea,  var.  Ulti/oUa,  Nuttall,  Sylvu,  ii,4;  2ed.  i,  154. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  Indian  river  to  the  southern  keys. 

A  large  parasitic  tree,  germinating  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of  other  trees,  and  sending  down  to  the  ground 
long  aerial  roots,  which  graduully  grow  together,  kill  the  inclosed  tree,  and  form  a  trunk  sometimes  0.00  to  1.20 
meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  light,  soft,  very  weak,  coarsegrained,  compact,  not  durable;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly 
distinguishable;  color,  light  u'-ov^n,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0,2616;  ash,  5.0o. 


V^'—:- 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


127 


230. — Ficus  brevifolia,  Nnttall, 
Sylva,  ii,  3,  t.  42 ;  2  ed.  i,  153,  t.  42.— Cooper  in  SmitbBonian  Rep.  1«58, 265.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  415.— Vasey,  Ca*.  Fonst  TioeB, 2a. 

Seuii-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayue  to  the  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Pnmpkiu  Key,  Ourtias). 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  large,  open,  scattered  ducts  and  many  groups  of 
much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  concentric  circles  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.639S ;  ash,  4.36. 

231. — Ficus  pedunculata,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  450;  2  ed.  v,  48C.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  415.— Grisehach,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  151. 
F.  COmpUcata,  Huuboldt,  Bouplund  &  Kiiiith,  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  ii,4S. 
UroStigma  pedunoulatum;   Miquel  in  Hcoker,  London  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  450.— Walpers,  Ann.  i,  677. 


WILD  FIG.     INDIA-EXIBBER  TREE. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  bay  Biscayue  to  the  southern  keys  (Key  Largo,  Umbrella  and  Boca  Chica  Keys,  etc. 
Curtias) ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  shrubby 
and  mu(!h  Vmnichtd  from  the  ground;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  large,  open,  scattered  ducts,  with  many  groups 
of  small  ducts  arranged  in  concentric  circles;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  orange-broAm,  the 
sap-wood  undistinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4739 ;  ash,  4.02. 


Pi 

r 


232. — Morus  rubra,  Linuieus, 

Sped  ed.986. — Marshall,  Arbustum,  93.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  37,  t.  15,  f.  35. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana,  241. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii, 
343;  2ed.  v,266. — Moench,  Meth.  343. — Laniarck,Dict.iv,  377.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  70. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  179. — 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  369;  £nuui.9G7;  Berl.  Uauuiz.  252. — Nouveau  Duhauiel,  iv,  91,  t.  23. — Porsoon,  Syu.  ii,  .')58.— DesContaines, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  416.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  232,  t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,3  cd.iii,4<;,t.  IIG.— Piirsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  639  — 
Katon,  Manual,  105;  6  ed.  230. —Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  89.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  209.— Ilayne,  Deud.  Fl.  155.— Klliott,  Sk. 
ii,  .'S74.— Sprengol,  Syst.  i,  492.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  352;  Nicollet's  Rep.  160;  Fl.N.  York,  ii, 220;  Emory's  Rep.  412.— 
Raa-jesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  243;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,43;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  13.— Beck,  Bot.  316.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  5.51.— 
Loudon,  Aruvirctum,  iii,  13.')9  &  t.— Seriiigc,  Descr.  &  Cult,  du  Mflr.  223,  t.  20.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  323.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  48.— 
Browne,  Trees  of  America,  457. — Emors«m,  Trees  Massachusetts,  280 ;  2ed.  i,  314. — Darlington,  Fl.Cestrica,  2  ed.2e5. — Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  503.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Uep.  18.58,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  415.— Gray  in  Pacific  R.R.  Rep.  xii*,  47;  Manual 
N.Statcs,5  ed.  414. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18(10,  iii, 71. — Lesiiuereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arknusiis,  386.^ 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  635;  Bot.&F1.300. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  305. — Eagelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  scr.  sli,  208. — 
Koch  Dendrologie,  ii,  447. — Young,  bot.  Texas,  494. — Bureau  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvii,  245. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nel>raska 
&Dakotn,2ed.  121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest  Trees, 22.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.U.?.  Dept.Ag.  No.  11,34.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.S.Nat. 
Mus.  1882, 73.— Burgess  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gasetto,  vii,  95. 

M.  Canadensix,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv, 380.— Seringe,  De8i;r.  &.  Cult,  du  Mflr. 224. 

M.  HCahra,  Willdenow,  Enuni.  967;  Berl.  Banniz.  lf>2.— Nutta'.l,  Genera,  ii,  209.— Rafinesqne,  Am.  Manual  Mnlberry  Trees, 
20.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  154.— Sprengel,  Syst.i,  492.— Loddiges,  Cat.  1836. 

M.  tomentosa,  Ruiinesque,FLLudovieiana,  113;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  30. 

M.  reticulata,  M.  CanadetiHin,  M.  pariiifolia,  and  M.  riparia,  Raflnesque,  Am.  Manual  Mnlberry  Trees,  29-31. 

M.  rubra,  var.  Oanademis,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  i;J60. 

M,  Missouriensig,  Auilibert,  Cat.  Jard.  Tonnelle.  t 

M.  rubra,  var.  tomentom,  Bureau  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  246. 

M.  rubra,  var.  incua,  Bureau  iu  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvii,  347. 


-;if 


128 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!i!      I! 


I''   ■■',, 


-  m- 

5l!' 


BED  MULBEEBT. 

Western  New  England  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to 
the  Black  hills' of  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kan^aH,  south  to  bay  Biscayne  and  cape  liomano,  Florida,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  20  meters  in  he'^ht,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  or,  exceptionally,  2.15  meters  in 
diameter  (P.  J.  Berchnans,  Augasta,  Georgia);  generally  in  rich  bottom  lands;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  basins  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  rivers. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  coarsegrained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
satiny,  susceptib'"!  of  a  good  polish;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  iurge  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  orange-yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5898;  ash,  0.71; 
largely  used  in  fencing,  cooperjige,  for  snaths,  and  at  the  south  in  ship-  and  boat-building. 

The  large  dark  purple  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 


i;ii: 


1: 


■v. 
•Si 


233. — Morus  microphylla,  Buckley, 

Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1865J,  8.— Gray  iu  Pi  oc.  Pliiladolphia  Acud.  18(i2, 1  •  .  -  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  494. 

M.  parvi/olia,  Engclmann  in  hcrh  —Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Toxas,  ai.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 22.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.  U.  8. 
Dept.Ag.No.il,  34. 

MEXICAN  MULBERRY. 

Valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Gila  river,  New  Mexico;  and 
southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  mountain  cauons  of  southern  New  Mexico; 
in  Texas  generally  on  limestone  formations. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  with  several  rows  of  small  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  orange  or,  rarely,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific 
gravity,  0.7715;  ash,  0.68. 

The  small  acid  fruit  hardly  edible. 


234. — Madura  aurantiaca,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  234;  Trans.  Am.  P.iil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  1G9;  Sylva,  i,  126,  t.37,  38;  2  ed.i,  140,  t.37,  38.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  1.58.— 
Delile  in  Bull.  Soc.  Ag.  Her.  1835  &  t.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  217.— Seringe  in  Mem.  Soc.  Ag.  Lyon,  183.'),  125  &  t;  Descr.  & 
Cult,  du  Mftr.  232,  t.  273.— Lambert,  Pinus, 2  ed.  ii,  Appx.  4,  t.  3.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1342, 13t)2,  f.  1226-1228;  Qard.  Mag.  xi,  312, 
f.  45-47.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  311.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  53.— Browne,  Trees  of  America,  465.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  504.— 
Cooper  in  Suiithsot  an  Rep.  1858, 254.— Miqnel  in  Martins,  Fl.  Brasil.  iv,  158.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  635;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  299.— Porcher, 
ReHOurces  S.  Forests,  101. — Koch,  Dendrologic,  ii,  437.— Bureau  in  Do  Candolla,  Prodr.  xvii,  227. — Dumen  in  Proc.  California  Acad. 
V,  398. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Guibonrt,  Hist.  Drogues, 7  ed.  ii,  'J25.— Riley  in  Special  Rep.  U.  8.  Dept.  Ag.  No.  11, 35. 

Toxylon  Maelura,  Rafiuesr.ue,  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  i,  43 ;  Am.  Manual  Mulberry  Trees,  13. 

loxylon  pomiferum,  Raflnesqne  in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit.  Rev.  ii,  118. 

BroUSSOnetia  tinctoria,  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  246  [not  Kunth]. 

OSAGE  OBANOE.     BOIS  D'ARO. 

Southwestern  Arkansas,  south  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river,  southeastern  portions  of  the  Indian 
territory,  and  southward  in  northern  Texas  to  about  latitude  32°  50'  N.  (Dallas,  Reverchon,  etc.). 

A  tree,  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  rich  bottom 
iantts;  most  common  and  probably  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  valley  of  the  Red  river  iu  the  Indian 
territory. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  flexible,  clo.«e-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
ground,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small  open  ducts,  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  broad  bands  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  bright  orange, 
turning  brown  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.7736;  ash,  0.68;  largely  used  for  fence 
posts,  paving  blocks,  railway  ties,  wheel  stock;  extensively  planted  for  hedges,  especially  in  the  western  states. 


-  ry^-^rrr'-J-  ■':*^'-- 


r\.- 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


129 


PLATANACE^. 


235. — Platanus  occidentalis,  Linntens, 

Spec.  1  ed. 9f r>.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii,  134.— Mursliall,  Aibiistum,  10.'>.— Waiigciilu'ini,  Amer.31,t.  13,  f.31.— Walter,  Fl.  Carol'niana,236.— 
Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  365;  2  od.  v,  305. — Mooncli,  Moth.  358. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  55. — Micbaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163. — 
Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  438. — Nouveau  Diibamel,  ii,  C,  t.  i. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  474  ;  Euniii.  984 ;  Borl.  Baamz.  284. — Persoon,  8yn.  ii, 
575. — Desfoutaines  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  545. — Scbkubr,  Haiulb.  iii,  274,  t.  30C. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii,  524. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  184, 
t.  3 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3 ed.  ii,  46,  t.  C3.— Piirsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  635.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  PhiladelpU.  91 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph. 
176.— Eaton,  Manual,  110 ;  6  ed.  267.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  219.— Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  171.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  i,  23.— Elliott,  8k.  ii, 
620.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  865.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  i,  1. 100.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  356 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  218 ;  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  Survey,  205.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  206.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2043,  f.  1959  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  361.— Hooker,  FL 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  158. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3ed.  38'1.  iJmerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  227  ;  2  ed.  i,  261  &  t. — Scheele  in  Roemer,  Texas, 
^  446. — Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Set.  2  ser.  xiii,  399. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  282. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  509. — Agardh,  Theor.  A, 
Syst.  PI.  t.  xlli,  f.  1,2.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Hartig,  Forst.  446,  t.  54.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  418.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  76. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  386. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  640 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  303. — 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209. — A.  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi",  159.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  447 ;  Hall's  PL 
Texas,  21. — Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii,  468. — Sohuizluin,  loon.  t.  97,  f.  1-24. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  498. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraiik* 
&  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  22.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  73.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
187U-'80,  550. 

P.  lobata,  Mmnch,  Moth.  358. 

P.  hybridas,  Brotero,  Fl.  Lus.  ii,  487. 

P.  vulgaris,  var.  angulosa,  Spach  in  Ann.  8oi. Nat.  2  ser.  xv, 293 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 79. 


Indian 

pottoin 
tmliiui 

Itb  thu 

irowth 

•angu, 

i  I'cnco 

tea. 


SYCAMORE.    BUTTON  WOOD.    BUTTON-BALL  TREE.     WATER  BEECH. 

Southern  Maine  and  southeastern  New  Hampshire  to  northern  Vermont  and  the  noithern  shores  of  lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie,  west  tc  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  south  to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas,  extending  southwest  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  river. 

The  largest  tree  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  often  30  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  4.20  meters  in 
diameter;  generally  along  streams  and  river  bottoms,  in  rich,  moist  soil;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split  and  work;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  broad  bands  of  small  ducts;  the  uumtrous  medullary  rays  very  conspicuous,  as  in  that 
of  all  the  North  American  species;  color,  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.CG78; 
ash,  0.46;  largely  used  for  tobacco  boxes  (its  principal  use),  ox-yokes,  butchers'  blocks,  and,  rarely,  in  the 
manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

236. — Platanus  racemosa,  Nuttall; 

Audubon,  Birds,  t.  362;  Sylva,  i,  47,  t.  15;  2  ed.  i,  63,  t.  15— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  336.— Niwbeny  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rip.  vi,  33, 
89,  t.  11,  f.  10.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260.— Torrpy,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204;  Ives'  Rep.  27;  Bot.  Wilkes 
Exped.  457. — A.  De  CandoUe,  Prcd'  xvi",  160.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  469.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23. — Watson,  Bot. 
California,  ii,  66. 

P.  OCCidenfMis,  Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Becchcy,  160,  380  [not  Liunieus]. 

P.  Cali/ornica,  Bentham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  54. 

P.  Mexicana,  Moricand,  PI.  Rar.  Amer.  t.  13T— forroy  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vil,20. 

SYCAMORE.      BUTTON  WOOD. 

California,  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river,  south  through  the  interior  vallej's  and  coast  ranges  to  the  southern 
1)0undary  of  the  state. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  bf>rders  of  streams,  in  rich 
soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  by  narrow  bands  of  smail  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4880;  asli,  1.11. 
9  FOB 


I   1; 


130 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


237.— Platanus  Wrightii,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  34C.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 
P.  Mexieana,  Torrey  in  Emory's  Ecp.  151  [not  Moricand]. 
.P.  raeemosa,  Watson,  Pi.  wheeler  16  [not  Nuttall].— Rothrdck  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239. 

SYOAMOEE.  ' 

Valleys  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  tbe  San  Pedro  river,  Arizona;  southward  hito 
Mexico. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  tru.ik  0.45  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter;  banks  of  streams  and 
high  mountain  cailons. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows 
of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  A-ery  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4730 ;  ash,  1.35. 


JUGLANDACE^. 


238.— Juglans  cinerea,  Liimiius, 

Spec.  2  eil.  1415. — Jacquin,  Icon.  Rnr.  i,  t.  193.— WangPiibcini,  Amor.  21,  t.  0,  f.  21. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliiiiana,  235. — Aitou,  Hort.  Kew. 
iii,  301;  2  ed.  v,  296.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  503;  111.  iii,  31)5,  t.  781,  1".  7.— B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  i,  2.J,  31;  ii,  43.— Muhlenberg  & 
Willdi-now  iu  Neuo  Sobriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  388.— Jlitbaux,  Fl.Bor.-Am.  ii,  191. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  456;  Euum. 
978;  Berl.  Banmz.  193.- Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  55G.— Di  Klontaincs,  Hist.Arb.  ii,  347.— Piirsb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,636.— Burton,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  92.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot".  ii,  115,  t.  32  ;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  378.— Eaton,  Mannal,  108-  6  id.  192.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  220; 
Sylva,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  37.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl.  163.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  C23.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  8G5.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357 ; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  ISO.— Raiinosquo,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  234.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  142.— Beck,  Bot.  3:J5.— Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  170.— Lindley, 
Fl.  Med.  307.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1439,  f.  12G2.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  143.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  287.— Enieraon,  Trees 
MaHsacbusetts,  182 ;  2  ed.  i,  207  &  t.— Griffltli,  Med.  Bot.  589.— Carson,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  42,  t.  8I>.— Parry  iu  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Unrliugton, 
Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  262.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513.— Coop'-r  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Cbapniau,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— Curtis 
iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  45. — Lesqn  reux  iu  Owen's  2il  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  640;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
304. — C.  De  Candolli)  iu  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  16,  t.  4,  .'.  45;  Prodr.  xvi-,  137. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  317. — Engeluiauu 
in  Traus.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,  209. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  447. — Kouh,  Dendrologie,  i,  589. — Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep. 
Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Broadbead  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Bentley  &  Trimen, 
Med.  PI.  iv,  247,  t.  247.— Boal  iu  Am.  Nat.  xv,  36,  f.  6.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  178.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada^ 
1878-'80,  53'.— Ri.lgway  in  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  76. 

J.  oblonga,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  3.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  .332— Mocrch,  Meth.  696.— Eetzins,  Obs.  i,  10. 

J.  oblonga  alba,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  67. 

J,  cathartica,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.Am.  i,  165,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  109,  t.  31. 

Cart/a  cathartica,  Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  178. 

Wallia  cinerea,  Alefeld  in  Bonplandia,  1861,  334. 


BUTTERNUT.     WHITE  WALNUT. 

Southern  Now  Brunswick,  valloy  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  northern 
Minnesota  (lake  Pokogoma,  Oarrisoyi)  and  central  Iowa,  sonth  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to 
northern  Georgia,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  northern  Arkansas,  and  southeastern  Kansas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  uioters  (liidgicay)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter; 
rich  woodlands;  rare  at  the  south;  most  coninion  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Ohio  River  basin. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  coarsegrained,  compact,  easily  worked,  satiny,  suscejitible  of  a  beautiful 
polish,  containing  numerous  regularly-distributed,  large,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin,  obscure;  color, 
bright  light  brown,  turning  dark  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4080;  ash,  0.51;  largely 
used  for  interior  finish,  cabinet  work,  etc. 

The  inner  bark,  especially  that  of  the  root,  is  employed  medicinally  as  a  mild  cathartic  {Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
1874,  109. —  U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  526. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  794),  and  furnishes  a  yellow  dye. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


131 


239.— Juglans  nigra,  Linnnus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  997.— Jaoqnin,  Icon.  Rar.  i,  1. 191.— Waogenheim,  Amer.  20,  t.  8,  f.  SO.- Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew,  iU, 
360;  2  ed.  v,  296.— Moencli,  Meth.  696.— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  502;  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  6.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  88.— 
Muhlenberg  &  Willdenuw  in  Nene  Schriften  Gosell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  388.— Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  191.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
456;  Ennm.  978;  Borl.  Banmz.  193.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xx,  No.  3.— Persoon,  8yn.  ii,  566.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  li,  347.— 
Neuveaa  Duhamel,  iv,  179,  t.  48.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  158,  t.  1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  od.  i,  140,  t.  30.— Pursh.Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii, 636.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadclph.  92;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  177.— Eaton,  Mannal,  108;  6  ed.  192.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  220 ;  Sylva,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  57.— Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  163.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  622.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  865.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States, 
357 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  179.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 158.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  84, 156.— Rafluesquc,  Med.  Bot.  ii, 233.— Beck,  Bot.  335.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  168.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1435,  f.  1260  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  287.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
185;  2  ed.  i,  211  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  589.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  262.— Darby,  Bot.  8. 
States,  513.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  254.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.--Curtis  in  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  45.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  640 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  Do  Candoile  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  34,  t.  1,  f.  1,  8-10;  Prodr.  xvi*,  137.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  809. — Poroher,  Resources  8. 
Forests,  318.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  447.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  587.— Schnizlein,  Icon.  t.  244,  f.  1,  8,  12, 13.— Young,  Bot. 
Texas,  500.— Hayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  «fc  Dakota,  2  od.  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  23.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7 
ed.  ii,  302.— Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  30,  f.  5.— Scars  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  178.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  53«.— 
Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1F82, 76.— Nicholson  in  London  Ganl.  Chronicle,  1882, 780. — Watson  in  Proo.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  155. 

J.  nigra  oblotiga,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  67. 

Wallia  nigra,  Alefeld  in  Bonplaudia,  1861,  334. 


BLACK  WALNUT. 

Western  Massachusetts,  west  along  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Erie  through  southern  Michigan  to  southern 
Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  northern  Florida,  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  3  meters  in  diameter;  rich  bottom  lands 
and  hillsides ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
mountains  and  in  the  rich  bottoms  of  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory ;  less  common  east  of  the 
Alleghany  mountai)>«,  and  now  everywhere  scarce. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  if  not  carefully  seasoned,  easily  worked, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  numerous  large,  regularly-distributed, 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not  con8i)icuous ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  much 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  O.Oll") ;  ash,  0.79;  more  generally  used  in  cabinet-making,  interior  finish,  and  for  gun 
stocks  than  that  of  any  other  Noi  t  h  American  tree. 


240. — ^Juglans  rupestris,  Engelmanu; 

Sitgreavcs'  Rep.  171,  t.  1.5.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mpx.  Boundary  Snrvry,  SOCi;  Ives'  Eep.27.— Cooper  in  Smithwaian  Kop.  1858,  2(50.— C.  Do 
Cnndollo  in  Ann.  Sti.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  28,  t.  2,  f.  11 ;  Prodr.  xvi«,  138.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24  —Watson,  Bot.  Californin,  ii, 
93 ;  Proo.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  l.''-5. — Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  54. 

J.  rupestris,  Var.  major,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  171,  t.  16;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vii, 
20.— C.  De  Caudollc,  Prodr.  xvi^,  138.— Ilenisley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  1G4. 

J.  CaUfornica,  Watson  in  Proc.   Am.  Acad,   x,  349 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  93.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Rothrock  iu 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  249. 

WALNUT. 

Valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (near  Austin),  west  through  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona 
from  5,000  to  7,000  feet  elevation,  and  in  the  California  Coast  ranges  from  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the 
neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  bay  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river. 

A  tree  rarely  15  to  22  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  ^  30  to  0.00  mefer  in  diameter,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  bay;  ..  Texas  generally  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched 
shnib;  borders  of  streams  and  mountain  canons,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hr.rd,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  checking  iu  drying,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  containing 
numerous  regularly-distributed,  large,  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin,  obscure;  color,  rich  dark  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.0554;  ash,  1.01. 

I'uo  small  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 


>  ■ ''li 


1     "I 


J 


,|i  '^1 


132  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

241. — Carya  olivseformis,  Nuttall, 

Geuoia,  ii,  221.— Sprengcl,  Sjst.  ii,  SJS).— Eaton,  Manual,  0  pd.  8a.— Spach.  Hist.  Vog.  li,  173.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  lUi.- Loudon, 
Arborotuni,  iii,  1-141,  f.  1263.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Dot.  183.— Scheelo  in  Ha-iuer,  Texutt,  447.— Bolg.  Hort.  vi,  223,  t.  45,  f.  2.— Torrey, 
Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey  205.— Cooper  in  Sniitlisoniau  Kep.  1858,  205.— Cliapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  418.— Losqueroux  in  Owou'» 
2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  C41 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  Do  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  3(i,  t.  1,  f.  3,  t.  .'i, 
f.  5'.);  Prodr.  xvi'^,  144.— Porchor,  ReHourcos  8.  Forests,  333.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  od.  448. — Young,  Bot.  Texan,  4!)9. — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Broadliead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  CO.— I{i<lgway  in  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  77.— Ilonisley,  Bot. 
.Am. -Cent,  iii,  1(53. — Watson  iu  Prop.  Am,  Acad,  xviii,  155. 

t/ «f//aH»  Pcmn,  Slarsball,  Arbustum,  69.— Walter,  Fl,  Caroliniana,  23C.— Mnblenbeig  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Si  liriften 
Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  392. 

Juglana  lUinoinensis,  Wangonbeim,  Amor.  54,  t.  18,  f.  43. 

Juglans  angvsti/oUa,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  3G1 ;  2  ed.  v,  296. 

Juglans  rubra,  Ca-rtner,  Fraot.  ii,  51,  t.  89,  '.  1.— Lamarck,  III.  iii,  36r.,  t.  781,  f.  4. 

Juglans  cylinilrica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  505 ;  HI.  iii,  3C5,  t.  781,  f.  5.— Nouveau  Duhamol,  iv,  179. 

Juglans  0?tP(C/wr»lW»,  Micliaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  ii,  192.— Willdonow,  Spec,  iv,  457;  Enum.  979;  Borl.  Baumz.  194.— Persoon, 
8yn.  ii,  .^GG.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  1, 175,  t.  3 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  t-d.  i,  114, 
t.  32.— Muhlenberg,  Cat.  88.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  cd.  v,  296.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  636.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  163.- 
Regel,  Garteullora,  xviii,  89. 

C.  a.,\gmti/oUa,  Nuttall,  Sylvo,  i,  41 ;  2  ed.  i,  57. 

tC.  tetrapterOf  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forliand.  1850,  80. 

Bivkorea  .species,  LeContc  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad,  vi,  402. 

C.  IlUnoenaia,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  i,  593. 

PECAN.     ILLINOIS  NUT. 

Near  Davenport,  Iowa  (C  C.  Parry),  southerri  Illiuois,  and  ludiaua,  nortliwesteru  Kentucky,  south  aud 
southwest  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  through  western  Louisiana 
and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Concho  river. 

A  tree  30  to  52  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter  ;  bordeis  of  streams  iu  low,  r'ch 
soil ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  iu  the  bottom  lands  of  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory ; 
the  largest  species  of  the  genus  and  the  largest  and  most  important  tree  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or 
two  rows  of  large  oi)en  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  ;  the  sap-wood 
lighter  brown;  speciflc  gravity,  0.7180 ;  ash,  1.13;  less  valuable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  species  and  hardly 
used  except  for  fuel. 

The  sweet,  edible  nuts  are  collected  iu  great  quantities,  affording  an  importiint  article  of  commerce. 


242.— Carya  alba,  Nnttall, 

Genera,ii,221.— Elliott,  Sk.ii, 624.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit.  ii,t.  148.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 849.— Torrey,  Compend.Fl.N.Stati  ,357;  FLN. 
York,  181.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg,  ii,  174.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1446, 
f.  1269  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  143.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  191;  2  e<l.  i,  217  &  t.— 
Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3ed.  203.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513.— Belg.  Hort.  vi,  223,  t.  48,  f.  8.— Cooper  In  Smithsonian  Rep.  1853, 255.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  418. — Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  43. — Lesqneroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Sei.Nat.4  8er.xviii,36,  t.2,f.l3,14,18,  t.3,f.24,  t.4,f.44,46; 
Prodr.  xvi-,  142.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  448.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Aldrloh  in  Am.  Nat. 
XV,  227.— Soars  In  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.— Ridgway  in  Proc.U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882, 72.— Bell  in  Geological  Rop.Canada,  1879-'80, 55«. 

Juglans  ovata,  Miller,  Diet. 

Juglans  alba  OVata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  69. 

Juglans  oualis,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  24,  t.  10,  f.  23. 

Juglans  compressa,  Giertner,  Frnct.  ii,  50,  t.  89,  f.  1  .—Muhlenberg  &  Willdeuow  in  Nene  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin, 
iii,  300.— Wiildenow,  Spec,  i- ,  458;  Enum.  979;  Berl.  Baumz.  195.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  566.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb. 
ii,  347.— Aiton,  Hoit.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  297.— Hoyne,  Deud.  Fl.  164.- Lamarck,  111.  iii,  365,  t.  781,  f.  3. 

t  Juglans  exaltata,  Bartram,  Travels,  2  ed.  38. 

Juglans  sqiuxmosa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  504.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  190,  t.  7 ;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,123,  t.  36.— Barton,  Prodr.  FL  Philadelph.  92 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  179.— Blgelow,  FL 
Boston.  3  cd.  380. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


188 


Juglam  alba,  Miobdnx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  il  103  [not  Linnieua].— Puieb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  il,  037.— Enton,  MaunnI,  108. 

0.  microcarpa,  Nattall,  Gouorn,  ii,  221;  Sjlva.i,  3e,t.l3;  2  ert.  i.GTi,  t.  13.— Sprongol,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Ponii.  Cycl.vi,  332.— 
Loudon,  Arborutuni,  iit,  1451. — Darlington,  Fl.  Ccstrica,  3  od.  2C4. — Cooper  in  Sinitbsoniuu  liiip.  18r>8,  255. — Cbnpinnn, 
Fl.  8.  StatcB,  410.— Curtis  in  liop.  Oi^oloiiical  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  18(iO,  iii,  44.— Wood,  CI.  lJooU,(il2;  Hot.  <!k  F1.304.— 
C.  Do  Candollf,  i'rodr.  xvi",  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  id.  44!?.— Koeb,  Dendrologic,  I,  500.— Young,  Uof.  Texas, 
499.— Vosoy,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Uidgway  in  Proe.  IJ.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 77. 


SUEIX-llAUK  niCKOUY.     SlIAG-BAUK  HICKORY. 

Valley  of  tlio  Saint  Lawrence  river,  along  the  northern  sborea  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  to  Honthern  Micliigan 
and  sonthcaBtcrn  Minnesota,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  wostern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  west  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  teiTitory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  39  to  45  meters  in  height  {Ruhiicay),  with 
a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  In  diameter;  rich  hillsides  and  sandy  ridges;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit.  A  form  with 
small,  thin-shelled  nuts  (C.  microcarpa,  Nuttall  L  c.)  is  not  rare  from  Delaware  southward,  and  in  Michigan. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  flexible;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly 
marked  with  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  brown,  the  thin  and 
more  valuable  sap-wood  nearly  white;  s])ecific  gravity,  0.8372;  ash,  0.73;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implein^ts,  carriages,  ax  handles,  baskets,  etc. 

The  sweet  and  edible  nuts  afford  an  important  article  of  comn<erce. 


m 

:  "1 . 


243. — Carya  sulcata,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  il,  281.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  624. -Sprongol,  Syat.  ii,  819.— Torrcy,  Conipend.Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Beck,  Bot.  330.- Eaton,  Manual, 
6  ed.  83.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  174.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— Lou.lon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1448,  f.  1271.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— 
Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  513. — Cooper  in  Smithson.un  Kep.  1858,  255. — Cbapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  418. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv. 
N.  Carolina,  1660,  iii,  43.— Lesqueroux  in  Owen's  2d  Kep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  041 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  De  Candollo 
in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  5,  f.  51,  52;  Pniilr.  xvi^,  143.— Gray,  Slannal  N.  States,  5  ed.  440.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  78. 

Juglans  sulcata,  Willdeuow,  Burl.  Ba-uinz.  I  ed.  154,  t.  7 ;  Spec,  i v,  457.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell. 
Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  301.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  5(!l).— Desfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  348.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  637. 

Juglans  mucronata,  Miclmiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  192. 

Juglans  laciniosa,  Miclmux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  109,  t.  8;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  128,  t.  37.— Barton,  Prodr.  FL 
Philadelph.  92.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112.- Audubon,  Birds,  t.  101. 

C.  Cordiformis,  Koch,  Dendrologic,  i,  597. 

BIO  SHELL-BAPK.     BOTTOM  SHELL-BAUK. 

Cheater  county,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory, 

A  tree  24  to  30 or,  exceptionally,  37  (Ridgway)  meters  in  height,  wi  th  a  trunk  O.CO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter; 
bottom  lands,  in  low,  rich  soil;  rare  and  local;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the 
streams  of  southern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  territory. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  flexible;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.8108 ;  ash,  0.90 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 

The  large  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 

244. — Carya  tomentosa,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,221.— Barton,  Compend.Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  170.— Elliott,  Sk.ii,  025.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,840.— Torrey.Compond.  Fl.N.  States, 
357;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  182.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  176.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  332.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iii,  1444, f.  1267.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  194, 1. 13;  2  cd.  1,222  &  t.— Darlington, 
Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  263.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  513.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255.— Cbapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419,— Curtis  in 
Rep. Geological  Surv. N. Carolina,  1800,  iii,  43.— Lesqucreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. Arkansas,  387.— Wood, C  .Book,  041;  Bot. &  Fl. 
304.— C.  De  Candollo  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36;  Prodr.  xvi^  143.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
499.— Vasey,  Cat.  I'orest  Trees,  24.— Ridgway  In  Proe.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 78. 

Juglans  alba,  Linnaaus,  Spec.  1  ed.  997.— Du  Roi,  Harbk  i,  333.— Kalm  in  Act.  Holm.  1769, 117.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  23,  t. 
10,  f.  2.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  360 ;  2  ed.  v,  296.— Grertner,  Fruct.  ii,  50,  t.  89,  f.  1.— 
MoBnoh,  Meth.  090.- Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,t.  29.— Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,503;  111.111,304,  t.  781,  f.  2.— Muhlenberg  A, 
Willdenow  in  Neue  Schrirten  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  360. — Smith  iu  Rees'  Cycl.  xx,  No.  2,— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv, 
4C? ;  Berl.  Baumz.  154. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  347. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  379. 


i'Sn 


I,. 


11 


,11  :| 


I':    ■*<; 


134  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

JuglatU  tomentota,  Lamwok,  Diet.  It,  604.-Miohanz,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199.— Miobonz  f.  Hlat.  Aib.  Am.  i,  184,  t.  8 1  N. 
Amerioan  Sylv*,  3  ed.  i,  180,  t.  35.— Purab,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  037.— Barton,  Frodr.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  93. 

C.  tomentosa,  var.  maxima,  Nutta]l,Oonora,ii,921;  8ylvtt,i,40;  Sed.i,56.— Sweet,  Hort.  Brit. ed.  1830.— Beck,  Bot.  336.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1445.— C.  Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.xvi",  14.1. 

0.  alba,  Koob,Dendrologlo,i,5gOLnotNnttanj. 
MOCKER  NUT.     BLAOK  HICKOEY.     BULL  NUT.     BIO-BUD  HIOKOBT.     WHITE-UEABT  HIOKOBY.     KINO  NUT. 

Ynlley  of  tbe  Saint  Lawrence  river,  northern  shores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern 
Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
river,  Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  33  (Ridgtcay)  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter; 
generally  on  rich  upland  hillsides — less  commonly  in  low  river  bottom  lands;  very  common  in  the  Gulf  states,  and 
throughout  the  south  the  most  widely-distributed  species  of  the  genus. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  flexible,  containing  few  large, 
regularly-distributed,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap- 
wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.821G;  ash,  1.00 ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 


I-: 


¥ 
#' 


245. — Carya  porcina,  Xuttull, 

Goucrf  li,  li-v'-i.— Unrton,  CompLMid.  I'l.  I'liiliuleli)!!.  ii,  180.— Elliott,  Sk,  ii,  C.T.— Wntsoii,  Doiid.  Uiit.  ii,  1. 1(>7.— Sprcngol,  Syst.  ii, 849.— 
T jrrey,  Compciid.  Fl.  N.  States,  ^58.— Hock,  Wot.  33(;.— Kntoii,  Mniiii.il,  C  ed.  8;».— Spucli,  Hist.  Vcg.  ii,  178.— Ponu.  Cycl.  vi,  338.- 
L.vrliiigton,  Fl.Costrica.a  ed.  fi-Ki.— Loudon,  Avbonttiim,  iii,  l.lli»,  1".  lJ7'»'-l.i74.— Katou  &  Wrigbt,  Uot.  183.— .Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  ii, 
178.— Kmersoii,  Trees  iliissachusotts,  197, 1. 14 ;  'i  ed,  i, y'J4  &  t.— AVood,  15ot.  &.  Fl.  :!04. — C.  ])o  Camlolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  sor.  xviii, 
3C,  t.  1,  f.  5,  t.  5,  f.  54;  Prodr.  xvi-,  113.— Porelier,  Kcsources  S.  Forest h,;!3J.— Gray,  Muuiml  N.  States,  5  i'd.44a;  Hall's  PI.  Texas, 
21.—  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  1^4.- Ridgway  in  Proe.  U.  i?.  Kat.  Mus.  \ri&i,  78. 

Jvglans  glabra,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  5.— Wangenlieini,  Anicr.  25,  t.  10,  f.  24.— Mublenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Noue  Scbriften 
Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Derliu,  iii,  391.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  458;  Berl.  Banuiz.  196.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  606.— Alton,  Hort. 
Kew.  2  ed.  v,  297.— Eaton,  Muunal,  108.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  1C4. 

Juglans  alba  aeuminato,  Marshall,  A  bustum,  (H 

Jnglans  obcordata,  Lamarck  Diet,  iv,  504.— Mublenberg  &  Wiildenow  in  None  Scbriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  391.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  458. — Persoon,  Syn.  5ti0. 

Juglans  porcina,  Mielmux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  206,  t.  9;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  132,  t.  38.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.ii, 
038.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  92.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  91. 

Juglans  pi/ri/ormia,  Mublenberg,  Cat.  92. 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  obcordata,  Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  638.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Pbil.idelpb.  ii,  180.— Watson,  Dend. 
Brit,  ii,  1()7. 

Juglans  porcina,  var.  pisifonnis,  Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  a38.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  ii,  180. 

C.  glabra,  Torrey,  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  182, 1. 101.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,!  cd.4I2.— Darlington,  Fl.Ccstrica,  3  cd.  2C4.— Coopei 
in  Smithsonian  llep.  1858,  255. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  419.— Curtis  in  Kep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii, 
44. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Koch,  Dendrologio,  i,  594. — ^Young,  Bot.  Texas,  499. 

C.  amara,  var.  porcina.  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  513. 


PIG  NUT.      BROWN   HICKORY.      BLACK  HICKORY.      SWITCH  BUD   HICKORY. 

Southern  Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas, 
and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river, 
Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  40  {Ridgway)  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter; 
dry  hills  and  uplands;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  flexible,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many  large 
open  ducts;  color,  dark  or  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  speciflc  gravity,  0.8217; 
ash,  0.99;  used  for  the  same  purposes  a»  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


135 


246. — Carya  amara,  Xtittail, 

flener»,ii,82ti.— Burton,  Compoud.Fl.PhiladoIph.  11,180.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  630.— Sprengel,8yit.U,840.— Totrey,Compond.  Fl.N.Stat«a, 
358;  Fl.N.  York,  it,  183.— Beck,  Dot.  336.— Spacb,  Hist.  Vog.il,  177.— Penn.  Cyol.Ti,33!J.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ill,  1443,  f.  1204.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  il,  144.— Emerson,  Troea  Massactausotts,  191),  1. 15;  2  ed.  1,220  &  t.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cegtrlca,  3  ed.264.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  &13.— Cooper  lu  Sinltbsoulan  Bep.  1858, 255.- Cbapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  410.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Oeologloal  Surr.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  Hi,  44.— Lesqiieroux  in  Owou'h  2a  Rep.  ArkunsaH,  387.- Wood,  CI.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  304.— C.  Do  Candollo  in  Ann. 
Soi.  Nat.  4  ser.xviil,  36,t.l,f.2,  t.  5,  f.  53-55;  Prodr.xvl',  144.-Oray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  449;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Kooh, 
Dendrologio,  i,  592.— Young,  Bot.  Tuxus,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  178.— Bell  in  Oeologioal 
Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 5S«.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 77. 

Juglans  alba  minima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  68. 

Juglana  cordl/ormia,  Wnngonboim,  Amor.  25,  t.  10,  f.  25. 

t 

Juglans  angustifolia,  Lomarck,  Diet,  iv,  504  [not  Alton]. 

Juglans  amara,  Miobaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  1,  177,  t.  4 ;  3  ed.  i,  116,  t.  33.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  11,  638. 

Hickoriua  amara,  RaUncsrinc,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  109. 


BITTER  NUT.     bWAMP  HICKORY. 

Southern  Maiuo  to  the  valley  of  the  Snint  Lawrence  river,  west  through  Ontario,  central  Michigan  and 
Minnesota  to  eastern  Nebi*aska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory,  south  to  the  Ohattahoochce  region  of 
western  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
in  low  ground,  or  often  on  dry,  rich  uplands. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light 
brown,  or  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7552;  ash,  1.03;  largely  used  for  hoops,  ox-yokes,  etc. 


!ftl 


247. — Carya  myristicseformis,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii,  282.  —Elliott,  Sk.  il, 626.— Sprcngol,  Syst.  ii,  849.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  11,  179.— Penn.  Cyol.  v,  332.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1451,  f.  1275.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  1833.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  419.— C.  De  Candolle  in  Ann.  Soi. 
Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36,  t.  6,  f.  58;  Prodr.  xvi",  145.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  i,  595.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
24.— RaTonol  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vi,  81. 

Juglans  myristicoeformis,  Mlchaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  211,  t.  10 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  135,  t.  39.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  638. — Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112. — w.aflnesquo,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  161. 

C  amara,  var.  myristicwformis.  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. 

NUTMEG  HICKORY. 

South  Carolina,  "Goose  creek"  {Micliaux),  "  Berkeley  district"  {Bavenel)',  Arkansas,  valley  of  the  Arkansas 
river  (Pine  Bluff,  Letterman),  south  to  the  Red  River  valley.  . 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  sandy  ridges  along  the  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps;  rare  and  very  local  in  South  Carolina ;  more  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  small  open  ducts, 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  larger  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not 
conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8016;  ash,  1.06. 


rge 
17; 


248. — Carya  aquatica,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  11,  222.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  627.— Sprcngel,  Syst.  ii.  849.— Eiiton,  Manual,  6  ed.  83.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  179.— Ponn.  Cyol.  ri, 
332.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1444,  f.  1265,  1266.— E.atou  &  Wright,  Bot.  183.— Scheelo  in  Roemer,  Texas,  447.— Darby,  Bot.  8. 
States,  514. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  419. — Curtis  in  Hop.  Ooological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  44. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  Sid 
Rep.  Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  641 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  304.— C.  Do  Cundolle  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xviii,  36, 1. 1,  f.  4,  t.  5,  f.  56,  67; 
Prodr.  xvi»,  144.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  i,  593.— Y^oang.  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24. 

Juglans  aqitatica,  Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.i,  182,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  119,  t.34.— Pnrsfa,  Fl.  Am.  8ept.ii, 
638.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  112. 

Hicorius  integrtfoliOf  Raflnesqno,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  109. 

0.  integrifoliOf  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  849.— London,  Arboretum,  Iii,  1451. 


I 


136 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WATER  HICKORY.     SWAMP  HICKORY.     BITTER  PEOAN. 


North  Carolina,  in  the  loT^-er  districts,  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  the  Galoosa  river,  Florida  (in  Florida  not 
detected  within  8  or  10  n;ile8  of  the  const),  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  northeastern  Arkansas, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  generally  much  smaller;  low 
river  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
and  Yazoo  rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  rather  briiile,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  scattered,  open  ducts ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  less  clearly  marked  than  in  tli(i  other  species  of  the  genus ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light,  often  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.7407 ;  ash,  1.27 ;  used  for 
fencing,  fuel,  etc. 


MYRICACE^. 


249. — Myrica  cerifera,  Linnreus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1024.— Kalm,  Travels,  English  ed.  i,  92.— Marshall,  ArbuBtum,  94.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  592;  111.  ill,  402,  t.  809,  f.  1.— 
Gojrtner,  Fiuct.  i,  19li,  t.  39,  f.  7.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  242.— ^Uton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  396;  2ed.  v,  379.— Moencb,  Meth.  362.— 
B.  S.  Barton,  Coll.  ii,  4.— Noiiveau  Duhamol,  ii,  190.— Sclikuhr,  Handl).  iii,  465,  t.  322.— Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— 
Willdcnow,  Spec,  iv,  745;  Euum.  1011 ;  Berl.  Baumz.254.— Pitsoou,  Syn.  ii,  61 1.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  472.— Titford,  Hort. 
Bot.  Am.  100.— Pnroh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  020.— Nuttall,  Generi,  ii,  235 ;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  167.— Bigelow,  Med.  Bot.  ill, 
32,  t.  43;  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  39- .— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  197.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  678.— Sprengel,  Syst.  i,  493.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N. 
States,  372 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  197.— Raflnesque,  Med.  Bot.  ii,  244.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  231.— Beck,  Bot.  324.— Loudon,  Arboretum, 
iv,  2057,  f.  1968.— Liudley,  Fl.  Med.  305.— Dietrich,  Syn.  i,  .">51.— Eaton  &  Wi  ight,  Bot.  324.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  263.— Emerson, 
Trees  Massachusetts,  224  ;  2  ed.  1,2.50  &  t.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507.— Chapman,  Fl.  S  States,  426.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  106.— Lesqucreux  in  Owen's  2a  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.--Wood,  CI.  Book,  650;  Bot.  &  Fl.  309.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  312. — C.  Do  CaudoUo  in  Ann.  Sci.  Kat.  4  ser.  xviii,  21,  t.  3,  f.  32;  Prodr.  xvi",  14H.— Lawson  in  Traus.  Bot. 
Soc.  Edinburgh,  vlii,  108. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  457.— Koch,  DenJrologio,  ii,  663. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  511. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  28. 

M.  PennsyJvanica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  5<)2.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  472.— Nonvcau  Duhamol,  ii,  190,  t.  55.— Pursh,  FL 
Am.  Sept.  ii,  020.— Sprcngel,  Syst.  1,493.- Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  232.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  325.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. 
xi,  262. 

M.  CaroUnensiS,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  3.— Wangenheim,  Amor.  102.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  746;  Enum.  1011.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  V,  379.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  620.- Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  235.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  678.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  232.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  32  J.— Daiby,  Bot.  S.  States,  507. 

M.  cerifera  humilis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  95. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  latifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  396. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  media,  Michaux,  FI.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  -;  .7. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  arborescens,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  il,  227. 

M.  cerifera,  var.  pumila,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  227.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  620.— Chapman,  FI.  S.Statea,  427. 

M,  cerifera,  var.  angustifolia,  C.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi«,  148. 

M,  cerifera  sempervirem,  iiort. 

BAYBEURY.     WAX  MYRTLE. 

Shores  of  lake  Erie;  Maine,  and  south  near  the  coast  to  the  Florida  keys  and  southern  Alabama. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or,  except  in  the  southern 
states,  a  low,  much-branched  shrub ;  usually  on  sandy  beaches  and  dry  hillsides,  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  bottoms  and  rich  hummocks  of  the  Georgia  and  Florida  coasts 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  colof,  dark 
brown  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.5037;  ash,  0.51. 

The  leaver,  and  stimulant  and  astringent  bark  of  the  roots  sometimes  employed  by  herbalists  {Am.  Jour. 
Pkarnt.  1863,  193. — U.  8.  Disj^cnsatory,  14  ed.  257,  1700. — Xat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  944).  The  wax  which  covers  the 
■mall  globular  fruit,  formerly  largely  collected  and  made  into  candles,  and  now,  under  the  name  of  myrtle-wax, 
a  popular  req;iedy  in  the  treatment  of  dysentery. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


137 


250. — Myrica  Californica,  Chamisso, 

Linnsa,  Ti,  535.— Denthani,  PI.  Hartweg,  336 ;  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor. -Am.  ii,  160.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beochey, 
390.— Liudley  in  Jour.  London  Hort.  Soo.  vli,  282.— Torroy  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Kep.  iv,  137;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  465.— NcwbciTy 
in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rnp.  vi,  89.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii',  68.— C.  Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  xvi',  153.-  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii, 
401.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  81. 

t  M.  Xalapenais,  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Bccchoy,  160. 

.  Cape  Foulweatlier,  Oregon,  Routh  near  the  coast  to  the  bay  of  Monterey,  California. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or 
toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  sandy  beaches  and  gravelly  hillsides. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  verj'  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,, 
conspicuous ;  color,  light  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.G703 ;  ash,  0.33. 


cupuliferj:. 


251. — Quercus  alba,  Liumcns, 

Spec.  1  ed.  996. — Da  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  370,  t.  5,  f.  5.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  119. — Waugenheim,  Amer.  12,  t.  3,  f. 
6.— Walter,  FI.  Caroliniana,  235.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  lii,358;  3  ed.  v,  293.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  80,87.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Am.  ii,  195. — Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gcsell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395,- Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  4»8;  Euum.  977; 
Berl.  Banmz.  346.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  570.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  508.— Miclumx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  13,  t.  1;  N.  Ami'iican 
Sylvtt,  3  ed.  i,  32,  1. 1.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  63:1.- Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91 ;  Conipond.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  17.— Eaton, 
Manual,  108;  6  ed.  293.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,215 ;  Sylva,  i,  14;  2  ed.  i,  24.— Nouveau  Duliamel,  vii,  175.— Hayne,  Doud.  Fl.  158.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  607.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  864.— Torrey,  Conipend.  Fl.  N.  Statt-s,  a(>9;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  192.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  107, 
147.— Beck,  Bot.  330.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1864,  f.  1723-1726  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— Euton  &  Wright,  Bot.  :i.'<5.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  375.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  155.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  127,  t.  1;  2  ed.  i,  145  &  t.— GrilUth, 
Med.  Bot.  585.— Penn.  Cycl. xix,  216.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped.  437.— Darlington,  FI.  Ccstrica, 3  ed.  266.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 
511.  —Cooper  in  .Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Brcndol  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soe.  iii.Ol'.'i,  t.  1.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423.— Curtis 
in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  31. — Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2il  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  645;  Bot.  &■ 
Fl.  306.— Porcher,  Resourcce  S.  Forests,  257.— A.  De  Candollc,  Prodr.  xvi«,  22.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  VIdon. 
Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  66.— Liobmaiin,  Chfinos  Am.  Trop.  t.  xxxiii,  29,  30,  58,  59.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  450;  Hall's  PI. 
Texas,  21.— Koch,  Deudrologio,  ii",  50.— Young,  Hot.  Texas,  505.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Broadheud  in  Coulter'.s  Bot. 
Gazette,  iii,  60.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.— Britton  in  Bull,  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  viii,  126. — Bell  in  Geolo|j;ical  Rep.  Canada, 
1879-'80,52«.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  78. 

tQ.  sinitata,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  235. 

Q.  alba,  var.  pinnatifida,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chfines  Am.  No.  4,  t.  5,  f.  1 ;  Fl.  B-  j.  ii,  195.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1804. 

Q.  alba,  var.  repanda,  Michaux,  Hist.  Chfincs  Am.  No.4,t.  5,f.2.— Pursh,Fl.  ..m.  Sept.  ii,  633.— Haync,  Dcnd.  Fl.  159.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1864. 

Q.  alba,  var.  pinnatijido-sinuata,  Hayne,  Dond.  Fl.  158. 

Q.  alba,  var.  Sinuata,  Hayne,  Dond.  Fl.  159. 

Q.  alba,  var.  microcarpa,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,22. 


'i '  V 

Si    ■ 


WHITE  OAK. 

Northern  Maine,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario,  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  to  southeastern 
Minnesota,  south  to  the  Saint  John's  river  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  Nodaway  river,  Missouri, 
western  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter; 
all  soils;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  tiie  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river  and  its  tributaries,  here  often  forming  more  than  half  the  forest 
growth. 

Wood  strong,  very  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  unless  caref\illy  seasoned,  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  broad,  prominent;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  brown  ;  specific  gravity,  0.7470;  ash,  0.41;  largely  used 
in  ship-building,  construction  of  all  sorts,  cooperage,  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricultural  implements,  and 
baskets,  aud  for  railway  tics,  fencing,  intorior  finish,  cabinet-making,  fuel,  etc. 

A  decoction  of  the  astringent  inner  bark  is  employed  medicinally  in  cases  of  hemorrhage,  dysentery,  etc.  (17. 
S,  Dwpmwatory,  14  ed.  756. — Nat.  Diapenaatory,  2  ed.  1106). 


!  ii' 


138  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

252. — Quercus  lobata,  N^e, 

Ann.  Cieno.  Nat.  iii,  278. — Smith  in  Bees'  Cyol.  xxx,  No.  77. — Persoon,  Syn.  il,  571. — Nouvean  Duhamel,  vii,  180.— Poiret,  Snppl.  il, 
224.— Benttiam,  x'l.  Hartwig.337.— Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Seluk.  Forhandl.  1854,14;  Chfines  Am.  Tiop.  23,  t.  42,  f.  1-3.— 
Torrey,Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205;  Bot.  Wilkes  Ezped.  461,  t.  15.— A.  De  Candolle,  Piodr.  xvi»,  24.— Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii»,53. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engolmann  lu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  388;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,374;  Bot.  California,  ii,  95. 

Q.  Hincblii,  Bcntham,  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.— Endlicher,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv.  24.— Walpers,  Ann.  i,  635.— Torrey  in  Pacific  E.  R. 
Rep.  iv,  138;  v,  3<i5.— Newberry  in  Paciiio  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  29,  89,  t.l,  f.  7.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261.— 
Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  230.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  1866, Nos.  1-6, 
66.— Liebmann,  Chfines  Am.  Trop.  t.  42,  f.  4.— R.  Brown  Campst.  Hone  Sylvante,  52,  f.  1-3. 

Q.  longiglanda,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Geographical  Mem.  California,  15,  17. 

Q.  Mansomi,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  1,25. 

WHITE  OAK.     WEEPING  OAK. 

California,  west  of  tbe  Sierra  Nevadas  from  the,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacraineuto  river  south  through  the  foot- 
■iiill."*  and  interior  valleys  to  the  San  Bernardino  mountains. 

The  largest  of  the  Pacific  oaks,  often  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  2.40  meters  iu  diameter;  very 
common  through  the  central  part  of  the  state. 

Wood  moderately  hard,  line-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  large  open  ducts  and 
containing  few  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  lines  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7409;  ash,  0.30;  of  little  economic  value,  and  only  used  for  fuel. 

253. — Quercus  Garryana,  Douglas; 

Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  150.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  391.— Nuttnll,  Sylva,  i,  1,  1. 1 ;  2  ed.  i,  14, 1. 1.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  iv,  13^;  Bot.  Wilkes  Expcd.  4G2.— Newberry  iu  Pacillc  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260;  Pacific  R. 
R.  Rep.  xii-,  2.S,  08;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  407. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Liuntean  Soc.  vii,  131,  144. — A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  24. — Bolander  in 
Proc.  California  Acad,  iii, 2*^9. — Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  1806,  Nos.  1-6, 66.— Rothrock  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  IriSS,  435. — Liebmann,  Chines  Am.  Trop.  t.  40,  f.  3. — V.^sey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  iiS. — Engelman'.  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii, 
389;  Bot.  California,  ii,  95. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 210. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser,  ix,  330. 

Q.  NcCEl,  Liebmann  iu  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,  173;  Ch6nc8  Am.  Troj).  23,  t.  xli,f.l,  2. 

Q.  Douglasii,  var.  fNem,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  24. 

Q.  (Erstediana,  R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Ann.  &  Mng.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871,2. 

Q.  Jacobii  R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871, 7. 


•      \ 


^VHITE  OAK. 

Vancouver's  island,  shores  of  Puget  sound,  south  through  western  Washingtou  territory,  Oregon,  and  California 
to  San  Francisco  bay ;  iu  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  extending  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

A  tree  21  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  soil ;  common. 

Wood  strong,  hard,  tliat  of  tlie  young  trees  tough,  close  grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts  ;  nu'duilary  rays,  varying  greatly  iu  width,  often  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  tiie  .sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7453 ;  ash,  0.39;  somewhat  used  for  carriage 
and  cooperage  stock,  iu  cabinet-making,  shii)-building,  and  very  largely  for  fuel ;  the  best  substitute  for  eastern 
vhite  oak  produced  in  the  Pacific  forests. 


254. — Quercus  obtusiloba,  Michaux, 

Hist.  Cham-s  Am.  No.  1,  t.  1 ;  FI.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  194.— Smith  in  Recs' Cycl.  xxx.  No.  78.— Micluiux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  36,  t.  4;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  36,  t.  5.— Piirsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  032.  — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii.  215.— Bart<m,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii, 
171.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  000.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  190— Beck,  Bot.  :{29.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd. 
293.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1870,  f.  1732  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Scheelo  in  Rmmor, 
Texas,  446.  —Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  265. — Darliy,  Hot.  S.  States,  511. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Brendel  in 
Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  615,  t.  11.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423.— Curtis  in  Rrp.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  32.— 
Losquereux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  387. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  645;  Bot.  <&  Fl.  306. — Engelroann  In  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Boo.  new  aer. 
xii,  209.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  1866,  Nos.  1-6,  66.— Liebmann,  Cbdnea  An.  Trop.  t.  H,  t.  33,  f. 
40.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451 ;  Hall's,  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  505. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


139 


Q.  tUba  minor,  Marshall,  Arbnstttm,  190.— Muhlenberg  &,  Willdenow  in  Neoe  Sobriften  Oesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395. 

Q.  atellataf  Wangenheim,  Amer.  78,  t.  6,  f.  15.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  77.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  452;  Enum,977;  Berl. 
Banmz.  349.— Persoon,  8yn.  ii,  570. — ^Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  /,  294. — Nonveau  Puhamel,  vii,  180. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl. 
161.— Nuttall,SyIva,i,13;  2  ed.  i,23.— Spach, Hist.  Veg.xi,15G.— Emerson, Trees  Massachttsetts,  133, t.  3;  2ed.i,151d( 
t. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  j^vi',  22.— Koch,  Deudrologie,  iii,  52. — Vasey,  Cat,  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelniann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad,  iii,  389.  — Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  84. — Watsou  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  156. 

f  Q.  villosa,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  23i). 

Q.  lobulata,  Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  47. 

t  Q.  Drummondii,  Liobmann  in  Dansk.  Videusk.  Selsk.  Forbandl.  1854, 170.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  24. 

Q.  obtu$iloba,  vat.  parvi/olia,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423. 

Q.  atella'ta,  var.  Floridana,  A.De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  22. 

POST  OAK.     IRON  OAK. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts,  .south  to  northern  Florida,  west  through  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan  to 
•eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  extending  to  the  one  hundredth  meridian  in  central  Texas. 

A  tree  rarely  exceeding  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter,  or  on  the  Florida 
coast  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (var.  parvi/olia,  etc.) ;  dry,  gravelly  uplands,  clay  barrens,  or  in  the  southwest  on 
Cretaceous  formations;  the  most  common  and  widely-distributed  oak  of  the  Gulf  states  west  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  forming  the  principal  growth  of  the  Texas  "cross-timbers." 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  not  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous ;  color,  dark  or  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.8307 ;  ash,  0.79 ;  largely  used, 
especially  in  the  southwest,  for  fencing,  railway  ties,  and  fuel,  and  somewhat  for  carriage  stock,  cooperage, 
'Construction,  etc. 


255. — Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii,  Eugelmanu, 


Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  249. 


Q.  Gambelii,  Nultall  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad,  new  scr.  i,  179.— Torrey  in  Sitgrcaves' Rep.  172, 1. 18 ;  Dot.  Mcx.  Boundary 
Survey,  205.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  260. — Liebmann,  Chfincs  Am.  Trop.  22,  t.  40,  f.  1.— Hemsley,  Bot. 
Am. -Cent,  iii,  171. 

Q.  alba,  var.  fOunniaonii,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.R.Rep.ii,  130.— Watson  in  King's  Rcp.v,  321.— Porter  in  Haydon's  Rep. 
1871,  493. — Porter  &,  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado  ;  Haydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 127. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875- '76,  209. 

Q.  Douglaaii,  var.  Oambelii,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  23. 

Q.  Stellata,  var.  Utahensia,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  22. 

t  Q.  Emory i.  Porter  &.  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Haydon's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 127  [not  Torrey]. 


'I 


'A; 


Ir, 
If. 


SOBUB  OAK. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  river  (Havard),  through  the  mountains  of  westera  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  the 
Santa  Catalina  (Lctnmon,  Fringle)  and  San  Francisco  mountains,  Arizona,  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
of  Colorado  north  to  the  valley  of  the  Platte  river,  and  through  the  Wahsatch  mountains  of  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub 
spreading  from  underground  shoots  and  forming  dense  thickets,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high 
mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  the  large  specimens  g<>nerally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  that  of  yonng  trees  quite  tough,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  few  not  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  rich  dark 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  apeciflc  gravity,  0.8407;  ash,  0.99;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  iu  Utah  the  bark  in 
tanning. 


«?.*« 


140 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


~'W1l 


256. — Quercus  tnacrocarpa,  Michaux, 

Hi8t.Ch«ne8Atn.No.2,t.2,  3;  FI.Bor.-Am.  ii,  194.— Willdenow,  Spcc.iv,  403;  Eimm.  077;  Berl.  Bauinz.  350.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cyol. 
xxs,  No.  80. — pLTSoon,  Syn.  ii,  !)70.— Poiret,  Siippl.  i 1, 2'24.— Mitliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii, 34,  t.  3  ;  N.  Amoricnn  Sylva, 3 od.i, 35,  t.  4. — 
Pursli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  032.- Niittall,  Genera,  ii,  215.— Non veau  Duliauiel,  vii,  182.— Huyiie,  Dcnd.  Fl.  101.— Sprcngol,  Syst.  iii,  863.— 
Torroy,  Compi-nd.  Fl.  N.  States,  3r>9;  Nicollet's  Rep.  KiO;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  191,  t.  108i— Beck,  Bot.  330.— Eatou.Maunal.G  od.  293.- 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1809,  f.  1731  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  385. — Spnc]!,Hi8t.  Vog.  xi,159. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts, 
132,  t.  2;  2  ed.  i,  149  &■  t. — Scheclo  in  Roomer,  Texas,  440.— Kicliardson,  Arctic  Exped.  437. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255. — Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  131,  t.  5,  f.  21. — Chnpmnn,  Fl.  S.  States,  421$. — Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rop.  Arkansas, 
:$87.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  045 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  30(i.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209  ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  389.— 
A.  Do  Candollr,  Prodr.  xviS 20.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Vidcn.  Mr.ddelt.  Nos.  l-(),  18(56, 07.— Liobmann,  Ch6ues  Am. 
Trop.t.O,  t.33,  f.  27,  28.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451.— Koch,  Dcudrologie,  ii^  51.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— WiucheU  in 
Ludlow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  08. — Haydcn  in  Warren's  Rop.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121. — Vascy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  24.— Broadhcad 
in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  CO.- J.  F.  .Tamos  in  Jour.  Cincinnati  Soc.  Not.  Hist,  iv,  1  &  t.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 
81.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  49<:.— Watson  in  Pi-oc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  150. 

Q.  Olivw/ormis,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am,  ii,  32,  t.  2 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 3  cd.  i, 33,  t.  3.— Smith  in  Reos'  Cycl.  xxx, No.  91.— 
Pnrsh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,0;i2. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,215;  Sylva,  i,  14;  2cd.  i,24. — Nouvcaa  Duhamel,  vii,  181.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  804.- Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  191.— Beck,  Bot.  330.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed. 
293.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1809,  f.  1730.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  xi,  1,59.— Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  1  ed.  414.— A.  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  20.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  l-<5, 
1800, 67. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  391. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  var.  depressa,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  915. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  oUvceformtS,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  2  cd.  404  ;  5  ed.  451. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  abbreviata,  a.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi«,  20. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  var.  minor,  a.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  20. 

Q.  Stellata,  var.  depressa,  A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  23. 

BUER  OAK.     MOSSY-CUP  OAK.     OVER-OXTP  OAK. 

Nova  Scotia,  N—7  Bniiihwick,  northern  shores  of  hike  Hnron  to  hike  Winnipeg,  south  to  the  valley  of  the 
Penobscot  river,  Maine  (C.  E.  Hamlin),  and  along  the  shores  of  lake  Chaui])lain  and  the  vallej'  of  the  Ware  river, 
Massachusetts,  to  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  mountains  of  Montana, 
central  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  southwest  to  the  Indian  territory  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  50  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20' 
to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  rich  bottoms  and  prairies;  in  the  prairie  region  the  principal  growth  of  the  "oak 
openings",  and  extending  farther  west  and  northwest  than  any  oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-graiued,  compact,  more  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  than  that  of 
other  American  oaks  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
often  broad  and  conspicuous;  color,  dark  or  rich  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  ligbter ;  specific  gravity, 0.7453; 
ash,  0.71;  generally  confounded  with  the  less  valuable  white  oak  (Q.  alba),  and  employed  for  the  same  purposes. 

257. — Quercus  lyrata,  Walter, 

Fl.Caroliniana,  235.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  83.— Michaux,  Hist.  ChCnes  Am.  No.  3,  t.  4;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  195.— Willdenow,  Spec, 
iv,  4.")3. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx.  No.  79. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii.  570. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  224. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  42,  t.  5;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  cd.  i,  39,  t.  6. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2 ed.  v,  295. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 632. — Noiiveau Duhamel,  vii,  181. — Nuttall, 
Genera,  ii,  215.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  007. — Sprongel,  Syst.  xi,  150. — Eaton,  Manual, 0  ed. 295. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1871,  f.  1733, 
1734.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  380.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  15(5. —Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  IKiS,  2.".5.— 
Chaiiman,  Fl.  S.  States,  423. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  l&X),  iii,  33. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387.— Wood,  Bot.  &  F1.300.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  19.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos. 
1-0,  1880,  00.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",  53.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  500.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  389. — Ridgwny  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  1882,  80. 

OVEKCUP  OAK.     SWAMP  POST  OAK.     WATER  WHITE  OAK. 

North  Ciirolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  Ohattahoochee  region  of  northern  Florida,  west  through  Alabama,. 
Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern 
Missouri  (Allenton,  Lctterman)  to  middle  Tennessee,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0  60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  deep,  often  submerged,  river 
swamps  ;  rare  iu  the  Atlantic  stales ;  more  commoii  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Ited 
river  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  verj'  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  numerous, 
ioiispicuous ;  color,  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8.U3;  ash,  0.05;  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  {Q,  alba). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


141 


258. — Quercus  bicolor,  Willdcnow, 

Ifeuc  Scbriften  Oesell.  Not.  Fr.  Borliu,  iii,396;  Spec,  iv,  4'10.--8niitU  in  Revs'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  50.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  .'')69.— Poirot,  Supply 
ii,  219.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  63:J.— Eaton,  Manual,  107;  6  ed.  294.— Barton,  Coinpend.Fl.  Philudelpli.  ii,  172.— Nuttall,  Genera,' 
ii,  2ir.;  Sylvo,  i,  13;  2od.i,23.— Nouvcau  Dubamel,  vii,105.— Spreu};el,8y8t.iii,860.— Torrey,  Conipcnd.Fl.  N.  States,  359;  FI.N. 
York,  ii,  192.— Beck,  Bot.  331. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  375.— Eaton  &  Wriglit,  Bot.  385.— Emerson,  Trees  Mnsaacbnsetts,  1:15,  t.  4 ; 
2ed.  i,153&t. — Buckley  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.2  ser.  xiii,  397. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  2()fi.— Lesqucreux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep. 
Arkansas,  387.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  040;  Bot.&  F1.30f).— A.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi«,  20.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For. 
Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  IBtiO,  07.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  e<l.  451.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  47.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25..- 
Engulninnu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  389. — Broadbcad  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  CO. — Scars  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.  - 
Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'HJ,  55^— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  18t>2,  79. 

t  Q.  PHnus  platanoides,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  21. 

Q.  alba  palmtris,   Marsball, Arbustnm,  120.— Mnblenbcrg  &  Willdonow  in  Neuo  Scbriften  Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, Stt;'). 

Q.  PrittUH  tomentom,  Michaux,Hi8t.Cb6ue8  Am.  No.  5,  t.  9,  f.  2 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  106.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1876,  f.  It39. 

Q.  PrimtSy  var.  (.  ^color,  Micbaux  f.Hist.Arb.Am.  ii,46,t.G;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.i,41,t.7.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858, 25;j. — Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  617,  t.  3. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  34. 

Q.  bicolor,  var.  mollis,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  215.— Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  States,  359. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  bicolor,  Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  158. 

t  Q.  bicolor,  var.  platanoidci,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  21. 


J3'.|l 

iff; 


SWAMP  WHITE  OAK. 

Southern  Maine,  valley  of  tbe  upper  Saint  Lawrence  river,  Ontario,  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to 
fioutbeastern  Iowa  and  western  Missouri,  south  to  Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mouutaius  to  northern 
Georgia,  northern  Kentucky,  and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  or,  exceptionally,  over  3  meters  ("  Wadsworth 
Oak",  Geneseo,  New  York)  in  diameter;  bordei  s  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  deep  alluvial  soil;  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  region  south  of  the  great  lakes. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  seasoning ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked 
by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  ojten  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad  and  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
hardly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.7002;  ash,  0.58;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak 
{Q.  alba). 

259. — Quercus  Michauxii,  Nuttall, 

Genera,  ii, 215  (excl.  syn.).- Elli .tt,  8k.  ii,  009.— Sprengi  1,  Syst.  iii,  8C0.— Eaton,  Manual, C ed.  295.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  386.— Daiby, 
Bot.  8.  States,  511. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Tre«'s,  25. — Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  382. — Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  No. 
22,  113.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,81. 

Q.  Prinua  palustris,  Micbaux,  Hist.  Cbfims  Am.  No.  .5,  t.O;  Fl.  Bor-Am.  ii,  196.— Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.Ani.  ii,  .51,  t.  7;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  44,  t.  8.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philudclph.  91.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1872,  f.  1735  &  t. 

Q.  PrinV8,  var.  Michatixii,  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  424. 

Q.  Prinvs,  Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  33,  in  part. 

Q.  bicolor,  var.  Michauxii,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  A-ad.  iii,  390. 


m 


BASKET  OAK.     COW  OAK. 

New  Castle  county,  Delaware,  south  through  the  lower  and  middle  districts  to  northern  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  ami  tiirough  Arkansas  and  southwestern  Missouri  to  central 
Tennessee  nnd  Kentucky,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  deep, 
often  submerged,  swamps;  the  common  and  most  valuable  Mliite  oak  of  the  Gulf  states,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  southeastern  Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  easily 
split;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  rather  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker ;  specific  gravity,  0.8039;  ash.  0.45;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements,  wheel  stocks,  baskets,  for  which  it  ii)  unsurpassed,  for  cooperage,  fencing,  construction,  and  fuel. 

The  large,  sw^eet,  edible  acorns  eagerly  devoured  by  cattle  and  other  animals. 


142 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


HI 


m 

i 

1 '» 

i';ln 

1 

> 

•■ 

;,^«  "■■l 

i 

<  I, 


260. — Quercus  Prinus,  Linnieus, 

Spec.  1  c '  995.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  276,  t.  6,  f.  3.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  720.— Marshall,  ArbuHtum,  125.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  15,  t.  4,  C 
a— Aitoa,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  35C;  2  ed.  v,  290.— Mocncli,  Melh.  348.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  tt2.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdonow 
in  Neue  Schriftcn  Gesell.  Nnt.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  397.— Miclmnx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  195.— WilUlenow,  Spec,  iv,  439;  Euum.  975;  Berl. 
Baumz.  339. — Smith  in  Kees'  (>ycl.  xxx,  No.  47. — Persoon,  fij-u.  ii,  5G8,— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arh,  ii,  509. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 
633. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  171.— Nnt.tall,  Genera,  ii,  215.— Nouveau  Diihamel,  vii,  164. — Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  155. — 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  608.— Sprongcl,  Syst.  iii,  859.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  50, 131.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  0  cd.  294.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1872.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385. — Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  157. — Penn.  Cycl.  xlx, 
216.- Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  2C7.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,255.— Chapman,  Fl.  8. 
States,  423. — Lesqiioreax  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  :J87.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  645;  Bot.  &  Fl.  .306. — Porchor,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
264.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  21.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Vidon.  Meddelt.  Nos.  l-<i,  67.- Gray,  Manual  N. 
States,  5  ed.  451. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  50R. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii'-,  48. — Vascy,Cttt.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Kngolmaun  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad,  iii,  390. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  monticola,  Miclianx,  Hist.  Ch6uos  Am.  No.  5,  t.  7;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  5.5, 
t.  8;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  46,  t.  9.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  187;j,  f.  1736.— 
Spacb,  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,  158.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Ecp.  iH.'iS,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S. States,  424.— Curtis  in  Rep. 
Geological  Suiv.  N.  Caroliuii,  18G0,  iii,  34.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  046.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  21.— Gray,  Manual  K. 
States,  5  cd.  451. — Vasoy, Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Baihy  in  Am.  Nat.  xiv,  892,  f.  1-4. 

Q.  Montana,  WilUlenow,  Spec,  iv,  440;  Enum.  975;  Berl.  Baumz.  340.— Persoon,  Syn.ii,  569.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx. 
No.  49.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  634.— Eaton,  Manual.  107,  6  ed.  294.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  17;',— 
Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  216.— Nouveau  Duhamcl,  vii,  165,  t.  47,  f.  2.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  156.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  609.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  860.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  3.')4 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  192.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— Bigclow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
377. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  138,  t.  6 ;  2  ed.  i,  156  «&  t.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
1  ed.  414.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  266. — Diirby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
387. — PoreliLT,  Resources  S.  Forests,  263. — Burgess  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  lata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  ed.  v,  290. 

Q.  Castanea,  Emerson, Trees  Massachusetts,  137,  t.  5;  2  jd.  i,  1.55  &  t.  [not  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow]. 


CHESTNUT  OAK.   ROCK  CHESTNUT  OAK. 

Blue  liills,  eastern  Ma.ssacbiisetts,  west  to  the  shores  of  lake  Champhiin,  shores  of  Quiutd  bay,  Outario 
{Macoitn),  and  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  river,  Xew  York,  south  to  Delaware,  and  thro'.gh  the  Alleghany  Mountain 
region  to  northern  Alabama,  extending  west  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  truidc  t).90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rocky  banks  and  hillsides;  very 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  xVlIeghany  region,  hero  often  forming  a  large 
portion  of  the  forest  growth. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  cheek  in  drying,  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil,  containing  few  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  very  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sai)\vood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.740!) ;  ash,  0.77  ;  largely  used  iu  fencing,  for  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  largely  used  iu  preference  to  that  of  other  North  American  white  oaks  in  tanning 
leather. 


261. — Quercus  prinoides,  Willdeuow, 

Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  397;  Spec,  iv,  440. — IVrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  .569. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  219. — No.iveuu  Duhamel, 
vii,  l(i(>.— Torrey,  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  103,  1. 109.— Gray,  Miiniuil  N.  States,  1  ed.  415.— Darlington,  Fl.  Ccslriea,  3  ed.  267.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  in  Kep.  Geologiciil  .Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  35. — Le.sqiiereux  in  Owen's  2d  Kep.  Arkansas,  3S7.^ 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  64(i. — Kocli,  Deudrologie,  ii-,  49. — Young,  liot.  Texas,  .506. — Engelniunn  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  391. 

Q,  Prinus  humiiis,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  125.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452. 

Q.  Castanea,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdeuow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  396[uot  Nee].- Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  441 ; 
Knuni.976;  lieil.  liauniz.  341. — I'er.«oon,S.vii.  ii,.5fi9.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,634. — Smith  in  Rci's'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  M. — 
Poirel,  Suppl. ii,  219.— Eaton,  Manual,  107;  ti  ed.  'J91. — Biirtou, Couii>end.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  172. — Nuttall,  Gemra,  ii, 
2U). -Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  156.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  610.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  H60.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.N.  States,  "54;  II.  N. 
York,  ii,  193.— Beck,  Hot.  331.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  3S5.— Gray,  .Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  415.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cejitrica, 
3  ed.  267. — Darby,  Hot.  S.  States,  511. — Hrendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  619,  t.  4.— Chai>nian,  Fl.  S.  State.",  424. — 
Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Canilina,  li-OO,  iii,  31. — Lesipiereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  ;!s7. — Wood,  CI. 
Book,  (U6.— Orsted  in  Saersk itt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Noe.  1-0,  1866, 68.— Liebmann,  Clienes  Am.  Trop. 
f.  H,  K.  &  33,  f.  31,  32.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  506. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  acuminata,  Michaux,  Hist.ChOnes  Am.  No.5,  t.8;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Aril.  Am.  ii,  61,  t. 
9 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  49, 1. 10. — Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  167.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1875,  f.  1637.— Cooper  in- 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  451.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. 

Q.  Prinus  pumila,  Micliaux,  Hist.  Ch6nes  Am.  No.  5,  t.  9,  f.  1 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  196.— Loudon,  Arboretum, iii,  1875,  f.  173a 


■am 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


143: 


Q.  Prinus  Chinquapin,  Mithaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  C5,   t.  10;  N.  American  Sylva,  :Uh1.  i,  CO,  t.  11.— A.  Do  CantloUe, 
Prodr.  xvi»,  21. 

Q.  Chinquapin,  I'uibb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  ii,  C34.— Smith  iii  EeoB'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  48.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii. 21C.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii.  Gil.— 
!  Torrey,  Couipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  354.— Beck,  Bot.  331.— Eaton,  Manual,  C  ed.  294.— Darlington,  El.  Cestrica,  2  ed.  536.— 

Eatou  &  Wrigbt,  Bot.  ;i85. — Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  377. — Emersoi',  Trees  MaHBachnsctt.s,  140;  2  id.  i,  15te  <&  t. — 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511. 

Q.  Prinus,  var.  oblongata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  v,  200. 

Q,  Prinus,  var.  prinoidcs,  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  300. 

Q.  Muhlcnhergii,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  591.— G.  D.  ButUr  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  77.— Ridgway 
in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18B2,  82. 

YELLOW   OAK.      CHESTNUT   OAK.      CHINQUAPIN   OAK. 

Eastern  Massachnsetts,  sbores  of  Lake  CLamplain,  west  along  the  nortliern  sbores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, 
tbrough  Kontlicrn  Wicbigan  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  tlie  Indian  territory;  soutb  to  Delaware  and 
througb  tbe  Allogliany  region  to  nortbern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  soutbwest  to  Ibe  Gnadalupe  mountains, 
western  Texas  (Havard). 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  39  meters  (Eidgicay)  in  Leigbt,  witb  a  trunk  O.fiO  to  0.00  meter  in 
diameter  (y.  Mtihlenhergii),  or  often,  especially  toward  tbe  eastern  and  western  limits  of  its  range,  reduced  to  a 
low,  slender  shrub  (Q. prinoidcs) ;  dry  hillsides  and  low,  rich  bottoms  ;  rare,  e.xcept  as  a  sbrub,  east  of  tbe  Alleghany 
mountains ;  very  common  in  the  Mississippi  Elver  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  develoimient  in  sonthem 
Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very  durable  in  contact  with  tbe 
soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  rows  of  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color, 
dark  brown,  tbe  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.8005 ;  a.sh,  1.14;  used  for  cooperage,  wheel  stock, 
fencing,  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  small  acorns  sweet  and  edible. 

Note.— Differences  in  tbo  size  and  habit  of  individuals  of  this  Bpeclee,  thus  enlarged,  sc<  m  to  be  dependent  upon  soil  and  climate, 
numerous  intermediate  forms  connecting  the  extremes  of  eastern  Massachusetts  and  the  Mississippi  valley. 


iiM 


262. — Quercus  Douglasii,  iiookcr  &  Arnott, 

Bot.  Bc.cliey,  ;«)!.— Hociker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  3f^,  383.— BcnUiain,  PI.  Hartweg.  3:57;  Bot.  Sulphur,  55.— Nutfall,  Sylva,  i,  10,  t.  4;  2  ed. 
i,  -20,  (.  4.— Torrey  in  I'acific  R.  R.  Rep.  v,  3&5  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  4(;'.'.— Cooper  in  Smiths^onian  Rep.  1K(?,  SCO.- A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi-,  23.— Bnlandir  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  '2^0.— Orstediu  Saerbkitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Mcddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 
(Ii;.— Liebuiann,  C'lienes  Am.  Trop,  t.  41,  f.  3,  4.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.^iii,  392; 
Hot.  t'lililorniii,  ii,  O.').- Hull  in  Coulter's  Bot.  G.izette,  ii,  <)1.  ^' 

(j>.  ohlongifolia,  var.  hrcrilohata,  Torrey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  460. 


[lapman, 
387.— 


|iv,441; 

>.  51.— 

hic  ra,  ii, 

|;  n.N. 

I'ftriea, 

424.— 

|iod,  CI. 

.  Trop. 


|i,(>l,t. 
ll)er  in. 
Is,  25. 


MOUNTAIN   WHITE   OAK.      BLUE   OAK. 

California,  from  about  latitude  39°,  south  along  the  western  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  below  4,000  feet 
elevation,  and  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  tbe  San  Gabriel  mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  witb  a  trunk  O.CO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  common  on  tbe  low  foothills 
of  the  sierras. 

Wood  very  hard,  heavy,  strong,  brittle,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  oi)en  ducts  and  containing  many  scattered  groups  of  smaller  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
varying  greatly  in  width;  color,  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  with  e.\[)0sure,  the  thi(!k  sap-wood  light 
brown  ;  specilic  gravity,  0.8928;  ash,  0.81. 

263. — Quercus  oblongifolia,  Torrey, 

Sitt^reaves'  Rep.  173 :  Bol.  Mrs.  Boundary  Survey.  i-'Wi ;  Ives'  Rep.  21^.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  IfeSS,  201. — A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi'.  30. — Watt-oii,  I'l.  Wlut'ler,  17. — Vasey, Cat.  Forest  Trees,  2(i.—Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii, 3D3 ;  Bot.  Galifomiiir 

ii,  "Jll. 

y.  undulata,  var.  oblongata,  Eugelmann  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250. 


Hi 


tja 


r'j:'!g- 


'r% 


I 


m 


1:1 


144 


FORES^  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WHITE  OAK. 


California,  foot-bills  of  the  San  Gabriel  mountains,  and  in  San  Diego  conuty  (here  occnpj'ing  a  narrow  belt,  30 
miles  in  ^ridth  some  30  miles  from  tbe  coast.  Parish  Brothem) ;  foot-bills  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  O.CO  meter  in  diameter ;  the  large 
Bpccimeus  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  bard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  ^owth 
hardly  distinguishable,  containing  few  small  opeu  ducts  arranged  in  many  groups  parallel  to  the  bread  and  very 
cousiticuons  medullary  rays ;  color,  very  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  brown ;  specific  gravity, 
0.9441 ;  ash,  2.61 ;  of  little  economic  value  except  as  fuel. 


1   . 4  i 


264. — Quercus  grisea,  Liebmann, 

Dansk.  Vielcnsk.  Selsk.  Forbamll.  1854,  13;  Cbfines  Am.  Trop.  t.  46,  f.  1,2.— A.  Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  35.— Orated  in  Saerakitt. 
Aftiyk.  af.  Nat.  Tor.  Videu.  Meddolt.  Nos.  1-C,  18CC,  69.— Busby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Ix,  78.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xviii,  156. 

Q.pungens,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,13;  Cbfines  Am.  Trop.  22,  t.  45,  f.  1-3.— A.  De  CandoUe, 
Prodr.  xvi»,  36.— Orstod  in  Sucrskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 69.— Rusby  in  Ball.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club  ix,  78. 

Q.  undulata,  var.  grisea,  Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  A-ad.  iii,  382;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250. 

Q.  undulata,  var.  pungens,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  392 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250 ;  Bot.  Culifomia,  ii,  96.— 
Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  596. 

Q.  undulata,  var.  Wrightii,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  382,  392. 

WHITE  OAK. 

Mcnntaius  of  southern  Colorado  and  western  Texas  yllavard),  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  from  5,000  to 
10,000  feet  elevation,  west  to  the  Colorado  desert  of  California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.CO  meter  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low, 
much-branched  shrub ;  a  polymori)hous  species,  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves, 
but  apparently  well  characterized  by  its  connate  cotyledons ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

"Wood  very  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  or  two  rows  of  small  open  ducts,  these  connected  by  rows  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  numerous  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  A'ery  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  1.0092;  ash,  1.82. 


265. — Quercus  reticulata,  Humboldt  &  Bonplaud, 

PI.  ^quiu.  ii,  40,  t.  86.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  609.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  iii,  860.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1944,  f.  1865.— Michaux  f.  N. 
Amerieau  Sylvu,  3  ed.  i,  90.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  33.— Orstcd  in  Sucrskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  X-6, 
67.— Liebmann,  Cbfines  Am.  Trop.  t.  H,  t.  34,  f.  10-10,  t.  35,  f.  15-22.— Vasoy,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Ac'ud.  iii,  383;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  iii,  176. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  156.  t 

Q.  spicata,  Humbolt  &  Bonpland,  PI.  iEquin.  ii,  46,  t.  89.— Bentham,  PI.  Ilartwcg.  No.  429. 

Q.  dcaipiens,  Martens  &  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Bmx.  v,  10. 

f  Q,  reticulata,  var.  Greggii,  A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  34.— Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  176. 

Southeastern  Arizona,  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Rita  mountains  from  7,000  to  10,000  feet  elevation ;  southward 
into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing  many  small,  scattered,  open 
ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  broad ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.9479 ; 
ash,  0.52. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


145 


266. — Quercus  Durandii.  Baclcley, 

FMo.  Philadelphia  Aoad.  1860,446;  1881,  121.-0ray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  iil.—Yonng,  Bot.  Tezaa,  507.— Vaaejr,  Cat.  FoieatTieea,  86.— 
Watson  in  Proo.  Am.  Aoad.  xriii,  i56. 

Q.  obtusi/oliaf  var.  t  brmlfrba,  Torrey,  Bot.  Hex.  Bonndary  Survey,  i206. 

Q.  annulata,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Aoad.  18(:0,  445. 

Q.  8an-8abeana,  Buckley  in  Young,  Bot.  Texas,  507. 

Q.  undvlata,  Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  393,  ii.  part  [not  Torrey}. 

Alabama,  Wilcox  county  (Buckley),  valley  of  the  Little  CaLaba  river,  Bibb  county  (Mohr)',  Shreveport, 
Loaisianat,  {Buckley);  Texas,  Dallas  {Reverchon),  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (Buckley,  Mohr,  Sargent),  west  and 
•oath. 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trank  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  bottom  lands  or  dry  meaaa 
and  limestone  hills,  then  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets  of  great  extent  (Q.  San- 
Sabeana);  rare  and  local  iu  Alabama;  the  common  and  most  valuable  white  oak  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  few  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  speciflo 
gravity,  0.9507 ;  ash,  1.78;  used  for  thti  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  (Q.  alba). 


M 


■j:i!;1 


kd 
en 

I  • 

'> 


267. — Quercus  virens,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  356 ;  2  ed.  v,  287.— Bartrani,Travel«,  2  ed.  82.— Mlchaux,  HistChfines  Am.  No.  6, 1. 10,  11 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  196.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  425;  Enum.974. — Robin,  Voyages,  iii, 264. — Smith  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxx.  No.  5. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,567. — Desfontniues,  Hist, 
Alb.  ii,507.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,213.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.Am.  ii,  67,  t.  11;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  52,  1. 12.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  026.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214 ;  Sylva,  i,  16 ;  2  od,  i,  28.— Nouveaii  Dubamel,  vii,  151.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  595.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii, 
8oe.—Cobbett,  Woodlands,  446.— Eaton,  Manual.  6  ed.  294.— Loudon,  Arboretum,iii,  1918,  f.  ie02, 1803  &.  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot. 
385. — Spach,  Hist.Veg.  xi,177. — Engelmaun  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  334. — Scheele  in  Roomer,  Texas,  446 ;  Appx. 
147. — Pcnn.  Oycl.  xix,  216.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  510. — ^Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255.— Chapniiin,  Fi,  S.  States,  4!*l.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  35.— Wood,  CI.  Book, 643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— Porcher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  263.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  37.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-C,  69.— 
Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebmann,  Chines  Am.  Trop.  t.  33,  f.  50-57.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aoad.  iii,  383 ;  iv,  191. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  178. — ^Watson  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  155. 

Q.  Virginiana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  17.— Koch,  T  ^ndrologie,  ii',  57. 

Q.  Phelloa,  var.  sempervirens,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  124. 

Q.  aemperviretui,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. 

Q.  oleoidcs,  Chamisso  &  Schlechtendal  in  Linneea,  v,  79.— Martens  &,  Galeotti  in  Bull.  Bmx.  x.  No.  3.— Orsted  in  Saerskin. 
Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 69. 

Q.  retusa,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  18.54, 187.— Orsted  iu  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt. 
Nos.  1-6, 1866, 69. 

LIVE    OAK. 

Mob  Jack  bay,  Virginia,  south  along  the  coast  to  bay  Biscayne  and  cape  Romano,  Florida,  along  the  Oulf 
eoaat  to  Mexico,  extending  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Eed  river,  the  Apache  and  Gaudalupe 
mountains  and  the  niouutaius  of  northern  Mexico  south  of  the  Kio  Grande  at  G,000  to  8,000  feet  elevation  (Havard); 
in  Costa  Kica  (Q.  retusa). 

An  evergreen  tree  of  great  economic  value,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10  meters  in 
diameter,  or  m  the  interior  of  Texas  much  smaller,  often  shrubby;  on  the  coast,  rich  hummocks  and  ridges,  a  few 
feet  above  water-level;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  south  Atlantic  states. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  diificult  to  work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish;  layers  of  annual  growth  obscure,  often  hardly  distinguishable,  containing  many  small  open  ducts  arranged 
in  short  broken  rows  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.9501;  ash,  1.14 ;  formerly  very  largely  and  now  occasionally  used  in  ship-building. 

10  FOB 


146 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


268. — Quercus  chrysolepis,  Liebmann, 

Duu8k.  VideDHk.  Belsk.  Forhandl.  1854, 173 ;  Ch«iio8  Am.  Trop.  'A  t.  47.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Snrvey,206;  Bot  Wilkes  Exped. 
4!)8.— Cooper  in  SinitbHonian  Ko]>.  l&'itH,  'iUO.— KollogK  iu  Proo.  California  Acad,  ii,  4r>.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*, 37.— Bolander 
in  Proc.  California  Acad.  iii,ti31.—()rHti-d  iu  Sacrakitt.  Aftryk.af.  Nat.  For.Videu.  Meddelt.  Noa.  1-6,  1H66, 09.— Vaaey,  Cat.  Foroat 
TreeB,25.— Engetumnn  in  Trans.  St.LouiH  Acud.  iii,  383,  U93;  Wheeler'H  Kup.  vi,374;  Bot.  Califoraia,  ii,97. — Wataon  in  Proo.  Am. 
Acad,  xi.  111). — Pulniur  in  Am.  Nut.  xii,  &i)6. 

Q.fulveacem,  KoHokk  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  i,  07,  71.— Newberry  iu  Paciflo  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,27,  89. 

Q.  craasipocula,  Torrey  in  Pacilic  R.R.Rcp.iv,137;  v,3fc.>,t.9. 

f  Q.  oblongi/olia,  R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Ann.  &,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871, 4  [not  Torrey]. 

LIYK  OAK.     MAUL  OAK.     VALPARAISO  OAK. 

Gow  Creek  valley,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Culifornin  Coast  ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  mountains  between  3,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  and  south  into  Lower 
California j  southeastern  Arizona,  San  Francisco  {Greene)  and  Santa  Gatalina  mountains  {Pringle). 

An  evergreen  tree  of  great  economic  value,  18  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.50  meter  in 
diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low,  narrow-leaved  shrub  (var.  vacoini/olia,  Engelmann  in  Tram.  St. 
LouxH  Acad,  iii,  393 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  97. — Q.  vaccini/olia,  Kellogg  in  Trans.  California  Acad,  ii,  96). 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  close  grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  contaiuinr,  many  rather 
small  open  duct.s  arranged  in  wide  bauds  parallel  to  the  bro^d,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sa]>-wood  darker;  specific  gravity,  U.8493;  ash,  O.GO;  somewhat  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
implements,  wagons,  etc. ;  the  most  valuable  oak  of  the  Pacific  forests. 

269. — Quercus  Emoryi,  Torrey, 

Emory's  Rep.  151,  t.  9;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  206;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Watson  in  PL  Wheeler,  17.— 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.- Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  3d2,  387,  394 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  250.— Palmer  in  Am. 
Nat.  xii,  596. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  iii,  170. 

Q.  haatata,  Liebmann  in  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  1854,  13;  Chenes  Am.  Trop.  22.- A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi*, 
36.— Omted  in  Suerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  69. 


BLACK  OAK. 

T>(>xar  and  Comal  counties,  Texas,  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  Texas,  of  southern  New  Mexico,  and 
of  eastern  and  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in 
Texas  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  New  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation  near  streams  in  open  caiions;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  the  large 
specimens  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  open  ducts,  these  connected  by  narrow  groups  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  bright  brown  tinged  with  red;  specific 
gravity,  0.9263;  ash,  2.36. 

270. — Quercus  agrifolia,  N^, 

Ann.  Cienc.  Nat.  iii,  271.— Fischer,  Misc.  Hisp.  i,  lOS. — Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  431. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  568. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx, 
No.  29.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  627.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214;  Sylva,  i,  5,  t.  2;  2  ed.  i,  16,  t.  2.— Nouveau  Dubamel,  vii,  156.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  859.— Eaton,  Manual,  C  ed.  292. — London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1894. — Bentbam,  PI.  Hartweg.  337;  Bot.  Sulphur, 
55. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384. — Hooker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  377. — Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Beecliey,  391. — Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  vi, 
157  &t. — Carriere  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  vii,  137  &  f.— Torrey  in  Sitgrcaves'  Rep.  173;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  138;  v,  365;  vii,  20;  Bot. 
Mux.  Boundary  Survey,  206;  Ives'  Rep.  28;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  460. — Paxton's  Brit.  Flower  Gard.  ii,  44. — ^Newberry  in  Pacific 
R.  R.  Rop.  vi,  32,  f.  9.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  229. — A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  37. — Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk. 
af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866, 69. — Liebmann,  Chftnes  Am.  Trop.  t.  44. — ^Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25.— Engelmann 
in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  383;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  374;  Bot.  California,  ii,  98. — Hemsley,  Bot.  Am.-Cent.  iii,  167. 

Q.  oxyadenia,  Torrey  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  172, 1. 17.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1868,261. 

Q.  OCUtiglandiH,  Kellogg  in  Proc  California  Acad.  i,i{5. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


147 


ENOENO.     COAST  LITE  OAK. 

California,  Mendocino  coanty,  nouth  through  the  Coast  Range  valleys  to  Lower  California. 

A  large  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  (var.  frutesans.,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  08);  rare  at  the  north;  common  south  of  San 
Francisco  bay,  and  the  largest  and  most  generally  distributed  oak  in  the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  the  state; 
dry  slopes  and  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong',' brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  uunual  growth  hardly  distinguishable, 
containing  many  large  open  ducts  arranged  in  several  rows  piirallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays; 
color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  darker  brown;  specitic  gravity,  0.8253;  ash,  1.28;  of  little  value  except 
as  fuel. 

271. — Quercus  Wislizeni,  A.DeCandolie, 

Prodr.  xvi',  67.— Orated  in  SaerBkitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Video.  Meddelt.  Nos.  l-«,  1866,  73.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Treea,  27.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aood.  iii,  385,  i\)6;  Bot.  California,  ii,  98. 

Q.  Morehus,  Kellogg  in  Proo.  California  Acad,  ii,  :<6. 

LIVE  OAK. 

California,  mount  Shasta  region,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  ITevadas  to  Tulare  coanty,  and 
in  the  Coast  ranges  south  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  15  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.9U  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northeastern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub  0.90  to  3  meters  in  height  (var.  fruteacens,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  Valijbmia,  ii, 
90) ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large  open  ducts  arranged  in 
irregular  bands  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous  medullary  rays ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7855;  ash,  1.92. 


272. — Quercus  rubra,  Linnieas, 

Spec.  1  ed.  996.— Da  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  !265.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  7-..>0.— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  357;  2  ed.  t, 
892.— Moench,  Metb.  348.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  11,  t.  103.— Miobanx,  Hist.  Chfinea  No.  2,  t.  35,  36 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  200.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  445;  Enum.  976;  Berl.  Baomz.  343. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xzx.  No.  60. — Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  569. — Desfontalnes, 
Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511.— Mlohanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  II,  126,  t.  26;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  1,  84,  t.  28.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  Ii,  6.30.- 
Eaton,  Manual,  108;  6  ed.  293. — Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  169.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii, 
170.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  157.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  602.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  863.— Torrey,  Compoud.  Fl.  N.  States,  358;  Nicollet's  Rep. 
160;  Fl.  N.  York,  189,  t.  106.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1877,  f.  1740-1744  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  158.— 
Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  376. — Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Spaoh,  Hist.  Veg.  xl,  165.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  48,  t. 
10;  2  ed.  i,  1^3  &  t. — Scheele  in  Kcemer,  Texas,  446. — Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216. — Darliugton,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  269. — Durby,  Bot. 
8.  States,  510.— Coopor  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255. — Brend(^l  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  369,  t.  9.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States, 
422. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  41. — Lesqueroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkanxas,  388. — Wood,  CI. 
Book,  644;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests, 262. — Eugclmnun  iu  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  now  ser.  v,209;  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  iii,394.^A.  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi»,  60.— Orsted  in  Saorskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866, 
72. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  454 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21. — Liebmann,  Chines  Am.  Trop.  t.  A,  B. — Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii^,  70.— 
Tonng,  Bot.  Texas,  .'i04. — Hay  den  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121. — Vusey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. — Macouu  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7C,  209.— Sears  iu  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  83. — Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'e0,  51°. 

Q.  rubra  maxima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  122.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  395. 

Q.  rubra,  var.  lati/olia,  t.amarck,Diot.i,720.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.v,  292.— Loudon.  Arboretum,  iii,  1877. 

Q.  rubra,  var.  montana,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.v,  292.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1877. 

Q.  ambigua,  Mlchaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  120,  t.  24 ;  N.  American  Sylva, 3  ed.  i, 81,  t. 26  [not  HBK.].— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 
6:)0.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  293.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1881,  f.  1749  &■  t.— Eaton  St 
Wright,  Bot.  384. 

Q.  coccinea,  var.  rubra,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  165. 

Q.  coccinea,  var.  ambigua.  Gray,  Manual  N.  states,  5  ed.  4.'>4. 

Q.  rubra,  var.  runcinata,  A.  DeCun'lollo,  Prodr.  xviS  60.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  542. 


148 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


N  I: 


BKD  OAK.     BLACK  OAK. 

Nova  Scotia,  soatbern  Kew  Brnnswick  to  eastern  Minnesotn,  western  lovra,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian 
territory,  south  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  river, 
Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  45  meters  (Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in 
diameter;  very  common,  especially  at  the  north,  in  all  i^oils  and  extending  farther  north  than  any  Atlantic  oak. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
several  rows  of  very  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.0540 ;  ash,  0.26;  now  largely  used  for  clapboards,  cooperage,  and  somewhat 
for  interior  finish,  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  etc. 


Var.  Texana,  Buckley, 
Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1881, 133.— Engekuann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  14. 
Q.  palustriSf  Torroy  &,  Gray  in  Pacific  B.  B.  Bep.  ii,  175  [not  Dn  Boi]. 
Q.  OOCCincaf  var.  microcarpa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey, 206. 
Q.  Texana,  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  IHCO,  44.'>.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  507. 


*■ 


BED  OAK. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  with  the  species  and  replacing  it  south  and  west,  extending  to 
the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river  and  the  Limpia  mountains  (Bavard). 

A  tree  21  tu  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.CO  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavier,  harder,  much  closer-grained  th.in  the  species,  not  checking  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  with  fewer  and  smaller  open  ducts  ;  specific  gravity,  0.9080;  ash,  0.85. 

273. — Quercus  coccinea,  Wangenheim, 

Amer.  44,  t.  4.  f  9.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  NeueScbriftun  Gcsell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berliu.iii,  398.— Michaux, Hist.  ChAnes  Am.  No.  18, 1. 31, 
32;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,445;  Enum.  976;  Berl.  Banmz.  343.— Smith  In  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,61.— Persoon,  Syu.  ii, 
569. — DeHfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511. — Poiret,  Snppl.  ii,  221.— Michnux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  110,  t.  23 ;  N.  American Sylva,  3 ed.  i,  79,  t. 
25.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  2cd.  v,  292.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  6:!0.— Eaton,  Manual,  lOrf;  Ce<l.  292.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 214.— Burton, 
Conipond  Fl.  Philadolph.  ii,  169.— Nonvcau  DuhamnI,  vii,  171.— Hayne,  Dend.  f  1. 157.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  602.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  863.— 
Torrey,  Conipcnd.  Fl.  N.  States,  .358 ;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,  189.— Beck,  Bot.  329.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1879,  f.  1746-1748  &  t.— Eaton  Jk 
Wright,  Bot.  384.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  376.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  165.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  144,  t.  9 ;  2  od.  i ,  163 
&  t.— Schedc  in  Koemer, Texas,  446.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— Diirliugton,  '  i  Cestrica,  3  ed. 208.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Cooper 
in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  255.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  422.— Curtit  )  j  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  40.— 
Lcsquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  645 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Pro<lr.  xvi«,  61.— Orsted 
in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Vidon.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453.— Liebmann,  Chfines  Am. 
Trop.  t.  B. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii',  69. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  .^)04. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — E^elmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad,  iii,  385,  394.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  80.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  156. 

Q.  rubra,  ft.  Linnrons,  Spec.  1  ed.  996.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  357. 


SCARLET  OAK. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  New  York,  Ontario,  northern  Micbigaa  and  Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa  and 
northeastern  Missouri,  south  to  Delaw<are  and  southern  Teunes.see,  and  through  the  Alleghany  region  to  northern 
Florida. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  54  meters  {liiilyicay)  in  lieit;ht,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  to  1.20 
meter  in  diameter ;  at  the  east  in  dry,  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly,  in  rich,  deep  soil ;  in  the  northwestern  prairie  region 
with  Q.  macrocarpa  forming  the  oak-opening  growth;  not  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river. 

Wood  heavy,  luird,  strong,  coarse-grained  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
oi>en  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  rather  darker ;  specific 
gravity,  0.7405 ;  ash,  0.19 ;  if  used  at  all,  confounded  with  thai  of  Q.  rubra. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


149 


274. — Quercus  tinctoria,  Bartnm, 

Travels,  S  ed.  37.— Abbot,  Inaeots  Oeorgin,  ii,  t.  OC.— Micbaux,  Hiat.  ChAnes  Am.  No.  i:i,  t. 24, 25;  PI.  Bor.-Am.  11, 108.— Willdenow,  Bpea. 
iv, 444 ;  Ennui. U70 ;  Borl.  Dauniz.  .144,— Dntfontaiiies,  Hint.  Aib.  ii,  500.— Poirot,  Buppl.  ii, i»l.— Miobatix  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  110, 
t,22;  N.  Amoriiaii  Sylva,  3  eil.  i,  70,t.24.— Ai(on,Hort.  Kevr.  S  ed.  v,i201.— Pnrah,  V\.  Am.  Sopt.  ii,  020.— Bmitb  in  Rots'  CyoL 
XXX,  No.  58.— lliirton,  Prodr.  V\.  Pbilndulpb.  01 ;  Conipend.  Fl.  Pbiliidclpb.  ii,  108.- Eaton,  Mitnnnl,  108;  Uud. 202.— Nuttall,  Qenera, 
ii,214;  Sylva,  i, 21;  2  ud.  i,:i2.— Nouvenu  Unlinuirl,  vii,  160.— Hu.vm-,  Demi.  Fl.  150.— Elliott,  Uk.  ii.CiOl.— 8prungel,8yat.  iii,  8fi2.— 
Torruy,  Cumpvml.  Fl.  N.  HtiituH,  :t57;  Fl.  N.  York,  il,  188.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  82.— Buuk,  Hot.  :I28.— Londiin,  Arliorutuui,  iii,1884, 
f.  17.'>;i;  n.''>4,— Hooker,  Fl.  llor.Am.  ii,  158.— Bigelow,Fl.  hontou.  3  ed.  370.- Eutoii  &  Wright,  Hot.  ;1H4.— 8pueb,  Hist.  Veg.  xl, 
104.— Emerwin, Trees  MuH8iicluinott»,  Ml,  t.  7;  2  ed.  i,  100  &,  t.— Oriffltb,  Mud.  Dot.  r>80.— Oriiy,  Munuiil  N.  States,  1  ed.  410.— 
Darlington. Fl.  CeHtriia,3  ed. 208.— Darby,  Hot.  8.  States,  ,'ilO.— Cooper  iu  Smitbsouian  Kep.  ia'^>8,25&.— Brcndcl  in  Trans.  Illiuoia 
Ag.  Soe.  iii,027,  I. H.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  StateH,  422.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  (ieulogical  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18(>0,  iii,30. — Lesqnereux  la 
Owen's  2d  Kep.  ArknnsnH,  388. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  045. — Engolmann  iu  Prou.  Am.  Phil,  Sec.  new  ser.  xii,  200 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
iii,  305.- Poreber,  ReHonrees  8.  Forests, 238.— Orsted  in  Saerskilt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nipb.  1-ti,  1800, 45, 72,  f.  18.— 
Liebninnn,  Cbeiies  Am.  Trop,  0,  f.  0. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  504, — Haydou  iu  Warreu's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  121. — Quibourt, 
Hist.  Drogues,  T  ed.  ii,  288.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27. — Bcutley  &,  Trimon,  Med.  Fl.  if,  251,  t.2&l.— Ridgway  io  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mns.  188-,',  84. 

f  Q.  rchttina,  Lunmrek,  Diet,  i,  172.— Koob,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  08. 

Q,  nigra,  MarHball,  Arbustum,  120  [not  Liuuious].- Wungeuheim,  Amor.  70,  t.  6,  f.  10. 

Q.  rilbr  ,  Wangenbeim,  Amer.  14,  t.  3,  f.  7  [not  Linnicns]. — Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Ncue  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  FX 
Berlin,  iii,  300. 

Q.  discolor,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  358.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii.  111.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  444;  Berl.  Banmz.  345.— 
Poirut,  Suppl.  ii,  221.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  50.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  001.— Sprangel, 
Syst.  iii,  S(>3.— Beek,Bot.  32!).- Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  202.— Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  384. 

Q.  tinctoria,  var.  angulosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  108.— Loudon,  Arboretum, iii,  1858. 

Q.  tinctoria,  vnr.  sinuosa,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  108.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1885,  f.  1755-1757.— Liebmann,  ChtaeB 
Am.  Trop.  t.  C. 

tQ.  Shumardiif  Buckley  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1860,445. 

Q.  COCcinea,  var.  tinctoria.  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  454.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  306.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xyi*,  61, 


^tJ 


BLACK  OAK.   YELLOW-BABK  OAK.  QUEEOITEON  OAK.  YELLOW  OAK. 

Southern  Maiue  to  nortbeiii  Verinotit,  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and 
the  Indian  territory,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  48  meters  {Ridgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in 
diameter;  generally  on  dry  or  gravelly  uplands;  verj'  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  not  tough,  coarsegrained, liable  to  check  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  very  large  open  ducts;  color,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sai)-wood  much 
lighter;  s|)ecitic  gravity,  0.7045;  ash,  0.28;  somewhat  used  for  cooperage,  construction,  etc. 

The  bark  largely  used  in  tanning;  the  intensely  bitter  inner  bark  yields  a  valuable  yellow  dye,  and  is 
occasionaUy  used  medicinally  in  the  form  of  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  hemorrhage  {U.  S.  Diapmaatoiyf 
14  ed.  750. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1190). 

275. — Quercus  Kelloggii,  Newberry, 

Paciiic  R.  R.Rep.  vi,80,  286,  f.  C— Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  408.— R.  Brown  Campst.  Horee  Sylvante,  58,  f.  4-6.— Engelmann  in 
Bot.  California,  ii,00. 

Q.  rubra,  Beutham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337  [uot  LinniBUs]. 

Q.  tinctoria,  var.  Cali/ornica,  Torrey  in  Pacilio  R.  R.  Rup.  iv,  138 ;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205;  Ives'  Rep.  28, 

Q.  Cali/ornica,  Cooper  in  Sniithsoniun  Rep,  1858,  201, 

Q.  Sonomcnsis,  Bentbam  in  Do  Candolle  Prodr.  xvi",  02.— Bolnnder  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  230.— Orstod  iu  Baerskitt. 
Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Video.  Moddelt.  Nos.  1-0,  1800, 72.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Engelmanu  in  Wheeler's  Rep. 
vi,  374.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nut.  xii,  60(). 

BLACK  OAK. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the  southern  borders  of  California. 


t 


150 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORT^  AMERICA. 


A  large  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  heigbt,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations 
reduced  to  a  Hurub ;  the  most  common  and  important  oak  of  the  valleys  of  scathwestem  Oregon  and  the  California 
Bierru.s. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  largo  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  light  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.6435 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  of  little  value,  except  as  fuel ;  the  bark  somewhat  used  in  tanning. 


(!•* 


276. — Quercus  nigra,  LinnasuH, 

Spec.  led.  995.— Laniarck,  Diet,  i,  721.— Wangcnhoim.Amc.  77, 1.5,  f.  13.— Walter,  Fl.Caroliniana,2."54.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.iii,;»7;  3 
ecl.v,291.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,!, 50;  ii,  ."iS.— Miehaux,  Hist.  CliAiies  Am.  No.  17,t.82,23;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  198.— Muhlenberg  &. 
WilUlenow  ;a  Neuo  Scliriftim  Gc«)ll.  Nat.  Fr.  Beilin,  iii,  309. — Willilenow,  Spei".  iv,  442. — Smith  in  Eees'  Cycl.  xxx,  No.  53. — Pcrsoon, 
Syn.  ii,569.— Di'sfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  509  — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept,  ii.fiaa-Eaton,  Manual,  108;  Cod.  292.- Barton,CoiiuMud.  Fl. 
Fhiladelph.  ii,  168.— Nouveau  Duliamol,  vii,  108.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  (H)0.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  862.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  X)7 ; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  188;  Cot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  200.— Audubon,  Birds,  1. 116.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1890,  f. 
1764,  1765.— Eatou  &  "iVright,  Bot.  384.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  16J.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  267.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— 
C«opur  in  Smithsonian  Kei).  ISoS,  25.'). — Brendel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  625,  t.  7. — Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  421. — Curtis  in 
Rep, Geological  Surv.N. Carolina,  1860, iii, 38. — Lesiiuereux  in  Owen's  2d  Kep.  Arkansa8,,38S.— Wood,Cl.  Book,  644;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
305.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xviS  ()3.— Orsled  in  Saerskitt.  Aft ryk.  af.  Nat.  For.Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 72.- Gray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  453 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebnia.iii,  CliCnes  Am.  Trop.  t.  A.— Koch,  D-ndrologie,  ii«,  61.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  I'rees,  2u. — IJidgway  in  Proe.  Nat.  JIus.  1332, 82. — Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  156. 

Q.  nigra,  var.  latifoUa,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  ■'21. 

Q.  nigra  integri/olia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  121. 

f  Q.  aquatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniaua,  234. 

Q.  xMarylandica,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Nene  Schriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  399. 

BLACK  JACK.     JACK  OAK. 

Long  island.  New  York,  west  througii  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  about  latitude  55°  N.  in  Wisconsin, 
southern  Minnesota,  east:  rn  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to  about  99°  west  longitude,  south  to 
Matanzas  ialet  and  Tampa  bay,  Floridii,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  river,  Texas. 

A  snuiii  tree,  sometimes  12  or  even  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  uuich  smaller;  dry,  barren  uplands,  or  often  on  heavy  clay  soils ;  very  common  through  the  southern 
states,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  Arkansas,  Indian  territory,  and  eastern  Texas, 
f>rming,  with  the  i)ost-oak  (Q.  obtusiloba),  the  growth  of  the  Texas  cross-timbers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  stioiig,  checking  badly  in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color,  rather  dark  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.7324;  asli,  1.10;  of  little  value  except  as  fuel. 


t"' 


277. — Quercus  falcata,  Miohaux, 

Hist.  Chfincs  Am.  No.  16,  t.  28 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  199.— Persoon,  8yn.  ii,  569.— Poiret,  Suppl,  ii,  321.— Michauz  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  it,  104,  t.  21 ; 
N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  73,  t.  23.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  630.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Fhiladelph,  ii, 
170.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vii,  169.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  604.-Torrey,  Compend.  Fl,  N,  States, 358,— Beck,  Bot.  329.- Eaton,  Manual, 6  ed. 
293.— Lcmdon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1882,  f.  1750, 1751.— Lindley,  Fl.  Med.  292,- Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica, 3  ed. 
209.- Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  1858,  2,55.— Chapman,  Fl,  8,  States,  422,— Curtis  in  Rep,  Geological 
Surv,  N.  C.iidlina,  18l>0,  iii,  30.— Lesquoreux  iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  644 ;  Bot.  <&.  Fl.  306.— Porcher, 
Eesnuroos  S.  Forests,  25.i.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  59.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddolt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 
72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Liebmanu,Cb6ne8  Am.  Trop.  t.  A,t.  22,  f.  3.— Yonng,  Bot.  Texas, 
505.  —Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.  — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat,  Mus.  1882, 80. 

Q.  rubra  montana,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  123. 

Q.  nigra  digitata,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  121. 

Q.  cuneata,  Wangcnheim,  Amer.  78,  t.  5,  f.  14.— Koch,  Dondrologie,  ii*,  64. 

Q.  elongata,  Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  iu  Neue  Sehriflen  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  400.— Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  444.— Smith  In 
Recs'  Cyil.  xxx,  .57.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  291. 

Q.  triloba.  Michaux,  Hist.  Ch^'nes  Am,  No,  14,  t.  26. —Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  443;  Berl.  Baumz,  ;142.— Smith  in  Roee' Cyol.  xxx, 
No.  .54.— Persoon.  Svn.  ii,  569.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  220. -Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,29l.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  11,628.— 
Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  l.'rf!.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  862.— Torroy,  Compend.  Fl.  N,  States,  357.- Beck.  Bot,  328.— Eaton, Manual, 
6  ed.  202.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  384.— Wood,  CJ,  Book,644 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


151 


Q.faleata,  var.  triloba,  Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  604.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— A.  De  Candollo,  Proilr. 
xvi«,59. 

Q./akata,  var.  pagodafolia,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  605.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Cnrtia  in  Rep.  Ctoological  Surv.  N.  CaioUna, 
1860,iii,;i9. 

Q.  discolor,  var.  triloba,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  163. 

Q.falcata,  var.  Ludoviciana,  a.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.xvi'.  59. 


SPANISH  OAK.     RED  OAK. 

Long  island,  New  York,  south  to  Hernando  county,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  lUissouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  uplands 
and  barrens ;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  only  near  the  coast ;  rare ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  where,  in  the  middle  districts,  it  N  the  most  common  forest  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  not  durable,  coarsegrained,  checkinf:  '.  ^'h^  in  drying;  layers  of  annual 
growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  ray  hmv,  .  ouspicuous ;  color,  light  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravitj^  0.6928;  ash,  0.25;  somewhat  used  for  ci  <5)onif;e,  construction,  etc.,  and  very 
largely  for  fuel. 

Tae  bark  rich  in  tannin. 

278. — Quercus  Catesbaei,  Michanx, 

Hist.  Cbfines  Am.  No.l7,t.29,  30;  Fl.  Bor.- Am.  ii,  199,— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  27,  1. 14.— Willdonow,  Spec,  iv, 446.— Smith  in  Rues 
Cycl.xxx,  No.  02.— Porsoon,  Syn.  509. — Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,511. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  221. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.ii,101,t. 
20;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i.  71,  t.  22.— I'ursh,  Fl.  Aui.  Sept.  ii,  630.- Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Nouveau  Dubamel,  vii,  172.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  603.— Spreugel,  Syst.  iii,  8C6.— Torrey,  Coiiipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  3.")8.— Beck,  Bot.  3-29.- Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  293.- 
London,  Arlmretum,  iii,  1889,  f.  1762,  1763.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  3c!4  — Sptich,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  162.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  .MO.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18r)8,  255. — Chapman.  Fl.  S.  States,  4*J. — Curtis  in  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii, 41. — 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  644;  Bot.  &  F1.306.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.xvi',  59.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.af.  Nat.  For.Viden.  Meddelt. 
Noa.  1-6,  1866,  72.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii»,  67.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. 

t  Q.  laivis,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliuiana.S.'VJ. 


m 


,t.21; 
Iph.  ii, 
,6ed. 
,3ed. 
logical 
rcher, 
,1866, 
rexM, 


kith  In 


.XXX, 

B28.— 
knukl, 


TURKEY  OAK.     SCRUB  OAK.     FORKED-LEAF    BLACK  JACK.     BLACK  JACK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  cape  Malabar  and  Pease  creek,  Florida,  and  along  the  coast  of  Alabama 
and  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  very  common  in  the  south 
Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states  upon  barren  sandy  hills  and  ridges  of  the  maritime  pine  belt;  rare  in  Mississippi. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
open  ducts  and  containing  many  much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  short  lines  parallel  to  the  broad,  conspicuous 
medullary  rays;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7294;  ash, 
0.87 ;  largely  used  for  fuel. 

279. — Quercus  palustris,  Du  Koi, 

Harbk.  ii,  268,  t.  5,  f.  4.— Wangenheim,  Auier.  70,  t.  5,  f.  10.— Miehaux,  Mist.  Chfnes  Am.  No.  19,  t.  33,  34  ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  800.— 
Willdeuow,  Spec.  iv,446j  Eiiuui.976;  Beil.  Baumz.  343. — Persoon,8yu.ii,5<>9. — Desfoutaines, Hist.  Arb.  ii,  511. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 
222.  -  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  123,  t.  25 ;  N.  American  Sylvo,  i,  83,  t.  27.— Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  2  ed.  v,  292.— Smith  in  Recs'  Cycl. 
ixx,  No.  6.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 631.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadolph.  91 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadnlph.  ii,  170.— Eaton,  M.nnnal.  108j 
6ed.  293. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214. — Nouveau  Duhauiel,  vii,  172.  —  llayne,  Dend.  Fl.  108. — Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  863. — Torrey,  (Compend. 
Fl.  N.  States,  358;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  190,  t.  107.— Beck,  Hot,  321).— Loud<m,  Arboretum,  iii,  1887,  f.  17,->8-17til  &  t.— Eatou  &  Wright, 
Bot.  384.— S|)»ch,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  lt>6.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  2(i9.— Cooper  in  Smithsuuian  Rep.  1H,")H,  255. — Brendel  in  Trans. 
Illinois  Ag.  Soc.  iii,  (Kll. — Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  644 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306. — A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi',  60.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  al.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  IbOO,  23,  72,  f.  4.— Gray,  Mauual  N.  States,  5  ed. 
454. — Liebmnnn,  ChAoes  Am.  Trop.  I.  A. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii',  71. — Emorsou,  Trees  Massaehusotls,  2  ed.  i,  167  &  t. — Vasoy,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  27.— W.  E.  Stone  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  57.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  83.- Burgess  in  Coulter's 
Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  95.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Slates,  Suppl.  649. 

Q.  rubra,  var.  diasecta,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  120. 

Q.  rubra  ramOHissima,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  122.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdeuow  in  NeueScIiriften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fi .  Kxriln,  :<98. 


-»    ,  r  1 


11 


■1 1 


I 


152 


lil^iil 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


FIN  OAK.     SWAMP  SPANISH  OAK.     WATER  OAK. 


Valley  of  tbe  Connecticut  river,  Massachusetts  (Amberst,  Stone),  to  central  New  York,  south  to  Delaware  and 
the  District  of  Columbia ;  sontberu  Wisconsin  to  ecstera  Kansas,  southern  Arkansas,  and  southeastern  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  meters  {Bidgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter; 
low,  rich  soil,  generally  along  tbe  borders  of  streams  and  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
developmtnt  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  coarsegrained,  inclined  to  check  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  rather  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.6938 ;  ash,  0.81 ;  somewhat  used  for  shingles,  clapboards,  construction, 
and  in  cooperage. 

280. — Quercus  aquatica,  Walter, 

PI.  Caroliniana,  234. — Aitoii,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  357  ;  2  ed.  v,  290.— Abbot,  Insects  Gcor^ria,  ii,  t.  59,  79.— Michanx,  Hist.  Chtaes  Am.  No. 
11,  t.  19,  20,  21;  Fl.  Bor.-Ain.  ii,  198.— Muhlenberg  &  Willdenow  in  Neiio  Schiiften  Gesell.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  iii,  399.— Peraoon.Syn. 
ii,  569. — Desfontaiueg,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  509. — Poiret,  Suppl.  ii, 220. — Micbanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  89, 1. 17 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  65, 
1. 19.— Smith  in  Reos'  Cycl.  sxx.  No.  52.— Purah,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  628.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  168.— Nonvean  Duhamel, 
vii,  167.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  599.— Sprengcl,  Syst.  iii,  862.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  357.— Andnbon,  Birds,  t.  24.— B«ok,  Hot. 
328.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  292.— Loudou,  Arboretum,  iii,  1892,  f.  1767.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  384.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg. xi,  161.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421. — Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Snnr. N. 
Carolina,  37.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. — Wood,  CI.  Book, 613;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi», 
67.— drsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Videu.  Meddelt.  Nos.'  l-«,  1866, 72.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452 ;  Hall's  PI.  Tex«% 
21.— Liobmann,  Chdnes  Am.  Trop.  t.  D.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  503.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. 

Q.  nigra  aquatica,  Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  721. 

Q.  nigra  trijida,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  121. 

t  Q.  Uliginosa,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  80,  t.  6,  f.  18. 

Q.  hemispJuerica,  Willienonr,  Speciv,  413.— Poiret,  Snppl.  ii,  628.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  11,628.— Smith  in  Bees' CyoLxxx, 
No.  56,  628.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  395.— Eaton  St.  Wright,  Bot.  385.— Micbaoz  t  V. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  187. 

Q.  nana,  Willdenov,  Spec.  448.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  599. 

Q.  aquatica,  vars.  cuneata,  elongata,  indiviaa,  attenuata,  Alton,  Hort  Kew.  2  ed.T,  390. 

Q.  hemispheerica,  var.  nana,  Nuttall,  Genera,  li,  214. 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  hybrida,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  421. 

Q,  nigra,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  61,  in  part. 

WATER  OAK.     DUCK  OAK.     POSSUM  OAK.     PUNK  OAK. 

Sussex  county,  Delaware,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida, 
through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Black 
river,  southeastern  Missouri  (Poplar  Bluffs,  Leiterman),  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  generally  along  streams  and 
bottoms  in  heavy,  nndrained  soil,  or,  more  rarely,  upon  uplands ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
along  the  large  streams  in  the  maritime  pine  belt  of  the  e.istern  Gulf  states. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  rather  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.7244 ;  ash,  0.51 ;  probably  not  used  except  as  fuel. 

281. — Quercus  laurifolia,  Michanx, 

Hist  Chines  Am.  No.  10, 1. 17 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197.— Willdenow,  Spec,  i  v,  427.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  567.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cyol.  xxx.  No.  14.— 
Alton, Hort.  Kew. 2  ed.  v, 288.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am. Sept.  ii, 627.— Nuttall,*..     jra, ii, 214.— Nonvean  Dnhamel,  vii,  153.— Elliott,  8k.il, 

597.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  8r)7.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  294.— Loudoa,  Arboretum,  iii,  1897,  f.  1775,1776.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  385 

Darby,  Unt.  S.  States,  510. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geolo.^icul  Siirv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  36. — Liebmann,  ChAnes  Am.  Trop.  t.  D. — Wood,  CL 
Book,  643. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  20. — Kngeliuann  iu  Trons.  St.  L(mis  Acad.  111,385,395. 

Q,  laurifolia  hybrida,  Michanx,  Hist.  ChAucs  Am.  No.  10, 1. 18. 

Q,  laurifolia,  var.  obtusa,  Willdonow,Spec.iv,428.— Alton,  IIort.Kew.  2  ed.v,  288. —Wood,  CI.  Book,  343. 

Q.  laurifolia,  var.  acuta,  Willdenow,Spec.  iv,  42a— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.v, 288. 

Q.  obtum,  I'ursh.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,r>27. 

Q.  PhellOH,  var.  laurifolia.  Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  420.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 608. 

Q.  aquatica,  var.  laurifolia,  A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi<,  68. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


153 


LAUBEL.  OAK. 


North  Oarolina,  soath  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  cape  Bomano,  Florida,  and  along  the  Oulf  coast  to 
tho  shores  of  Mobile  bay. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  Florida  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  coarse- grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked 
by  several  rows  of  rather  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter ;  specific  gravity,  0.7673 ;  ash  0.82. 

282. — Quercus  heterophylla,  Michaux  f. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  87,  t.  16 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  64,  t.  18. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  627. — Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Fbiladelph.  ii, 
167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214;  Sylva,  i,15;  2ed.i,24. — Qreen  in  Univereal  Herbal,  ii,442. — Torrey, Compend.  Fl. N. States, 357. — 
Sweet,  Cat.  3  ed.  406.— Beck,  Bot.  3'J8.— Eaton,  Mannal,  6  ed.  292.— Loudon,  Arboretnra,  iii,  1894.— Eaton  &,  Wr.gbt,  Hot.  383.— 
Gale  iu  Proc.  Nat.  lust.  1855,  70,  f.  1.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  645.— Buckley  in  Proc.  Pbiladelphia  Acad.  1862, 361 ;  1862, 100.— Gray,  Hall'i 
PI.  Texas,  21. — Liebmauu,  Cb£ues  Am.  Trop.  t.  B. — Meebau  in  Proc.  Pbiladelpbia  Acad.  1875,437, 465;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii, 
10, — Leidy  in  Proc.  Pbiladclp'iiia  Acud.  1875,  415. — Eugelmauu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  385,  391. — Martindale,  Notes  o* 
the  \ajiTam  Oak,  3;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi, 303.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  22,  114. 

Q.  aquativa,  var.  heterophylla,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.2  ed.  v,290.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  68. 

Q.  nigra,  var.  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 255. 

Q.  Phellos  X  tinctoria.  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  4  ed.  406. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  453. 

Q.  Phellos  X  coccinea,  Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Loois  Acad,  iii, 541.  • 

bartbah's  oak. 

New  Jersey,  Salem  and  Cumberland  counties,  "restricted  to  a  line  or  belt  bordering  extreme  tidal  points  of 
streams  entering  the  Dehiware  river  where  the  alluvial  terminates  and  the  upland  commences,"  {Commons); 
Delaware,  near  Townsend  station  and  Wihningtoii ;  North  Carolina  (M.  A.  Curtis  in  herb.  Canby) ;  eastern  Texas 
(JS?.  Hall) ;  this  perhaps  Q.  Durandii. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  lu'ight,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  O.CO  meter  in  diameter;  rare  and  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  -.everal  rows  of 
small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.0834 ;  asli,  0.17. 


'  largA 
tavity, 


|o.  14.— 

Sk.il, 

386.— 
1,CL 


283. — Quercus  cinerea,  Michaux, 

Hist.  CliAnes  Am.  No.  8, 1. 14 ;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  425.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  567.— Polret,  Snppl.ii,212.— Michanx 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  82, 1. 14;  N.  American  Sylva,3ed.  i,  61,  t.  Ifi.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew,  2  ed.  v,  288.— Pursh,  Fl.  Aia.  Sept.  ii,626.— 
Smith  in  Kces'  Cycl.  xxx.  No.  6. — Xnitall.  Genera,  ii,  214.— Nouvraii  Duhauiul,  vii,  151. — Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  594. — Sprengol,  Syst.  iii, 
857.— Euto  Manual,  6  ed.  294.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  6  ed.  294.— Eugelmann  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  262.— 
Scheelo  iu  Ka-uier,  Texas,  440.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Kep.  IbiJri,  2.",5.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  421. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  37.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  (543 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi»,  73.— Orated  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat. 
For.  Videu.  Mcddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  18t)0,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  Stateti,  5  ed.  452;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  502.— Kooh, 
Dendrologio,  ii',  58.  — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26. — Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  385,395. 

Q.  PrinUS,  ft.  Liumsus,  Spec.  1  cd.  995. 

Q.  humilin,  Walter,  Fl.  C.iroliniana,234. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  cinerea,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii, '.Jivl.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1895,  f.  1773.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xl.Wl. 

UPLAND   WILLOW   OAK.      BLUE   JACK.      BANP   JACK. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  tho  coast  to  cape  Malabar  and  Pea.se  cri'ck,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  river,  Texas,  extending  north  through  eastern  Texi»8  to  about  latitude  63°. 

A  tree  9  to  15  luetci's  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.20  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  barrens  and 
dry  ui)hind  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close  gniined,  eoinpai-t ;  layers  i»l'  aiinusil  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  not 
large  open  duets;  medullary  rays  diHtaiit,  thin,  conspicuous;  color,  light  broN. n  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
darker;  specific  gravity,  0.0420;  ash,  1.21. 

\ 


,-inr  .■/^-■-,■u:*".?'>^■''■■<'".,■;.■7,■«'rv(>■^T'-■~.>^.■^.■*;ft■^;.:  - 


154  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


284. — Quercus  hypoleuca,  Kogelmanu,  • 

Trans.  8t.  Louie  Acad,  iii,  384 ;  Whoelpr's  Kep.  vi,  251.— Vnsoy,  Cat.  Forest  TieeN,  20.— UiiHby  in  Bull.  Torrcy  Bot.  Club,  ix,  78. 
Q,  eonfertifolia,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 207  [not  HBK.].— Coopor  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 261. 

Limpia  mountains,  Texas  {Havard),  valleys  of  the  high  mouutain  ranges  of  southwestern  New  Mexico,  Santa 
Eita  mountains,  Arizona,  above  0,000  leet  elevation ;  southward  into  Sonora. 

A  small  evergreen  tree  of  great  beauty,  0  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.75  meter  in  diameter; 
dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  summits,  the  large  specimens  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close  grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  small 
open  ducts;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter;  specific  gravity, 
0.8009;  ash,  1.34. 

285. — Quercus  imbricaria,  Michaux, 

Hist.  CliAnoH  Am.  No.  0,  t.  15,  IC;  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197.— Willdtmow,  Spec,  iv,  428;  Knum.  Suppl.  64  ;  Bert.  Baumz.  3.T8.— Persoon, 
Sy  11.  ii,  567.— Poiret,  Suppl.  ii,  214.— Micliaux  f.  IIi«t.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  78, 1. 13 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  60,  t.  15.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew. 
2  ed.  V,  288.— Smith  in  Kees'  Cycl.  xxx.  No.  15.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  627.— Nuttiill,  Genera,  ii,  214.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl. 
Philiidelph.  ii,  167.— Nouveau  Duliamel,  vii,  153  — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  155.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  598.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  857.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  3.'j(7.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Mauual,  6  ed.  292.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1898,  f.  1777.— Eaton  &, 
Wright,  Bot.  383.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510.— Torrey  &  Gray  in  P.iciflo  R.  R.  Rep.  ii,  130.— Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
255. — Bi'ciidel  in  Trans.  Illinois  Ag.  .Soc.  iii,  623,  t.  6. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  420. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1860,  iii,  36.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  643;  Bot.  &  Fl.  305.— A.  De  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi», 
63.— Orsted  in  Saer»kitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Med<lelt.  Nos.  1-6,  I860,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  452 —Young,  Bot. 
Texas,  502. — Liebiiiann,  Chftues  Am.  Trop.  t.  D,  t.  xxii,  f.  5. — Koch,  Dendrologiei  ii«,  60. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26, — 
Broadhead  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Ridgway  iu  Proc.  U.S.Nat.  Mus.  1882,  80, 

Q.  Phetlos,  var,  imbricaria,  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  160. 


SHINGLE  OAK.     LATTKEL  OAK. 

Allentowu,  Lehigh  county,  Pennsylvania  {Porter),  west  through  southern  Michigan,  southern  Wisconsin,  and 
southeastern  Iowa  to  southeastern  Nebraska  and  northeastern  Kansas,  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
middle  Teniies,see,  and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse- grained,  checicing  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many 
rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.7529;  ash,  0.43;  occasionally  used  for  clapboards,  shingles,  etc. 

286. — Quercus  Phellos,  Linnwus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  994. — Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  722. — Wangonheim,  Amer.  76,  t.  5,  f.  11. — Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  234. —Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,:t54; 
2  ed.  V,  287. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  52,  91. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  197. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  423;  Enum.  974;  Berl. 
Baumz.  3.37. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxx.  No.  7. — Persoon,  Syu.  ii,567. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii, 507, — Micliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. 
ii,  75,  t.  12;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  i,  58,  t.  14.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  625.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  91;  Compend.  Fl. 
Philadelph.  ii,  167.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  214 ;  Sylva,  i,  15 ;  2  ed.  i,  17.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  vli,  150.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  l.^.- Elliott, 
8k.  ii,  fi93.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  857.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  ;157;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  187.— Beck,  Bot.  328.— Eaton,  Manual,  6 
ed.  383.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1894,  f.  1774  &  t.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  383.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  160.— Penn.  Cycl.  xix,  216.— 
Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  .')09.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2."i5.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  420.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  ;«).— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  643;  Bot.  <&  Fl.  :U)5.— A.  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  63.— Orsted  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Nat.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6,  1866,  73.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5 
ed.  452;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  502.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii«,  59.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  26.— Gartenflora, 
xxix,  221  &  f.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  83. 

Q.  Phellos  angustifolia,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  124. 

Q.  Phellos  latifoUa,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  124.— Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  1895  &.  t. 

(j.  Phellos,  var.  viridis,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  354. 

Q.  Phellos,  var.  humilis,  Pursh.Fl.Am.  8ept.ii,625. 

WILLOW  OAK.     PEACH  OAK. 

Totteuville,  Staten  island.  Now  York,  south  near  the  coast  to  northeastern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
the  valley  of  the  Sabine  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  southern 
Kentucky. 

/ 


,\ 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


155 


A  tree  IS  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  bottom  lands  or  rich  sandy 
nplands. 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  not  hard,  rather  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several 
rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  few,  distant;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter 
red ;  speciiic  gravity  0.7472 ;  ash,  0.50 ;  somewhat  used  for  follies  of  wheels,  clapboards,  iu  construction,  etc. 

287. — Quercus  densifiora,  Hooker  &  Arnott, 

Bot.  Boechey,  391.— Hooker,  Icon,  iv,  t.  380.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  H,  t.  5;  2  ed.  i,  21,  t.  5.— Torrey  in 
Pacific  R.  K.  Rep.  iv,  138.— Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  4.')8.— Newberry  ir.  Paciflo  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  31,  89,  f.  8.— A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi',  82.— Biilaiidur  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  231. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  25. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii, 
38J;  Bot.  Calilomia,  ii,  99. 

Q.  echinacea,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  137,  t.  14. 

Pasania  denaiflora,  Orstcd  in  Saerskitt.  Aftryk.  af.  Knt.  For.  Viden.  Meddelt.  Nos.  1-6, 1866, 73. 

Q.  echinoides,  R.  Brown  Campst.  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  April,  1871  2. 


: 


m 


TANBAUK  OAK.  CHESTNUT  OAK.  PEACH  OAK. 

Valley  of  (he  Unipqna  river,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains,  California. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  valleys  and  banks  of  streams; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  developinfit  iu  the  redwood  forests  of  the  California  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  broad  bands  of  small  onen  ducts  parallel 
to  the  thin,  dark,  conspicuous  medullary  rays;  color,  bright  reddish-brown,  the  thick  8a])-wood  darker  brown; 
epecitic  gravity,  0.0827 ;  asli,  1.49 ;  largely  used  as  fuel. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  very  largely  used  and  preferred  to  that  of  any  other  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests  for 
tanning. 

Note. — The  following  shrubby  species  of  Quercus  do  not  properly  find  »  place  in  this  catalogue : 

Quercus  uudulata,  Torrey  iu  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  248,  t.  4. 
Interior  Pacific  region  from  Colorado  southward. 

Quercus  Breweri,   Engelmann  in  I5ot.  ralifornia,  ii,  06. 

Q.  libata,  var.  Jridicosn,  EnBclmanu  In  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  388. 
Western  slopes  cf  tlie  liisli  Sierra  NoviuIuh,  Cnlifornia. 

Quercus  Georgiana,  M.  A.  Cmtisin  Cliapnmn'»  n.  s.  states. 
Stoue  Kouutain,  Geoigiu. 

Quercus  myrtifolla.  Willed  now,  Sp.  iv,  m. 

Q.  I'helloe,  vnr.  arenaria,  chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  420. 

Q.  aquatita,  viir.  mjirtijotia,  A.  De  CaniloUe,  Prodr.  ivi,  08. 

South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast. 

Quercus  llicifolla,  Wnngcnliolm,  Amcr.79,  t.(!,  f.  17. 
Q.  lian'mlen,  MicUaux,  Uisf.  ChtncH  Am.  t. 27. 

North  Atlantic  region. 

Quercus  pumlla,  Walter,  ri.  Carolinna,  234. 

v.  I'htllos  pumiUi,  Micliar.it,  Hist  Ch6no8  Am.  1. 15,  f.  1. 

Q.  cinerea,  var.  putnila,  ciinpman,  FI.S.  States,  421.— A.  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  18,74. 

Q.  cinerea,  var.  m  riceii ,  Kngolmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Ill,  384. 

Q.  lericea,  Willdinow,  Spec.  424. 

Q.  Phelloi,  var.  xricea,  Alton,  Hort.  Knw.  ill,  351. 

Pine  barrens.  South  Caroliua. 

Quercus  dumosa,  Kiittall,  S.viva,  i,  7. 

Q.  berf>erid{/'oJia,  Licbmann  in  Dnnsk.  Vldonsk. Sclsk. Forhandl.  1854, 173,  in  put. 

Q.  dumoia,  var.  biillata,  Enpelraann  in  Bot.  California,  286. 

Q.  aculident,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  207,  t.  51. 
Coast  rnngi'9  of  southern  Calif'>rnia. 
Nnmerons  liyl)rid  or  supposed  hybrid  oaks,  variously  described  by  American  botanists,  are  not  properly  oonsldered  hex*. 


156 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


288. — Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  A.  DeCandolle; 


Seemann'a  Jour.  Bot.  i,  182;  Prodr.  xvi>,  109.— Watson  iu  King's  Rop.  y,  322;  Bot.  California,  ii,  100.— Gray  in  Proo.  Am.  Acad.  Til,  401.— 
Torwy,  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxped.  463.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Hall  fn  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. 

Caatanea  ehryfOphylla,  Douglas  in  Hooker's  London  Jour.  Bot.  ii,  496,  t.  16.— Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  159.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  21 ;  2  ed.  i,  37.— Bot.  Meg.  t.  49()3.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  137 ;  Bot. 
Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  205.— Morren  in  Belg.  Hort.  vii,  248,  t.  240.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  26,  89, 
f.4.— Fl.de8Serres,xii,  3,  t,  1184.— Cooper  in  Smitlisonian  Rep.  1658,261.— Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calirornia  Acad,  ii,  280. — 
Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  231. — Engelmann  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  yi,  375. — Shingles  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle^ 
18H2,  716. 

Castanea  chrysophylla,  var.  minor,  Bentbam,  PL  Hartweg.  337- 

Caatanea  sempervirena,  Kollogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  i,  71. 

.  C.  chrysophylla,  var.  minor,  a.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  110. 

C.  chrysophylla,  var.  pumila,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27. 

CHINQUAPIN. 

Cascade  mountaiDs,  Oregon,  below  4,000  feet  elevation,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas, 
and  through  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

A  tree  15  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  and  toward 
its  southern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  iu  the  Coast 
Bange  valleys  of  northern  California;  at  its  southern  limits  rarely  below  10,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  a  single  row  of  rather 
large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter; 
specific  gravity,  0.5574 ;  ash,  0.35;  in  southern  Oregon  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  plows  and  other 
agricultural  implements. 

289. — Castanea  pumila.  Miller, 

Diet.  No.  2.— Lamarck,  Diet.  i,708.— Miohanx.Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  193.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  461;  Enum.  980;  Bert.  Baumx.  78.— Smith 
in  Rees'  Cycl.  xiv,  No.  2. — Nouveau  Duhamel,iii,  79.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  572. — De<)fontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  500. — Michaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  ii,  166,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  e<l.  iii,  16,  t.  105.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  298.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  11,624.- 
Ratinesquo,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  159;  New  Fl.  &  Bot.  1,83. — Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,217  ;  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  168. — Hoyne,  Dend.  Fl. 
165.— James  in  Long's  Exped.  ii,  267.- Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  615.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  355;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  196.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  85.— Beck,  Bot.  332.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  84.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  350.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,20O2,  f.  1S)27,  19^8.— Eatott 
&  Wright,  Bot.  184.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  192.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  270.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  512.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1658,  256. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  47. — Lesquerenx 
iu  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  646 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  307.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  2;{7.— A.  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  xvi»,  115. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  455.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  508. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii^,  24.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  27. — Br.tler  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  17. 

FagtlS  pumila,  LiaDvauB,   Spec.  1  ed.   998.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  i,   175.— Wangenheim,  Amer.   57.  t.   19,  f.  44.— Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  233.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  111,361. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  57. 

Fagus  Castanea  pumila,  Marshall,  Arbustum,47. 

Fagm  pumila,  var.  prcecox,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  233. 

C.  nana,  Muhlenberg,  Cat.  86.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  615.— Rafinesqne,  New  F1.&  Bot.  i,  83.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  512.— Cnrtiaia 
Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  47. — Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388. 

C.  alnifolia,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  217  ;  Sylva,  i.  19,  t.  6 ;  2  cd.  i,  36,  t.  6. 

C.  vesca,  Lesquerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  388  [not  Gartner]. 

CHINQUAPIN. 

Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  river,  Indiana,  south  and  southwest  to 
northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Neches  river,  Texas. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  1.05  meter  in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  in  the 
Atlantic  states,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  rich  hillsides  and  borders  of  swamps;  most  common  uud  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  <lurable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  liable  to  check  in  drying;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark 
brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.5887;  asii,  0.12;  used  for  posts,  rails,  railway 
ties,  etc. 

The  small  nuts  sxveet  and  edible. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  157 


290. — Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana,  A.  De  CandoUe, 

Prodr.XYi',  114.— ^hneck  in  Coultor'H  Hot.  Gazette,  vi,  159.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  ie79-'80,  53<.— Bidgway  in  Proc.  U.S. 
Mat.  Mu8.  1863,84. 

Fa{fU»  Castanea  dentata,  MarBhall,Arbii8tum,46. 

Fagua  Castanea^  Wangpiilioiin,  Am^r.  47[not  Linnieus].— Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  S33.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  361,  in  part. — 
Lamarck,  HI.  iii,  :<6(!,  t.  762,  in  pnrt. 

C.  vesca,  var.  Americana,  Mirbanx,  Fl.  Eor.-Aa.  ii,  193.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  .'iTS.- Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pbil.idelph.  90.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  f)-.»4.— Eaton,  Maunal,  109;  6  ed.  84.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  217.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  614.— Torrey, 
Conipend.  Fl.  N.  Statec,  '.iS^i;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  19.'>,  t.  111.— London,  Arboretnm,  iii,  1984.— Eaton  &  Wrigbt,  Bot. 
184. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  164,  2  ed.  i,  187  &  t. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  238.  ■  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  27.— Rudkiu  in  Hull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,vii,81. 

0.  Americana,  Raflnesqno,  New  Fl.  &,  Bot.  i, 82.— Wiildenow, Enum.  Suppl.  64.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  24;  2ed.  i,  38.— Spach, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,  191. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii',  23. — Martindale  in  Proo. 
Philadelphia  Acad.  1880,  2. 

0.  vesca,  Willdenow,  Spec.  W,  460,  in  part. — Desfoutaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  .^00,  in  part. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  151,  t. 
6;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  11,  t.  104  [not  Gajrtner], — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  165,  in  part. — Sprcngel,  Syst.  iii,  856,  in 
part.- Beck,  Bot.  332.— Penn.  Cycl.  vi,  350.— Bigolow,  Fl.  Boston.  3 ed.  224.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 ed.  270.— Daxby, 
Bot.  S.  States,  511.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  424.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  46.— Wood, 
CI.  Book, 646;  Bot.  &  Fl.  306.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  455. 


Mil 


CHESTNUT. 

Soatbern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  Winooski  river,  Vermont,  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan,  south 
through  the  northern  states  to  Delaware  and  southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern 
Alabama,  extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Teunessee. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  meters  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  hillsides; 
very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  and  warp  in  dryi.ig,  easily  8])lit,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  ray.s  nirmerous, 
obscure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4504;  ash,  0.18;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making, 
for  railway  ties,  posts,  fencing,  etc. 

The  fruit,  although  smaller,  superior  in  sweetness  .and  flavor  to  that  of  the  European  chestnut. 

An  infusion  or  fluid  extract  of  the  dried  leaves  is  successfully  employed  in  the  treatment  of  whooping-cough 
and  other  pectoral  aflections  ( U.  S.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  245. — Nat.  Bispensctnrv,  2  ed.  364). 


291. — Fagus  ferruginea,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,3G2;  2od.  v,  298.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  75.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  460;  Enum.  980;  Berl.  Baumz.  140.— Persoon, 
Syn.  ii, 571.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  496.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  174,  t.  9 ;  N.  American  Sylvn, 3  cd.  iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith 
in  Roes'  Cycl.  xiv.  No.  4.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadolph.  90 ;  Conipend.  Fl.  Pbiladelph.  ii,  174.— Eaton, 
Manual,  108;  6  ed.  145.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  856.— Torrey,  Commend.  Fl.  N.  States,  354;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  194,  t.  110.— Beck.  Bot. 
333.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  145.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1980,  t  1917.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  1.59.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  244.— 
Bigclow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  374.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  271.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
425.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  47.— Wood,  Bot.  &  FI.307.— A.  D<  CandolU,  Prodr.  xvi^  118.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  45,">.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii«,  19.— Vasey,  Cat,  Foest  Trees,  27.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot,  Gazette,  iii,  60.— 
Sears  iii  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canatla,  1879-'80,  52<:.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882, 85. 

F.  sylvatica  atropunicea,  Marshall, Arbu8tum,4«. 

F.  Ainericana  lati/oUa,  Wangonheim. Amer. 80, t, 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii,  1980, f.  1916. 

F.  sylvatica,  Walter,  Fl.  Caroliniana,  2;13  [not  Linnieus].- Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  624.— Beck,  Bot.  333.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  2  ed.  5;'>8.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  512. 

F.  sylvestris,  Michaux,  Fl.Boi.  Am.  ii,  194.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  170,  t.  8;  N.American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  18,t.  107.— 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  159.— Lesqueroux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  '.iSH. 

F.  alba,  Kntini'H<|iu-,  >l.  Lndoviciana,  13I 

F.  sylvatica,  vav.  Amcrivona,  Nuttull,Genera,ii,216.-Bartou,Couipend.FI.Philadelph.ii,174.—Elliott,Sk.ii, 613.— Eaton, 
M!inunl,6  od.  145.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1953.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  244. —Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  153 ;  8 
ed.  i,  IfO  &  t.— Wood,  CI.  Book, 647.— Porcher,  Resources  .S.  Forests, 235. 

F.  Americana,  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.—8pach,Hist.  Veg.xi,  201. 

F.  ferrvginea,  var.  Varoliniana,  London,  Arboretnm,  iii,  1980,  f.  1915. 


fl 


158 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ij:     I 


II 

it: 


BKEOH. 


Nova  Scotia  and  the  valley  of  the  Bestegouche  river  to  the  uorthern  shores  of  lake  Huron  and  northern 
Wisconsin,  south  to  the  Ohattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Texas,  west 
to  eaetiTU  Illinois,  southeastern  Missouri,  and  Madison  county,  Arkansas  (Letterman). 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  34  meters  (Bidgway)  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods,  or  at  the  south  sometimes  in  bottom  lands  or  the  dryer  portions  of  swamps,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  upon  the  "bluff"  formations  of  tlie  lower  Mississippi  basin ;  very  common. 

Wood  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close  grained,  not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying,  difficult  to  season,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  broad,  very  conspicuous ;  color, 
varying  greatly  with  soil  and  situation,  dark  red,  or  often  lighter,  tbe  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity, 
0.6883 ;  ash,  0.51 ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks,  handles,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 

292. — Ostrya  Virginica,  Willdenow, 

Spec,  iv, 409 ;  Enum. 982;  Berl.  Baumz. 260.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii, 573.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew. 2  ed.  v,  302.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 623.- Eaton, 
Manual,  109;  6  ed.  244.— Nuttall.  Genera,  ii,  219.— Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  169.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  618.— Sprengel.Syst.  iii,  856.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  356 ;  Nicollet's  Rep.  160 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  185, 1. 102.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  40.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii, 
2015,/.  1940.— Hooker,  Fl.Bor. -Am.  ii,  160.— Eaton  «&  Wright,  Bot.  336.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  383.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 
2  ser.  xvi,246;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  218. —Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  177  ;  2  ed.  i,  201  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Eep.  (U8. — Darlington, 
Fl.  Cestricu,  3  ed.  274.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  509.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  256.-Chapmau,  Fl.  S.  States,  426.— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  75.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Eep.  Arkansas,  388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  (547 ;  Bot.  &  Fl. 
307. — Porchcr,  Resources  S.  Forests,  233. — A.  Do  CandolIe.Frodr.  xvi",  125. — Gray,  Mauiiul  N.  States,  5  ed.  456. — Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
510.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Sargent  in  Am.  Nat.  xi,  683.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  179.— Ridgway  in  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mns.85. 

Carpinvs  Ostrya,  Linneeua,  Spec,  l  ed.  998,  in  part.— Du  Roi,Harbk.i,130.— Wangenheim.Amer.  48.— Marshall,  Arbustum, 
25.— Moench,  Meth.  694.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  t.  76.— Nouveau  Dnbamel,  ii,  200. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii, 
53,  t.  7  ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  27, 1. 108. 

Carpinus  Virginiana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  4.— Lamarck,  Diet,  i,  708 ;  Wangenheim,  Amer.  49.— Noavean  Dohamel,  ii, 
201.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  493. — Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  vii,  No.  5. 

Carpinus  triflora,  Moench,  Meth.  394. 

Carpinus  Ostrya,  var.  Americana,  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  202. 

0.  Yirginica,XSiT.  glandulosa,  Spach  in  Ann,  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.xvi,246;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  818. 

0.  Virginica,  var.  eglandulosa,  Spnch.  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  eer.  xvi, 246 ;  Hist.  Veg.  xl,  2ia 

O.  Virginiana,  Koch,Dendrologie,ii^6. 

HOP  HORNBEAM.  IRON  WOOD.  LEVEE  WOOD. 

Bay  of  Chaleur,  tbrough  the  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  the  lower  Ottawa  rivers,  along  the  northern 
shore  of  lake  Huron  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany 
mountains  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  and  through  eastern  Iowa,  southeastern  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  antl  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  generally  on  dry,  gravelly 
hillsides  and  knoUd,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas;  common. 

W^ood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  or,  like 
the  sa  )-wood,  often  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.8284 ;    ash,  0.50  ;    used  for  posts,  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

293. — Carpinus  Caroliniana,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  238.— A.  De  Caiidulle,  Prodr.  xvi^  126.- Koch,  Di'udrologie,  ii',  4.— Sours  in  Bnll.  Essex  Inst,  xviii,  180.— Ridgway  in 
Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  85. 

C.  Americana,  Lamarck,  Diet.  iv,708;  Suppl.  ii,  202.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  201.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv.  468;  Euuui. 
Suppl.  64;  Berl.  Baiimz.  "f).- Persoou,  Syn.  ii,  573.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  57,  t.  8;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
iii,  26,  t.  108.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  623.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  cd.  v,  301.— Eaton,  Manual,  109  ;  6  ed.  8i.— Barton, 
Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelpb.  91  ;  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  176.— Nuttall,  Genera, ii,21H.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.l68.-Elli()tt, 
8k.  ii,  618.— Watsou,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  t.  157.— .Sprengtl,  Syst.  iii,  e.''>4.— Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Holz.  107,  t.  84.— 
Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  356;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  185,  t.  103.— Poun.  Cycl.  iv,  315. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  2013, 
f.  1936.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  160.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  182.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  383.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  2  ser.  xvi,  252 ;  Hist.  Vrg.  xi,  224.— Emerson,  Trees  Ma^achusetts,  174 ;  2  ed.  i,  198  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep. 
618.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  273.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  508.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,256.— Chapman, 
Fl.  S.  States,  425.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  75.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 
388.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  648 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  307.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  457 ;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
509.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  27.— Broadheud  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1879-'80,  52<=. 

0.  Betulus  Virginiana,  Marshall,  Arbnstnm,  25. 


.^Utai 


,  very 
like 
etc. 


ray  m 

Ulllll. 

3  ed. 
rtoii, 
liott, 

84.— 

aoi3, 

,  Sci. 
]ie|>. 
man, 
DHat, 
Bxaa, 
lada, 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


IIOBNBEAM.  BLUE  BEECH.  WATEB  BEEOH.  IBON  WOOD. 


159 


Nova  Scotia,  soutbern  New  Briiiiswick,  northern  shores  of  Georgian  bay,  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to 
northern  Minnesota  (lake  Pokegauiu,  Qnrrison),  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Trinity  river,  Texan,  west  to  central  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Poteau  river,  Indian  territory. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north 
much  smaller  and  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  moist  soil ;  roost  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  develo)>ment  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  soiithern  Alleghany  mountains  and  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  eastcrtt  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
broad;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7286;  ash,  0.^3 ;  sometimes  used  for 
levers,  handleb  of  tools,  etc. 


BETULACEJB. 


294. — Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia,  Spaob, 

Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  8cr.  xv,  167  •,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  233.— Endlicber,  Genera,  Suppl.  iv»,  19.— Kegel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  ilx,  76,  t.  4,  f. 
19-28;  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  od.  459.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28.— Macoun  in  Geological  Bep.  Canada,  1879-'aO,  55«. 

B,  lenta,  Du  Roi,  Uarbk.  i,  92  [not  LinnsensJ.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  45,  t  29,  f.  38. 

'  B.  popalifolia,  Marsball,  Aibustnm,  19.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  336  ;  2  cd.  v,  299.— Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  1  ed.  37,  t.  2, 
f.  5 ;  Spec,  iv,  403. — Pcrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  f>72. — DcsfontaincH,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  476.— NoiivoaiiDiibamcl,  iii,  204. — Poiret,  Suppl. 
i,  687.— Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  139,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  78,  t.  71.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,620.— 
Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  iv.  No.  8. — Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  92 ;  Compend.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  ii,  175. — Eaton,  Manual, 
109;  6  ed.53.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  218;  Sylva, i, 25;  2  ed.  i,  42.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  166.— Sprengel,  Syst.  iii,  854.— 
Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  151. — Torrey,  Compeud.  Fl.  N.  State8,355;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  199, 1. 112. — Loudon,  Arboretum, iii, 
1707,  f.  1560.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Eaton  &  Wright ,  Bot.  156.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381.— Emerson,  Treea 
Massachusetts,  213 ;  2  ed.  i,  243  &  t. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  421. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256. — 
Wood,  CI.  Book,  649;  Bot.  <&  Fl.  308.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  646. 

B.  acuminata,  Ebrbart,  Beitr.  vi,  98.— Moencb,  Meth.  693. 

B.  alba,  SuhspecieB  populifolia,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xzxTiii<,399;  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  164. 

WHITE  BIBOH.     OLD-FIELD  BIRCH.     GRAY  BIRCH. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  south, 
generally  near  the  coast,  to  New  Castle  county,  Delaware. 

A  small,  short-lived  tree  of  rapid  growth,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter; 
dry,  gravelly,  barren  soil  or  borders  of  swamps,  now  generally  springing  up  upon  abandoned  or  burned  land  in 
eastern  New  England. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying,  not  durable ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5760 ;  ash,  0.29 ;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-pegs,  wood  pulp,  etc.,  for  hoop-poles  and  fuel. 

The  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  those  of  B.  papyri/era  and  B.  lenta,  are  jjopularly  esteemed  as  a  remedy  for 
various  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin,  bladder,  etc.,  and  for  rheumatic  and  gouty  complaints;  the  empyreuwatic  oil 
of  birch  obtained  from  the  inner  bark  by  distillation  is  used  externally  and  internally  for  the  same  purposes  (Z7.  8. 
Dispensatory,  14  ed.  1592. — Nat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  287) ;  the  bark  occasionally  used  domestically  in  the  manufacture 
of  ink. 

295. — Betula  papyrifera,  Marshall, 

Arbustum,  19.— Micbaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  160. 

B.  papyracea,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  337;  2  ed.  v,  300.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  464 ;  Enura.  981 ;  Bcrl.  Banmz.  !>8,  t.  2,  f.  1.— 
Nouveau  Diihauiel,iii,205. — Porsoon,  Syn.  ii,  572. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477. — Poiret,  Suppl.  i,  688. — Micbaux 
f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,  133, 1. 1 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  70,  t.  69.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  i  v,  No.  9.— Puish,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
ii,621.— B.  S.  Barton,  Bot.  Appx.  34,t.27,f.  1.— Eaton,  Manual,  109;  6  cd.  .^3.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb. ii, 
175.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,218  ;  Sylva,  i,  25 ;  2  ed.  i,  42.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  167.— Watson,  Dend.  Brit,  ii,  1. 152.— Sprengel, 
Syst.  iii,  854.— Torrey, Compend.  Fl.  N.  States. 355;  Fl. N.York,  ii,  199.— Audubon,  Birds, t. 88.— Loudon,  Arboretum, 
iii,  1708,  f.  1561  &  t.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  l.-iO.- Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  381.— 
Pcun.  Cycl.  ii,  349.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  210;  2  ed.  1,239  &  t.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Richardson, 
ArctioExped.  437.— Coojer  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  256.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Llunman  Soc.  xxiii',  300,  339.— Wood, 
CI.  Book,  649 ;  Bot.  <&  Fl.  308.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  459.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  645.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  28. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7U,  210. — Seara  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  180. — Bell  in  Geological 
Bep.  Canada,  1879-'60, 45<. 


m 


160 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i'.U 


B.  nigra,  Loidoleur  in  Nouvfnii  Dubainel,ii,t.  51  [not  Linnnns]. 

li.  grandis,  Scbradtr  in  Ind.  Hort.  Ooett.  1833,8. 

B.  rubra,  LoddigeK.Cut.od.  IKMJ. 

B.  Canadeniils,  Loddiges,  Cat.  cd.  1830. 

B.  alba,  vnr.papyrifera,  Spncli.inAnn.  Sci.Nat.2ser.xv,lfl8;  Hist.  Veg.xi, 234.— Endlioher, Genera, Snppl.iv*,  19.— Regel 

ill  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Mobcow,  xix,  81,  t.  .'i,  f.  .'i-lO. 

B.  COriJifolia,  Kijj.-l  in  Sli-n).  Soc.  Not.  Moscow,  xix,m,  t.  I'J,  f.  29-30. 

B,  alba,  subspecies  papyri/era,  III  g<I  in  Bull.  Soc.  Not.  Moscow,  xxxvliH,  401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  166. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  papyri/era,  var.  cordi/olia,  Kegel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat,  Mobcow,  xxxviii*,  401;  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi»,  ICO. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  papyrifira,  var.  comrnvnin,  Kegel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii*, 401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xviMfiO. 

B,  alba,  subspecies  commutata,  Kegel  in  Bnll.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii«,  401 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  166. 

B.  Occidentalis,  Lyall  in  Jour.  Linuuiau  Soc.  vii,  134  [not  Hooker]. 

B.  alba,  var.  populi/olia,  Winchell  in  Ludlow's  Kcp.  Black  Hills,  07  [not  Spach]. 


li 


CANOE  BIECH.     WHITK  BIHCH.     PAPEE  BIRCH. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  tbe  soutbern  shores  of  Hudson  bay  and  northwest  to  the  Great 
Bear  hike  and  the  valley  of  the  Yuhon  river,  Alaska,  south,  in  the  Atlantic  region  to  Wading  river,  Long  island, 
the  mountains  of  northern  Pennsylvania,  Clear  lake,  Mont"alni  county,  Michigan,  northeastern  Illinois  and  Saint 
Cloud,  Minnesota ;  in  the  Pacific  region  south  to  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota  (E.  Douglan),  tbe  Mullen  trail  of  the  Litter 
Boot  mountains  and  Flathead  lake,  Montana,  the  neighborhood  of  i  t  Colville,  Washington  territory  ( lFrtfso»), 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia  {Engelmann  it*  Sargent). 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  tuiuk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands  and  banks  of 
streams ;  very  common  in  the  northern  Atlantic  region  and  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  deciduous  tree  of 
the  American  forest. 

Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obycurc;  color, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.C05C;  ash,  0.25;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-lasts  and  pegs,  in  turnery,  for  fuel,  wood-pulp,  etc. 

The  very  tough,  durable  bark  easily  separated  into  thin  layers,  impervious  to  water,  is  largely  use<l  in  the 
manufacture  of  canoes,  tents,  etc. 

296. — Betula  occidentalis,  Hooker, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  155. — Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  197. — Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  22,  t.  7 ;  2  ed.  i,  40,  t.  7. — Endlichor,  Genern,  Suppl.  iv', 
20. — Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97;  Bot.  Wilkes  Expe<l.  460. — Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  89. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858, 261 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  408.— Regol  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  131,  t.  15,  f.  35— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871 ,  49:1.— Watson  in 
King's  Rep.  V,  323,  t.  35 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17;  Bot.  Colifornio.ii,  79.— Porter  &  Haydcn,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hoyden's Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 
127.-— Rothrock  in  PL  Wheeler.  50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  239. — Vasey,  Cot.  Fore«t  Trees,  28.— Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
1875-'76, 210.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Cnnadi.an  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  331. 

B.  alba,  subspecies  occidentalis  typica,  Kegel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii^,  400;  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  10.5. 


BLACK  BIEOn. 

British  Columbia,  south  to  the  Mount  Shasta  region  (Strawberry  vale)  and  the  eastern  canons  of  the  Sierra 
Nevadas  .tbove  Owen's  valley  (Lemmon),  California,  and  through  the  interior  ranges  and  the  Rocky  mountains  to 
Utah  and  northern  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  mountain  caflona 
and  along  streams,  in  moist  soil,  often  throwing  up  several  stems  from  the  ground  and  forming  dense  thickets. 

Wood  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0,6030;  ash,  0.30;  somewhat  used  for  fencing,  fuel,  etc. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


161 


207.— Betula  lutea,  Micluuix  f. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  ii,15Si,  t.r>;  N.  Aiiicru'iiii  Kylvii,  3  imI.  li.Sa,  t.  7;!.— KpiK'h  in  Auii.  Sci.Nut.'^  tier,  xv,  101;  Hist.  Vc){.  si,  243.— Endlicber, 
Geucra,  Snppl.  iv-,  20.— Wdoil,  Hot.  iV  V\.  :!0H.— Orny,  Muiiiiiil  N.  St.ati-s,  5  oil.  4.')'.).— Koch,  Deiulroloj;ip,  il.lUti— Vnsoy.Cat.  Fi>ro8t 
Trees, Sid. — Scars  in  Hull.  ICsscx  Insl.  xlil,  Ir'O. 

B.  execlsu,  I'msli,  ri.Aui.Scpt.il.i'iJl  [not  Ail<mJ.— Nnttull,Ooniira,  ii,  airt.— Sproiigel,  Syst.  iii,854.— Torroy.Compcnd.  Fl. 
N.  StiitcH,  :t,"."):  ri.K.  York,  ii,"J(>0. — Katon,  Jlniiniil,*!  u(l..''i:i. — Loudun,  Ai'burotMin.iii,  1711,  f.  lolM,  ir)().''i«!t  t. — Ilnukor, 
I''l.  Hoi'.-Am.  ii,  l.'id. — Miiliiu  A  Wii^'lit.  lint,  l.'ill.— Ili(;i'lo\v,l''I.  Iloaton.  I!  t^d.  Itr*!}.- Lindley  in  Tenn.  Cyi'l.  ii,!14t). — Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  1  cd.  ■ii'i. — ICiniTHon,  Tri'cs  MassachuHetts,  •JOIJ;  "J  id.  i,  23,5  it  t. — Kichurdson,  Arctic  J^xped.  4;J8. — 
Cooper  in  .Sinillixonian  I,'i'p.  KiH,  'J'lti. — Chapman,  I'l.  >S.  .States,  428. — (Jiirtis  in  IJop. Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
18:i0,  iii,74,— Wood.CI.  l',o<)k,t)4H.— Hull  in  (ieological  Hop.  Canada,  1879-'80, 50<:. 

B,  knta,  llegel  in  Mem.  ,Soe.  Nat.  Moscow,  xi\,  125,  in  part;  Unll.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxsviii*,  417,  in  part;  Do  Candolle, 
I'rodr.  xvi-,  17!>,  in  part. 

YKLLOW   ItllJCU.      G1!AY   lilKCH. 

NewfouiKlland,  northern  .slioro.s  of  tlic  yiilf  of  Siiiiit  Lawroiice  to  Abittibi  lake  and  tlio  wcstoni  shores  of  lake 
Superior  and  Kainy  laki',  south  throufjii  the  northern  .states  to  Delav.ire  and  southern  Minne.sota,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  mountains  to  the  high  petiks  of  Nortli  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  New  England  and  Canadian  forests, 
often  21  to  20  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.!H)  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  very  close-grained,  comitact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  ob.scure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  tlie  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  ().(>r)53;  ash,  (I'M;  largely  used  for  fuel,  in  tlie  mannfticture  of  furniture,  button  and  tassel  molds,  pill  and 
match  boxes,  and  for  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

298. — Betula  nigra,  Liuna;uH, 

Spec.  1  ed.  982.— Marshall,  Arbn8tuni,18.— Walter, Fl.Cnroliuiana, 231.— Alton, Hort.  Kew.  iii,33(i;  2  cd.  v,2l)9.— Ga'rtnor,Frnct.  ii,54, 
t.  90,  f.  1.— Willdenow,  .Spec,  iv, 404;  Ennni.981;  IJerl.  Uanniz.  ."(>.— Nonvcau  Dnhamel,  iii,  203,  t.  Til.- Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  572.— 
Desfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  il,477. — .Smith in  Kccs'  Cycl.  iv,No.  2.— I'nrsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,021. — Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,218. — Hayno,  Dend. 
Fl.  166.— Lamarck,  111.  iii,  350,  t.  760,  f.  2.— KUiott,  Sk.  ii,  (ilO.— AVatsoii,  Deud.  IJrit.  ii,  t.  153.— Sprcngd,  .Syst.  ii,  854.— Torrey, 
Compond.  Fl.  N.  States,  355;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,  201.— Hock,  Hot.  :!25.- Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1710,  f.  1.562,  iri03  &•  t.— I'eun.Cycl.ii, 
149. — Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts  208;  2  ed.  i,  237. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestricn,  3  ed.275. — Darby,  IJot.  S.States,  .508.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Hep.  18.58, 2.56. — Chupnnin,  Fl.  S.  .states,  428.— Curtis  in  Hep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  73. — Kegel  in  Mom. 
Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  118, 1. 12,  ('.  1-12  ;  Hull.  Soe.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii',  412 ;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  175. — Lesquercux  in  Owen's 
2d  Kep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  CI.  Hook, 649 ;  Hot.  &  Fl.  308.— I'orcher,  IJesources  S.  Forests, 266.— Gr.iy,  Manual  N.  States, 5cd.  459; 
Hall's  I'l.  Texas,  21. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,  644. — Young,  Hot.  Texas,  512. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Uurbank  in  Proc.  Boston 
Soe.  Nat.  Hist.  xviii,214. — Hroadhead  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  iii.  (10. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1882,85. 

B.  lanulosa,  Miclmux.FI.  Hor.-Am.  ii,l8l.— Xonveau  Duhamel,  iii,206. 

B.  ntbni,  .Mlchaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Aui.il,  142,  t.  3:  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  ii,  80,  t.  79.— Loddiges,  Hot.  Cab.  1. 1248.— EatoDi 
.Manual,  6  ed.  .53.— i:aton  it  Wright,  Hot.  156.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.2  ser.  xv,  185;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  230.— Endlicher, 
Genera,  Snppl.  iv-',  19. 

B.  angulntfl,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836. 


Ii 
1 
w 


RED  BIKCH.      lUVER  BIKCII. 

Banks  of  the  ^Merrimae  and  Si)icket  rivers,  Middlesex  and  Essex  counties,  Massachusetts,  Wading  river,  Loug 
island,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  west  to 
western  Iowa,  northwestern  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  river,  Te.xjvs. 

A  t.  iv,  IS  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.75  meter  in  diameter;  banks  of  streams  and 
ponds;  very  comnmn  iind  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  and  in  the  basiu  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  river. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  comi)act ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter;  specitic  gravity,  0.5762;  ash,  0.35;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  woodenware, 
wooden  shoes,  ox-yokes,  etc. 

11  FOB 


Kit  w 

I'M! 

f  ■  11^ 

\''% 

^ 

;  i  -  f 


i 


162  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  A^IERICA. 

299. — Betula  lenta,  LinnajiiB, 

Spec.  1  ed.  983.— Lanmrik,  Diet.  i,453,— MarHball,  Arbuittiini,  19.— Aitoii,  Ilort.  Kow.  iii,3:i7;  2  cd.  v,  300.— Willdeiiuw,  Spec,  iv,  4(!4^ 
Eniim.  981 ;  Deri.  Kiiuin!!.  59.— Porsoon,  Syii.  ii,  J'w^.—Uosfmil nines,  Hmt.  Arb.  ii,  477,— Nouvoaii  Diilmrael,  iii,  205.— Micbaiix  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  ii,  147,  t.  4;N.  AnioricnnS.vIvn.Sed.  ii,85,  t.7'1.— ."^iiiitbiiiKi'CN'dyi'l,  iv,  No.3. — PurHb.Fl.  Aiii.Sept.  ii.Cai. — i:at(in,Muii(ial, 
109;  Ced.53.— Hurtoii,Compeiid.  Fl.  Pbibidolph.  ii,  17.").— Nuttall,  Gencni.ii,  JilS.— Huyne,  Dond.  Fl.  lt;7.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  (117.- 
Watson,  Uiiid.  Hrit.  ii,  144.— Sprengol, Syst.  ii.S.M.— Torr<'y,Ci>nipciid.  Fl.  N.  States,  350;  Fl.  N.  York, ii,  200.— Giiinipel,  Otto  & 
Hayno,Abb.  IIolz.  105,1.  83.— London,  Aiboretiini,  iii,  1713,  1".  1.5(j('..— Hocdier,  Fl.  llor.-Ani.  ii,  15ti.— Eaton  &  Wiij{lit,  llot.  \M.— 
Bigolow,  Fl.  IloHton.  3 ed.  381.— Lindley in  Poun.  Cycl.  ii, 349.— Spaili  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nut.  2 ser. xv,  190 ;  HiHt.  Veg.  xi, 241.— Enieison, 
Trees  MassacbnHotts,  203;  2  ed.  i,  232  &  t. — Ricbardson,  Arctic  Exped.  438. — Kndlicbor, Cicnura,  Snppl.  iv*,  20. — Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  275. — Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  508. — Cooper  in  Sniitbsoniau  Kcp.  18.')8, 250. — Chnpniaii,  Fl.  S.  Slates,  42«. — L'nrtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  .Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  74. — Regcl  in  Mem.  Soo,  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii',  125,  In  part;  Hnll.  Soe.  Nat.  Moscow, 
xxxviii,417,  in  part;  Do  CaudoUo,  Prodr.  xvi',  179,  in  pait,— Wood,  CI.  Book,  048;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  308.— Porcber,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
2()."i. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  458. — Kocli,Dcudrologie,ii,f>39. — VaKcy.Cat,  Forest  Trees, 28. — ,Sciirs  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii, 
180.— Bell  in  Geological  Rej).  Canada,  1879-'80,  .-)5'^.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  1  J.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1883,  «>. 

Ii.  nigra,  Du  R«i,  Hiubk.  i,  Itll.- Wangenbeim,  Anier.  35,  t.  15,  f.  34. 

B.  exceha,  Alton,  Iloit. Kow.  iii,  337 ;  2 cd.  v, 2!I9  [not  I'ursli].— WiUdenow,  Sjicc.  iv,  404.- Berl.  Buuuiz.  41,  t.  2,  f.2.— Nonveau 
Dnbauiel,  iii,  203,  t.  52.— IVrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  572.— Dcsfontalncs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  477.— Poiret,  Sujipl.  i,  087.— Smitb  in  Rces* 
Cycl.  iv,  No.  10. — Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  i,  7. — Spacb  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2 her.  xv,  188;  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,243. — Endlicber,  Genera, 
iv«,  20. 

Ii.  Carpinifolia,  Elubart,  Bcltr.  vl.yo.— Willd«now,Enuni.  Wl:  licrl.  Baumz.  49. 

CHERRY  BIRCH.     BLACK    BIRCH.      SWEET  BIRCH.     MAHOGANY  BIRCH. 

Newfouudlaiul  and  the  valley  of  the  Saguenay  river,  west  tliioiigh  Ontario  to  the  Jlaiiitou  islands  of  lake 
Huron,  south  to  northern  Delaware  and  southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  the  Chattahoochee 
region  of  northern  Florida,  extending  west  to  middle  Kcntncky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woodlan<ls;  very  common 
in  all  northern  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiiul  polish;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  witli  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow;  specitic  gravity, 
0.7617;  ash,  0.2G;  now  largely  u.sed  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  fuel;  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Xew  IJrnnswick 
largely  in  ship-building. 

"  Birch  beer"  is  obtained  by  fermenting  the  saccharine  sap  of  this  and  perhaps  some  other  species  of  the  genus 

300. — Alnus  tnaritima,  Mublcnberg, 

Mas.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  i,  34,  t.  10-;  2  ed.  i,  50,  t.  10*.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  cd.  401;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21.— Cauby  in  Coulter's  Bot 
Gazette,  vi,  1881. 

Betula-Alnus  marithnaj  Marslmll,  Arbustnm,  20. 

A.  oblongata,  Rcgol  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  172,  t.  vi,  f.  3-9  [not  Willdcnow]. 

A.  maritima  typica,  Rogel  in  Bnll.  Sue  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii',  4J7;  Do  Cuudolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  180. 

SEASIDE   ALDKR. 

Southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Maryland,  near  the  coast;  valley  of  tlie  lied  river,  Indian  territory,  in  about 
longitude  90°  30' W.  (1/.  i/oi/);  Manchuria  and  .lapan  (A.  maritima,  Japouica  and  a r (jut a,  Regcl  in  JJe  CamloUc, 
Prodr.  xviS  ISO). 

A  small  tree,  C  to  7  meters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  «.l."i  iiieler  in  <liameter;  borders  of  streams  and 
swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close  grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  broad,  coii.si)icuons;  color,  Ii,ulil 
bright  brown,  the  sap-wood  Jiardly  distingnisliablc,  somewhat  lighter;  si)ecilic  gravity,  0.-H)l)(i;  ash,  0.;30. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


168 


301. — Alnus  rubra,  Bonitiint, 

Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petenbarg,  6  scr.  ii,  IC.J.— Udokur,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  IDS.— Spucli  in  Ann.  Sci.  Not.  J  wi.  xv,  'JO.'..— EmllU  lur,  Ocnorii. 
Suppl.  iv»,  sJl. — Lyall  lu  Jour.  Liniituun  Sixs.  vii,  i;U. — Ro);ul  lii  Bull.  Soe.  Nat.  Mogoow,  xxxviii', 'l'.^J;  Do  C'linilnllr,  I'linlr.  xvi-', 
166.— Toirey, Bot.  Wilkes  Expod.  •Hi7.— Watson, Bot.  Cttlitbruia, ii.tiO.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canndiun  Nut.  hlw  mr.  ix,:!;il. 

tA.  glutinosa,  Pursh.ri.  Am.  Sept.  ii.G'JJ  [not  Willduuow]. 

A.  Orcgana,  Niittall,  Sylv.i,  i,28,t.  9;  a  od.  i,44,t.  !».— Nowborry  in  Pacitlo  K.  R.  Rep.  vi,  a5,  til). -Coopcir  iu  Suiitlmouiun 
Rep.  1858,201;  Piicific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii'.aS,  68.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 28.— Hull  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Guzcttu,  ii,91. 

A.  incana,  var.  rubm,  RckoI  Iu  Mom.  8oc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xis,  157,  t.  17,  f.  :5-4. 


ALUKR. 

Sitkii,  8onth  through  the  isluiids  and  Coa.st  laiigos  of  British  Columbia,  Washiugtou  torritory,  Oregon,  and 
California  to  Santa  Barbara,  extending  east  through  the  Blue  nionntains  to  northern  iMontaua. 

A  huge  tree,  21  to  30  nieter.s  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.itO  to  l.tiO  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  British  Columbia 
aud  the  Blue  mountains  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub;  river  bottom  lauds  and  borders  of  streams;  most  common 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  large  streams  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  comi»act,  easily  worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a 
beiiutiful  polish;  medullary  rays  distant,  broad;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specillc  gravity,  0.4813;  ash,  0.4U;  largely  u.sed  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 


HI 


'  III 


302. — Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nuitall, 
Sylva,  i,  :i:i;  2  o<l.  i,  4i>.— Torroy,  Hot.  Willins  Expcd.  4(i7.— Vascy.  L!'il .  Forrst  TriM's,  •.«.— Watson,  Hot.  Culil'ornia,  Ii.  Wi. 
.^1.  tjllltinosa,  var.  ncfntlitta,  Kt';;il  in  .Mem.  .Soc.  Nut.  Moscow,  xix,  KM,  in  part. 

^1.  scrrulata,  var.  tU<iosa,  Rii^el  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moseow,  xxxviii*,  V.Vi,  in  part;  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi-,  IHH,  in  part. 

ALDHK. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  southern  California, 
extending  east  along  the  ranges  of  Washington  territory  to  Clear  creek,  Idaho  ( Watson),  and  tlie  valley  of  the 
Flathead  river,  Montana  {Cntiby  it  i^arficiU). 

A  small  tree,  1)  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  truidi  sometimes  0.(30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its 
northern  and  eastern  limits  reduced  to  a  slirub;  borders  of  streams;  the  common  alder  of  the  California  valleys. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white;  si»eciftc  gravity,  0.1127;  ash,  0.31. 


'I 
f 

m 


303. — Alnus  oblongifolia,  Torrey, 

Bot.  Mox.  Boiindnry  Survey,  HiOl. — Cooper  iu   SinitU-iouian  Rup.  I8.")S,  •2',m. — Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,   17:    Bot,  Ciilifornia,  ii,  80.— 
Rothrotik  iu  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,'JI>t). — liusliy  in  IJii'il.  Torrey  Bol.  Club,  ix,7'.(. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  oblong  if olia,  Ke-el  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii^,44;»;  Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  lb8. 


ALIJEK. 

San  Bernardino  and  Cayumaca  mountains,  t!alitbrnia,  througii  tlit^  ranges  of  southern  Arizona  and  southern 
New  Mexico  (o  the  valley  of  the  Ilio  Crande;  .southward  into  Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  witli  ;i  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  bordor.s  of  streani.s  in  deep 
niounliiin  cafions. 

Wood  light,  .><ort,  not  strong,  inittle.  (iluse-grained,  comi)iU!t;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  tlu>  sap-wood  nearly  white;  spccilic  gravity,  0.3981;  a.sli,  0.12. 


1      '!» 


-'V 


164 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ii  i 


304. — Alnus  serrulata,  Willd 


enow, 


Spec,  iv,  'Sib;  Euuui.  'Mb ;  Berl.  Batiuiz.  ii  ed.  21. — Noiiveaii  Duhamol,  ii,  '210.  — Ppi-aoou,  Syu.  ii,  550. — Desfontainos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  488. — 
Aitou,  Iloit.  !'c\v.  '2  0(1.  V,  259.— Micliaiix  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  320,  t.  4,  f.  1 ;  N.  Amoriraii  Sylva,  :t  e<l.  ii,  87,  t.  75,  f.  1. — Piirsh,  Fl.  Am. 
Sept.  ii,  C-,>3.— Barton,  Proilr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  8S);  Compend.  Fl.  Philadolpli.  ii,  158.— Eaton,  Manual,  105;  G  cd.  12.— Nuttall,  Genera, 
ii,  20().— Hayiu',  Dond.  Fl.  122.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  .507.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  ar>0;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  202,  1. 115.— Beck,  Bot. 
32G.— Darlinu'ton,  Fl.  Cestrica, :!  ed.  27t>.— London,  Arboretnm,  iii,  l(jt<8,  f.  1.544.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  120.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
3  ed.  220.— Siiaeli  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,  20() ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  251.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachnsetts,  218 ;  2  ed.  i,  248  &  t.— Endliclier, 
Genera,  Snpiil.  iv-,  21. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 508. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  429.— Cnrtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
1800,  iii,  l()J.—I.esi|uerenx  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  3'^9.— Wood,  CI.  Book, f)50;  B.)l.  it  F1.308. — Porcher,  Resonrces  S.  Forests, 
266.--Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  461.- Young,  Bot.  Texas,  513.— Broadhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. 

Beivlo  ri(/]OSa,  Dn  Roi,  Harbk.  i,  17r).--Wangenheim,  Amer.  86,  t.  29,  t'.  CO.- Ehrhart,  Bcitr.  iii, 21. 

fJietvltl-AInitS  (/lauea,  Mar.sball,  Arbustum,  20. 

Betula  sornhlta,  Aiton,Hort.  Kew.  iii,  3:!8.— Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  1  ed.  45.— Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  ii,  183,  t.  92.— 
Miebaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  181. 

A.  .serrihxt'U  var.  vulgaris,  Spacb  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat. 2  ser.  xv, 206. 

^l.  serrulata,  var.  macropliylla,  Spacli  in  Ann.  Sci. Nat. 2  ser.  xv, 206. 

A.  serrulata.  v:iv,  ohlongaia,  ."^paoli.  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  251. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  lati/olia,  Spacb,His(.  Veg.  xi,25i. 

A.  rubra,  Tnikerman  in  Am.  .Tour.  Sei.  1  ser.  xlv,  32. 

A.  hl/hrlila.  Riiclienbacli,  iron.  Fl.  Germ.  xii,t.  630, 1".  1292. 

.1.  f/lutinona,  var.  serrulata,  Regel  inMem.Soc.Nat.Mo.sco\v,  xix,l(U,t.  ll,f.O,  8,  in  part. 

A.  f/lutiuosa,  var.  rngosa,  Regel  in  Mem.  So..  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  165, 1. 11,  f.  9,  10. 

A.  serrulata  ijenulna   and  ohtU>,lt'oUa,  Regel  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii',  432;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  188. 

A.  serrulata,  var.  ruf/OSa,  Regel  in  Bull.. <iic.Xat.  Moscow.  xxxviii<,4;>2,  in  p.irt:  Oe  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi^  188,  in  part. 

A.rujjosa.  K.>eli,Depdrologie,  ii,635. 

A.  oblonijata,  undulata,  rue/osa,  (.madcnsis,  and  Americana,   iort. 

BLACK  ALDER.   SMOOTH  ALDER, 

Essex  comity.  ]\rai<.saebii8ctts,  wo.st  to  .soutln'rii  Missouri,  soutli  to  nortlii'rii  Florida  and  the  valley  of  tlio 
Triiiit..  river.  1  Vxas. 

A  small  tree,  0  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.1.5  metiu-  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  braneliiug 
shrub  foriiiing  de'-se  thiekets;  horder.s  of  stream><  and  swamps,  probably  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
sonthern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  .'^ot't,  elo.se-grained,  eomi)act;  medullary  rays  numerous,  eonspiciums;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter;  speciMc  gravity,  0.4(>(i(5;  a.sh,  O.3.S. 

A  decoeti.>n  oC  tiie  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  tho.se  of  A.  incana,  is  a  ]>opular  remedy  against  impurity  of  the 
blood  and  in  the  treatment  of  diarrlnea  and  ha'inataria,  etc.  {Xat.  Dispensatory,  L'  ed.  l.JS). 

305. — Ainus  incana,  Willdeuow, 

Spec,  iv,  ;!;!5:  Kiniiii.'.llM:  Berl.  Baumz,  2  <'d.20. — I'ersoon,  Syn.  i  1,550. — Alton,  llort.  Kew.2  ed.  v,  2.'9. — Ifayne,  Dend.  I'l.  l.VJ.— Eaton, 
Manual,  Ii  ed.  12. — Lo:ulon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1(IS7,  ('.  1543. — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  157.— Eaton  «S:  Wriglit,  Bot.  120.— ^'-'aeh  in  Ann. 
Sei.  Xat.  2  ser.  xv,  2Cfi ;  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  2.52.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  30 :  2  ed.  i,  4(i. — Tm  kernian  in  Am.  Jour.  Sei.  1  ser.  xiv,  32.— Torrey, 
Fl.X.  York,  ii,2il.>.—EuierHon,  Trees  Massachusetts,  22(1;  2  ed.  i,  251  &  t.— Enillieher.  (ieuera,  Snppl.  iv-,  21.— Parry  in  Owen's 
Rep.  6H. — Cooper  in  Si?iithsonian  Rei).  1S.5S,  2,5(i. — Hooki^r  1'.  in  Trans.  LinUiean  So  •.  xxiii-,  301. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  649;  Bot.  ■& 
FI.31H.— Ifi'gel  in  Bull.Soe.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii*,  43.! :  He  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi-,  I H^^.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  461.— Koch, 
Deudrolngie.  ii.  (l:!i;.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Maeoun  in  (Jeologieai  Rep.  Canada,  t"7.'^  '76,  210. — Bell  in  (ieological  Rep. 
Canada.  l-T'.'-'-^'i,  .'."i''. 

Bet  •la-Alnus,  var.  /J.  inclii,!.  i.iumeus.  Spec.  1  (,l.9'>3.— Du  Roi,  Hiirbk.  i,109. 

lietulii  incana,  I.iuuieus,  Supid,  in.— Ait(ui,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  339.— Willdenow,  Berl.  llanmz.  1  ed.  45.— Smith  in  Rees' Cyel. 

iv.N,..  T. 

t  BetulaAlnus  rubra,  Mnrsimil.  Arimstum.  20. 

A.  iil'iueo.  .Miiliiiux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  322,  t.4,1'.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,:'.  id.  s9,  t.7.5,  C.  2.— BIgelow,  Fl.  Bostiin.3cd.  367. 

A.  ineiinn,  var.  glauca,  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.423;  3ed.  461. 

A.  In<''!)ta.  .[mericana,ll\u\  yenuiua.  Regel  in  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xix,  155. 


■"^mt 


•  of  tlie 


ho  sap- 
or tlie 


-Kiituu, 

ill  Ann. 

-Torrey, 

Owi'ii'g 

n.)I.A 

— Kooli, 


s'  Cvcl, 


:ih1.:«w. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


SPECKLED  ALDEB.      HOARY  ALDER.     BLACK  ALDER. 


165 


Jfewfoiiudlaml  to  tlic  Ciistern  base  of  the  llocky  mountiiins,  soutli  to  iiortliern  New  Englaud,  Wisconsin, 
Miuuesota,  aud  eastern  Nebraska  ;  in  Europe. 

A  small  tree,  G  to  7  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  branching 
shrub;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

A  form  Avith  lea\es  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  slightly  pubescent,  extending  through  the  mountain 
ranges  of  the  Pacific  region  from  the  Saskatchewan  aud  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico  and  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevadas  of  California,  is — 

vai'.  virescens,  Watson,  Bot.  Calit'omia,  ii,  81. 

A.  incinia,  var.  l/lauca,  Itogol  in  Mem.  Soc.  Xat.  Moscow,  xix,  154,  in  jiart ;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii'  43:!,  in  part ; 
Di:  Caiidollc,  I'rodr.  xvi-,  189,  in  part.— Watson  In  Kinf;'.s  Ui'ii.  v,  :J2()  [not  Aiton];  PI.  Wlnclcr,  17.— Hotlii-ock,  PI. 
WluH'liir,  .')0  ;  Wlii-eli'v's  Uep.  vi,  d39. — Maconii  in  Goolo^'ica!  Rep.  Cnuuila,  IriTiVTli,  210. 

A.  semdatd,  \ vona,  Rei^cl  in  Unll.  Soc.  Nut.  >Ioscow,  xxxviii<,  43"i,  in  part  ;  Do  CandoUc,  Prodr.  xvi-,  188,  in  part. 

Wood  light,  soft,  clo.'  ..aiood,  ihecking  in  drying:  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad;  color,  light  brown,  the 
Bap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4007 ;  a.sh,  0.42;  preferred  and  hugely  used  in  northern  New  England 
in  the  final  baking  of  bricks,  aud  occasionally,  as  woU  as  that  of  A.  serrulata,  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 


SALICACEJ5. 


306. — Salix  nigra,  Marshall, 

Arbustum,  i;;9.— MnlilcnhciginNcno  SchriftonGosell.Xat.  I'r.  IScrlin,  iv,  •i:\7,  t.  I,  f.  h  (.Vnii.  Hot.  ii,  OS,  t.  .">,  t'.  ."i,i. — Willdouow,  Spix'.  iv, 
GOT;  ICiinin.  Ifl0:t ;  Bcrl.  Baninz.  2  I'd.  121).  — Pcrsoon,  .Syii.  ii,r>99.— Micliiiiix  I'.  Mist.  Arl).  Am.  iii,  324,  t.'>,  f.  1  :  N.  Amciiciin  Sylva, 
3  ed.  iii,  (14, 1. 125,  f.  1.— Piirsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  (il4.— Puiict,  .Snppl.  iv,  lil.-  Eaton,  Manual,  118;  (icd.  320.— Nut  tall,  (iciuna,  ii,231; 
Sylva,  i, 79;  2  ed.  i,94.— Hayiic,  Dend.  VI  180.— Elliott,  Sit,  ii,  070  — Spivn;,'el,  .Syst.  i,  100.— Torroy,  C'ompend.  1"1.  N.  States,  370;  El. 
N.  York,  ii,  209.— Eoibes,  Sal.Wol«nrii.  280.— W.  Kocli,  Comment.  17.— Bi'ck,  Hot.  320.— Trantvetter  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Peteisimrtr,  iii, 
()14.— LouiUin,  Avhoretnm,  iii,  1529,  l(i04,  f.  S.— Hooker,  Fl.  Uor.  Am.  ii,  148.— Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  19.— Eaton  &  Wrif;hf.  liot. 
408.— Dii't rich,  Syu.  v,  419.— Serin^e,  Fl.  Jaiil.  Ii  3r>.— Emerson  Trees  Mas,saehiisett.s,  271;  2  ed.  i,  307  &  t.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  279. — Andersson  in  OtV.  at'.  Vet.  Akail.  Eorli.  1858,  114  (Proe.  Am.  Acad.  iv,.53) ;  Kongl.  Sv<-n.  Akad.  Ilandl.  vi,  19, 
f.  15;  Di' (.'aiidoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  200. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  i)!)!!.  — Cooper  in  Smithsunian  Rep.  18,'i8,  2.50. — Walpcrs,  Ann.  v,  744. — 
Cbaiiinan,  Fl.S.  States,  430. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geoh)};icaI  S'irv.  N.  ("iiroliua.  l^tiO,  iii,  75.— Le^cineienx  in  Owen's  2d  Re)i.  Arkansas, 
389. — Wood. CI. Book,  0.54;  B0I.&  1  "1.310. — I'oicher,  Kesoii Ices  S. Forests,  331. — Eni;elmaiili  iu'i'rans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc .  ncwser.  xii,209. — 
Gray,  Manual  N'.  Statis,  5  ed.  400  ;  Uail'.  I'l.  Texas,  21.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii,5i;i. — Youuj;,  Hot.  Tex;is,5l4. — Maconn  in  Geological 
Rep.  Canada,  1875-'70,  210. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  28. — Uebb  in  Bot.  Callforuia,  ii,  83.— Sears  in  Bull.  fCssex  Inst,  xiii,  181. — 
Ridjjway  in  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.  1882,  8(>.— Hemsley.  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  iii,  180 

N.  pentai.ura,  Walter,  I'l.  Cai()liniana,243. 

S.  Varoliniana,,  Mi(  haux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  220.— Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  0(i2.— Poiiet,  Snpiil.  v,()2. 

(S.  IIoKntoniaiKt,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  (!1  l.—Poiret,  Snppl.  v,  08.— Spi-cuit,.],  Syst.  i.  107.— Elliott.  Sk.  ii, 070.— Trantvetter 
in  Mi-m.  .Vcad.  St.  Pilersbur!;,  iii,  015.— Forbes,  Sal.  Wobnrii.  21,  I.  21.— Eaton  iV  Wright,  But.  109. 

S./alcnttt,  VmA\,   Fl.  .Vin.  Sept.  ii,  014  [not  IIBK.  |.— Poiicl,    Siippl.  v,  70.  — Sprenjjel,  Syst.  i,  I(i7.  — Forbes,  Sal. 'Woburn. 
279.— Eaton,  Manual,  0  ed.  320.— Hooker,  Fl.  Itor.-Am.  ii,  149.— .tarr.itt,  Sal.  .\m.  No.  21.  — Dietrich,  Syu.  v,  420. 

f  S.  ambigun,  Pmsh,  Fl.  Am.  .Sept.  ii,  017.— Forln-s.  Sal.  Woluirn.  282.— Eaton,  .Mannal,  0  ed.  321.  — Eat(ui  &  Wright,  Bot.  409. 

S.  Hgustrhlil,  Micliaux  f.  llist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  32ii,  t.  5,1".  2;  X.  Anieriiau  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  05,  t.  125,  f.  2.— Point,  Suppl.  v,  61. 

8.  PlimhiaiUt,  Sprougel,  Sytst.  iii,  008.— Heck,  But.  320  —Darlington,  Fl.Cestnc.i,  2  eil.5G0. 

S.jlHVOvirenx.  IIorucmanM  iiiCil.  Mori.  Mafii,  Snppl.  ii,  11. 

t  IS.  COrdaltl,  \i\r.  fa  lea  fit,  Torrey,  Comiicnd.  Fl.  N.  St:ites,  370. 

«S.  niyni,  vav.fakttttt,  Torroy,Kl.N.  York,  ii,  209.— Carey  in  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  1  eil.  429.— D.irliugton,  Fl.Coatrloa,3 
ed.280. 


m 


i 


1^^ 


166 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Bi.AfiK  wrixow. 


Soutlioni  2^e\v  Brunswick  and  tlic  northern  whores  of  hikes  Huron  and  Superior  southward  through  the 
Athintic  region  to  biiy  IMscayno  and  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  and  the  valh'y  of  the  Guadalupe  river,  Texas; 
I'aciflc  region,  valleys  of  tlie  Sacramento  river,  California,  and  (he  Colorado  river,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  IS  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  O.liO  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  sontheni 
Florida  reduced  to  a  low  shrul);  usually  along  the  banks  of  streams;  most  common  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi 
river  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the  Colorado  and  other  rivers  of  eastern 
Texas;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (vars.  angusti/oUa,  lon/jifoUa,  latifoUa,  cix.,  Andetsson  in 
Kongl.  Srcn.  Aka(l.  HamU.  vi,  20),  length  and  habit  of  the  aments,  etc. 

The  best  mai-ked  forms  are — 

var.  marginata,  Andmsson  in  Kongl.  .Svcn.  Akad.  H.unU.  vi,  i'i;  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi»,  201. 

8.  marginata,  Wimnicr  in  Sohedul.  Heil>.  Vind.-ib. 

var.  longipes,  Andersson  in  Konj;!.  Svcn.  Akiid.  llaudl.  vi.ii;  Do  t'audolk-,  Prodr.  xvi«,  201. 

S.  longipes,  Simttlowortli   in  liorb.  Hookor.— Andorsso.i  in  Ofv.  af.  Vot.  Akad.  Forli.  185S,  IM  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv. .':!). — 
Waljicrs,  .Vnn.  v,  744. 

Forms  of  var.  longipes  more  or  less  pubescent  have  been  characterized  by  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad. 
Handl.  vi,  22;  De  CandoUe,  Prodi:  xvi^,  201,  as  subvar.s.  venulosa  and  gongylocorpa  \8hntilew:  ///],  (".  lo:^gipes,\iiT. 
puhesvcns,  Andersson  in  Proa.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  'to;  S.  subvillosa,  Elliott  in  herb.  Schiceinitz  ex.  Kiitiall,  Sylra,  i,  79; 
2  ed.  i,  94,  r(V7e  Gray  in  Proc.  Atn.  Acad,  iv,  53,  note). 

var.  Wrightii, Andersson  in  Konj;!.  .«v(n.  Akad.  Hr.idl.vi,  22 ;  Do  t'andollc,  Prodr.  xvi'-,201.— Ilcnis'oy,  Bot.  Am. -Cent,  iii,,  180. 

a.  Wrightii.  Andor.s.son  in  OIV.  af.  V.'t.  Akad.  F.irli.  l>^:>.\  U'l  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  ?5   — Wnlpi'vs,  Auu.  v,  745.— Torrey  in 
Bot.  Xox.  Bonndary  Survi  y,  201. 

var.  Wardii,  Bold,  in  Bnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  .Mns.  Xo.  22,  111. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  cheeking  badly  in  drying;  medullary  rays  obscure;  color,  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  .specific  gravity,  O.tHrtd;  asJi,  0.70. 

The  tonic  and  astringent  bark  used  domesl Ically  as  a  i)opular  febrifuge,  anil  ;ontaining,  iu  common  with  that  of 
idl  the  species  of  (he  genus,  salicylic  acid,  a  powerful  anti-pyritic  now  successfully  u.sed  in  the  treatment  of  acute 
cases  of  gout,  rheumatism,  typhoid  fever,  etc.  (Am.  Jour.  Pliann.  1875,  "iOS.— i,'.  S.  J)ispe7isatory,  14  ed.  79(i,  1748. — 
yat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1248). 

NOTK. — TI)o  olosoly  alliod  Salix  ocridiiitalis,  lioso,  of  tlu'  West  Indies  is  not  i>  . haps  siiooili-'ally  distinct  from  .S.  niym,  with  which 
some  of  the  forms  of  var.  loiigi^ies  from  .southern  Florida  soom  1o  connect  it. 

307.— Salix  amygdaloides,  Aiiders,«(in, 

Ofv.  af    /ot.  Akad.  Forli.  18.-)S,  114  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  iv.  .':t).— Waipor.s,  Ann.  v,  744.-BoI>li  in  Wlioolor's  Rop.  vi,  240. 

fS.  melanopsis,  Nuttall,  .<ylvn,  i,  7e,  t.  21:  2  od.  i,  9:>,  I.  21. 

iS'.  nigra,  var.  amygdaloiden,  Andersson  in  KouhI.  .Svm.  Ak.nl.  II  u-dl.  vi,  21 ;  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  svi',  201.-RntIiTock, 
PI.  Wheeler,  fiO.— Porter  &  Coulter,  FI.  Cidorndo;  Haydon's -Surv.  Misc.  Pul..  No.  4, 12fl. 

WILLOW. 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes  (Wayne  county,  New  York.  Ilankcnsou  ;  Painesville,  Ohio,  ^C(ir</«.'fc),  westward  to 
the  valley  of  the  Sasicatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  l?ocky  Mountain  region  to  .stmthcrn  New  Mexico; 
banks  of  the  lower  (."olund)ia  river,  Oregon  (lIoiccUs). 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  along  streams. 

^^■ood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close  grained,  checking  in  drying;  the  heart-wood  liglit  tirown,  snp-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.4r)0'l;  ash,  0.92. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


167 


Am.  Nat.  viii,  2(«;  Bof.  Californiu,  ii,  8:». 


308.— Salix  laevigata,  Bcbb, 


WILLOW. 


Califoiuia,  Siena  comity  ( Lemmon)  aud  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  river  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
st.it  e. 

A  tree  soniotinu's  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter  j  borders  of  streams  and 
bottom  lands. 

A  form  will  narrower  falcate  leaves  (Ireka,  E.  L.  Greene)  is — 

var.  angUStifolia,  Bibb  in  Bot.  Cnlil'oniia,  ii,  81.— Rothrock  in  Whocl-r's  Rep.  vi,  374. 

A  form  with  short,  densely-flowered  aments  is — 

var.  COngesta,  Bcbb  in  Bot.  Cnlifomia,  ii,S4. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  vei'y  thin  ;  color,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red;  specific  gravity,  0.4872;  a:-h,  0.58. 

309. — Salix  lasiandra,  Bentbam, 

PI.  Ilartweg.  33C.— Tonoy  in  Pacific  U.  R.  Rep.  iv,  i:!S.— Kcwberry  in  Paeilic  \l.  \l.  Rop.  vi,  80.— Bebb  iu  Bot.  Calilbniiii,  ii,  84. 

S.  Hoffmanninna,  UodUcv  &  Ainott,  Bot.  Beocbcy,  159. 

S.  Hpcciosa,  Nnttiill,  Sylva,  i,  .')8,   t.   17;  2  od.  i,74,  1. 17  [not  IlooU.r  &  Aruott].— Newbeny  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rop.  vi,?*.'.— 
Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  !i9. 

S.  lucida,  var.  avgtistifoUa,  forma  laaimidia,  Audersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  I'oib.  1808,  lir>  (Pioc  Am.  Acad. 
iv,.^.4). 

/S.  arfiuta,  var.  lasiandra,  Andersson  in  Kougl.  Sven.  Akad.  Hamll.  vi,  33;  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  svi-,  20(;. 

WILLOW. 

British  Columbia,  chores  of  lake  Kamloop  {Macoun),  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Siicram«nto  river, 
California  ;  Itocky  mountains,  Utah,  and  through  Colorado  to  2^e\v  Mexico  (var.  Fcndleriana). 

A  tree  IL!  to  IS  meters  in  lieiglit.  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.(iO  motor  in  diameter;  banks  of  .streams;  very 
common  ;  varying  in  the  shape  of  the  loaves  and  character  of  the  aments. 

Tlie  best  marked  tbrma  are — 

var.  lancifolia,  lUbb  in  Pot.  Califoiniii,  ii,  84. 

S.  lancifolia,  Andcixson  in  Kcmgl.  Sven.  Akad.  llaiidl.  '      34,  f.  '23.— Gray  in  Pioe.  Am.  Aciui.  vii,  402.— Hall  iu  Coulter'* 
Bof.  (iazettc,  ii,  91. 

a.  llicidd,  var.  macroplujUa,  Aiidernson  in  l)c  Candolle,  Piodr.  xvi-,  "-Wi. 

Tlie  common  foini  nf  liritish  Columbia  and  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

var.  Fendleriana,  Beiiii  in  Bot.Calif.imia,  ii,  84. 

iS".  pcntanilra,  var.  cauduta,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  (il,  t.  18;  -i  ed.  i. ",  i.  Ik 

S.  Fendleriana,  AndcNson  in  Ofv.  af.  V.t.  AliMd.  I'orli.  H.V,  ll.->  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  .'■)4).— ^VaIp^•l.^,  Ann.  v,  74.">. 

S.  anjltta,  Andersson  in  Ki..';,l.  Sven.  Akad.  llaiidl.  vi,  32;  Do  CaudoUe,  Prodr.  xvi>,  ;'l)."),  in  part. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  clo.so-graineil,  compact :  moilullaiy  lays  numorous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  liglitor  <«'  often  noaily  whilo;  siiocilic  gravity.  O.Hrtfl;  ash,  (1.(10.  X;m:  lanc\foliaf 
fipecihc  gravity,  O.lItT;  asii,  0.71).  Var.  Fendleriana,  (lie  heart  wood  brown,  sap  wood  light  brown;  spocilic  gravity, 
0.4St)8;  ash,  0.50. 


ft;'! 


■'^-■"-  -  "-^Bja^ifc 


If 


168 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


m 


310. — Salix  longifolia,  Mulilciiberj,', 

Neuo  Schrifteii  Gcsell.  Nut.  Kr.  Berlin,  iv,  238,  t.  (i,  f.  (>  (Ar.n.  Dot.  ii,  0(1,  t.  5,  f.  li).— Willdonow,  Spec,  iv,  670.— Porsoou,  Syii.  ii,  COO.— 
Ptirsli,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  0U5.— Nuttull,  Gi'iieia,  ii,  •JIU.— Torroy  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  -.^48;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  209;  Nicollet's  Uop. 
160;  Fremont'H  Rep.  97;  EnioryV  Rep.  412;  SitjjnNivos'  Rep.  172;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  204. — Barnitt,  Sal.  Am.  No. 
-'3.— Beck,  Bot.  320.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  oil.  319.— Eaton  &  Wrif,'bt,  Bot.  403.— llookcr,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  149.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v, 
420. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  018. — Rieliarilsou,  Arctic  Exped.  439,440. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  R<ip.  18.")8,  2(11. — Andersson  in  OIV. 
af.  Vet.  Akad.Forh.  1858,  110  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  50);  Kougl.  Sven.  Akiid.  Ilandl.  vi,  54,  i'.  35;  De  Caiidolle,  Prndr.  xvi^  214.— 
Walpcrs,  Ann.  v,  745. — Les([uereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansa-s,  389. — Wood,  CI.  Book,  (i.")3;  Bot.  &  Fl.  31(1.  -Euselmaun  in  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209.— Gray,  Manual  N.  Slates,  5  cd.  4(:5.— Walson  in  King's  Ren,  v,  324 ;  Whceler'.s  Rep.  1872,  493.— 
Gray  in  Proc.  Am.Aead.  vii,  402. — M.acouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  210. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Hall  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  (Jazette,  ii,  91.— liebli  in  Wheeler's  Rep.vi,  240;  Bot.  California,  ii,  84.— Ward  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.22,  110. 

i^.fluriutaJix,  Nuttall,  Syha,  i,  73;  2  ed.  i,89. 

^  S.  rubra,,  Richardson,  Arctic  Expqd.  Appx.  37. 

iS.  lomjifoUa,  y i\r.  pedivellata,  Andersson  in  Kougl.  Sven.  Akad.  Hand!,  vi,  .55,  f.  35;  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  214.— 
Macoun  ill  Geological  Rep,  Canada,  1875-'70,  210. 

SAND-BAB  WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Coimecticut  river  (Sunderlaiid,  Mas.sacliusetts,  N.  G.  Jcsup)  and  of  the  Potomac  rive''  at 
WasbiiiKtoii  {Ward);  west  and  nortliwest  tliiouyh  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  to  the  valle.v  of  the  Maekenzio 
river,  iii  latitude  G(P  X.  (Riehardnon),  through  the  Mi-ssissippi  basin,  Texa.s,  the  Hocky  Mountain  region,  and  the 
Pa'-ifii;  Coast  states. 

J.  small  tree,  (»  to  !>  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  e.\ceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams 
iviid  r/ver  sand-bars,  in  low,  wet  saiK^;,  soil,  often  forming  low,  dense  f;lumps ;  rare  east  of  the  Alleghany  mountains; 
very  common  tiiroughout  the  Mississippi  River  basin,  and  rea(^hing  its  greatest  development  in  th(^  valleys  of 
Oregon  and  northern  Califtmiia. 

"Well-marked  iurms,  varying  i'rom  the  tvpe  in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  aments,  and  nature  of  pubeseens,  etc.,  are — 

var.  exigua,  Bobbin  Bot.  California,  ii,  85. 

S.  exiqtia,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  i,  75;  2  ed.  i,90. 

iV.  longifolia,  var.  angustissima,  Auders.son  in  Ofv.  aC.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  1858,  no  (I'roe.  Am.  Aead.iv,  50). 

Western  Texas  to  California  ami  Oregon. 

var.  argyrophylla,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Haiull.  vi,55;  1).  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-', 21  I. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 
324.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  Is72,  49:1.— Rothrock,  I'l.  Wheeler,  ,".11.— P.uler  &  Coulti'r,  Fl.  Colorado;  Haydeu's 
Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 128.— JIaeouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-"7(i,2IO. — l!ebb  in  Bot.  Calilbrnia,  ii,  i^5. 

S.  argophllllu,  Nuttall,  Sylva,i,;i,  t.20;  2  ed.  I,  87,  t.2(). 

f  S.  brachycarpa,  Nuttall,  S,\  ha,  i,  09;  2ed.  1,8.5. 

S.  longifolia,  var.  opacn,  Andersson  in  Kongl.  S^  en.  Akad.  llanill.  vi,."5. 

S.  longifolia,  ViW.  argyrophylla  a)lflUstissima,Ainhrsino\t  in  Kongl.  Sven.  AUail.  llandl.  \i,55;  De  Candolle,  Prodr 
xvi^  21 1. 

<S'.  longifolia.  var.  argyrophylla  opaca,  Andersson  in  De  Candolle  Prodr.  Nvi-,  214. 

Western  Texas  to  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close  grained,  eompact;  medullary  rays  nunu'rous,  very  ob.senre;  eohu-,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  brown  ;  speeilii!  gravity,  O.itWO;  ash,  0.48.  Var.  cr/^Kfl,  heavier,  the  heart- and  sap-wood 
darker  colored  ;  s[teeill(;  gravity,  0.531'-';  ash,  l.OO. 


311. — Salix  sessilifolia,  Nutia'l, 

Sylva,  i,  68;  2  ed.  i,81.— Auilcrison  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh,  185S,  ll(')(i'i<u-   Am.  Acad.  iv.  ."O;  ,  Kongl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  \  i;  .V>, 
f.  30;  Di'  Candolli',  Prodr.  xvi-,  214. — Wulpers,  Ann.  v,  *4(i.— Mcb'-  in  Bot.  •aiifornia,  ii,  K">. 

S.  sensili folia,  var.  viUona,  Andersson  in  De  Can<l(dle,  Prodr.  xvi',  ilo. 

Piiget  sound  southwiird  to  northern  California,  near  the  coast. 

A  smidl  tree,  0  to  V2  meters  in  height,  with  a  trank  rarely  exceeding  0  30  to  0.45  mete     .n  I'i  imeti;';  ';;n:'"'» 
of  Btreiinis,  in  low,  wet  grcnind. 


[■p.  V, 
ilrii'g 


•iidr 


<»(kI 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


169 


A  form  with  narrower  entire  leaves,  of  the  Sacramento  valley  and  the  California  Coast  ranges,  is — 

var.    Hindsiana,  AikUtssou  in  Ofv.  af.  Vot.  Aluid.  Forh.  la'iB,  117  (Pioc;.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  ")(!).— IJolil)  in  Dot.  California,  ii,  8r>. 

S.  HilKhiaita,  IScntliam,  ri.  llijrtwe-;.  :t:?5.— Xowborry  in  Pacilio  R.  K.  I{i'i>.  vi,  8S).— Toney  in  Pacific  R.  K.  Kcp.  iv,  133.— 
Aiitlcr.sson  m  Konjfl.  Svon.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  ijfi,  f.  ;17  ;  De  Caiulollc,  Prodr.  xvi-,  'JIG. — AValpcrs,  Ann.  v,  'W: 

S,  ninihhma,  var.  icnuifolia,  Audersson  in  Konj;!.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  GC;  Do  CandoUo,  Prndr.  xvi-,  --.'I.'!. 

Wood   light,  soft,  elose-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin;  color,  ligiit  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
speciflo  gravity,  0.-i3!)7  ;  a.sh,  O.otK 

312. — Salix  discolor,  Jinlilciiixns:, 

NcHO  Sclirifteii  Ocsril.  Nal.  ¥r.  Hcilin,  iv,  !ii!4,  t.  5,  f.  1  (Ann.  Bot.  ii,  (id,  t.  5,  1'.  1). — Willdfuow,  Spec,  iv,  (iG.'>.— Pcrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  099. — 
Pnrsli.Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.lil:!.— Poirct,  .«nppl.  v, .")(!.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  d;^.— KUiott,  Sk.  ii,  ()()9.— Tornsy,  Conipciid.  FI.  N.  States, 
:J69;  F1.  N.  Viirli,  ii,:.'il(I.— Spien';('l,  Syst.  i,  KM.— Forbes,  Sal.  Woliurn.  279.— Futon,  Maiinal,  (>  ed.  ;U9.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  No. 
25.— Darlington,  Fl.  (,'e.strica,3(^d.  ar)7.— Eaton  &  Wri^lit,  Iiot.J08.— London,  .Vrboretuni,  iii,  15;!0,  f.  l:!17,  KiltO,!".  147.— liifjelow,  Fl. 
Bo.stoii  :i  cil.  I!',),;.— Hooker,  Fl.  Hor.-Am.  ii,  147.--Barratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  3.— Fmerson,  Trees  Massaclm.setts,  258;  2  ed.i,29(i  &  t.— 
DieMiili,  .Syn.  v,  119.— Ifiehard.son,  Arctic  Fxped.  ;U2.— Darliy,  Hot.  S.  States,  f.dd.— Audersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forli. 
18r)8,  111  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  0:i) ;  Kon};!.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  83,  f.  49 ;  De  Candollc,  Prodr.  xvi-',  2-25.— Waljiers,  Ann.  v,7.')().— 
Cliai)man,  Fl.  S.  Stales,  4;i0. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  402. — Koch,  Dcndrologie,  ii,  .')70. — Macouii  in  Geological  Rop.  Canada, 
1874-'/,'').  •-'10.  — liid.ijway  in  Proc.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  188'.»,  80. 


S.  HeUHHim,  iSarratt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  8. 


GLAUCOUS  AVILLOW. 


Labrador,  west  to  the  valleys  of  the  Peace  and  Athabasca  rivers,  soiithward  through  the  Atlantic  region  to 
Delaware  and  southern  Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  (>  meters  in  height,  witli  a  trunk  souietiines  (•.;}()  nu'ler  in  diameter,  or  more  ol'teri 
a  tall,  .straggling  slirul)  ."{  to  (i  meters  in  height;  along  .streams  aiul  borders  of  sx^amps  in  low,  wet  -oil;  varying 
greatly  in  the  form  of  leaves,  aments,  and  nature  of  pnbes(!ence. 

The  best  marked  forms  are — 

var.  eriocephala,  .Uidcrssuu  iu  Kouj;!.  Sven.  Akad.  lliindl.vi,  8.'i;  De  Caud<dle,  I'rodr,  xvi-',  22.''>.— Gray,  Manual  X.  States, 
0  ed.  4I13. 

S.  eriocephuUt,  Jlichau.x,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  22r..— Lamarck,  Dict.vi,  001.- Bi^iclow,  Fl.  Boston.  Ii  ed.  :!91.— Eaton,  Manual, 
(led.  :iJl.— Ealou  &  \Vrija:lil,  Hot.  409.— Emeisou,  Trees  Massachusetts,  1  cib  •J.V.) ;  ■>  ed.  i,  190  &  t.— Cari'y  in  (iray's 
Manual  N.  States,  1  ed.  42(1.— Audersson  in  Ofv.  iif.  Vi>t.  .\i<ad.  I'orli.  IKj^,  117  (Proc.  Am.  Vcad.  iv,  .''•7). — Walper.s, 
Ann.  v,  74(i. 

8.  CrasHtl,  lianatt,  Sal.  Am.  No.  7. 

var.  prinoides,  .Vuderssou  in  K(Migl.  Sven.  Akad.  Handl.  vi,  S6 ;  De  Ctiudollc.  Prodr.  xvi-,  225. — EuierKon,Tree.s  Mas.sachu- 
.     setts,  2ed.  i,297. 

8.  prinoides,  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,Ol:{.— .Vutt.ill,  (ienera,  ii,  2:il.— Spreu^'i  1,  Syst.  i,  1(I2.— Poirct,  Siippl.  i  v,  07.— Torrey, 
Conipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  ;i(il>.— Smith  in  Reivs'  ( 'ycl.  No.  2<;.— Forhcs,  Sal.Wolmni.  79,  t.  4(1.  — Katim,  Manual,  0  ed.  :il9.— 
Beck,  B<  t  .i;).  -Eaton  A:  Wrifiht,  Bot.  4I»7.— W.  Korli,  Comment.  40.— London,  Arboretum,  iii,  l.'i:!0,  f.  1:117,  1012,  L 
40.- llooi-   :,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii.  1.50.- Emersoii.Trecs  .M.issachnsctts,  1.  ed.  2.'>9.— Dietrich,  Syn.  v,419. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  comimct,  conttiiiiing  many  eveidy-distribu'.ed,  small,  open  ducts;  nuultdlary 
rays  and  layers  of  iiniuiiil  growth  not  obscure  ;  color,  browti  streaketl  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  • 
Mpecilic  gravity,  O.lLMil ;  ash,  O.lii. 

313. — Salix  flavescens,  \uttall, 

Sylva,  i,  05;  2  ed.  i,  SL--Bebli  in  Bot.  tlalilbrnia,  ii,  80,  in  pari. 

Kocky  mountains  of  Idtdio  ami  iMontaiia  southward  to  the  ]Mogonou  range.  New  ^Mexico  (E.  L.  Greene) ;  on  the 
Cascade  nu>untaius,  Oregon,  and  the  Sierra  Neviidti,  t'alilbrnia. 

A  .sniiill  tree,  soiiu'times  (» to  !t  meters  in  height,  with  a  triitik  rarely  (l.".o  Meter  in  diameter;  bordei's  of  .streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  .southern  IJocky  3Iountiiiu  regiuiL 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  (do.se-graiiied,  C()mi)iU!t ;  nn  tlullary  niys  numerous,  obscure  ;  coior,  brown  tif  1 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  ().tJ)(i!) ;  ash,  <).(ii. 


^  ii 


!  Il 


|!    ) 


m 


1^: 


170 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Coulter's  Bot.  Gazotto.  vii.  120. 


Var.  Scouleriana,  nobb; 


S.  bmchystachys,  Bentlumi,  Pi.  Ilnrtwpg.  3:)6.— Audcrsson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  roiL.  18S8, 121  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv,  01) ; 

Koiigl.  Sven.  Al;ad.  llauill.  vi,  8-J,  f.  48;  Do  Caiidollo,  I'rodr.  xvi-'.  ^24. 

S.  Scouleriana,  Barratt  in  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  145,  iu  part.— Cooper  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  -  'i»,  2tf. 
S.  hrachysiachys,  viir.  Scouleriana,  Audersson  in  De  CaudoUu,  Prodr.  svi^,224. 
S.flavcuecns,  Bcl.l.  in  Bot.  Ciilifornia,  ii.  86,  in  part. 

BLACK  WILLOW. 

Eadiak  island,  Alaska  (KeVogfl),  southward  tlirougb  British  Columbia,  western  Wasbiugton  territory,  and 
Oregon  to  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  in  lieigbt,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  uplands,  near  springs  or 
streams,  or  often  iu  quite  dry  soil;  conunon  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  near  the  shores  of  Puget  sound. 

Wood  light,  liard,  strong,  tongb,  clo.se-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, light 
red,  the  sap-wood  brown  ;  specific  gravity,  0  5412 ;  ash,  0.39. 


314. — Salix  Hookeriana,  Barratt; 

Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  14,".,  t.  180.— Nuttall,  Pylvu,  i,  G4 ;  2  ed.  i,  80.— Audi-rsson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  Forli.  IS.'iS,  119  (Pioc.  Am. 
Acad,  iv,  50);  De  Candoilc,  Prodr.  xvi=,  274. — Walpers.Ann.  v,  747.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-76,  210. 

Grand  rapids  of  the  Saskatchewan  (Douglns) ;  coast  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  straggling 
shrub  with  many  i)rostrate  stems ;  on  the  coast  generally  along  the  edge  of  sea-beaches,  or  in  low,  rather  moist, 
sandy  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  clo.segraiiied,  compact,  containing  many  minute  "pen  ducts;  medullary  rays  thin,  very 
obscure;  color,  liglit  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  s])eciflc  gravity,  0.5350;  ash,  0.32. 

315. — Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita,  Andorssou, 

Kongl.  .Sven.  Akad.  Hawil.  vj,  159;  D^  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi^,  -Xa. 

DIAMOND  WILLOW. 

Valley  of  the  Missouri  river  and  it.s  tributaries.  Fort  0.sage,  Missouri  {Prince  Ncmcictl),  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and 
we.-  fv\:u'(l  to  about  the  one  hundred  and  tenth  degree  of  longitude. 

A  .<aiall  tree,  rarely  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  straggling 
shrnb  not  exceeding  1.80  to  3  meters  in  lieiglit;  low  bottom  lands,  in  wet,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  closegraiued,  oomjiact,  tlie  annual  layers  of  growth  dearly  defined  ;  medullary  rays  very 
ob.scure;  color,  brown  or  often  tinged  leil,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  O.GOGO;  ash,  O.-'iO;  heavier 
than  that  of  other  species  examined,  and  largely  used  for  feme  iio.sts,  being  said  to  equal,  when  thoroughly  seasoned, 
rod  cedar  in  durability  in  contact  with  the  soil. 

XoTi:. — The  (ypicul  Salir  coriluin,  Mnlilcr.lM  iir,  of  wide  disli  ilmt  ion  tlmmxli  tin'  Atlantic  icyion.  rarely,  if  Lvcr,  attains  arliorescent 
si/e  or  hal)it. 


316. — Salix  lasiolepis,  n.niliani, 

I'l.  llartwi'ir.  ;):!.■>.- Coopi'r  iu  Sniitli.soMi.in  Ki'[p.  18.').8,2(!1.— Audersson  in  Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Akad.  I'orli.  185-,  118  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  \v,il6);  D« 
Candoilc,  Prodr.  .-ivi-,  2*)t. — Walpcr.s,  Ann.  v,  747. — Viiscy,  <"at.  Korcst  Trees,  20. — ]M>\>  in  Hot.  California,  ii,  w;. 

<S'.  lusiohpis.  var.  Biyclorii,  Hildi  in  Hot   California,  ii,8fi(H  vernal  Ntiite,  UHlehehh  ifi  IU.). 

S.  Biflilorii,  Torrey  in  Pacitic  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  131).— And<  ir.Bou  in  Of\-.  af.  Vwt.  Akad.  Forli.  1^58, 118  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iv, 08) ; 
Koii^l.  Sven.  Akad.  i!.nidl.vi,lG;t,f.  94;   De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,2.'sa,-\VahH>rs,  Ann.  v,  747. 

S.  Bigelovii,  VHV.fllncior,  AndersMon  in  Kongl.  .Svin.  Akad.  M^indl    \i.1i;:t:  De  Caudo!le,Pr«>li.xvi',2.'')5. 


S. 


Wat." 


Ki:i;.;'s  Rep.  v,  :!2.'i 


8.  lasiolcilis,  var.  falla.V,  M,.Mi  in  lim.  California.  ii.8(l. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FORKST  TREES. 


171 


WILLOW. 


Oiilifornia,  valU^y  of  the  KliimatL  river,  southward  through  the  western  jjortious  of  tl)c  state,  reaehiufj  in  tlio 
Sierrii  Xevadas  an  elevation  of  .Ij.^OO  to  4,000  feet  above  the  .sea. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  to  IS  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  ().r>()  nieter  in  diannitor,  or  northward 
and  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape  and  breadth  (vars.  angustifolia 
and  latifolia,  Andersson  in  Ve  CandoUc  Frodr.  xvi',  25.5),  or  toward  its  southern  limit  often  jxTsistent  until  spring 
(*§.  HarUcegi,  Bentham  in  PI,  Hartwcg,  52;  S.  humilin,  var.  llnrtwef/i,  Andcrfison,  /.  c.  2.';(j). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  elose-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  speciflc  gravity,  0.5587;  ash,  0.08;  somewhat  used  as  fuel,  especially  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  Stat*. 

317. — Salix  Sitchensis,  Sunsoii; 

Eoligard  in  Mem.  Aca<l.  St.  Petor.sburg,  0  scr.  ii,  162. — Lcdeliour,  Fl.  Kossicu,  iii,  009.— Uidiardson,  Arctic  Exppil.  4ri9.—Aiidor88ou  in 
Ofv.  af.  Vet.  Alvad.  Forh.  1853, 126  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Iv,  66) ;  Kougl.  .Sveii.  Akad.  Haudl.  vi,  106,  f.  59  ;  Do  Candollc,  Piodr.  xvi^ 233.— 
WalptTs,  Ann.  V,  752.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Hal!  in  Conlter'n  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  93.— Bebli  in  Bot.  Califeruia,  ii,87; 
Coulter's  Bnt.  Gazette,  vii,  25. 

(S.  ettncata,  Nuttull,Sylva,i,Cf. ;  2cd.  i,82. 


SILKY    WILLOW. 

Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Santa  P>arb;ira,  California. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  rarely  exceeding  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter, 
or  more  often  a  straggling  shrub;  low,  wet  soil,  borders  of  streams  and  ponds. 
A  form  with  narrow  oblanceolate  leaves  is — 

var.  angUStifolia,  Beld)  in  Bot.  California,  ii.ST. 

S.chlorophyUa,  var.  pelHta,  Andersson  ill  Ivoiii;!.  .Sv-.ii.  Akad.  Haiuli.  i;i9,  f.  72;  Do  Caudolli',  I'rodr.  xvi-,  244. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;    medullary  rays  numerous,  tuin ;   color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white  ;  specific  gi-avity,  0.5072  ;  ash,  0.50. 

318. — Populus  tremuloides,  Midiaux, 

FI.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  2!3. — JToiiveau  Uulianiel,  ii,  181,  t.  .'>;!. — IVrsocii,  S.vii.  ii,  623.— Dcsfoutaines,  IIi.>l.  Arli.  ij,  405. — Micliaux  f.  Hist. 
Aril. -Am.  iii,  235,  t.  8,  f.  1 ;  N.  American  Sylvii,  lied,  ii,  175,  t.  'X\  1'.  1. — Poiret,  Sujipl.  iv,  377. — Willdeiiow,  Kmim.  Suppl.  (w. — 


409. 

new  ser.  xii,  209. — Gray,  Manual  N.  .States,  5  cI.  liiii. — Wcsuiiil  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  ;!2."). — London  (!ard.  Chronicle,  1871, 
083. — Wiitio-.i  in  King'.s  Kep.  v,  327:  PI.  Wliec  Icr,  17:  Am.  .Ion:-.  Sci.  3  ser.  xv,  135;  Jiol.Calit'ornia,  ii,91. — Porter  in  Hayden'H 
Ro]>.  1871,404  —Porter  &  Cmiller,  Fl.  Colorailu;  Hiiydcn's  .Surv.  Mis,-.  Piili.  No.  4,  128.— Ilayden  in  Vi'arreir.s  Kep.  Xclinska  & 
Dakota.  2  ed.  12!. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Hall  in  CoiiltirV  Hot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Ma.oiin  in  (irolojiical  Rcii.  Caniida, 
187r:-"7ll,  21(1.— Kotluock  in  Wlieelii's  Kep.  vi,  ,"il.— licil  in  Am.  \ir.  xv,32,  f.  1.— Xrelease  in  (,'oiilter'»  Bot.  G-izette,  vi,  28'1,  f. 
().~8i'iirs  111  Bull.  ];.';Hex  Inst.xiii,  t--;;, — G.  M.  F:i'.vsin  ir.  ( 'aiiadir.:;  X.a.  ncw.'.er.  ix,2:>l. 


-KidRway  in  Pm.'.  T'.  .K.  Xat.  Mas.  1882,  87. 


P.  trcpidd,  Willdcnow,  .Spec.  iv.  -'o:;.— Alton,  Holt.  Kc\v.2ed.  395.- Pnrsli.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  iiy-.- F.ntoii,  .Manual,  117.- 
Xiittall,  iJenera,  ii,239. — .Spren!j;ei,  Sys(.  ii,241. — London,  Arbontiiin,  iii,  1649,  f.  15111, 

P.  /,'-p»nf?//')»-M(l«,  Emerson, TrecH  Massaclmsetts, 243;  2cd.i,2T:i  iV   ( 

P.  Atkenii'Mtin,  llort. — Koeli,  Hcndrolojrie,  ii,|,'J(i(eX(  i.  syn.i.  • 


l!r 


ASPKN.     QfAKINU    A.sp. 

Norlhci'ii  .Vewfoimdliind  mid  TiiibiiHlur  1u  (he  .simtliirn  .slioics  of  IIiidsiMi  I)ay,  in)rth\v('-tt  (o  (lie  ^iiciit  Tlear 
Sake,  the  nioiilhof  the  Slacken;,)!'  river,  iiimI  the  valley  of  l!ie  Yukuii  river,  Alaskii;  ,-'m(()i  in  the  Atlanf/c  region  to 
the  iiiountains  of  renii,sylvauia,  the  v;,lley  of  the  lower  Wiihasii  liver,  and  northern  lit^uitlfUy ',  in  the  I'aeifle 
region  hoiiIIi  hi  llie  Mtlley  of  llie  .Saeiamento  river,  (_':di('fiiiiia,  iiiid  iiloiig  (he  IJorl.;  imiiiiitaiiis  and  Uiit'vUtr  ranges 
ti)  soiidierii  Nev,  A|)Kir  ii,  Allnoli:i,  iiiifl  centriil  ^■l'Vild:l. 

A  sriiiiil  tlei',  lu  to  18  molcrN  in  licl(tl.!.  willi  u  (riiiiU  MJ'cJy  exceeding  0.(  0  iii<  tcr  in  diameter;  very  «;ommon 
tliriiugli  iiritisii  AiiicTicii  iiiid  si|)ira!liii.«  oV T  eim.  ■••ims  aie.is  l/iiied  by  (ire  .■  f  (lie  coni/eious  (Virest :  in  the  I'acHlc 
region  very  com'non  u|M»n  nioist  (iioonl)!)/)  slopes  niid  linttmn!'  at  iili  elcviition  of  (5,000  to  J 0,000  feet;  the  most 
widely-dis(iil»nted  NhiIIi  Amerienti  (fi'tf. 


m 


172 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  lislit,  soft,  not  strong,  closc-^^iainc'd,  coniinu't,  not  (hiiabk',  conlnininy:,  as  does  tl'.at  of  tbc  whole  jjonus, 
numerous  niiiiutt',  scattoreil,  open  ducts;  uie<lullary  rays  very  (liin,  liardly  distini;uishal)le;  color,  light  brown, 
tho  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  si)ecilic  juravity,  0.4(K)-' ;  ash,  0.05;  lar-jely  manufactured  into  wood-pulp,  a 
substitute  for  raj^s  in  the  nnnuifacturo  of  ])aper;  in  tho  racitic  region  sometimes  used  for  fuel,  flooring,  in 
turnery,  etc. 

A  bitter  principle  in  the  l)ark  causes  its  occasional  use  as  a  tonic  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers  and 
cases  of  debility  (U.  S.  Dispcnuatori/,  li  ed.  17G3). 


319. — Populus  grandidentata,  Jlidmiix, 

,  Uor.-Aiii.  ii,  '2i'X — I'ersooii,  Syii.  ii,  (W4. — Dcslbiilaincs,  Hist.  Ai-h.  ii,  4(i('>. — Micliiiiix  t'.  Hist.  Arli.  Am.  iii,  287,  t.8,  f.  2;  N.  Ainorican 
.Sylva,  :i  imI.  ii,  170,  t. 99,  ('. 2.— I'msli,  Fl.  Am.  Si'i't.  ii,  (il9.— roirct,  Siii)iil.  iv, :!77. -Umloii,  Comiiend.  FI.  PliiliKlolpli.  ii,  197.— Nuttall. 
(ioiicrii,  ii,  2:U).  — IliiyiK',  Di-nd.  Fl.  200. — Will(l<qi(>\v,  Kmim.  Siipi)!.  (w.— Klliott,  Sk.  ii,  710.— Sprcnjid,  Sy.st.  ii,  2'11.— Torrey, 
Ciimi>i'ii(l.  Fl.  \.  .States,  :!7.') ;  Fl.  N.York,  ii,211. — I'.cck,  I!()t.:!2;i. — Eaton,  Manual,  (>  (<1.277. — Hooker,  Fl.  lior.-Am.  ii,  154.— Eaton 
«.t  Wiif;lit,I!ot.  370.— Lomlon,  .Viliorotiim,  iii,  UwO,  f.  loll.— l!i.i,'i'lo\v,  Fl.  lioslon.  I!  imI.  :'>97.— Spacli  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xv,  2  ser. 
;i:{;  Hist.  V('h:.  x,  :H1. — Enieison,Ti'('OH>Iassac'liii.s('tts,  242;  2  td.  i,27H  &  t.— .Seiiii<i(dn  Fl.  (lea  Jard.  ii,5(i.— Parry  in  Oweu's  Rep. 
(il8.—  Oarlin^jtou,  Fl.  Ce.slrica,  lied.  281. — Darby,  Dot.  .'^.  States,  .")07.-  Cooper  in  ."SniitliKoniaii  IJeji.  18.')8, 2r)7. — Chapmiui,  Fl.  S.  States, 
4:U.— C'nrlis  in  He]).  (;eoIo|j;ie:il  8nrv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  7:!.— Wood,  CI.  IJook,  ViM;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311. —Gray,  Muunal  N.  StiUeH,5 
ed.  4(i(), — Koeli,  iJendrologie,  ii,  487. — Wesnia'l  in  Do  CamioUe,  Prodr.  xvi-,  :!27. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — Wat.sou  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sei.Iiser.  XV,  l;i5. — Ileal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  ;!4,  f.  3. — Scars  in  I'.nll.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  182. — Trelea.se  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi, 
285.— I3eJl  in  Geoloj,'icnl  Eep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 5G''. 

P.  grandulcntata,  var.  pmdula,  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  X.  Slati  s,  :!7.">.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  2;!9. 


POPLAR. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  rirunswick,  and  Avcst  througli  Ontario  to  northern  ]\Iinnesot;).  south  through  the  northern 
states  and  along  the  Alleghany  nionntains  to  Xorth  Carolina,  extending  west  to  middle  Iventncky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  21  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  ((.fiO  to  ().7."i  meter  in  diameter;  rich  woods  and  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure;  (iolor,  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  .specific  gravity,  ().4G3'_';  a.sh,  0.45;  largely  manufactured  into  wood-pulp  and  occasionally 
used  in  tin-nery,  for  woodenware,  etc. 


320. — Populus  heterophylla,  LinnaMs, 

Spec.  1  <(1.  10:!l. — Marsliiill,  Arliiistnin,  107. — \\ann;eiili(im,  .\nier.  s.'). — W:ilter,  Fl.  ('aroliuiana,2l8. — Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  407  ;  2  ed.  v, 
:i!)7.— Noiiveaii  DnlLiniel,  ii,  181,  t.  .'il.— Mieliaiix,  Fl.  l!or.-Ani.  ii,21 1.— W'ilMiiiow,  Spec.  iv,S()(; ;  Enuni.1017;  ISerl.  liunniz.  29:'..— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arli.  il,  4t;ii— Piirsli,  Fi.  Am.  .Sept.  ii.tiUl.- Nuttall,  (iener.i,  li,  2:i9.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  20;!.— EllioM,  Sk.  ii,712.— 
Sprenixel,  .Syst.  ii,  24 1. --Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  ;i7.'.;  FI.  N.York,  ii,  215.— Beek,  Bot.  :!2:5.— Eaton,  Manual,  (i  e<l.  278.- 
Darliiifiton,  Fl.  Cestriea,  :>  ed.  281. — Loudon,  Arlioretnm,  iii,  1()72,  f.  l.'iltl. — Eaton  &  Wrifjlit,  Bot.  ;!71. — Spai  U  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  ser. 
xv,:tO;  Hist.  y<"^.  X,  ;!W>.— Serii(?;<!  in  Fl.  des  Jard.  ii,  (11.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  .">07.— Cooi)cr  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18.")8,  2.')7.— 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  4;!1.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geolojrieal  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  71!.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  (Wi;  Bot.  &,  Fl.  311.— 
(iray.  Manual  N.  States,  .">  ed.  407. — Koch,  Dendiolojiie,  ii,  48"^. — Wesuiad  in  De  Claudolle,  Prodr.  xvi^  320. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees, 29. — Watson  in  Am.  .I<inr.  Sei.  3  .ser.  xv,i;!."i. — Trelease  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Ga/ette,  vi,285. -Ridfjway  in  Pioe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
1881,80. 

1'.  rordifolilt,  Bnr^sdorl',  Anieit.  Erz.  Holzart.  3  ed.  I'ti. 

P.  (in/rlliva,  Miehanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  Iii,  3|iO,  t.  9  ;  N.  Anicriean  Sylva,  3  ed.  Ii,  170,  t.  97. 

P.  hctvyophtlHa,  var.  ai-ijentcn,  Wesuucl  in  Do  Candolle.  Prodr.  xvi-.  37(1. 


RIVER  COTTONWOOD.   SWA:\U'  COTTONWOOD. 

Guilford,  Connecticut  ( 11'.  /»'.  Pufilei/),  Xorthi)ort,  Long  island,  south,  generally  near  the  coiist,  to  southern 
Georgia,  thidiigh  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  and  tjjrough  Arkan.sas  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
southern  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  ttee  24  to  i/T  lneter.s  in  height,  widi  a  trunk  o.iiO  to  (».7.~>  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  river  swamps;  most 
COfnmon  and  reaching  its  gnsilesi  development  in  I  he  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  river;  rare  and  local. 

\\'o(»d  light,  soft,  in)t  strong,  clo<i'  ^^rained,  i  ump.ict;  tneil  lary  rays  thin,  very  obscure;  color,  dull  brown,  the 
thick  sap-wiiiid  llghhT  brown;  specille  gravity,  0.4080;  a,sh,  O.Sl, 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


173 


321. — Populus  balsamifera,  Liiiniuus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1034.— Dii  Koi,  Harbk.  8'J  — Marshall,  ArbuHtuiii,  107.  — Wangfiilu'iiii,  Amor.  ^5,  t.  2d, )'.  5!). — Aitou,  Hurt.  Kcw.  iii,  'lOfi ;  2  e»l. 
v,307.— Ma-ncli,  Moth.  33t?.— U.S.  Hartoii,  Coll.  i,  16.— Nouvuan  IJiiliami'l,  ii,  l/lt,  t.  50.— Michaux,  I'l.  Uor.-Aiu.  11,244.— Willdonow, 
Spec.  Iv,  805;  Knnni.  1017 ;  Ucrl.  Itauniz.  21)0. — Persoon,  Syii.  ii,  (i21. — DcsfoiitaiiiPR,  IlisI  Arb.  ii,  4()(i. — Michnux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. 
Hi,  300,  t.  13,  f.  1 ;  N.  AiiiiTicaK  Sylva,  3  od.  ii,  172, 1.  !18,  f.  1.— I'lir.sli,  I'l.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  (ilH.— Eaton,  Manual,  117 ;  Otd.  278.— Niittnll, 
Genera,  ii,  239 ;  S.vlva,  i,  55 ;  2  <'d.  i,  70.— Ilayne,  Dcnd.  I'l.  202.— Sini'iif^tl,  S.vst.  ii,  24 1.— Beck,  But .  322.— Tandley,  Fl.  Med.  320.— 
Loudon,  Arboretum,  iii,  1()37,  f.  l.")35,  153(i  &.  t. — llooUt^r,  FI.  Uor.  Am.  ii,  153. — Katon  &.  Wrij^lit,  IJnt.  370. — Hooker  it  Arnott,  Bot. 
Beechey,  1.59.— Spach  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  Ner.  xv,  33;  lli.st.  Vfg.  x,  ll^:!.— I.iniUey,  Bot.  Kejr.  xxix,  Mi.sc.  20.— Soringe  in  Fl.  des 
.Jard.  ii,  65. — Torroy,  VI.  N.  York,  ii,  21ti;  Bot.  Wilkivs  Kxped.  4('>i).— Cooiier  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  I^'jS,  257;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  408.— 
llookei  f.  in  Trans.  Linniean  Soe.  xxiii-,  301. — Woo<l,  CI.  Book,  fi.5(') ;  Bot.  A  I'l.  311. — Oray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  407. — Koch, 
Dendrolofjie,  ii,  495. — Va.sey,  Cat.  Torest  Trees,  29. — Maeoun  in  Geoloj;ieiil  Uep.  Canada,  187!j-'76,  211. — Watson  in  Am.  Jour.  Sei. 
XV,  135. — Beal  in  Am.  Nat.  xv,  34,  f.  4.— Trelea.so  in  Coulter's  Bot.  (.(azetle,  vi,  285. — Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  181. — Bell  in 
Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  4.5" . 

P.  Taeamahaca,  Miller, Diet. 

I'.  Viminea,  Bon  ,Iard.  1845,  5<)5. 

P.  balsanii/cra,  var.  gcimina,  Wcsmal  in  De  Candolle,  Trodr.  xvi-,  329. 

BALSAM.      TACAMAIIAC.      BALM   OF   GILEAD. 

Straits  of  Belle  Isle  to  liiclinioiul  gulf  and  cai)e  Cliuicliill,  HikIsoii  bay,  nortlnvest  to  the  shores  oi'  the  Great 
Bear  lake  aiitl  the  valley  of  the  Yukoii  river,  Ala.ska,  south  to  northern  Xew  England,  .central  Michigan  and 
Minnesota,  the  Koeky  mountains  and  int«'rior  ranges  of  Montana  and  Idaho,  Washington  territoiy,  and  J3ritish 
Colnnibia. 

AJarge  tree,18  toSlnieters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  l.."((»  to  L'.ld  meters  in  diameter;  very  eonnnon  on  all  islands 
and  shores  of  the  northern  rivers ;  in  Britis*!!  Columbia  generally  confounded  with  the  allied  P.  trivhocarpu,  the  range 
of  the  two  species  here  still  uncertain. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  O.;50.'}.") ;  ash,  0.(t(i. 

The  buds,  as  well  as  those  of  several  other  species,  cctvercd  with  a  resinous  exudation,  and  oc(!asionally  used 
iiiedicinally  as  a  substitute  for  tnrpentiiu'  arul  other  balms. 

\;\v.  candicans.  Gray. 

Manual  N.  States,  2  ert.  419 ;  5  ed.  I(i7.— Coo|H'r  iu  .Smitli.sonian  lie]),  l.-^of",  2.')7.  — I'orter  &,  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Ilayden's  Surv.  Misc. 
Pub.  Xo.  4,  129. — Wat.'^oii  In  Am.  ,Iour.  ,Sci.  3  ser.  xv.  135.— Bull.  Tcmiy  Bot.  Club,  vii,  57. — Troleaso  in  Ctmlter's  Bot.  (Jazette, 
vi,  285. 

/'.  halmmifvya  Iditavlulo,  .M;nsii;iii.  Aiimstum.  lo.-^. 

I',  candicans,   \\t Ili>rt.  Kew.  iii,.l(l():  -i  <i!.  v.397.— Nouvenn   llnliiimel.  ii.  179.— ■\Villdeno\v.  Sper.  iv,  80():  Knnm.  1017; 

Berl.  Baniiiz.  291.— I'er.soon,  .'^yn.  ii,  024.— Miihaip.  I'.  lli>t,  Arb.  Am.  iii,  308,  t.  13,  f.  2;  N.  Ameriean  Sylva.  3  ed.  ii, 
173.  t.  98,  f.  2.— Pinsii,  Ft.  Am.  .Sept.  ii,  (■.18.— Uartoii,  I'mdr.  Fl.  I'hiladelpli.  9t).— Poiret,  Snppl.  iv,  378.— Nut  tall,  (ii'nera, 
ii.  239.— Ilayne.  DimkI.  Fl.  202.— 8pr.ni.rl,  .-^yst.  ii.  214.— Torrey.  Coinpend.  Fl.  N.  State.s,  375  ;  Fl.  X.  Y.uk.  ii.217.  - 
.Vudubon,  Birds,  t.  .■)9.— I'.eck,  Mot.  332.— Eaton,  Manual,  (>  <.d.  278.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  ii,  1(;76,  f.  1537.— Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  ii,  154.— Eaton  ^i.  ^VriKllt,  Bot.  370.— Bigelow.  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  398.— Spaeh  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.2  ser.  xv,  Xi; 
Hist.  Veg.  X,  392.  — Lindley,  Dot.  Reg.  xxix.  Misc.  22. -Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  245;  2  ed.  i,  281. — Seringe  in 
I'l.  des  .Tard.  ii,  03.— Gray,  Manu.il  X.  States,  1  ed.  431— Wood,  CI.  Book,  65() ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— Wesmad  iu  De 
I '.mdollc,  Prodr.  xvi',  330. 

/'.  Canadensis.  Mduili.  Weiss,  si  [not  Mielmnx  I'.]. 

P.  laii/hlia,  ,\l.iii(!i..Metli.;i3^, 

P.  Ontaricnsis,  llt)rl.  — I.oildiges,  Cat.  l.-3(>. 

/'.  niacyojdnjllo,   l.indl.^v  in  Loudon.  Encye.  PI.  HO. 

P.  acladcscil  and  P.  hefcroplll/lla,  Hort.  (ex.  Koeli,  Waclien.  1865,  238). 


'1  '  \   k.  I? 


A  large  tree,  rare  or  unknown  in  a  wild  state;  very  common  in  cultivation. 
The  wood  hetivier  thiin  that  of  tin'  species;  specific  gravity,  0.41(51  ;  ash,  0.46. 


lit 


'cn^H' 


174  FOliEST   FREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

322. — Populus  angustifolia,  ,)iiiiics, 

Loiig'H  Expcd.  i,  4i;r.— Torrcj  in  Auu.  I.yo.  N.  Ymk,  ii,  U4!i;  rremont's  Rep.  l>7  ;  Sitgrcivvos' Ucp.  ITi;  Ivch'  Hep. i7;  Uot.  Wilkes 
Kxped.  4()'J.— Nuttiill,  Sjlvii,  i,  Wi,  t.  10,:  ii  vil.  i.CS.  t.  l(i.— Coopor  in  Sniitlisoniiiii  Kep.  Ift'ii*,  2G1 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii.lOS.— Ho.vtlcii  in 
WaiTcu's  IJep.  Ni'IiruKlta  &■  Dakota,  'J  I'd.  I'Jl. — Vasf.v,  Cat.  Foivst  Tiees,  "Ji).— WatHou  in  Am.  .Jour.  .Sri.  :t  ser.  xv,  l:i(l :  But. 
Ciilifornia,  ii.'Jl. 

P.  Cuuaiknsin,  var.  mujUStifolia,  AVtsmal  in  Itc  Cundolle.rrodr. xvi',:W9. 

r.  balsam  ijh-tl,  var.  augmti/olia,  Wut.son  in  Khv^'n  llv\\.  v,  :W7  ;  PI.  WluH'ler,  l*.— I'oitir  in  Ilaydiin'H  Rop.  1871,  4i)l.— 
rortcr  iV  Cunlter,  I'l.  Culoradu  ;  Ilaydcn's  .Suiv.  Misc.  Pul).  No.  4,  1','rf.  — Jlucouu  in  Geological  Rup.  Canada,  ltJ7r>-'7(», 
211.— Riisliy  in  Bull.  Torrey  Hot.  Club,  ix,  Ult>. 

BLACK   COTTOJfWOOD. 

Black  hilLs  of  Dakota  {R.  Dotiftlas),  Swiiiniiiiitr  Dorse  creek,  aud  the  Snowy  Jlouiitaiii  region,  Montana,  lictl 
Bock  creek,  soutliwe.steiii  Montana  {Watson),  east  Dnniboldt  and  Slioshone  mountains,  Nevada,  llocky  inouutains 
of  Colorado,  and  the  iiiiij;e.s  of  south  western  New  Me.xieo  and  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  li)  to  LS  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.00  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams, 
between  «,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weiik,  close-grained,  comi)act :  medullary  i-ays  numerous,  ob.scure;  color,  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  speeifie  gruvitj-,  O.liOlli;  ash,  0.70. 


323. — Popuius   trichocarpa,  Torny  &  Gray; 

Hookpr,  Icon.  V,  ci'r'. — Walpcis,  Ann.  v,  7ti7.— I'oopci'  in  Sniitliscmian  IJi'p.  iHotf,  i!(iO. — Wosma'l  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodi',  xvi',  il'JO.-- 
Watson  in  Kinj^'s  Kcp.  v.  IW-' ;  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  II  sit.  .\v,  I'M;  But.  Calilornu!,  ii,  !)1. — Torroy,  Hot.  Wilkes  Kxpcd.  4()U. — Jliicoun 
in  Geolojiicul  Ki'p.  Canada,  l.'^7.V7t).  '■III. — Trcli'asc  in  C(inltei"s  Uot.  Gazette,  vi,  'Jlo,  1'.  ,'>.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new 
ser.  ix,  ',VM. 

P.  balsam i/ira,  var.  Hookci-,  1"1.  licn-.-Am.  ii.  i.".i. 

P.  angustifolia,  SfwUfiry  in  I'aeiliu  It.  K.  Rep.  Vi,  Sil  [nut  .lames].— Cooper  in  Pacilie  R.  R.  lu  p.  xii-,2!),  08. 

P.  balsam i/era,  Lyall  in  .Jour.  Linna-an  .Soe.  vii,  K'.l  [noi  Linn;L'Us].— Hall  iu  Coulter's  Uot.  Ciazette,  ii,yi. 

P.  IricllOCarpa,  var.  cupnlata,  AVatson  in  Am.,loMr.  .Sei.:!  .^r.  xv,  l;Ui;  Uot.  California,  ii,'Jl. 

P.  balsamifcra,  var.  ?  Californica,  Watson  in  Am.  ,Ionr.  Sci.:!  ser.  xY,13li. 


iil 


BLACK  COT'l'OMWOOU.      BALSAM  COTTONWOOD. 

Valley  of  the  I'raser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  probably  nuich  farther  north,  east  to  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Bitter  lioot  mountains,  -Montana  (Watson),  .south  through  Washington  territory,  we.>-'tern  Oregon  and  California  to 
the  southern  borders  of  the  state. 

A  large  tiT(>,  2-1  to  (iO  meters  iu  height,  witli  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter;  banks  of  streams  and 
bottom  lands  below  0,000  feet  elevation  ;  very  comnuui  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the 
lower  Columbia  river  and  the  streams  tiowing  into  Paget  .sound,  herc!  the  largest,  deciduous  tree  of  the  forest. 

Wood  very  light,  .soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  medidlary  rays  thin,  hardly  di.stinguishable; 
color,  light  dull  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  nearly  white ;  specilic  gravity,  O.o.SM;  asli,  1.27;  in  (_)regon  and 
Washington  territory  hirgely  manufactiireil  into  staves  of  sugar  barrels,  woodmiware,  etc. 


324. — Populus  monilifera,  Aiton, 

Hort.  Kew.  iii,  4(li'i:  '.'  ed.  v.li'Jli. — .\I)l]of.  In.sect.--  (ieiMfiia.  ii,  7  l.-Nonveaii  Dnliamel.  ii,  18:;.  — Willdimow,  Spec,  iv,  805  :  lOnnni.  1017 •, 
Berl.  lianm^'.'iy.— I'ersoon,  Syii.  ii.  Ir.';'..-  De.sldntaines.  Ilisl.  Arl).  ii,  4i).").— .Miciliaiix  t'.  lli.<t.  Arh.  Am.  iii,21l.'i,  t.  10,  f.  2;  N.  American 
Sylva,  ."i  e<l.  ii,  1(18,  t.  Wi,  f.  -J.— I'lir.-li,  I'l.  Am.  .Sept.  ii,  Ol-.— N'i;tall,  Genera,  ii,  a;«);  Trau.*.  Am.  I'liil.  Soe.  2  ser.  v,  107.— Uayne,  Dend. 
Fl.  20i.'.— .Spren;;el,  .'^Vnt.  ii,  !.'44.— Watson,  Dinil.  lirit.  ii,  i.  Ui.'.— lieik,  liol.  ;W:?.— Eaton,  Mannal,  0  ed.  278.— London,  ArlioreHim. 
iii,  10.">7,  f.  1517  &  t. — 10. 1  ton  A  Wrijilit,  Bel.  :in,  -.-^p.ith  in  Ann.  .^ei.  Nat.  2  ser.  xv,;i2;  lli.-it.  Vej^.  x,  :!■-'.).— Torroy  in  I'lenujnl'.s  Kep. 
97;  I'l.N.  York,  ii,  215;  I'aiilie  U.  i.Mii  p.N ,  Mi.").— Kmer-eii.  I'lvis  M;i:.Haelin.Mtls,-,'4'.l;  2  ed.  i,287.— .Serin;;e  in  ]"l.  des  .laid,  ii,  ():!.— 
Cooi)er  in  Sniilli.sonian  Re]).  I.- 08, 2.">7. — Gray  in  I'aeilie  li".  R.  Ifc'p.  xii-.  47;  Jlannal  N.  States,.')  od.  107.— Cnriis  in  Rep.  (;eo'o;.!;ieal 
Surv.  N.  Caiolina,  l.St.O,  iii,  72. — I-e.siin^-reiix  in  Owen's  -Jd  Re;  .  ArUan.-as,  :'t'.l.--Wu()d,  CI.  lioolc,  (ij').— lOufielniann  i]i  'I'lan:;.  Am. 
Phil.  f>ee.  xii,  ^(9, — Watson  in  Kind's  lirp.  v,  :i27  ;  Am.  .lonr.  .S(.j.;imi-.  x\  ,  IHO. — llayden  in  Warren's  Rep.  Nel)ra.ska  tSi.  Dakota,  ■.'  nl. 
121.— .Maeoim  in  (;eolo-i<:.d  Rep.  Camnia,  i87.'i-'7(;.  'Jll.—T release  in  Conlter';>  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  "i^."),  f. ;!,  4.— Ward  in  Bi;ll.  Ii.  S,  Nai. 
Mas.  No. '-'2, 110.  — Beal  in  Am.  N.il.  xv,  :!l,  f. :!. — lit  11  in  Geo!('j;ital  Ifep.  Canada,  l87y-'80,  ."jO' .— liidgway  in  i'lou.  U.  >S.  Nat.  iins, 
1882,87.— Cliapman,  Fl,  ,S  States,  .Siippl.  O-i'.). 

/  /'.  dcltoidc,  Marshall,  Aibnsliim,  IDli. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


175 


P.  a/ngulattt,  Alton,  Hoit.  Kow.  iil,  -llHi;  U  ed.  v,  IWd- -Nouveau  Duliamcl,  ii,  iHiK— Di-Bfimtaiiies,  Hint.  Aib.  il,  4«i.— 
WilldtMKiw,  Spue.  iv,HOr>;  Kiiiiiii.  im?  ;  Herl.  Hiiimiz.294.— Micliiiiix  f.  Hi.st.  Aib,  Am.  iii/.iO'J,  t.  IS;  N.  Aiiiwiiim  S.vlvn, 
3  c(l,  ii,  Kil,  t.  ai.  -riirHli.  I'l.  Ann. .Sept.  ii,  Oil).— Enton, Miinuiil,  117 ;  <;  rd.  'JTT.— Xnttiill, fifiuTii,  ii,'2;iil.— ■Iimii's  in 
Lon^'fi  Kxped.  ii,  KM.— Torrcy  in  Ann.  Lyp.  N.  York,  ii,  Ut!>.— Klliott,  .s|>,  ii,  711.— JSpri'nKi'l.HjNt.  ii,  a44.— London, 
Arborctnni.iii,  H)70,ir>;t;!  &.  1.— Kiiton  &,  Wright,  Hot.  ;170.—Siiinli  in  Ann.  Sci.  Niit.'J  wr.  xv,;Wl;  lliHt.  Vej;.  x,;!'Jl.— 
Soringc  in  Fl.di'H  Jard.  ii,()4. — Selni'lo  in  Ko'nicr,  TexaH,  44ti. — Diirby,  Hot.  S,  i>>tati'.'<,.'>07.— Cooper  in  .Sinitlitionian  Hop. 
lWiH,S57.— Cliapnian.ri.  y.  Slates, 4111.— Lcsiincrcnx  in  Owen's  -'d  Kfp.  AilumHaH,  ;W!l. — Wood, C'l.  Book,  »irir>;  r.ot.& 
Fl.  :ill. — Gray,  Mannal  N.  States,  .">  ed.  4(>7. — WeKinml  in  Dv  C'andoUe,  I'lodr.  xvi',  liSH.— Koeli,  Ueiidrulogie,  ii,  4iM. — 
Young,  Hot.  Texas,  ril4. — I'orter  &  Coulter,  Kl.  Colorado;  IIayden',s  Siirv.  Mise.  I'nli.  No.  4,  l'J!». — Vasey,  Cat.  I'lirest 
Trees,'-".!.— .^ears  in  Bull.  Khkcx  In.sl.  xiii,  IH'J. 

P.  Iccvigatu,  Alton,  Hort.Kew.iii,  400;  'i  ed.  v,»»5.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,b03.— rnrsli,Kl.  Am.  Seirt.  ii,019.— roirct,  Suppl. 
iv,37-i.— Nuttall,  Cenera,  ii,a:H);  Sylva,i,r)4;  2  ed,  i,70.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,a44.~l!eek,  Bot.  323.— Eaton,  Manual,  Ii 
ed.  27H.— Loddiges,  Cat.  cd.  1830. — Eaton  «!t  Wright,  Bot.  370.— Emerson,  Trees  Massaoliuselts, 240  ;  2  ed.  i, 283. 

P.  glawhlhsu,  Mieneh.  Meth.33!t. 

P.  an(/»</0M,  Mithanx,  i      I)or.-Am.  ii,243. 

P.  CanadeilHiH,  Miuhaux  l,  Hi>4t.  Arl>.  Am.  iii,302, 1. 12;  N.  American  Sylva, 3 ed.  ii  104,  t.'Ju.— fSpaeh  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  2  ser. 
XV,  32  ;  Hist.  Veg.  X,  3!»(i.— Siringo  in  Kl.  des  Jard.  ii,  0.').— Feseali,  Forst.  Ptl.  122,  t.  8,  f.  10-14.- Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  311.— 
Wesma'l  in  l>o  Candollc,  rroilr.  xvi-,32!t.  — Koch,  Dondrologie,  ii,4'Jl. 

P.  Virghiiana,  im  xlont.CourN.  Hot. Cult.  vi,ioo. 

P.  Marylunilica,  Hose  in  N'ouv.  Diet,  xi,  10!).— I'oiret,  Suppl.  iv,  378.— Spreugel,  .Syst.  ii,  244. 
P.  Viavniplll/Uu,  l,oddige«,  Cat.ed.  If.W. 

P.  Lindleyana,  P.  nenlevta,  iuul  /'.  hcvif/utd,  iiort. 


m\ 


COTTONWOOD.      NKCKLA(;ii   POl'LAK.      CAliOMNA   I'UPLAU.       UlC.    COTTONWOOD. 

Shores  of  lake  Ghamplain,  Vennout,  south  throiijjh  western  New  Eiiyhiiid  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  iS 
western  Florida,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Ontario  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  ranges  of  the  Itotky 
mountains  of  Blontana,  Colorado,  iind  \(;w  Me.xieo. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  ol  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40  luett-i  s  in  diameter ;  low,  moist  isoil ;  the  eommon 
Cottonwood  of  Texas  and  the  western  plains,  bordering  all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Kooky  mountains. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  elose  giJtined,  eoinpact,  liable  to  warp  in  drying,  diffleult  to  season ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color,  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specilie  gravity,  0.3889;  ash,  O.OGj^ 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper-pulp,  for  light  packing-oases,  fence  boards,  and  fuel. 

325. — Populus  Fremontii,  Watson, 

Proc.  Am.  Aeud,  x,350;  Am.  Jour.  Sei.  3  ser.  xv,  13();  Hot.  California,  ii,  5)2. 

P.  monilifvta,  Newberry  in  I'acitic  K.  K.  Kep.  vi,  327  [rot  j'lton].— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,327;  PI.  Wheclor,  17.— Torrey, 
Hot.  W^ilkes  Exped.  401). 

COTTONWOOD. 

California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river,  south  to  San  Bernardino  county  (Colton,  Pdrnj)^  and  eastward 
in  Nevada  iind  Utah. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  M  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams;  the 
common  cottonwood  of  the  valleys  of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  warp  in  drying,  dillicnlt  to  season;  iiu'dullary 
rays  thin,  veiy  ob.scure;  color.  liglit  brown,  the  .sup-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.40J4;  ash,  0.77. 

\m:  Wislizeni,  Wat.soii, 

Am.  .Jour.  .^ei.  :•  ser.  w,  l:\',  :  Hot.  Calil'oiuia,  ii,  '.'2  ;  Proe.  Am.  Aeaii.  wiii,  l."i7. — Kusby  in  Hull.  Tniiey  I'ol.  Club,  ix,  <i). 

P.  monilijcni,  T,irny  ill  Silj;riaves'  1{(  ji.  172;  Hot.  Mex.  lioumhny  Siu\  ly,  •J04 ;  I\  es'  K'ep.  27  [not   Alton].— Higelow  in 
Paiilir  l!.i;.  Kep.  iv,2l. 

COTTONWOOD.      WIIITK   COTTONWOOD. 

San  IMi'go  county,  Cahfornia,  throtigli  Arizona  and  Xew  Mexico  to  westein  Texas  and  southern  Colorado. 

A  huge  tree,  -l  lo  .')0  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  l.SO  meter  in  diameter:  l>orders  of  streams;  the 
previilent  cottonwood  oltiie  aiid  southwestern  region,  there  largely  pianled  as  a  sliaile  tree  and  for  fuel. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  compact;  specilii;  gravity,  0.4021  ;  ash,  l.lo:  funiisliiiig  the  ordinary  domestic 
fuel  of  'he  region. 


f 


^>r 


if^ 


Ml 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


. 


1.0 


I.! 


Ifi 


^  1^   ■2.2 


6" 


^ 


V 


4W 


V 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Goiporation 


33  WfST  MAIN  STMIT 

WItSTM.N.Y.  14SI6 

(716)I72-4S03 


'^ 


. 


.<^ 


i^. 


1^4^ 


^o 


176 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


C  0  N  I  F  E  R  J]] 


115.  i^: 


j:|  fi! 


326. — L.ibocedrus  decurrens,  Tomy, 

Siiiith.tiiiiiiiii  C'Diitiil).,  vi,7,  t.;!;  I'aciCif  1{.  If.  Kiji.  iv,  140:  Jiof.  Slcx.  liounilary  Survt.v.'Jll  :  IJol. Wilkes  Exprd.  1. 16. — Beutliaiu,  PI. 
Hart  wog.  r!:)!^. — Liiidlry  in  Loiiildii  Gard.  (.'liniiiicli',  l'^r>:!,(il).'). — Xcwbciry  in  Pacitic  1{.  K.  Hoj).  vi,(l;i. — Coopor  in  Smithsonian  Rop. 
l-?.')."^, '.iC)'-'. — Wiiliicis,  Ann.  V,  7it.').  — I'.olaiidcr  in  I'loc.  Caliloinia  -Vcad.  iii,  •J:is. — I'arlatoic  in  Dc  Candcdli?,  Prodr.  xvi-,  4r>6. — R. 
Urown  Canijist.  in  Trans.  Kdin'.nirj^Ii  liot.  Soi\  ix,  :i7:!. — Hoopiw,  Kvor^rcens,  lidl),  i".  411. — Watson  in  Kinn'«  Hop.  v,  '.VX>;  Bot. 
Calilornia,  ii.  11(1. — A.  Murray  in  London  GardiMi.  ii,.')4'J. — Gordon,  Piiu'iiim, '2  ed.  40".J. — Vcitcli,  Manna)  Coiiil'.  iiOT. 

Thuya  Oraiganu,  Jlnrray  in  Rep.  Oregon  Kxped.'J,  t.  .■>. 

Thuya  giyantea,  Carrii'ro  in  Rev.  Ilort.  1854,  224,  f.  l-,'-14,  in  jiai  t  ;  Fl.  dts  Sfrrcs,  ix,  109,  f.  :i-."),  in  jiart;  Trait.  Couif.  106, 
in  part;  'i  ed.  ll'.i,  in  part. — Gordon,  Pinctuni,  :i<!l,  in  part:  Su|)])l.  10"i,  in  part.  —  Huukel  &  Hochstetter,  NadelUolz. 
tJfO,  in  i)art. 

Hcytlcrki  decurrens,  Kocii,Ui'ndroloKi«',  ii-,  I7!i. 

AVHITK   CKDAR.      BASTARD   CEDAR.      POST   CKDAR.      INCENSK   CKDAR. 

North  folk  ol'  tin-  Santiau  livtM',  Ou'son,  south  ah)iifi'  the  wosterii  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada 
niouiitaiiis  bftween  ;),00(l  and  .S,."»(M>  feet  elevation,  and  thionoli  the  <'alif()rnia  ("oa.-st  rang:es  to  the  San  Bernardino 
and  Cayuniaea  mountains. 

A  larfic  tree,;?0  to  i')  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.2U  to  '?..W  meters  in  diameter;  .slopes  and  valleys;  eouinion. 

"Wood  light,  soft,  not  stronji,  brittle,  elose-ji'rained,  eomi)aet,  v<'ry  dirable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of 
small  sunniier  cells  thin,  dark  <'oloi-ed,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obsc-iire;  the  thin  .sai)-wood  nearly 
white  ;  .specific  <;iavity,  0.4017;  ash,  O.OS;  larj;ely  use  1  ibr  fencing'  imd  in  tjie  construction  of  water-Humes,  and  for 
interior  tinish,  turnitnre,  laths,  shinjiles,  etc.;  often  injured  by  a  sj)ecies  of  dr,v  rot  {DcvdaUa  vorax;  Harkncss  in 
Pacific  Rural  Prcus.  Jan.  2.\  1870,  f.  1,  2),  renderiii};  it  unfit  for  lumber. 


327. — Thuya  occidentalis,  Linnaus, 

Spei'  1  rd.  IdOJ.— Kalin,  Travels,  Kn^lisli  I'd.  iii,  l<0.-->larsliall,  Arlmstuni,  I.")'J.— Wannfiilioini,  Anicv.T,  t.  2,  1'.  a. — Walter,  Fl. 
Caroliniana,  'i:!*?.— Alton,  ICort.  Kow.  iii.  :'.71  ;  2  cd.  v,  :(•_>!. —Garfnii-,  Frnct.  ii,  IVi,  t.  Hi,  f.  -J.  — Micliaiix,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  '.iO').— 
Willdrnow,  Sju'i'.  iv,  .'"H  ;  Knnni.CUO:  IStrl.  liainnz.  5(14. — Nonvi'an  Dnlianul,  iii,  V2,  t.  4. — I'oiri't  in  Laiiuindv  Diet.  vii,:!(')9;  111. 
iii,  :!•>'.•.— Scliknhr,  llaudb.  iii,  287,  t. :!()'.).— Pcrsoon,  Syn.  ii,  .580.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  .'.75.— Titford,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  08.— 
Michanx  f.  Hi.st.  A.li.  Am.  iii,  20,  t.  I!;  X.  Aiiituican  Sylva,  It  <d.  iii,  17:,  t.  l.'>(i.— Pnrsli,  Fl.  .\.m.  Sept.  ii,  f)47.— Ui.rlon,  I'r  dr.  Fl. 
P'liladclpl  ,  0;t.— Katon,  Manmil,  111;  G  ed.  :i()4.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  224  — Hayiie.  Dend.  FI.  177.— Elliott.  Sk.  ii,  (i41.— Watson, 
IJend.  Biit.  ii,  l.'id.— Spv.iifjel,  S>st.  iii,  ^8-'.— Richard,  Conif.  4:1,  t.  71,  f.  1.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  .''tales,  :Uil ;  Fl.  X.  York,  ii, 
2:!4.— I'alinescine,  Med.  Hot.  ii,  2r)F'.— Keck,  Hot.  :!;!"^.— London,  Arhoreliini.  iv,  24.54,  1'.  2;tl2-2:!14  A:  t.— Foroes,  Pii  etnni  Wohnru. 
10:!.— Hooker,  Fl.  Hor.-Ani.  ii,  I(i5.— Eaton  A  WiiKht.  Itot  451.— ltif;e!o\v.  I"l.  boston.  :!  ed.  ;i8f'.— Siiac.i,  Hist.  Ve<;.  xl,  :!:S0.— Penn. 
Cyel.  xxiv.  400. — Reid  in  London  (iard.  (-'hronicli',  181!.  27(i. — Emerson,  Trees  Mas.saelinsetl.s.  Oti :  2  ed.  i.  112. — Endlielier,  Syn. 
C'onif.  51. — Lindley  &  (lordon  in  Jonr.  Ilorl.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  2(Mi. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  til8.  —  l)arliU}j;lon,  Fl.  Cestriea,  :t  ed. 
2'.M.  — Knii;lil,  Syn.Couir.  Ki.r-Carri.'re  in  Rev.  Hort.  18,''<4,  224,  1'.  15;  Trait.  ConiC.  IC!;  2  ed.  100.— Dii.liy,  Hot.  .S,  Stales,  51(i.— 
Cooper  ni  .siriithsonian  Rep.  l.'^5",  2.57. — (iordini,  I'iuetnni,  :t2l! :  2  ed.  4(K!. — L'liapman,  Fl.  S.  States.  4M(i. — Wood,  C'l.  ISoidi,  t>(32 ; 
Kot.iV  Fl.  ;!15.— I'orcher,  Ke.sonrces  S.  Forests,  .507.— Mculcel  A  Hcxd'stetter,  Nadelliiilz.  278. — Xelson.  Pinacea',  ()8 — IMirowii 
('ainpst.  in  Trans.  Edlnli'irKh  Mot.  .Soe.  Ix,  :t(!:t. — (iray.  Manual  X.  Slates,  5  ed.  472. — Hoopcs,  Everareens,  ;U7. — Parlatort^  in  Do 
(.'andolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  4.58. — Sehnlzli'in,  Icon.  t.  7(1,  f.  2. — Koeli,  Dendro'ojjie,  ii-',  171!. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees  'Mi. — Maeoiin 
in  Gi'oloMical  Rep.  Canada,  187ri-'7(i,  211. — Sears  in  liull.  Fssex  Isist.  xili,  IK!. — Veiteh,  Manual  Couif.  201. — Bell  hiGecdogieal  Rep. 
Canada,  H70-V().  47' . 

T.  odorata,  Mai.sliall,  Arlinslinn    l."2. 
T.  obtusa,  .Mieneh,  Meth.tiiU. 

CuprcHSUs  ArlmreUa.  'larKionc 


ro/,/etti,01is.  bot.  ii,5!. 


7'.  Warcaiia  and  T.  Sihirica,  iiort. 


WlIITi;   CEDAR.      AKllGK-VriVi;. 

New  ISrnnswick  to  Antico.sti  ishiiid,  throu};h  lin>  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  to  the  southern  .shores  of 
Panics' bay  and  .southeast  to  the  ea.stern  extremity  of  lake  AVinniiieK.  south  throuKh  the  northern  .states  to  central 
New  York,  northern  Tenisylvania,  central  Michigan,  nortlu'in  Illinois,  central  MinneHotn,  and  along  the  Alle^jhany 
mountains  to  the  high  p«>aks  of  North  Oarolina. 

A  tree  12  to  I.*'  ineter.s  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometiipcs  l.'JO  to  l.'»0  meter  ii>  diameter;  cold,  wet  swamps 
and  along  the  rocky  banks  «)f  strea'.i.s  ;  very  common  al  the  north,  spreading  over  great  areuM  tif  swamp ;  extensively 
cultivated  as  a  hedge  and  ornamental  jilant.  and  producing  iiniumerable  .seminal  varieties  of  more  or  less 
horticulttiral  value. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


177 


Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  the  bands  of  small  snaimer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  indistinct;  color,  light 
brown,  turning  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.31C4;  ash,  0.37;  largely 
used  for  posts,  fencing,  railway  ties,  aiul  shingles. 

The  distilled  oil  and  a  tincture  of  Uie  leaves  ot  Thuya  have  been  ibnnd  usefulin  the  treatment  of  pulmonary 
and  uterine  complaints  [V.  S.  Dispensatori/,  14  od.  1775. — Rat.  Dispcnsatori/,  2  ed.  1428). 

328.— Thuya  gigantea,  Nuttall, 

Jour.  PliilaiicliiliiaAoad.  vii,  5'i;  S.vlvii,  iii,  lOii,  t.  iii ;  2  cd.  ii,  \G-i,  t.  111.— LoUiligcs,  Cat.  od.  183C. — Loudou,  Arboretiiin,  Iv,  •i458. — 
Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Aui.  ii,  1G.5.— Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  312.— Eiullicber,  Syn.  Coiiif.  52.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  .Jour.  Hort.  Soo. 
Lomlou,  V,  206. — Nowbcrry  in  r.K'iiic  R.  R.  Rop.  vi,  T£,  f.  22.— Carritro,  Trait.  Conif.  102 ;  2(;d.  112,  in  p.nrl.- Cooiior  iu  .Stuitlisouian 
Rop.  1858,262;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  413.— Gordon,  I'iuotnm,  321,  in  part;  Suppl.  102;  2  cd.  181.— Torroy,  Hot.  Mex.  Houndary  Survey, 
211. — Ijyr.ll  in  Jour.  Linua'au  Soc.  vii,  133, 141. — Houlicl  &  lloclistetter,  Nadolliolz.  280,  iu  part. — Nelsou,  I'inafta-,  67. — Kothrock 
in  Suiithsouii'u  Rep.  18C7,  434. — Parlatorc  iu  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi'^, 457. — R.  Brown  Cauipst.  in  Trans.  Kdinburgli  Dot.  Soo.  ix, 
367. — HoopoB,  Evergreens,  315. — London  Gard.  Clironiclo,  1871,  683. — Gray  iu  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Fowk-r  in  London  Gard. 
Chronicle,  1872,  1527. — Koch,  Dcndrologie,  ii-,  176. — V^ascy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — E.  Hall  in  Coulter's  Pot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — 
Watsou,  Bot.  Californiq,  ii,  115. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  is,  32'1. — T.  Howell  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi, 
267.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  2.-)6. 

T.plicuta,  Don,  Hort.  Cantab.  6  cd.  24!).— Lambert,  Piuus,  1  ed.  ii,10;  2  ed.  114,  in  part.— Nuttall,  Sjlva,  iii,  103;  2  ed.  ii, 
164. — Spach,  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,  342.— Endlirher,  Syn.  Conif.  51  (excl.  syn.  If'areana  &  0(foia/a).— Lindley  &  Gordon  in 
Jour.  Ilort.  .Soc.  Loudon,  v,  205. — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  16.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  102  (excl.  syn.  IVarcaiin  &  odorala); 
2  ed.  106  (cxel.  syn.  Wauaiia). — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  262;  Pacitio  K.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  27.— llenkol  & 
Hochstotter,  Nadelbolz.  277  (excl.  syn.  orforafa).— Nelson,  Pinaocio,  68.— Gordon,  Piuetnni,  2  cd.  406. — A.  Do  CandoUe, 
Prodr.  xvi-,  457,  iu  part.— Vasey,  Cat.  F'orest  Trees,  36.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  263. 

T.  Menziesii,  Douglas,  SIss.— Carri^ro,  Trpit.  Conif.  106;  2  ed.  107.— Gordon,  Piuetuni,  323.-N.  Kon,  Pinaccus,  07.— 
Heukel  &  Hoebstelter,  Naiiolhiilz.  261. 

T.  Lohbii,  Hort. 

T.  occidentalism  yav.  pMcata,  Hort.— Hoopes,  Kvorgrcous,  321. 

BED  CEDAR.   CANOE  CEDAR. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  Coa.st  ranges  and  islands  of  British  Columbia,  through  western  Washington  tenitory 
and  Oregon  and  the  Coast.. inges  of  northern  California  to  Mendocino  county,  extending  east  along  the  mountains 
of  Washington  territory  to  tho  Cuiur  d'Alene,  Bitter  Root,  and  Salmon  Elver  mor.ntains  of  Idaho  and  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Itocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  {Canhj  &  Sargent). 

A  !  irge  tree,  30  to  4r»  nteters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  3.60  meters  in  diameter;  low,  rich  woods  and 
swamps,  less  commonly  on  dry  ridges  and  slojies  below  5,200  feet  elevation ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil:  bands  of  snudl  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  distinct;  medullury  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,  dull  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3790;  ash,  0.17; 
largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  shingles,  in  cabinet-nmking  aiul  cooperage,  and  exclusively  by  tho  Indians 
of  the  northwest  const  in  the  miinnfacture  of  their  canoes. 


320. — Chamaecyparis  sphseroidea,  Spneh, 

Hist.  Vog.  xl,  331.  — Endliiber,  Syn.  Conif.  61.— Lindley  &,  (imdou  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  20.— 
Carrifre,  Trait.  Conif.  133  ;  2  ed.  122.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  I'.t;  2  od.  71. — Hcnkd  &  Hochstetter,  Midolhijlz.  248.— Nelson,  Pinacen, 
09.— Pnrlutore  in  Do  CandoUe,  I'rodr.  xvi-,  404.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  V.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  1882,  87. 

CvprcMUS  thyoiihss  Limiicus,  Spec.  1  cd.  1003.  — Kalin,  Travels,  English  ed.  ii,  174.— Dii  Roi,  Harltk.  ii,  liK-".- Marshall, 
Arbnslnni,  :tlt.— \Vaugcnbeini,  Anier.  H,  t.  2,  f.  4.— .\iton,  Hurl.  Kew.  iii,  372;  2  ed.  v,  323.— Bartrain,  Travels,  2  ed. 
409. — Miebaux,  Kl.  llnr.-Ani.  ii,  208. — Willilemiw.  Spec,  iv,  .M2;  I'.nuiu.  991:  Ilcrl.  Banniz.  HI. — N(uiveau  Dubaiucl, 
iii,  0. — Persomi,  .Syn.  ii,  ,580. — Desfontaines,  llisl.  .\ib,  ii,  507.— Sclikubr,  Haiidb.  iii,  280,  1,  310. — Miebaux  f.  Hist. 
Arb.  Am.  iii,  20,  1.2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  162,  t.  1.52.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640.— Eaton,  Manual,  HI;  6 
ed.  115.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  224.— Haync,  Deud.  Fl.  1*8.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  044.— Watson,  Dcnd.  Brit,  ii,  1.50.— Torrey, 
Compend'.  Fl.  N.  Slates,  301  ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  2;t'.— Beek,  Hot.  ;i;{8.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2475,  f.  2327.— Forbes, 
Piuetnui  Woburn.  183,  t.  01.— Hooker,  Fl.  Biir,-A;ii.  ii,  1<)5.— Eaton  iV  Wright,  Hot.  215.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  imI. 
387. — Enierson,  Ticcs  Ma.xsacbiisetlH,  \)^:  2  ed.  i,  114. — Kic:bariI.son,  Aretii^  Expcd.  442. — Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  510. — 
Cooper  in  Siiiitbsonian  Kep.  1~T>H,  \>:,~. — Cluipman,  I'l.  S.  States,  4;i,'>. — Curtis  in  Rep.  (ieological  Surv.  N.  Carolina, 
IhOO,  iii.  2-.— \\m(ic1,  CI.  lldoU,  0(!3;  Bot.  iV  Fl,  315.— Poreber,  Resources  S.  Forests,  50".).— (Jray,  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  473.  — HiiopcM.  EvergrccMis,  310.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-',  162.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  3«.—Vcitch,  Mttunol 
Conif.  23-'. 

Tlivya  sph(vroi<ha,  .Hprcngel,  Syst.  iii.  I'Sii. 

Tliuj/n  Kphivroidalin,  Rielmrd,  C«>uif.  45,  t.  8,  f.  2. 
12  FOR 


I 


J 


'1 

si 


178 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i^  I 


WHITE  OEDAH. 


Southern  Maiuc,  sonldi  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl 
river,  Missiissippi. 

A  tree  24  to  27  meters  in  height,  witii  a  trunk  O.CO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  in  deep,  cold  swampa ;  rare  in 
the  Gnlf  states,  west  of  the  baj'  of  Mobile. 

Wood  very  light  and  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  growing  darker  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.3322;  ash, 
0.33;  largely  used  in  boat-building,  for  woodenware,  cooperage,  shingles,  interior  finish,  telegraph  and  fence  posts,, 
railway  ties,  etc. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  New  Jersey  southward  lumber  is  manufactured  from  buried  trunks  of  this 
species  dug  from  peat  swamps. 

330. — Chatnaecyparis  Nutkaensis,  gpach, 

Hist.  Veg.  xi,  333.— Nnttall,  Sylva.  iii,  105;  2  ed.  ii,  lf>5.— Emllicher,  8yn.  Conif.  62.— Ledebonr,  Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  680.— Lindlcy  o» 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  See.  London,  v,  209. — Carrifero,  Trait.  Couif.  134 ;  2  ed.  127. — Walpers,  Ann.  v,  796.— Henkel  &  Hocbstetter, 
Nadolholz,  250. — Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi=,  465. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — 6.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian 
Nat.  2  ser.  ix,  329. 

Cupressua  Nootkatetms,  Lambert,  Pinus,  l  «d.  ii,  18 ;  2  ed.  ii,  No.  60.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2480. 

Cupressus  Nutkaensis,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  165.— Newberry  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rep.  vi,  63,  f.  28.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  66; 
2  ed.  94. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Bep.  1858,  263.— Nelson,  Pinaceae,  74.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  345.— Lawson,  Pinetum 
Brit.  ii,199,  t.  34,  f.  1-12. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii^,  165. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.. 
Canada,  1876-77,211.- Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  2:J5. 

Thuya  excelsa,  Bongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  ii,  164. 

Cupressus  Americana,  Trautvetter,  luiag.  Pi.  Fl.  Rossica,  12,  t.  7. 

C.  Nutkaensis,  var.  glauca,  Walpers,  Ann.  v,  769. 

Thuyopsis  boreaUs,  Hort.- Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  113. 

Thuyopsis  cvpressoides,  Carrifcre,  Man.  des  PI.  iv,  324. 

C.  excelsa,  Fischer  in  herb.  Sitka. 

Thuyopsis  Tchugatskoy  and  T.  Tchugatskoyce,  Hort. 


YELLOW  CYPRESS.      SITKA  CYPRESS. 

Sitka,  south  along  the  islands  and  Goa«t  ranges  of  British  Columbia  and  the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington 
territory  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Santian  river,  Oregon  ("  Lucky  Camp  mountain",  Cusick). 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  30  to  38  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter, 
or  toward  its  southern  limits  and  at  high  elevations  much  smaller ;  common  along  the  coast  at  the  sea-level  to 
about  latitude  49° 30'  N.,  then  less  common  and  only  at  higher  elevations;  south  of  British  Columbia  hardly  below 
5,000  feet  elevation  and  very  rare  and  local ;  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  Alaska. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soiljCasilj' 
worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  possessing  an  agreeable,  resinous  odor ;  band.s  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  not  conspicuou-s ;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color,  bright,  light  clear 
yellow,  the  thin  .sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4782 ;  ash,  0.114;  somewhat  iised  in  boat-  aMd  ship- 
building, for  furniture.  Interior  finish,  etc.,  probably  unsuri^assod  in  beauty  as  a  cabinet  wood  by  that  of  any  North, 
American  tree. 

331. — Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana,  Parlatore, 

Stuil.  Organ.  Conif.  2;*,  29,  t.  1,  f.  22-25;  De  Candolle,  Prodi-,   xvi-,  UU.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  iil.  ft'i.— Watson.  Bot.  California,  ii, 
156.— Sargent  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1881,  8. 

Cupressus  Lmrsoninna,  Mnruiy  in  Kdinlinrgh  NVw  Phil  .lour,  now  «er.  i,  2W,  t. !).— Hot.  Mag.  t.  5581.— Nelson,  Pinatcn>, 
72.— Cooper  ii-  Smilhsoiiian  Kep.  1  ■'.'if ,  «(;3.— LiiwNon,  Pinetmn  Brit,  ii,  191,  t.  31,  f.  1-13. — Hoopes,  KvcrgrrenH 
342,  f.  .'>3.— lletikol  &  llnchstef  Icr,  Niulilhdlz.  216.— Fowlor  in  Lonilon  Uard.  Chronicle,  1872, 28.">.— Lonrlon  Giirden,  \  ii 
508  li-.  t.— Vusey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  3(i.— Veitili,  Mannal  Conif.  231.— Eiclilcr  in  Monati'j.  Acad.  Berl.  1881,  f.  29,30. 

Cupressus  fragrailS,  Kellogg  in  Proo.  Ciilifomla  Acad.  i.  103. 

t Cupressus  attenunta,  Gordon.  Pinetum,  1  ed.  57;  2  id.  79. 

(7,  BoMr.vicr/l',  CarriiTi',  Triiit,  Conif.  2  I'll.  125  [iKil  l»i'(nl«uo]. 

C.  NutkanUS,  Tomy,  Hot.  Wilk.'N  Expei'.  t.  Hi.  ' 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 

POKT  OEFOED  0£DAR.     OREGON   CEDAB.     WHITE  CEDAB.      LAWSON'S  CYPRESS.      GINGER  VINE. 


179 


Oregon,  Coos  bay,  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Bogue  river,  not  cxtenduig  more  than  thirty  miles  from  the  coast ; 
California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  river  (shores  of  Castle  and  Soda  lakes,  Shasta  county). 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  45  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  i  iiietors  in  diameter; 
rich  woods,  in  low,  moist  soil,  interspersed  with  the  yellow  fir  and  hemlock;  most  common  and  i-eaching  its 
greatest  development  along  the  Oregon  coast;  local;  in  California  very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground, 
abounding  in  odoriferous  resin,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  bcnntifnl  polish ;  layers  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not 
conspicuous;  medullar;  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color,  light  yellow  or  almost  white,  the  thin  sap-wood  hardly 
distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.4G21 ;  asb,  0.10;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish, 
flooring,  railway  ties,  ence  posts,  matches,  and  in  ship-  and  boat-building;  the  resin  strongly  diuretic  and  a 
powerful  insecticide. 

332. — Cupressus  macrocarpa,  Hartweir, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ii,  187. — Benthain,  PI.  Havtweg.  337.— Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  2U6  &  t. ;  Pinetum,  65 ;  2  cd. 
91.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  200.— Knight,  Sjn.  Conif. 20.— Torrey,  Bot.  Mes.  Boundary  Survey,  211.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1856,  263 ;  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  290. — Cnrrifcre,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  124,  in  part. — Bolander  in  Proo. 
California  Acad.  !m,  228. — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadolholz.  239. — Nelson,  Pinaceu.-,  73. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  353. — Parlatoro  in 
De  Canf'oUe,  Prodr.  xvi",  473.— Fowler  in  London  Card.  Chronicle,  1672,  285.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",  148. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  36.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  2;t4.—Law8on  Pinetnm  Brit,  ii,  195,  t.  32. 

C.  Lambertiana,  Carrifere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1855,  232 ;  Trait.  Conif.  124 ;  2  ed.  166. 
C.  Harhcegii,  CaiTifere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1H55,  232 ;  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  168. 

tC.  macrocarpa,  var.  fasiigiata,  Knight,   Conif.  20.— Parlatore    in  De  Candolle,   Prodr.   xvi«,   473.— Vcitcli,   Manual 
Conif.  234. 

fC.  Rartwegii,  var.  /««%«« to,  Carrifcre,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  169. 


i:  'a 


:  ;i 


MONTEREY  CYPRESS. 

California,  Monterey  (Cyi»ress  point,  Pescadero  ranch,  and  Carmelo  point). 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter;  on  granite  rocks  immediately 
upon  tlie  sea-coast ;  very  loca '.. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  odorous;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored, 
conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color,  clear  bright  brown  streaked  with  red  and 
yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow;  specific  gravity,  0.62G1 ;  ash,  0.57;  very  beautiful  and  of  undoubted  value 
as  a  cabinet  wood. 

333. — Cupressus  Goveniana,  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  iv,  296  &  f. ;  Pluctuui,  60 ;  2  ed.  83. — Bentbaui,  PI.  Hartweg.  337. — Lindloy  &,  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc. 
London,  v,  206. — Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  125;  2  ed.  170. — Torrey,  Mox.  Boundary  Survey,  211. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18.')8, 
206.- Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadclhiilz.  240.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  2.">2. — Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  472. — Fowler  in 
Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  285.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  114.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  230. 

fC.  Californica,  Carriftre,  Trait.  Conif.  127;  2  ed.  104. 

C  CaUfornica  graeUh,  Nelson,  Pinaccie,  7o,  in  pan 

f  C.  Cornuta,  Carril-re  in  Rev.  Hort.  1860,251  &  f. 

t  JuniperiiH  aromatka.,  Hort. 

Uumboldt  county,  Calilornia,  soiitli  aL)ng  tlie  coast  and  thitugh  t  lie  Coast  ranges  into  Lower  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometinios  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  borders  of 
Htreauis  and  mountain  slopes,  in  ratlicr  rich  soil,  or  often  a  low  slirub,  fruiting  when  0,30  to  1  meter  in  lieight,  and 
occujjying  extensive  tracts  of  sandy  barrens  1  to  5  miles  inland  froyi  the  (joast,  or  thin,  rocky  soil  {Pringic)', 
widely  luit  not  generally  distributed. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  biittle,  close  grained,  coini)act;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  dark  colored, 
conspiciutiis ;  medull'try  rnys  thin,  ob.scure;  color,  light  brown,  (he  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity, 
0.40S0;  ash,  0.15. 


180  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

334.— Cupressus  Macnabiana,  Murray, 

Edinburgh,  New  Phil.  Jotir.  uewser.  i,293,  1. 10.— Gordon,  Pinetuni,  64;  2ed.  90.— Carribre,  Trait.  Conif.  2od.  165.— Hoopus,  Evergreens, 
353.— Parlfttoro  in  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi^  473. — Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii',  150.— Vasoy,  Ciii;.  Forest  Trees, 36. — Watson,  Dot. 
California,  ii,  114.— Vcitch,  Manual  Conif.  233. 

G.  glandulosa,  Hooker,  (ex.  Honkel  «&  Hocbstetter,  NadolUolz.241). 

(7.  Californic  r  gracilis,  Nelson,  Pinacoa;,  70,  in  part. 

California,  mouutaina  south  of  Clear  lake,  Lake  county  {Torrey,  Bolandcr,  Pringle,  Miller). 

A  email  tree,  sometimes  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0,30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall 
Bhrub  branching  from  the  ground;  very  rare  and  local;  not  rediscovered  in  the  original  station  reported  by 
Jeffrey,  the  Mount  Sliasta  region. 

Wood  not  collected. 

335. — Cupressus  Guadalupensis,  Watson,  ' 

Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  :iO0 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  114. 

C.  macrocarpa,  f  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  119  [not  Ilartweg]. 

C.  Arizonica,  E.  L.  Greene  in  Ball.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  i.x, 64.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79.— Watson  in  Proc.  Am. 
Acad,  xviii,  157. 

San  Francisco  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona  {Greene,  Rusby),  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita 
mountains,  Arizona  ( Pringle,  Lemmon)  -,  on  the  Sierra  Madre,  near  Saltillo,  and  Gaudalnpe  island,  Mexico  (Palmer). 

A  tree  18  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  rocky  canons  and  ridges ;  on  the 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  mountains,  forming  extensive  forests  between  5,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  generally 
on  northern  slopes;  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells,  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color,  gray,  often  faintly  streaked  with 
yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.4843 ;  ash,  0.44. 

336. — ^Juniperus  Californica,  Carrifere, 

Rev.  Hort,  iii,  353  &.  f . ;  Trait.  Conif.  58;  2ed.  41. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  121.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.— Engelraanu  in  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Iii,  588 ;  Wheeler's  Rop.  vi,  375. — Palmer  iu  Am.  Nat.  xii,  593. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  113. 

J.  terragona,  var.  OSteosperma,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mcx.  Boundary  Survey,  210;  Ives'  Rep.  28. 

J.  tetragona,  Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1853, 263  [not  Scblechtendal]. 

J.  Verrosianus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  u,37. 

J,  oceidentulis,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  38;  Pinetum,  2  ed.  162,  in  part.— Hcnkcl  &  Hocbstetter,  Nadelholz.  245,  iu  part.— 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  209,  in  part.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prcdr.  xvi',  489,  in  part. 

J.  Californica,  var.  ostcosperma,  Eugelnmnu;  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  119. 


JUNIPER. 

California,  San  Francisco  hay,  south  through  the  Copst  ranges  to  Lower  California. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall 
shrub,  sending  np  many  stems  from  the  ground  ;  sandy  barrens  and  dry,  rocky  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  comiiact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  dark  colored,  not  conspicuous;  nieilullary  rays  numerous,  ^■ery  obscure;  color,  light  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  (he  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.0282  ;  ash,  0.75;  in  southern  California  largely  used 
for  fencing  and  fuel. 


Var.  Utahensis,  Eugelmauu, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  5b8;  Wheeler's  Ri-p.  vi,  '.'64. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Tnrs,  :i7.— Sargent  iu  Aui.  Jour.  Sci.  3  scr.  xvii,  418. — 
Palmer  iu  Am.  .Nat.  xii, -"194. — Watson,  Uot.  Ciiliforniii,  ii,  113. 

J.  oceitlentalis,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  336,  in  part;  PI.  Wheeler,  18  [not  Htoker], 
J.  occiileiilttliH,  viir.  Utahrnsis,  Vritdi,  Mimnnl  Conif.  280. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


181 


JUNIPER. 

Wostern  base  of  tbo  Waliaatcb  mountains,  Utab,  to  eastern  California,  soutb  tbrougb  tbe  Great  Basin  to 
soatbeastcru  California  (Pringlc)  and  tbe  San  Francisco  mountains,  eastern  Arizona  {Greene). 

A  small,  contortc'  tree,  6  to  9  meters  in  heigbt,  witb  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
tall, mucb-brancbed  shrub;  very  common  tbrougb  tbe  elevated  valleys  and  along  tbe  lower  slopes  of  all  tbe  ranges 
of  central  and  soutbern  Utab  and  Nevada,  and  tbe  most  generally-distributed  arborescent  species  of  tbe  region. 

Wood  ligbt,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  tbe  soil;  color,  ligbt  brown,  tbe  tbick 
sap-wood  nearly  wbite;  speciflc  gravity,  0.5522;  asb,  0.49;  the  common  fuel  and  fencing  material  of  tbo  region. 

337. — ^Juniperus  pachyphloea,  Torroy, 

Paciflc  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142;  Bot.  Mcx.  Bouudnry  Snney,  210 ;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  IKiS,  263.— Hcnliol  & 
Hoclistetter,  Nadclbolz.  247.— CiirritTP,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  .5().— Parlatore  iu  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi'',490. — Gordon,  Pinetuin,  2  ed. 
164.— Eiigclmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  589;  Wlieeler'K  Rep.  vi,  2C4.— Palmer  iu  Am.  Nat.  xii,  593.— Veitcli,  Manual  Conif. 
289.— Rusby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,ix,79.— Ilerasloy.Bot.  Aui.-Cent.  iii,  184. 

J.  plochyderma,  Torroy  in  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  173,  t.  16. 

«/.  Sabina  pachyphlcea,  Antoine,  Kupress.  39. 


JUNIPER. 

Eagle  and  Limpia  mountains  {Ilavard),  west  along  tbe  ranges  of  western  Texas,  soutbern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  soutb  of  latitude  34° ;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  iu  height,  with  a  Irunk  O.GO  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  stony  slopes  and  ridges, 
generally  between  2,000  and  3,000  feet  elevation ;  the  prevailing  and  largest  juniper  of  the  mountains  of  western 
Texiw. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish  ;  bands  of  small 
Bummer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  clear  light  red, 
often  streaked  with  yellow,  tbe  thin  sap-wood  nearly  wbite;  specific  gravity,  0.5829;  ash,  0.11. 


iii 

i'l' 


338. — ^Juniperus  occidentalis,  Hooker, 

Fl.  Bor.-Aiii.ii,  160.— Kndlicber,  Syn.  Conif.  26.— Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  202.— Carrifere,  Conif.  42,  in  part;  2 
ed.  40,  in  part.- Torrey  in  Paciflc  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142.— Cooper  iu  Sniithaoniun  Rep.  1858, 203.- Gordon,  Pinetnni,  117  (oxcl.  syn.);  Suppl. 
38  (excl.  syn.) ;  2 od.  102  (excl.  syn. ).— Heukel  &  Hochstetter, Nadelliolz.  345,  in  part .— Nelson,  Pinacete,  142.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
299  (excl.  syn.  C'nfi/ormVn)-— rarlatoro  in  Do  Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi■^  489,  in  part.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.— Mucoun  in  Geological 
Rop.  Canada,  1875-'70, 211.— Paluior  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii.  113.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  289. 

J.  CXCeha,  Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  6i7.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245. 

J.  Andina,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii, 95, 1. 110 ;  2  nl.  ii,  Ki7, 1. 110.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  55. 

Ghamwcyparis  Boursicrii,  Decnisne  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  i,  70. 

J.  Hennanni,  Koch,  Dendrologie.u',  141  [not  Sprongel]. 

.7.  occidental^,  var.  pleioxperma,  Engelnmnu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  590. 

J.  pyrifornm,  Hort. 

JUNIPKU. 

Blue  mountain.s  and  high  prairies  of  eastern  Wa.'^bingtou  territory  and  Oregon,  Cascade  mountains  of  Oregon, 
valley  of  tbo  Khimatii  river,  California,  and  soutli  along  tbo  bigh  ridges  of  tbe  Sierra  Nevada,  between  7,000  and 
10,000  feet  elevation,  to  tbe  San  IJernardino  mountains  {I'ttrixh  Hros.). 

A  tree  9  to  15  meters  in  height,  witb  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  meters  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low,  mncb-brancbed 
shrub;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and  i)rairies,  reaching  it.s  greatest  development  in  tlie  California  sitn'ias. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  comi)act,  very  dnral)k'  in  conlaet  with  llie  soil:  bands  of  .small  siimmcT 
cells  thin,  not  eonspicuoiis;  medullary  rays  nuinerou.'^,  very  obscure ;  color,  ligbt  red  or  brown,  tbe  saji-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.5705;  ash,  0.12;  largely  used  for  fencing-  and  fuel. 


Var.  monosperma,  Engelinaini, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acnd.  iii,  500;  Wheeler's  Kep.  vi,263.— Voitcb,  Manual  Conif.  281>,—Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torroy  Bot.  Club,  ix,  79. 


182 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


JUNIPEE. 

Eastcru  base  of  Pike's  peak,  Colorado,  to  the  moantains  of  western  Texas,  and  tlirougU  New  Mexico  and 
southern  Arizona  to  southern  California. 

A  small,  stunted  tree,  (i  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  branching 
from  the  ground  with  many  stout,  contorted  stems  j  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between  3,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  type,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  often  eccentric;  specific  gravity,  0.7110; 
ash,  0.78;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 


! !  ill  r;j:i 


V    I 


Var.  conjugens,  Engelmiinn, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Aciwl.  iii,  590. — Vuitch,  Manual  Couif.  289. — Wat-sou  iu  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  liid. 

JUNIPEU. 

Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Colorado  river  (Austin),  west  and  north. 

A  tree  11  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  meter  iu  diameter,  covering  with  extensive 
forests  the  limestone  hills  of  western  Texas;  its  range  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  thin,  daik  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  Color,  brown,  often 
streaked  with  red,  the  thin  .sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.6907;  ash,  0.46;  largely  used  for  fencing, 
fuel,  telegraph  poles,  railway  ties,  etc. 


!    ;!     ii 


339. — ^Juniperus  Virginiana,  Liumeus, 

Spec.  1  ed.  1039.— Kaliu,  Travels,  English  od.  ii,  180.— Marshall,  Arbustuui,  70.— Wnugeuhoim,  Amor.  9,  t.  2,  f.  5.— Walter,  V\. 
C!Uoliuiaiia,2'18.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,4M;  2  cd.  v,414w— Lamarck,  Diet,  iv,  627. — Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,8r)3;  Enum.  1025;  Berl. 
Biutinz.  19S.— Porsoou,  Syn.  ii,fiU2. — Desfontaiucs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  539. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  42,  t.  5;  N.  American  Sylva, 
3ed.  I7;i,t.  15.').— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  647.— Noiivoau  Duhamel,  vi,  49,  t.  16.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadolph.  96;  Compond.  Fl. 
Pliiladclph.  ii,  200.— Eaton,  Manual,  IIH;  2ed.  194.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245;  Sylva,  iii,  97;  2  ed.  ii,  1.59.— Bigelow,  Mod.  Bot.  iii,  49, 
t.45:  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  39d.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  205.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,717.— Torrcy  in  Nicollet's  Rep.  167;  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  377; 
Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  235  ;  Marcy's  Kep.  2S4  ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  142 ;  Bot.  Me.x.  Bonndary  Survey,  211 ;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Sprongel,  Syst. 
iii,  908.— Richard,  Conif.  37,  t.  6,  f.  2.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  43.— Rafinosqiu',  Med.  Bot.  ii,  13.— Bock,  Bot.  337.— Lindley,  Fl.  Mod. 
r.5(!.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  24y.'>,  f.  23.^7.— Forbes,  Piuetuui  Woburn.  199.— Peun.  Cycl.  xiii,  147.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  288.— 
Emer.sou,  Trees  Massachusetts,  102;  2  cd.  i,  118. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  27,  in  part.— .Scboelo  in  Rtemcr,  Texas,  Appx.  447. — 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,202. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  (118. — Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  ed.  295. — Knight, 
Syn.  Conif.  12.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Durand  in  Jour.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1855,  101.— Torroy  &  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
ii,  130,  175.— Carrifcrc,  Trait.  Conif.  43  ;  2  od.  44.— Bigolow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  20.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  112 ;  2  ed.  154.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2.57 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  413.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  43.5.— Gray  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  xii^,  48;  Manual  N.  States, 
5  ed.  474;  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  21. — Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linna>au  Soc.  xxiii-,  'AOi.  —Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860, 
iii,  71.- Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas, 389.— Wood,  CI.  Book, 603;  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.— Poroher,Re8ourceBS.  Forests, 510.— 
Eugelmaun  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  sor.  xii,209;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  .591;  Wheolei-'s  Rep.  vi,263.— Lyall  in  Jour. 
Linna'an  Soc.  vii,  144. — Hcnkel  &,  Ilochstcttor,  Nadolhiil/.  33.5. — Nelson,  Pinaceu',  153.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  291.— Parlatoro  iu  Do 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  488.— Young,  Cot.  Texas,  517.— Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii',  138.— Walson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  335.— Rothrock  iu  PI. 
Wheeler,  28,  ,50 ;  Wheeler's  Rc)i.  vi,  10.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Huydcn's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  132.— Hayd(iu  in 
Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  &  Dakota,  2  ed.  122.— Vasey,Cat.  Forest  Trees,  37.— Guibourt,  Hi.st.  Drogues,  7  ed.  ii,  242.— Broiidheod 
in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  now  sor.  ix,  ;i29.— Sears  iu  Ibill.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  183. — Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  282.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-80,  52'-.— Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  .S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  87.— Ilcmsley,  Bot.  Am.- 
Ceut.  iii,  184. 

J.  Caroliniana,  Marshall,  Arbwstnm,  71.- Du  Roi,HRrbk.  2cd.  497. 

J.  arftoce.«CeH«,  Munch,  Moth. 699.  ■    ■ 

J.  Barbadensis,  Michaux,  Fl.  l!or.-Am.  ii,  240  [not  Linna'us].— Pur.sh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 647.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  245 ;  Sylva, 

iii, 96;  2  od.  11,1.58. 

J.  Viryiniana,  var.  CaioUniana,  Willdenow,  Bcrl.Baumz.  198.— Hay«c,Deud.Fl. 205. —Loudon,  Arborotum.iv, 2495. 
J.  rt;"f//HiaH«r,  var. /ftTH(««ni,  Pci«oon,Syn. ii,63a. 

J.  Ilcrmniini,  <'\n;'.u^'],;iyM.u\,'MS. 

J./wtida,  var.    Vini'fiina,  !Spach  in  Ann.  .Sci.  Nat.2sor.  xvi,298i  Hist.  V«g.  xi,  31b. 

J.   Viryinidnn  Vll' :"■■>■•    J'n.rii-li.-r. Syn.  Conif.  28. 

J.  Sabina,  \i\i.   »/.  f/NiAt/ta,  Automo,  Kupress.  t.83,  84. 


>jMMi 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


183 


BED  CEDAR.     SAVIN. 

Soutbern  Now  Brunswick  to  tlio  noitheni  shores  of  Georgian  bay,  uortheru  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  baj',  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  west  to 
eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territory  to  about  the  one  hundredth  parallel  of  west  longitude ;  in 
the  Pacific  region,  Rocky  mountains  of  Colorado  to  Vancouver's  island,  British  Columbia  j  not  extending  to 
western  Texas,  California,  or  Oregon ;  in  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona  rare  and  local. 

The  most  widely  distributed  of  North  American  Coniferro,  a  tree  21  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60 
to  1.35  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  and  western  limits  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub; 
dry,  gravelly  ridges,  and  limestone  hills,  or  in  the  Gulf  states,  especially  near  the  coast,  in  deep  swamjjs ;  in 
northern  Montana,  borders  of  streams  and  lakes;  common;  andreaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of 
the  Red  river,  Texas. 

Woodjight,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-  and  straight-grained,  comjiact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  odorous ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure;  color,  dull  i-ed,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4926;  ash,  0.13;  largely  used  for 
posts,  sills,  railway  ties,  interior  finish,  cabinet-making,  and  almost  exclusively  for  lead-pencils. 

A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  savine  ceretc,  and  an  infusion  of  t!  c  berries 
as  a  «liuretic  ( U.  8.  Di»pensatori/,  14  ed.  529. — N^at.  jyispensatory,  2  ed.  795). 

340. — Taxodium  distichum,  Richard, 

Ann.  Mu8.  xvi,  298f  Conif.  52,  t.  10.— Nouvcau  Dnhamol,  iii,  8.— Eobin.Voyafjcs,  iii,  5'.J5.— Lambert,  Pimis,  a  ed.  25  &  t.— Torrcy, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  361;  Cot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210. — lirongniart  in  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182. — Loudon,  Arboretnm, 
i V,  2481,  f.  23;i5-233'J.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburu.  177,  t.  CO.— Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  (i8,  in  part.— Engelmann  &  Gray  iii  Jour.  Boston 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v, 234. — Scheelo  in  Rreuier,  Texas,  Appx.  447. — Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209. — Knight,  Syn. 
Conif. 20.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica, 3  ed.  295.— Carrifcre,  Trait.  Couif.  143;  2ed.  180;  Rev.  Hort.  viii,62&f.— Morrcu  in  Belg.  Hort.  vi, 
74  &  t. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  305 ;  2cd.  382.— London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1857, 549. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 257.— Chapman,  Fl. 
K  States,  435. — Curtis  in  Rop.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  18G0,  iii,  29. — Lcsiiuereu.'c  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  ;J89. — Wood,  CI. 
Boole,  6G3 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— Hcnkel  &  Hoohstetter, Nadelholz.  258.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  473.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  364,  f. 
I>8. — Parlatoro  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  440. — Lawson,  P^n<^tum  Brit,  ii,  305,  f.  1-9.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1872, 1520. — Young,  Bot.  Texas,  518. — Koch,  Dendrologio,  ii'2,195. — Bertraud  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bnt.  France,  xviii,  127. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  3(>. — Bruudhead  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60. — Veitch,  Manual  Couif.  214. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  87.— Watson 
in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  158. 


Cupressus  disticha^  Linmeus,  Spec.  I  ed.  1003.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.i,  201. -Marshall,  Arbustum,  39.— Lamarck,  Diet,  ii,  244.— 
Wangenheim,  Amor.  43. — Walter,  Fl.  Ciiroliniana,  238. — Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  372;  2  ed.  v,  323. — Bartram,  Travels,  2 
ed. 88.— Michaux, Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,208.— Desfontaiue-M,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  567.— Willdenow,  Spec.  iv,512;  Euum.  i>91;  Berl. 
Baumz.  111.— Schkuhr,  Haudb.  iii,  288.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  iii,  4,  t.  1;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  154,  t. 
151. — Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  645. — Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philadelph.  93. — RaQnesque,  Fl.  Ludoviciana,  151. — Nnttall, 
Genera,  ii, 224.— Hayne,Dend.  Fl.  178.— James  in  L<mg'8  Exped.  ii,  317,  318.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  642.— Beck,  Bot.  238.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  116.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  21.'>.— Do  Chambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  Conif.  319.— Dicksou  &  Brown 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  v,  15. — Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests,  508. 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  patens  and  var.  nutans,  Aiton,Hort.  Kew.2ed.  v,323. 

Cupressus  disticha,  var.  imbricaria,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  224;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2  ser.  v,  li;3.— Croom  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
1  ser.  xxviii,  166. 

Sclntbertia  disticha,  Mirbel  in  Mem.  Mu.s.  xiii,  75.— Sprengol,  Syst.  iii,  890.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  349. 

T.  microphyllum,  Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182.— Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  68.— Lindlcy  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  207. — Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  148. 

T,  adscendens,  Brongniart  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1  ser.  xxx,  182. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  69. — Lindlcy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v,  207. — C'arriere,  Trait.  Couif.  148. 

T.  distichum,  \ar,  patens  and  var.  nutans,  Eudlicher,  Syn.  Couif.  68.— Loudon,  Arljorotum,iv,24Sl. 

T,  distichum  fastigiatum,  Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  21.— Carritre,  Trait.  Couit.  145;  2  cd.  ISl.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  307;  2  ed. 
383. — Honkel  &  Hoclistetter,  Nadelhiilz.  2(i0. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  367. 

T.  distichum,  var.  microphyllum,  Henkel  &  Hoohstetter,  Nadelholz.  261.— Parlatore  in  Di>  Candidle,  Prodr.  x-iS  441  (T. 
Sineiisc  pcndulinn,  Forbes,  Piuetum  Woburu.  180. — (lljiptostrohiin  jwii(liiUii>,  Endliclier,  (.'oiiif.  71. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  5603. — 
(;arri<"^re, trait. Couif.  l.VJ. — T.  Siiioitc,  Gordon, Pinetum, 3(^9. — CiqifCKHiia  Siiwiwe,  Hon.). 


;ii 


+ 


ilV 


Cuprespinnata  disticha.  Nelson,  Pinacem,  61 , 


;i  I 


184 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


BALD  CYPRESS.   BLACK  CVmKS.S.   BED  CYPRESS.   WHITE  CYPRESS.  DECIDUOUS  CYPRESS. 

SiiNsex  county,  Delaware,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  inlet  and  capo  Roiniino,  Florida,  west  through  the 
Gulf  states  near  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  tiio  Nueces  river,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Tennessee, 
western  and  northern  Kentucky,  southeastern  Jlissoiiri,  and  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  largo  tree  of  great  economic  value,  24  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  meters  in  «liameter; 
deep,  submerged  swamps,  river-bottom  lands,  and  pine-barren  ponds;  common  and  forming  extensive  forests  in 
the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close,  straight-grained,  not  strong,  compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color, 
light  or  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4543;  ash,  0.42;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  construction,  cooperage,  railway  ties,  posts,  fencing,  etc.,  often  injured,  especially  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  by  a  species  o{  Dwdalia,  not  yet  determined,  rendering  it  unfit  for  lumber.  • 

Two  varieties  of  cypress,  black  and  white,  are  recognized  by  lumbermen,  the  wood  of  the  former  heavier  than 
water  when  green,  rather  harder  and  considered  more  durable  than  the  other;  the  unseasoned  wood  of  the  latter 
lighter  than  water  and  rather  lighter  colored  than  black  cypress. 


[^ 


341. — Sequoia  gigantea,  Decaisno, 

Bull.  Dot.  Soo.  France,  i,  70;  Rev.  Horf.  1855,9, 1. 10,  f.  L— Gray  iu  Proo.  Am.  Acod.  iii,  94;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xvii.  440;  xviii,  150, 
286.— Tonvy  in  Pacific  R.  R.Rcp.  iv,  140.— Kollogg  in  Proc.  California  Aoail.  i,  42.— Blake  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rop.  v,  257,  t.  13.— 
Carriftie,  Trait.  Conif.  ICO.— Newberry  in  Patific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  90.— Coopor  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  263.— Wooil,  Bot.  &  Fl.  315.— 
Bloomer  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  397. — Iloopea,  Evergreens,  239,  f.  29. — Parlatore  in  V)o  Candollo  Prodr.  xvi',  437.— Koch, 
Dendrologio,  ii»,  194.— Bertrand  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  scr.  xx,  114.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  ;i6. — Muir  in  Proc.  Am.  Assoc,  xxv, 
242.— Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  117. 

WeUingtonia  gigantca,  Li'ulloy  iu  London  Card.  Chronicle,  1853,  819,  823;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4777,  4778.— C.  Lemairo  in  III.  Hort. 
1854,  14  &  t.— Naudin  in  Rev.  Ilort.  ia''.4,  116.— Fl.  dea  Scrres,  ix,  93  &  t.  903  &.  t.—Flor.  Cabinet,  1854,  121  &  t.— 
Bigdow  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  22.— Gordon,  Pinotun),  330;  Suppl.  100;  2  ed.415. — Murray  in  Edinburgh  Now  Phil. 
Jour,  now  ser,  xi,  205,  t.  3-9  (Trans.  Bot.  Sec.  E<linburgh,  vi.  330,  t.  6,  f.  8,  9). — Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadolholz. 
222.— Ca^^i^ro,  Trait.  Conif.  2  cd.  217.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  41.5. 

WeUingtonia  Cali/omica,  Winslow  in  California  Farmer,  September,  1854. -Hooker,  Jour.  Bot.  &  Kew  Misc.  vii, 26. 

Taxodium   Washingtonianum,  Winslow  in  California  Furmer,  September,  1854. 

Taxodium  giganteitm,  Kellogg  &  Behr  in  Proc.  California  Acad.  i. 51. 

S,  WeUingtonia,  Scemaun  in  Bouplandia,  ii,238;  iii,  27;  vi,343;  Ann.  &  Mng.  Nat.  Hist.  3  ser.  March,  1859,  161.— Lawson, 
Pinotum  Brit,  iii,  299,  t.  37, 51 ,  .53,  f.  1-37. 

(iigantahiis  TFc?/iH(//onja,  Nelson,  Pinace®,  79. 


m 


BIG  TREE. 

California,  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  from  Placer  county  (Calaveras  Grove)  south  to  Deer  creek  on 
the  southern  borders  of  Tnlare  county. 

Tiie  largest  tree  of  the  American  forest,  7C  to  11!)  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  G  to  11  meters  iu  diameter; 
valleys  and  moist  swales  or  hollows  between  4,000  and  0,000  feet  elevation,  growing  in  small,  isolated  groves, 
except  toward  its  southei'n  limits,  here  mixed  with  the  sugar  pine  and  red  and  white  tirs,  coveting  large  tracts, 
often  several  hundred  acres  iu  extent. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  remarkably  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  bands  of  small  smnnier  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  bright 
clear  red,  turning  much  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  white;  speeilic  gravity,  0.2S82;  ash,  O.-^O;  in 
Fresno  county  formerly  somewhat  mannfactnrcd  into  lnnd)er  and  locally  used  lor  fencing,  shingles,  construction,  etc. 


342. — Sequoia  sempervirens,  Kudliclur, 

8yn.  Conif.  198.- Doo.iisno  in  Ucv.  lloit.  \s:u>,  9, 1. 11,  f.  2.— Cllr^i^^<•, Trait.  Conif.  I(i4 ;  2  nl.  210.— Bigi'low  in  I'a.ilio  R.  U.  Rop.  iv,  23.— 
Newberry  in  Piicilic  R.  R.  Kep.  vi,  57,  90,  f.  23.— Torrcy  in  Pacilio  R.  K.  Itcp.  iv,  110;  Rot.  Mox.  Boundary  Survey,  210;  Ives' 
Rop.  28. — Gordon,  riui'tnin,  303  ;  Siippl.  97;  2  ed.  379.— Coopor  in  .Snlitll^olli!lu  Rop.  lH."i8,  20;!.— Murray  in  iMlinburgh  New  Phil. 
Jour,  now  sor.  xi,-,;il  (TrauH.  Hot.  Sue.  l",dinburu;h,  vi,  3I()).— Socniann  iu  .Vim.  vt  .Mii^r.  Nat.  Hist.  3  sor.  Maroli,  18."i9, 165. — Wood,  Hot. 
itFl.  315. — Itolaudor  in  Pnu'.  Californiy  Acad,  iii,  231. — Iloopos,  F.vorRrcons,  211. — Piirl;i(oio  in  Uc  Candollo  Prodr.  xvi'^,  436. — 
Kooh,Dondrolosiio,  ii-,  193.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36.— Stearns  in  Am.  Nat.  x,  110,— Watson,  Bot.  CHlifornia,  ii,  116.— Voitch, 
Manual  Conif.  212. — Lawson,  Pinctum  Brit,  iii,  t..'>2  ■&  liga. 


CATALOGUE  Of  FOREST  TREES. 


185- 


Taaodium  acmpervircm,  Lamlx'rt.rinim,  114;  2  ed.  ii,  107,  t.r)a.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2487,  f.  2340, 2341.— Ilookor,  B'l. 
Bor.-Ani.  ii,  104;  Icon,  iv,  t.  :i7i). — Hooker  &  Arnott,  Hot.  Ileci'licy,  1841. — Irciinont,  Gcograiiliit'iil  Mem.  Calirornia,  3C, 
37.— Hiinkol  &  Hochritfttcr,Nii(lt)lhol/.2(i2. 

Taxorfit  species,  Douglas  In  Ci-mimnion  Uol  Mag.  ii,  l.'iO. 

Sequoia gignntea,  Kndliclur, Syn.  Conif.  190,  in  part.— Hcntliam,  PI.  IIartwog.338. 

Abiea  religiOHa,  Hookir  &  Arnott,  Hot.  Hoeolioy,  ICO. 

Sohubertia  minpcrvirena,  Simcli,  IIi»t.  Vog.  xi, 353. 

8.  religioaa,  Pn-sl,  Kpimol.  Hot.  357.— WalpiTs,  Ann.  iii,  448. 

Gigantabies  iuxij'olm,  Nelson,  Pinacero,  78. 

nrDwooD. 

Califoruia,  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  south  tlirough  the  Coast  ranges  to  "Veers  creek"  near  the 
■oatheru  border  of  Monterey  county. 

A  large  tree  of  great  econouic  vuhie,  (il  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  7  meters  in  diameter,  sending 
np  from  the  stump  when  cut  many  vigorous  shoots ;  sides  of  canons  and  gulches  in  low,  wet  situations,  borders  of 
streams,  etc.,  not  appearing  on  dry  hillsides;  generally  confined  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  ranges, 
and  nowhere  extending  far  from  the  coast ;  most  generally  multiplied  and  reaching  its  greatest  average  density 
north  of  cape  Mendocino. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  easily 
split  and  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  tiie  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored, 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure;  color,  clear  light  red,  the  tliiu  sap-wood  nearly  white ^ 
specific  gravity,  0.4208;  ash,  0.14;  largely  sawed  into  lumber;  the  prevailing  and  most  valuable  building  material 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  California  almost  excilusively  used  for  shingles,  fence  posts,  telegraidi  poles,  railway 
ties,  wine-butts,  tanning-  and  water-tanks,  coflins,  etc. ;  forms  with  curled  or  contorted  grain  are  highly  ornamoutal. 


343. — Taxus  brevifolia,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  iii, 86,  1. 108 ;  2  ed.  ii,  149,  1. 108  (7".  oaidmtalis  on  plate).— Torrcy  in  Pacilie  B.  B.  Bop.  iv,  140.— Newberry  iu  Pacific  E.  B.  Bep. 
vi,  (iO,  90,  f.  20.- Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Bop.  W!j8,  2C3;  Pacific  E.  B.  Bcp.  xii»,  26,  C9 ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  414.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl. 
316. — Bolauder  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  229. — Carrifire,  Trait.  Conif.  2ed.  742. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  383. — Parlatore  in  Do 
Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi",  GOl. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  AOi. — Koch,  Dt-ndrologie,  ii',  95. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  392. — Vasoy, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35. — Macoun  in  Geological  Ecp.  Canada,  1875-70,211. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Dot,  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Watson.  Bot. 
California,  ii,  110. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,329. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  305. 

T.  baccata,  var.  Canadensis,  Benthiim,  Pi.  Hartweg.  338. 

T.  baccata,  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  107,  in  part. 

T.  Boursierii,  Carribre  in  Eev.  Hort.  18.54, 228  &  t. ;  Trait.  Conif.  523  ;  2  ed.  739. 

T.  Lindleyana,  Murray  in  iCdiuburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  now  ser.  i,294  ;  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  18C0.— Law8on,Cat. 
1855, 15.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  316  ;  Supp!.  99.  — Hcukel  &  Hoehstetter,  Nadclholz.  300.— Nelson,  Piuacoic,  174. 

T.  Canadensis,  Bigolow  in  Pacific  B.  E.  Eep.  iv,  25  [not  Willdenow]. 

YEW 

Queen  Cliarlotte  islands  and  the  valley  of  the  Skeena  river,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia, 
through  western  and  llie  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Rocky  mountains  of  northern  VioutAWix  {Canby  &  Sargent),  Wwowgh  the  California  Coast  ranges  to  the  bay  of 
Monterey  and  along  th(!  western  slopes  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevadas  to  about  latitude  .'J7°  N. 

A  tree  18  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in 
Idaho  and  Montana  niueii  suialier,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  rare;  low,  rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Oregon,  Washington  territoiy,  and  Hritish  Columbia. 

Wood  heavy,  liavd,  strong,  brittle,  very  close  grained,  conii)aet,  siiKceptihle  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  eons|)ieuoiis ;  medullary  rays  tliin, 
nnmerous,  very  obscure;  color,  light  bright  red,  the  (liin  sap  wood  light  yellow;  s))ecilic  gravity,  0.0391 ;  ash, 
0.22  ;  used  for  fence  posts  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  for  ]);i(Ulles,  spear  hundles,  bows,  fish-hooks, 
etc. 


m 


i  'I 

•4 


pp^ 


18G 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ni 


344. — Taxus  Floridana,  Nuttnll, 

Sylvtt,  iii.OJj  2o(l.  ii,  155.— Croom  ill  Am.  .Iimr.  Sti.  I  ser.  xxvi,  ;m.— Cliuimmii,  I'l.  8.  Statrn,  436.— Carrl^ro,T^«I^.Con^f.2c(l,74l.— 
IIoo|)08,  Evor);re(!ii!i,  38-1.— Vunoy.  Cut.  t'orcnt  TnMis,  30. 

T.  montana,  Nuttall, Sylvu, \i\,'M;  a  cd. ii, IS.'V. 

YFAV. 

V»7^(>8t(»rii  Florida,  banks  of  the  Apalachioola  river  fi-oin  Bristol  to  Aapalagn,  Gadsdon  conuty,  and  Watson's 
Lauding?  (Ciirtixs). 

A  HUiall  tree,  '<i  to  U  meters  in  iieight,  witli  a  trunk  0.15  tu  0.25  meter  in  diameter  ;  rare  and  rery  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  elo.se-graiued,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  dark  colored,  not 
conspicuous;  medullary  rays  nuiuerous,  ob.scnre ;  color,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specitic  gravity,  0.0340 ;  ash,  O.LM. 

345. — Torreya  taxifolia,  Amott, 

Ami.  Nut.  IlUt.  i,  l;t4;  llook.i-,  Jcoii.  iii,  t.  2:W,  233.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Hot.  •J54.—Niittttn,  Sylvii,  iii.  91,  t.  100;  2  od.  ii,  153,  t. 
109.— Spacli,  Iliat.Vog.  xi,  29S.— EiiilIiiluT,  S.vu.  Conif.  241.— Lindloy  tSt  Gordon  in  Jour.  Ilort.  Soc.  London,  v,  22C.— Darby,  Bot. 
S.  States,  51(i.— Carri^r«,  Trait.  Conif.  CtU ;  2  ed. 72(5. —Gordon,  Piuotiini,  329;  2  cd.  412.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rop.  1858,  259.— 
Cbai)iu«n,  Fl.  S.  States.  43ti.— Wood,  CI.  Ho<ik,  6C4;  Bot.  &  Fl.  316.- IIoopos,  Evorgroons,  'J87,  f.  C2.— Parlaton  in  De  Caudolle, 
Prodr.  xvi',  505.— Koch,  Dcudrologie,  ii',  100. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  35. — Vcitch,  Manual  Conif.  311. 


Caryotaxus  taxifoUa,  Henkel  &  Hochstottor,  NadolhClz.  307. 
Fcetataxus  montana,  Nelson,  Piuaceie,  167. 


STINKING  CEDAR.     SAVIN. 


Western  Florida,  eastern  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  river  from  Chattahoochee  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol, 
Gadsden  county;  doubtfully  reported  from  the  .shores  of  a  small  lake  west  of  Ocheesee  and  at  Wakulla  Springs, 
Wakulla  county  {Curliss). 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  heiglit,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  sending  up  when  cut  many 
vigorous  shoots  from  the  stem  and  roots;  borders  of  swamps  on  calcareous  soil;  verj'  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  closo-grained,  compact,  8U8ceptit)le  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  baiuls  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure;  color,  clear  bright  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  much  lighter;  siiecific  gravity,  0.5145;  ash,  0.73; 


largely  used  locally  for  fence  posts,  etc 


346. — Torreya  Californica,  Torrey, 

N.  York  Jour.  Phariu.  iii,  49;  Piuilic  U.  R.  Uop.  iv,  140.— Bigelow  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Rop.  iv,  24.— Kellogg  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  i, 
3".— Newberry  in  Pacific  11.  \i.  Kep.  vi,  (il,  90,  f.  27.— Conper  in  Sinitlisoniup  Rep.  IS.'jH,  2G3.— Bolandcr  in  Proc.  California 
Acad,  iii,  •,'■,'!>.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  ",<>. — Piirlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  £0(3. — Koch,  Dcndrologie,  ii',  101. — Gordon, 
Pinetniii,  2  cd.  tin.— Vnsey,  CiU.  Forest  l"rce8,  35.— Watson,  Bot.  Calilbruia,  ii,  110. 

T.  MyHstica,  Hooker  f.  in  Uot.  Jliig  t.  4780.— Van  llontte  in  Fl.  dis  Serres,  ix,  175  &  t.— Carri^^e,  Conif.  315;  2  ed.  727.— 
Gordon.  Pinetnm,  1  ed.  327.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  Now  Pliil.  Jour,  new  ser.  x,  7,  t.  3. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  311. 

CuryoUtXHS  Myrislica,  lleukel  &  Iloclmtettor,  NadelhiUz.  368. 

FcetataXliS  MyHstica,  Nelson,  Pinueen',  1(W. 


CALIFOUNIA  NUTMEG.     STINKING  CEDAR. 

California,  Meiulociuo  county,  ami  along  the  western  slope  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Tulare  county,  between 
3,000  and  5,000  feet  elevation. 

A  tree  15  to  22  meters  in  height,  witli  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.!U)  motor  in  diameter,  sending  up  from  the  stump  when 
cut  many  vigorous  shoots;  border.s  of  streams,  in  moist  soil;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  closo-grained,  compact,  suscojitible  of  a  flue  polish,  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color, 
clear  light  yellow,  the  tliin  sap-wood  nearly  wliite;  specWc  gravity,  (».17(»();  ash,  1.34. 


CATAT.OGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES.  187 


347. — Pinus  Strobus,  Liuiiimis, 

Spot.  led.  1001;  Dii  Uni.  llurbk.  11,57.— WaiiKonhoiiu,  Amor.  1,  1. 1,  f.  1.— .Vitoii,  Hoil.  Kow.  HI,  UC.O;  'J  oil.  v,  lUH.— Swurtz.Obg.SCJJ.— 
McDiich, Moth. :i64.— Mioliniix, V\.  Hoi-.- Am,  ii, yor>.— Pitinit  in  Laiiiunk,  Diet,  v, :il I ;  111.  ill,  Uti'.), t. 7«i, f. y.— LanilMTt,  I'iium,  1  crt.  t. 
22;2cd.  1,27,  t.  :«>;  :Uirt.  i,  f)'.,  t.  :W.— VVillili-iiow,  .Si>(>o.  I v,  .^(ll;  Kmiin.  !HU;  UfilHaimiz.  •-'ly.— rcrmxm,  Syu.  ii,  .^7!>.— DetilVniliiincN,  Hint. 
Arb.  ii, 012.— Micbaiix  f.  Hist.  Arl>.  Am.  i,  104, 1. 10 ;  N.  Aiiioi  itran  Syivii,  3  ih\.  iii,  U\\,  1. 1  !,">.— Nouvoiiii  Diihiiinul,  v,  24'.),  t.  7(!.— Smith 
in  K<icm'  Cyc'l.  xx viii.  No.  17.— Piiwli,  Kl.  Am.  Sept.  Ii,  ()44.— Kiiton,  Manual,  110 ;  (!  rd.  21ir..— Nnttall,  Oi-ncra,  ii,  22:1 ;  Hylva,  iii,  118  j 
2  wl.ii,17(')  (oxcl. Hyn.  var.  moiit'uiola).  —  ilayntt,  Dimd.  I'l.  17.">. — Kllinti.  .Sk.  ii,(i;i,s. — Spnnscl,  SyNt.ii,  H^7. — 'I'luroy,  Cimipond.  PL 
N.  States,  ;M)0;  Fl.N.  York,  ii,22!).-Uichard,(;onif.  liO,  1. 12,  l'.2.— Vndul>on,llirdM,  t.  :U).— Heck,  Hot.  :i:m.— London,  Arl(orotum,iv, 
2280,  l'.21'.>;t-2l!)i).— Forbes,  I'iniifnm  WoIiurn.8:i.— llfokcr,  I'l.  llor.-Am.  ii,  iCl.— Kat'  i  &  Wrislit.  Hot.  llfiO.— l!i);clo\v,  1"1.  Boston. 
;<  od.  38.').— Antoine,  Conif.  4U,  t.  vjO,  f.  It. — Liiidlny  in  IVnn.  t'yol.  xvii,  17.'!. — Link  in  Linnira,  xv,  .'lU.— Spacli,  Hist.  Vcg.  xi,;i04, — 
Do  Chambrny,  Trait.  Arb.  IJes.  t'onif.  2(')2,  t.  4,  .'»,  i'.8. — Emerson,  Trees  MaHsachnselU,  (id;  2  ed.  i,  711  &,  t. — Kndliehcr,  Syn. 
Conif.  147. — (!ilionl,Av'i.  Renin. ;).'>,  t.C>. — Knight, Syn.  Cciiil'.:i4. — Lindley  &,  Uordcni  in  .Tonr.  Ilorl.  Soe.  London.  v,21.'>.—Carri6ro, 
Troit.  Conif.  :{02 ;  2  ed.  aiW.-Bncklcy  in  Am.  .Jonr.  .Sei.  2  ser.  \iii,  :W-i.— Darlington,  I'l.  Centrien, :»  ed.  200.— Darby,  Hot.  .S.  States, 
Slf). — Qord(m,  Pinetmii,  2:59 ;  2  ed,  :122. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Kep.  1858,  257.—  FeHeali,  Korst.  I'll.  5(1,  t.  11,  f.  7-lH. — (Miapman,  Fl. 
S.  States, 4;ri.— Cnrti«  in  Kei>.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1800,  iii,  25.— Wood,  CI.  Hook,  fiCO ;  Hot.  &  Fl.  ;n2.— Poreber,  Resource* 
S.  Forests,  50,5.— Ileukel  &  Iloulistottcr,  NatloUulIz.  02.— Nelson,  Pinaceii',  130.— Hoopes,  Evergreen.s,  lliO,  f.  10.— Oray.Mannal  N. 
States,  5  ed.  470. — Parlatoro  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  405. — Sebnixlein,  Icon.  t.  77,  f.  10. — Koch,  Dondroloj;ie,  ii',  :U0,— VuKvy,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  ;t2. — Maconn  in  QooloKical  Uop.  Canada,  lS75-'7i>,  211.— Sears  in  Hnll.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  187. — Veiteli,  Manual  Conif. 
183.— Hell  in  Geolosicvl  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80.  49^ 

P.    Sirohus,  Viir.  alba,    var.   brevifolia,  var.  contprcum,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2280.— Lindley  &  Gordon   in  Jonr. 
Ilort.  See.  Loudon,  v,  215. 


P.  Strobus,  var.  nivea,  Ilort. 


WHITE  riNK.      WKYMOUTII   PINE. 


Newfoundland,  northern  sliorea  of  tlie  Kulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  lake  Nipigon  and  (he  valley  of  the  Winnipeg 
river,  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  "Starving  rock," 
near  La  Salle,  Illinois,  near  Davenport,  Iowa  (I'arrjf),  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  econoinic  value,  24  to  52  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  .'].50  meters  in  diameter ; 
sandy  loaui  ujwn  drift  formations,  forming  extensive  forests,  or  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  often  in  small 
bodies  scattered  through  the  hardwood  forests,  here  reaching  its  greatest  development;  north  of  latitude  47° 
N.  and  south  of  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  and  Minnesota  much  smaller,  less  common  and  valuable. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  '"asily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish;  bai\ds  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  pa.ssages  small,  not  numerous  noi  conspicuous; 
niedidhuy  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light  brown,  often  slightly  tinged  witii  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  ().38o4;  ash,  0.11);  more  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  shingles,  laths,  etc.,  than  that  of  any 
other  North  American  tree;  the  common  and  most  valuable  building  material  of  the  norf  hern  states;  largely  u.sed  in 
cabinet-making,  for  interior  finish,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  marches,  woodenware,  and  for  many  domestic;  purposes. 

Gonlferiit,  a  gliuioside  principle,  has  been  discovered  in  the  (iambinm  layer  of  this  and  several  other  species  of 
Conifenv  (Jout.fiir  Prulit.  Ckein.  xcvii,  243. — Am.  Jour.  PItanu.  18(J7,  2(il. — U.  S.  Diupcnmtory,  14  ed.  901). 


348. — Pinus  monticola,  Douglas; 

Lambert,  Pinus,  1  <m1.  iii,  27,  t.  35.— London,  Arliorctuin,  i  v,  221U,  f.  2208, 220',l.— I'orbcs,  Pinetnm  Wobnrn.  M ,  t.  31.-  -Antoiuo,  Conif.  40,  t. 
18,  f.  3.— Hooker  &  Aruott,  Hot.  Heecliey,3!)4. — EniUicher,  .Syn.  ('onil'.  HH.— Ijindlcy  &  (iordon  in  .lour,  llort.  Soc.  London,  v, 215. — 
C'arriere,  Trait.  Conif.  .^05;  2  cd.  4I*1.— (iordcni,  Pinetnm,  233  ;  2  e,d.  314.— Cooper  in  Smitli.soniiiu  Kep.  1  ■^.J8, 202 ;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep. 
xii-,27;  Am,  Nat.  iii, 410. — Lyall  in  .Tonr.  Linujeau  .Soc.  vii,  141.— Henkcl  &  lloclistctter,  Nadelbiilz.  94. — Nelson,  PiuacciB,  V20. — 
Iloopes,  Kvergreeiis,  135.— Holandcr  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  318. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  I'rodr.  xvi^405. — Gray  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Fowler  in  Loudon  Gard.  Clironicle,  1872,  1071. — Kocli,  Dcudrologic,  ii-,  322. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — 
Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  18?5-'7(),  211. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Engclniann  in  Hot.  California,  ii,  123. — Q. 
M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat,  new  ser.  ix,328. — Veitcb,  Manual  Conif.  181,  f,  41,— Lawson,  Pinetnni  Hrit,  i,  09,  f,  1-0. 

P.  ISIl-oblln,  var.  monticola,  Nnttall,Sylva,iii,  118;  2ed.ii,  17(5, 

P.  Qrozclicri,  Carritrc  in  Rev.  Ilort.  1809,  120. 

P.  porphnrocarpa,  Lawson,  Piuotnm  Brit,  i,  83,  f.  1-8.  ** 


WHITE  PINE. 

Vancuovei's  island.  Coast  and  Gold  ranges  of  southern  IJritish  Columbia,  through  the  C<cur  d'Aleue  and  Bitter 
Root  mountains  of  Idaho  to  the  valley  of  the  Fliitliead  river,  northern  ISIontiina  {Canby  &  Sargent),  south  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Wa.shingtoii  territory  :m(l  Oicgon  and  the  California  sierras  to  Calaveras  county. 

A  large  tree,  liO  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  m  i  nii.k  (».0()  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  Pend  d'Oieille  and  Ciark'.s  Fork  regions  of  Idaho,  here  a  valuable  and  important 
timber  tree;  in  British  Columbia  generally  below  .'3,000  feet,  and  in  California  between  7,000  and  10,000  feet 
elevation;  not  common. 


188 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'  I. 


Wood  vory  light,  so*.;,  uci  strong,  close,  straiglit-grained,  compact;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells;  thin,  resinous, 
not  con8i)icHOU8,  resin  pussages  numerous,  not  large,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  iiumerous,  obscure;  color, 
light  brown  or  red,  the  sap  wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.3008 ;  ash,  0.23;  inferior  in  qualUy,  although 
resembling  tha*^  of  the  eastern  white  pii.t^  (P.  Strobrs);  in  Idaho  and  Montana  somewhat  manufactured  into  lumber. 

340. — Pinus  Lambertiana,  DougUis, 

Comimnioii  IJot.  Mag.  ii,  Ci,  IOC,  107, 130, 152 ;  rriiiia.  LinTia!.ti)  Soc.  xv, 500.— Lainbcrr,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  157,  t. 68,  69. — Loudon,  Arboretum, 
iv, '.X!dS,  f.  2,0:).— Forces,  Pini'tuin  Wobnrn.  77,  ♦.  :!0.— IIooUit,  I'l.  Bor.-Aiu.  ii,  101.— Antoine,  Conif.  41,  t.  ..).— Lludley  in  Ponn.  Cycl. 
xvii,  173.— Hooker  &Aniott,  Hot.  15c<'dn'y,:i91.— Spadi,  Ili«t.  Vrg.  xi,3!)7.— Niittn;i,S,vlvii,  iii.iaa,  1. 114;  2  od.  ii,  180,  t.  114.— De 
Cbnuibray,  Trait.  Arb.  Ri-s.  Conif.  ;!4(). — Kndlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  l.'iO. — Tiindloy  &  Gordon  in  .lour.  Hort.  S.>c.  Loudou,  v,215. — Carrifero, 
Trait.  Conif.  307 :  i!  ed.  103.— Higelov.  in  Pacific  R.  U.  Rcji.  i v,  21.— Torrey  in  Piiclfio  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141 ;  Bot.  Mtx.  Boundary  Survey, 
210;  Ives'  Rep.  28.- -Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,42, 1'O,  f.  14. — Gordon,  Pinetnni,  228;  2  cd.  307. — Cooper  in  Suii.'hsonian  Rep. 
1858,202. — Murray  in  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Kdinburgh,  vi,  309. — Lawsou,Pinetuni  Brit,  i,  47,  t.  7,  f.  1-7. — Bolandor  iu  Proc.  California 
Aond.  iii,  220,  317. — Honkol  &  Hoi^bstetter,  Nadelbtilz.  95. — Nelson,  Pii:aceio,  115. — Iloopes,  Evergreens,  134. — Parlatoro  in  Dc 
Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi',  402. — Fowler  in  L'-ndou  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  1071. — Koeb.Dondrologie,  ii*,  323. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees, 
32.— V'itcli, Manual  Conif.  179. 


SUGAR  PINE. 

Oregon,  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges,  from  the  head  of  the  Mackenzie  river  and  the  valley  of  the  Bogue  river 
south  ahmg  the  western  flank  of  the  California  sierras,  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia  mountains, 
and  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  mountains. 

A  largo  tree,  4G  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3  to  7  motors  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
gnmtest  development  upon  the  sierras  of  central  and  northern  California  between  4,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation ; 
in  the  Oregon  Coast  ranges  descending  to  1,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  coarse,  8trai;|ht-grained,  compact,  satiny,  easily  worked;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin,  resinous,  consjucuoUvS,  resin  passages  mimerons,  very  large  and  conspicuous;  mo  lullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure;  color,light  browii,tho  sap-wood  nearly  whiie;  specific  gravity, 0.3084;  ash, 0.22;  now  largely  manufactured 
into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish,  door-blinds,  sashee,  etc.,  and  for  cooperage  and  woodenware;  less  valuable 
and  les.s  easily  worked  than  that  of  the  eastern  white  pine  {Pinus  Strobus);  its  quality  injured  by  the  larger  and 
more  numerous  resin  passages. 

A  saccharine  exudation  from  the  stumps  of  cut  or  partially-burned  trees  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sugar. 

350. — Pinus  flexilis,  jamcs, 

Lci'/s  Exped.  ii,  27,  34.— Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.N.  York,  ii.  219;  Pjuiric,  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Euton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  359.— Nuttall,  Sylviv,  iii,  107,  t.  112;  2  ed.  ii,  107,  1. 107.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  220.— 
Carrii>roinFl.de.s.Sorres,  is,  200;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  228 ;  Triiit.  Conif.  310;  2  ed.  392.— Cigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  (!,  )0.— 
Gordon,  Pinctuni,  2-.M;  2  cd.  302.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rop.  l.S^S,  262.— Parry  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  121.— Engehaann  iu 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxi v,  331 ;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aoad.  ii, 208;  Wheeler's  Rcji.  vi, 257 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  124.— Henkel &  llochatct ter, 
Xiidelhijlz.  120. — Nelson,  Pinaceie,  112.— Bolander  in  Proo.  California  Aciid.  iii,  318. — Iloopes,  Evergreens,  131,  f.  18. — Parlutore  in 
Do  Caniloile,  Prodr.  xvi',  403.--Porter  in  Hayilen's  Rep.  1871,  494.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  xxviii,  332 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Rothrock, 
PI.  Wheeler,  27,  .'lU;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  9.— Porter  &,  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden,  Snrv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130. — Murrtiy  in 
London  Giird.  Cliioiiicle,  187.''>,  100. — Vasey,  Cat,  Forest  Treo.s,  32. — Sargent  in  Am.  Jour,  Sci.  3  ser,  xvii,  420 — Lawson,  Pinetum 
Brit,  i,  35,  f.  1. 

P.  Lamhertiitna,  var.  Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  lOl. 

P.  Lambertiana,  var.  brevifolia,  End'iehei,  Syn.  Conif.  1.50.— Limlley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  Sl.l.— 
Caniiic,  Trii't.  Conif,  2  ed.  404. 

P.Jle.riUn,  \iir.  serntlata,  Engelmanu  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi.  'i:>S. 

P.JIe.vilis,  var.  inacrocaipu,  i;nyoluiiui;i  in  Wluvier'.s  Pep.  vi,  y,-)-*. 

WHITE   PINE. 

Bastfiii  slope.s  of  the  Kocky  mountains,  Montanii.  and  pr()bal)l,v  much  larther  north,  south  to  New  Mexico,  on 
the  iiiiiidaliipe  and  Limpia  mountain.^,  western  Ti'xa.s  [Ilaritrd),  on  the  high  mountain  ranges  of  Utah,  Nevada, 
and  iiortlii'ni  xVrizona,  Inyo  mountains  and  mount  Silliinan,  CaliCornia. 

A  tree  Iii  to  IS  meters  in  liciyht,  witii  a  trunk  0.(50  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges 
betwoc'i  1,000  iind  10,000  feet  eleviilion;  common  along  the  eastent  .slopes  of  the  Ilocky  moiintiiins  of  nortlieiii 
Montana,  Cormiiigoijcn,  .scattered  lore.sts,  liere  low,  round-toi)pe(l,  and  the  i)r<'Viuliiig  foiost  tree;  in  central  Nevada 
the  mo.st  valuable  lumber  tree  of  tiie  region. 

Wood  light,  .soft,  clo.segrained,  compact ;  bands  oi'  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  cons])icuous,  resin 
passages  numerous,  large;  medullary  ii,\s  numerout!,  conNpiciioiis;  eohu',  light  clear  yellow,  turning  red  with 
exposure,  the  ss-.p-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4158;  ash,  0.28;  in  northern  Montnnn,  Nevada,  and  Utah 
sometimes  sawed  into  inferior  lumber  un«l  used  in  con.struetion  atid  for  various  domestic  purposes. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


189 


•  351. — Pinus  albicaulis,  Engolmann, 

Trans.  St.  Lonip  Acad,  ii;  209;  Coulter's  Hot.  Gazette,  vii,  4. — Grny  in  Piiic.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — Hnll 
in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Liiwson,  Pinctuiu  Brit,  i,  1,  f.  1-4. 

1*.  Jlexdis,  Murray,  Rop.  Oregon  Exped.  i,  t.  2,  f.  1  [uot  James]. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Liumeai;  Soc.  vii,  142. — Parlutore  in  De 
Citndolie,  Prodr.  xvi',  403,  in  part. 

P.  cembroidC8,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  ^  i,  44,  90,  f.  ".5  [not  Zuccariui]. 

P.  Shasta,  Currifere,  Trait.  Couif.  2  cd.  390. 

V.J\eiiU8,  var.  albicaulis,  lOngelm^nn  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  124.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  now.  ser.  ix,  328. 

Coast  raugea  of  British  Columbia,  from  the  valley  of  tho  Lltasyouco  river  ((?.  M.  Dawson)  south  along  the 
Cascade  and  Blue  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  extending  east  along  tho  high  ranges  of 
northeru  Washington  territory  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mounta'ns  of  northern  Montana  (Old  Marias 
pass,  Canby  &  Sargent) ;  California,  Scott's  mountains,  mount  Shirsta,  and  on  the  high  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas 
to  mount  San  Bernardino. 

A  small  ali)ine  tree,  0  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  ov  at  its  highest 
elevation  reduced  to  a  low,  pTostrate  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  at  tho  extreme  limit  of  tree  growth,  reaching  in 
the  San  Bernardino  mountains  an  elevation  of  10,500  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  *^roug,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bandie  of  8mall  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous, 
resin  passages  numerous  iot  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  tho  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.4iC5;  ash,  0.27. 

352. — Pinus  reflexa,  Kngelmann, 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4.— Rusby  in  Ball.  Torroy  Bot.  Club,  ix,.  80. 
P.Jkxilis,  var.  reflexa,  Kngeluiann  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  258. 


WHITK  PINE. 

High  mountains  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  \^Oreenc,  Rusby)  to  tho  Santa  Itita  mountains  (Rothroolc,  Engelmann 
«f-  Sargent)  !\nd  Santa  Cataiina  mountains  (Lemmon,  Pringle),  Arizona. 

xV  tree  21  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding  O.CO  u)oter  in  diameter;  rocky  ridges  and 
.slopes  of  almost  inaccessible  cafions  between  0,000  to  8,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  licLt,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous,  uot 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  large,  not  numerous;  medullary  rays  numeroua,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap- 
woml  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4877;  ash,  0.2G. 


■'.I'  V 


353.— Pinus  Parryana,  Kngelmauu, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxiv,  332,  note ;  Hot.  California,  ii,  124. — Parlatore  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi'',  402. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. 

P.  IXaveana,  Torrey,  Uot.  Mex.  Boniidary  Survey,  20s.  ,.  UTt  [not  Schiedo  A,  Deppe], — Cooper  in  Sniitlisouiau  Rep.  1858, 
262.— Bolander  in  I'roc.  California  Acad,  iii,  318. 


PINON.     NUT  PINE. 

California,  Larkiu's  station,  20  miles  southeast  of  Campo,  San  Diego  county  { Vasey),  and  southward  into  Lower 
('alifornia. 

A  small  tree,  (5  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  meter  in  diameter;  very  rare  within  the  limits 
of  the  Unite<l  States;  south  of  tho  boundaiy  forming  extensive  open  forests  upon  the  high  mesas  and  slopes  of 
liower  California  [Pringle). 

Wood  ligl.t,  soft,  close  grained,  compact;  bunds  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages 
very  numerous,  large,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numonus,  obscure:  color,  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter,  nearly  -vhite^  specific  gravity,  0.5<>75;  ash,  0.54. 

The  large  seeds  edible. 


190 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


if 


354. — Pinus  cembroides,  Zuccanni, 

Flora,  ii,  93.— Kntlluihor,  Syu.  Coiiif.  182.— PI.  des  Sorros,  iv,  3440,  t.  !W. — Nelson,  Pinaceio,  107.— Parlatoro  in  Do  CaiidoUo,  Prodr. 
xvi",  3!)7. — Eii^cIiManii  in  Traus.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  170. — Watson  in  Proc.  Aiu.  Acsul.  xviii,  158. 

P.  Llaveana,  Schu-do  &  Doppo  in  Linnoja,  xii,  488.— Forbes,  Pinotnm  Woburn.  49,  t.  17.— Antoino,  Couif.  36,  t.  10,  f.  1.— 
Spauh,  Hiot.  Vcg.  xi,  401. — Liudloy  «&  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  8oo.  London,  v,  ild. — Cani6rc,  Trait.  Conif.  405;  2  ed. 
401. — Gordon,  Pinetnni,  199 ;  2  cd.  274  (uxul.  syn.  vdulis). — Honkol  &  Hocbblettur,  Nadulkolz.  64  (cxcl.  syn.  edulit). — 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  143. 

P.  OSteosperttKI,  F.ugolmaun  iu  Wislizenns'  Pop.  No.  3. — Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  21(5. — Carritre  iu 
Fl.  dtH  Serres,  ix,  200;  Kev.  Hort.  1854,  227. 

NUT  PINE. 

Santa  Cataliiu'.  niuuntaiu8,  Arizona  {Pringle) ;  through  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  in  Arizona  6  to  7  meters  fn  height,  with  a  trunk  hardly  exceeding  0.30  meter  in  diameter ;  dry 
ridges  and  slopes  ;  t  3,500  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-^jrained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicnous,  resin 
passages  few,  small;  m<jdullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  >.olor,  light  clear  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
S|)cciflc  gravity,  0.0512;  ash,  0.90. 

The  seeds  edib  le. 

355. — Pinus  edulis,  Kngelnmnu, 

Wislizenns'  Kcp.  No.  4  ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  200. — Lindley  &  Gordon  iu  .lour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v.  210. — Carriiire,  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix, 
201;  Rev.  Hort.  1K)4,  227;  Trait.  Couif.  408.— Torrey  iu  Sitgreaves  Rep.  173,  t.  20;  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  140;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— 
Bigclow  iu  Pacilic  R.  li,  Sep.  iv,  3,  19. — Cooper  in  Siuitlisoniau  Rep.  1858,  201. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  142. — Parlatore  iu  De 
Cnudolle,  Prodr.  xvi-,  ;$98.— Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado ;  Haydeu's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4, 130.— 
Vascy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Rothrock  iu  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  9. — Rusby  in  Hull.  Torrey  Dot.  Club,  ix,  106. — Veitcb,  Manual 
Conif.  172. 

P.  cembroides,  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  236  &  f.;  Piuetuui,  192;  2  ed.  205  [not  Zucearini].— Fl.  des 
Serres,  iv,  324'',  325'',  t.  331,  f.  97, — Lindley  &  Gortlon  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.— Carriire,  Trait.  Conif.  404; 
2ed.4C0. 

P.futilUf  Roezl  in  herb.  Jide  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  76;  2  ed.  265. 

PlSON.     NtTT  PINE. 

Eastern  base  of  Pike's  peak,  Colorado,  south  through  New  Mexico  to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  G  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  dry  mesan  and  slopes,  geuerall}' 
on  lime  or  sandstone,  reaching  in  Colorado  an  elevation  of  0,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  small ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light 
bniwn,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  specific  gravity,  0.6388 ;  ash,  0.6U ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  fencing,  etc., 
and  in  western  Texas  occasionally  manufactured  into  inferior  lumber. 

The  large  edible  nuts  supply  the  Indians  with  a  valuable  article  of  food. 

356. — Pinus  monophylla,  Torrey  &  Fremont, 

Fremont's  Rep.  319,  1.  4.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  18."»H,  201. — Bohinder  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  318.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
142. — Parlatore  iu  De  Candolle,  I'rodr.  xvi-,  378.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  05,  t.  9,  f.  1-12  (/'.  tyemontioHa  ou  plate). — Watson 
in  King's  R<p.  v,  330;  PI.  Wlieeler,  17.— Koch,  Deiidrologle,  ii'-,  271.— Bcrtraud  in  Bull.  Soc.  Hot.  France,  xviii,  81,  t.  5,  f.  81. — 
Rothrock  in  I'l.  Wheeler,  28,  M. — Vasey,  Cat  Forest  Trees,  30. — Palmer  in  Xm.  \at.  xli,  ,">94. — Engelmann  in  Wheelert  Rep,  vi, 
2.')9, 371;  Traus.  .St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  178;  Hot,  California,  ii,  121.— Sargent  iu  Xm.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  xvii,  419. — Ma.sters  In  London 
Oard, Chnuiiclc,  ln^Kl,  p.  48,  f.  H, 

P.  Fremoutinna,  Eudlichcr,  Syu.  touif.  18:il,  in  part. —Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  293  &f. ;  Piuetum,  194;  2ed. 
23,').— Knight,  Syu,  Conif.  28.— Lindley  &  Gnidou  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Carriftre,  Trait,  Conif,  194;  2 
cd.  4<i2.— IlcnUel  &  lldihstetter,  Nadclli.il/.  02. 

PlSON.     Nl^r  PINE. 

Near  Utah  lake,  Utah,  to  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  ('aliibrnia  sierras,  south  along  tiio  mountain  ranges  of  tli© 
(ircat  Bnsin  to  the  Sirn  I'^rancisco  niountains  of  eastern  Arizona. 

A  smiili,  oushy  tree,  4  to  (j  nu'ters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  I  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slope."* 
and  mesas  between  .(,000  and  0,000  feet  elevation. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


191 


Wood  ligbt,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  closp-grained,  compact;  bumlH  of  small  summer  cells  tbiu,  not  consplcaous, 
resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  yellow  or  light  brown,  tlie  sap-wood  nearly 
white ;  specific  gravity,  0.5653 ;  ash,  9.08 ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  charcoal. 

The  largoedible  seeds  furnish  the  principal  food  of  the  Indians  of  the  Great  Basin. 


357. — Pinus  Balfouriana,  Mmmy, 

Hep.  Oregon  Expud.  i,t.  3,  f.  1. — Gordon,  Piiictuin, 217;  Sud.  303. — Henkel  &  Hoclwtettor.NiidolhoIz.  109. — Bolander  in  Proc.  Califurniit 
Auad.  iii,  'MS. — Carrierc,  Trait.  Conif.  2  od.  42.'). — Nelson,  Pinacca.',  104.— Hoopes,  Evorgrcons,  149. — Fowler  in  Loudon  Card. 
Cbronitlo,  1872,  973. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — Engolmann  in  Tr.ans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  179;  Bot.  California,  ii,  125. — 
Voitch.  Mannul  Conif.  175. — Lawaon,  Pinetnm  Brit,  i,  11,  f.  1-5. 

California,  Scott's  mountain,  Siskiyou  county  {Jeffrey,  Lemmon),  mount  Whitney,  and  about  the  headwaters  of 
King  and  Kern  rivers. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  19  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.(!0  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  .slopes  and 
ridges,  forming  upon  Scott's  mountain  a  broad  belt  of  open  forest  growth  between  5,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation. 

^Vood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  very  narrow,  dark  colored,  resin  passages  few,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous 
obscure ;  specific  gravity,  0.5431 ;  ash,  0.41 . 

Var.  aristata,  Engcbnaun, 

Wheeler's  Kop.  vi,  375. — Bot.  Califoruia,  ii,  125. — Veiteb,  Manual  Conif.  175. 

P,  artstoto,  Engelmanu  in  Am.  .Tour.  Sui.  2  ser.  xxxi v,  331  ;  Trans.  Ht.  Louis  Actul.  ii,  205,  t.  5,  6 ;  i v,  179 ;  Bot.  California, 
ii,  125.— Parry  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  ii,  123.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Kegel,  Gartenflora,1863,iii,91.— Heukel  & 
Hochstctttir,  Nadelholz.  417. — Nelson,  Pinaceie,  103. — Carriore,  Tra't.  Couif.  2  e d.  424. — Parlatore  in  Dc  Candolle, Prodr. 
xvi',  400. — Porter  &  Coulter,  FI.  Colorado ;  Haydcn's  Surv.  Kisc.  I'ub.  No.  4, 130. — Murray  in  London  Card.  Chronicle, 
1875,  106. — Gordon,  Pinetuni,  2  ed.  291. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. — Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  32. — 
Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  .5,  f.  1. 

P.  Balfouriana,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  331  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17  [not  Murray].— Rothrock  in  I'i.  Wheeler,  28,  ,W.— Sargent 
in  Am.  Jour.  8ci.  3  sor.  :ivii,  419. 

FOXTAIL  PINE,     HiOKOHY  PINE. 


iii 


:m 


Mountains  of  southeastern  California,  Nevada,  northern  Arizona,  and  soutliern  Utah  to  Colorado,  above  7,500 
feet,  or  in  Colorado  reaching  ll',000  feet  elevation. 

A  tree  15  to  30  meters  ia  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  2.40  meters  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  ridges;  not 
common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-giained,  compact;  bauds  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark  colored,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  red,  the  thin  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0..5572;  ash,  0.30;  in  central  Nevada  largely  used  for  the  timbering  of  mines,  and 
now  nearly  exterminated. 

358. — Pinus  resinosa,  Aiion, 

Hort.  Kow.  iii,  3,)7;  2  od.  v,  310. — Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  t.  II;  2  od.  i,  20,  t.  14;  3  ed.  i,  17,  t.  13.— VVilldeuow,  Spee.  iv,  4l)(!;  Euuni. 
9rW;  Borl.  Bauiuit.  2(17. — Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  339. — Porsoon,  Syu.  ii,  578. — Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  012. — Smith  in  Rees' 
Cytl.  xxviii,  No.  3.— Pui-sb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  (i42.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  0  ed.  204.— Nuttall,  (ienera,  ii,  223.— Hayue,  Dcnd.  Fl. 
173. — Sprengcl,  .Syst.  ii,  881. — Torrey,  Couipend.  Fl.  N.  States,  300  ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  227. — Beck,  Bot.  3:.9.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv, 
2210,  f.20lM-2097.— Forlu's,  Pin<itum  Woburn.  19,  t.  0.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  101,  in  part.- Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  XiS.— Bigelow, 
Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  3-<l.— Liadloy  in  P.-nii.  Cycl.  xvii,  170. — .\ntoine,  Cmiif.  7,  t.  4,  f.  1. — Link  in  Lininea,  xv,  .'lOl.- Endlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  178.— Knight,  Syn.  C  >uif,  27.— LindlKy  t&  Gordon  in  .Tour.  Hort.  Soe.  London,  v,  219.  — I'arry  in  Owen'.s  Rvp.  018. — Carriiire, 
Tri;if.  Conif.  101. — Gordon,  Pii.etum,  183  (exi-1.  syn.  Loiwleuriana) ;  2  od.  250. — Richardson  Arrti .  Exped.  441.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  IS.'X,  2.")7. — Wood,  (.'1.  Book,  Oiil  ;  Kot.  it  Fl.  313.— ll(>ukel  &  llochstettcr,  Nadelhdlz.  45  (exc.  syn.  I.oiscUuriana). — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  lOi.  — iiray.  Manual  .N.  .States,  .">  ed.  470. — Parlatore  in  De  Cantlolle,  Prodr.  xvi-',  388.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii-,  280. — 
Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trcfs,  30.— Macoun  in  GiMiloijical  Reii.  Canada,  l87.")-'7(i,  211.— Engeluiann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  1<9. — 
Scars  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  18,">.  — Bell  in  Geologicai  Kep.  Canada,  1H79-'80,  .^O'.— Vriteh,  Manual  Conif  l.W. 

/'.  rubra,  Mi(h;inx   f.   Hist.  Aib.  Am.  i,  40,  I.  1;  N.  Aiiiericun  Ij^ylvii,  3  id.  iii,  91,  t.  134  [not  Lambert].- iJe  Chambray, 
Trait.  Arb.  Res.  344.— (ilhoiil,  Arb.  Resin.  27.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  cd.  490. 

P.  Larkio,  var.  resinosa,  8i>acii,  iii»t.  v«g.  38;>. 


.  I  I 

"■■111  . 

rm 

'■i'vt 


.r.:f.)^i 


m 


192 


FOREST  TREF:S  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


4 


■h 

■i;; 
:;i:i 
'■(i; 


I 


RED  PINE.     NOUWAY  PINE. 

NcwfoiiiHllaiul,  northern  sliorcs  of  the  {^ulf  of  Siiint  Lawrenco  and  lake  Nipigon  to  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg 
river  soutli  throiigli  the  northern  states  to  Chestnut  llill,  Middlesex  connty,  Massachusetts,  the  moiintaius  of 
uortliern  Pennsylvania,  ls!ibella  county,  Michigan,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  10  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.(M>  to  1.37  meter  in  diameter ;  light  sandy  loam  or  dry, 
rocky  ridges,  forming  scattered  groves  rarely  exceeding  u  few  hundred  acrea  in  extent ;  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  through  northern  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota;  rare  in  the  eastern  States,  except  in  the  extreme 
northern  ])ortion8  of  New  England. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  email  summer  cells  broad,  dark 
colored,  very  resinous,  resin  passages  few,  small,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color,  light 
red,  the  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  almost  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4854;  ash,  0.27;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  all  purposes  of  construction,  tlooring,  piles,  etc. 


359. — Pinus  Torreyana,  r 


arry, 


Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Smvoy,  210,  t.  58,  r)9 ;  Proc.  San  DioRO  Nut.  Hist.  Soc.  Nov.  1883.— Canifeie,  Trait.  Conif.  326;  2  ed.  423.— 
Cordon,  Pinotuni,  241.— Cooper  in  Siiiithsoniau  Rej),  18C0,  442.— Ilcnkt^l  &  HocliHtottor,  Nadelholz.  117.— Bolandor  iu  Proc. 
California  Acad,  iii,  318.— Hoop-s,  Evorgrwut),  1!J0.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  TrecH,  31.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  594.— Engolmann  in 
Tran.s.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  iv,  181 ;  IJot.  Ciilifornia,  ii,  125.— Voitcb,  Manual  Conif.  173. 

r.  lophospcrma,  I.indloy   ill   London  Card.  Clironiclo,    18ti0,  40.— Gordon,   Pinotnni,  Suppl.  09;   2  cd.   310.— Honkal  & 
Hoclistcttor,  Nadclliiilz.  112. — Nelson,  Pinaceas  117. — Pnrlatore  in  De  Caiidolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  391. 

California,  mouth  of  the  Soledad  river,  San  Diego  county ;  doubtfully  reported  from  one  of  the  islands  off 
Santtt  Barbara  and  from  Lower  California. 

A  low,  short  lived,  gnarled,  (-rooked  tree,  f>  to  8  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0,23  to  0.33  meter  in  diameter ; 
crests  of  sandy  bluffs  immediately  upon  the  sea-coast ;  very  local  and  fast  disappearing. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
resinous,  conspicuous,  rosin  passages  small,  few;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
yellow  or  nearly  white;  specilic  gravity,  0.4879;  ash,  0.35;  locally  used  for  fuel. 

360. — Pinus  Arizonica,  Engelmau><, 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  260;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  181;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gaiotte,  vii,  4. 


YELLOW   PINE. 

Santu  Rita  mountains  {Rothrock,  Engehnann  &  Sargent),  Santa  Catalina  mountains  (Lemmoii,  Pringle),  and 
probably  upon  other  ranges  of  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  24  to  M  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.dO  to  0.!»0  meter  in  diameter ;  high  rocky  ridges  between  0,000 
and  S,000  feet  elevation;  the  prevailing  forest  tree  over  large  areas  near  the  summits  of  the  Santu  Catalina 
mountains  (Li'mmon). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  brittle,  close  grained,  compact;  l)ands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  "numerous,  large;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure;  color,  light  red  or  often 
yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter  yellow  or  white ;  specific  gravity,  ().50.'38 ;  ash,  0.20 ;  sometimes  sawed  into  inferior 
•lumber. 

361. — Pinus  ponderosa,  DouglaN, 

Companion  Hot.  Mag.  ii,  111.— Loudon,  .Vrliori'tuin,  iv,2-M3,  f.  2132-'-2l3i'i.— Korlies,  Pinelnni  Wobnrn.  44,t.  15.— Aiifoine,  Conif. ','rt,  t.  8, 
f.  1.— Liiidloy  in  Penn.  Cvel.  xvii,  172.— Link  in  Linnica,  xv,  ;«)0.— Xntlall,  Svlvii,  iii,  114;  2ed.  ii,  173.— Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  ;i89.— 
Kiidliolicr,  Syii.  Conif.  l():i.—Kiiiglit,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindlcy  &  Gordon  in  .lour.  Horf.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carriftiv,  Trait.  Couif. 
340;  -J  t-d.  14."..— Gordon,  PJn.tuiii,  205;  Siippl.07;  2  oil.  281.— Newberry  in  Paeilie  R.  K.  Rep.  vi,  30,  90,  I.  4,  f.  12.— CiM>per  iu 
SniitliHonian  Rep.  If'.W,  201  ;  P.iiilie  R.  R.  Rep.  xii-,  27,  08  ;  Am.  Nat.  iii,  4(19.— Tomy,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  2li9  ;  Ives'  Rep. 
28.— Lnneluianu  in  Am.  .Tour.  Sei.  2  wr.  xxxiv,  332;  Proc.  Am.  Pliil.  Sue.  2  wr.  xii,  209 ;  Wlieeler's  Rep.  vi,2tn;  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Aoad.iv,  181;  Hot.  California,  ii,  12."i. — LyiiU  in  .lour.  Linmenn  Soc.  \il,  142.  — Itolander  in  Proc.  California  Aead.  iii,22<),  317.— 
Henkel  A  Hoeli.stetter,  Nadi^lliiil/.  71. — NelMOi,  I'inace;e,  125. — Hoo|h'»,  Kvergreen.s,  117.— Parlatore  in  De  CandoIIe,  Prodr.  xvi'',  3l>5 
(exrl.  syn.  .s'ill^^l(ni).— AVal.son  in  King's  Rep.  \,'M\  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  .\cad.  vii,  402.  —  Powlcr  in  Lunilon  Oanl. 
Chronielo,  1872,  132»i.— Koch,  l)endrologie,ii-,  310.— Rothroek  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  .Ot);  Wlieeler's  Rep.  vi,  9.— Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl. 
Colorado;  tlayden's  Siirv.  ^;i»e.  Put).  No.  4,  I'-lt.  — Hay<len  in  Warn-n's  Rep.  Nebraska  A  Dakota, 2  ed.  121. — Va«>y,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  30.— Hall  in  Conltc's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Maeoun  in  (ieologie^il  Rep.  ("anadii,  1875-'70,  211.— Braiuh'gee  iu  Coulter's  Hot. 
Garette,  Hi, 32. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Xat.  new  ser.  ix,;WO. — Knsliy  in  Hull.  Torrey  Hot.  Club,  ix,  106. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


193 


P.  Benthamiana,  llartwcg  in  Jonr.  Hort.  800.  London,  li,  189;  iii, 383.— Gordon  ia  Joar.  Hort.  Soo.  London, It,  312  &  t.; 
(Fl.  des  Series,  vi,  85  &  f.);  Pinetnm,  188;  2  od.3(il  (excl.  Ryn.  <SiKcra(n<).— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Liodley  &  Gordon 
in  Jonr.  Hort.  80c.  London,  V, 216.— Carriire,  Trait.  Conif,350;  2  ed.  452.— Mnrrny  in  Edinburgh  New  PhiL  Jonr.uew 
8«r.  i,  287,  t.  8.— Henkel  &,  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  84.— Xolson,  Pinaoea,  104.— Fowler  in  London  Gaid.  Chronicle, 
1872, 973. 

P.  resinoaa^  Torrey  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii,  249  [not  Alton].- Douglas,  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  126.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am. 
ii,  161,  in  part.— Winehell  in  Lndlow's  Rep.  Black  Hills,  68. 

P.  brachypteraj  Engelmann  in  Wislizenns'  Eep.  No.  4. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  216.— Carrifere 
in  Fl.  des  Serres,  is,  301 ;  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  227 ;  Trait.  Conif.  350 ;  2  cd.  454.— Bigolow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv  18.— 
Gordon,  Pinetnm,  190;  2ed.  263.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  85. — Nelson,  Pinacee,  454. 

P.  Beardaleyi,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  .lour,  now  ger.  i,386,  t.  6.— Carriftre,  Trait.  Conif.  359. 

P.  Craigana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  Now  Phil.  Jour,  new  Ber.i,288,t.7. 

P.  macraphylla,  f  Torrey  in  Sitgreuves'  R«p.  173  [not  Engelmann]. 

P.  Engelmanni,  Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141  [not  Carrifcre]. 

P.  Parryana,  Gordon,  Pinetum, 202;  2oa.277  [not  Engelmann].— Henkel  A  Hochstetter,  NadelhSlz.  88.— Carrifere,  Tr»it. 
Conif.  2  ed.  446. 

P.  ponderoaa,  var.  Benthamiana,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. 

P.  ponderosa,  var.  acopulorum,  Engelmann  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  126. 

YELLOW  PINE.     BULL  PINE. 

Interior  of  British  Columbia,  south  of  latitude  51°,  south  and  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific 
region  to  Mexico,  the  Black  hills  of  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  western  Texas;  not  detected  in  central  or  southern  Nevada. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  91  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3.60  to  4.67  meters  in  diameter,  or  throughout  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  30  meters  in  height  (var.  scopulorum) ;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and 
prairies,  or  in  northern  California  rarely  in  cold,  wet  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western 
slope  of  the  sierras  of  northern  and  central  California;  in  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  rare  and 
local;  after  PneudoUuga  Douglasii  the  most  generally  distributed  and  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests, 
furnishing  the  principal  lumber  of  eastern  Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  western  Montana,  Idaho,  the  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Wood,  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  value,  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  not  coarse-grained  nor  durable, 
compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad  or  narrow,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  Fmall; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  lighc  red,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  almost  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4715 ; 
ash,  0.35 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  for  railway  ties,  fuel,  etc. 

Note. — A  form  with  purple  conea  and  long  glaucous  foliage,  approaching  P.  Jejffreyi  in  habit,  is  the  prevailing  tree  of  the  valley  of 
Flathead  lake,  Montana  (Canby  4'  Sargent). 

362. — Pinus  Jeffreyi,  Murray, 

Rep.  Oregon  Exped. 2, 1. 1 ;  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  xi, 234,  t.  8, 9  (Trans.  Bot.  800.  Edinburgh,  vi, 350  &  t.) ;  Carri^re,  Trait. 
Conif.  388;  2  ed.  439.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  198;  2  ed.  2r^.— Henkel  &.  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  87.— Nelson,  Pinaceae,  115.— Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  115. — Parlatore  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodi',  xvi',  393. — Lawson,  Pinetnm  Brit,  i,  45,  t.  6,  f.  1-4. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii', 
314.— Engelmann  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,4.— Veitcb,  Manual  Conif.  165. 

P.  deflexa,  TOfrey  in  Bot.  Mox.  Boundary  Surrey,  309,  t.  56,  in  part.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860,  442.— Henkel  &, 
Hochstetter,  NadelhSlz,  416.— Carritre,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  455.— Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  318.— Parlatore 
in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',431.— Fowler  in  Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle,  1873, 1070. — Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1875, 106.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  2  ed.  289. 

P.ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest Trees.Sl. -Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  LouisAoud.  iv,181 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  126. 


V 


111 


i  »' 


% 


\  - 


»     li. 


i      •:*! 


BULL  PINE.     BLACK  PINE. 

California,  Scott's  mountain,  Siskiyou  county,  south  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  mountains. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  31  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  4  meters  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between 
6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevadas,  hero  generally  replacing  the  allied  P.  ponderoaa,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  more  deeply- 
cleft  bark,  glaucous  branchlets  and  leaves,  much  larger  cones,  and  by  the  strong,  pungent  odor  of  oil  of  orange 
of  the  freshly-cut  branchlets. 

13  FOR 


I 


194 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wood  light,  strong,  Iianl,  rather  coaraegraiiied,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very  resinous, 
couspiciioiis,  rosMi  passages  few,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  uumeroiis,  obscure ;  color,  ligbt  red,  the  sap-wood  pale 
yellow  or  nearly  white;  specUlt;  gravity,  0.5200;  asii,  0.26;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

Abietiiu;  a  voliitile  carbo-hydrogen  ])osse8sing  powerful  annisthetic  properties,  is  probably  obtained  by  distilling 
the  reninons  exiidat  ion  of  this  species,  and  not  of  P.  Sabiniana  (  Watfs  Diet.  Chemistry,  2d  Suppl.  1. — Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
1872,97.— U.  S.  Dispensatory,  Ued.mO). 

363.— Pinus  Chihuahuana,  Engflmann, 

Wislizcniin'  Rep.  No.  2(>;  Whoclor'H  Rup.  vi,  Hii'i;  Trims.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  iv,  181 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Qazetto,  vii,  4.— Liudley  &  GonloD 
in  .Jour,  llort.  Snr.  London,  v,  2•iO.—Carri^r«  in  Kl.  dc8  Sorres,  ix.aOO;  Rov.  Hort.  1864,227;  Trait.  Conif.  357 ;  2  cd.  465.— Gordon, 
Pinohiin,  ll);t;  "2  od.2tU).—Torn\v,  Bot.  Mox.  Boundary  Survey, 20i».— Cooper  In  Smithsonian  Rop.lSCO,  442.— Honkel&.Houb8tutter, 
NiidcUiiilz.  HO.— Hoopcs,  Kvoi-grecns,  14;t.— Purliiloro  in  Do  CandoUo,  Prodr.  xvi',  397.  — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32. 

Santa  liita  mountains,  Arizona  {Rothrock,  Engehnann  i&  Sargent),  San  Francisco  mountains  of  southwestern 
New  Mosieo  niid  Aii/.ona  {Oreew);  in  Ohihuahua. 

A  small  tree,  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and 
slopes  between  5,000  and  7,000  I'eet  elevation;  not  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  rather  largo,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  clear  light 
orange,  the  thiek  sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6457;  ash,  0.39. 


364. — Pinus  contorta,  Douglas; 

Loudon,  Arborolnni,  iv,  22W,  f.  2210, 2'211.— Nuttall,  Sylvn,  iii,  117 ;  2  ed.  ii,  176.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  168.— Carrifep^,  Trait.  Conif.  164 ; 
2  ed.  174.— Torroy  in  Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  iv.  111.— Gordon,  Piuctnui,  1(55;  2  od.  232.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1868, 261.— Lyall  in 
Jour.  Linniviin  Soc,  vii,  133,  141,  in  part. — Henljel  &  Hochstettcr,  Nadolholz,  24. — Rothroolc  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867, 433. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  !:<1,  in  part.— Piwlatoro  in  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr,  xvi',  381,  in  part. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v, 330.— Fowler  in  London 
Gard.  Cliroiiicle,  1872,  1070. — Gray  iu  Proo.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Koch,  Dondrologie,  ii",  301. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. — 
Uall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 211. — Engcluiann  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  iv, 
182;  Bot.  California,  ii,  126;  London  Card.  Chronicle,  18811,  351.— O.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat. S  ser.  ix, 327,  in  part. — Veitch, 
Manual  Conif.  145. — Masters  iu  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1883, 4!>,  f.  6. 

P.  »MO/W,  Uongard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Poter.sbnrg,  (5  ser.  ii,  163  [not  Alton], — Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  161,  in  part. — Ledehour, 
Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  676  [not  Alton], 

P.  Boursieri,  Carriivre  in  Rev.  Hort.  18M,  2;i3  &  f. ;  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  200  &  f. ;  Trait.  Conif.  398;  2  ed.  475. 

P.  Banksiatta,  Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour,  llort.  Soo.  Loudon,  v,  218,  in  part. 

P.  tnuricata,  Bolander  in  Proo.  California  Acad,  iii,  227,  317  [not  Don]. 

P.  Bolaiuleri,  Purlatore  in  Do  Candollo,  Proilr.  xvi«,  379. 

SCRUB  PINE. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  coast  to  Mendocino  county,  Oalifornia,  extending  inland  to  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Coast  ranges. 

A  small,  stunted  tive,  6  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0  50  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  dnnes  and 
exposed  rocky  points. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle, coarse-grained ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  broad,  resinous, conspicuous, 
resin  passages  numerous,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.5815;  ash,  0.19. 


366. — Pinus  Murrayana,  Balfour, 

Rep.  Oregon  Esi>eil.  2,  t.  3,  f.  2.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  xi,226  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Ediubnrgh,  vi,351). 

P.  inops,  Benthani,  PI.  Hartweg.  337  [uot  Alton]. 

P.  contorta,  Newberry  iu  Piicilio  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  34,  90,t.5,f.  11  [not  Douglas].— Engehnann  In  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  2.  ser.  xxiv, 
332. — l.yall  in  .Joiir.  Linnienn  Soo.  vii,  141,  in  part. — Cooper  in  Am.  Nat.  iii,  409. — Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
xvi',  3!*1,  in  part.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871,  494. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  27, 
.">0.— Parry  iu  km.  Nat.  vii,  179. 

P.  contorta,  var.  lati/oUa,  Engehnann  in  King's  Rep.  v,;B1;  Porter  &.  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub. 
No.  1, 129 :  Wheeler's  Rep  vi,  2t;2.— Braudegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32.— G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new 
ser.  is,  3. '8. 


P.  contorta,  var.  Bolanderi,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  29. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


TAiUARACK.     BLAOK  PINE.     LODGE-rOLE  PINE.     SPRUCE  PINE. 


195 


VaHey  of  tbe  Yukon  river,  Alaska  (Fort  Selkirk,  Ball),  soath  through  the  iiit«irior  of  British  Columbia,  along 
the  monutain  rangeH  of  Wasliington  territory  and  Oregon  and  tlio  Sierra  Nevadas  of  California  to  mount  San 
Jacinto;  on  the  liigb  phiteaa  ea8t  of  the  Kooky  mountuiiiH  in  about  hititude  06°,  and  south  through  the  mountains  of 
Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utnli  to  New  Mexico  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  OAM  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
the  California  Sierras ;  in  the  interior  regions  in  dry,  gravelly  soil,  here  the  prevailing  tree,  covering  immense  areas, 
and  generally  replacing  other  species  destroyed  by  lire;  western  Washington  territory  and  .southward  only  along 
the  borders  of  moist  alpine  meadows  between  (»,()00  and  9,000  feet  elevation  ;  generally  confounded  with  the  closely- 
allied  P.  contorta  of  the  coast,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  longer,  broader  leaves,  very  thin,  staly 
bark,  thin  sap-wood,  and  less  resinous  and  finer-grained  woo«l,  resembling  that  of  the  white  pines;  the  distribution 
of  fbe  two  species  in  northern  British  Columbia  and  Alaska  still  undetermined. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  (ilose,  strjiight-grained,  easily  worked,  compact,  not  diirable ;  bands  of  small  summer 
eel  s  narrow,  not  conspicuous,  resin  i)assages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous, obscure;  color,  light  yellow 
or  nearly  white,  the  thin  sap- wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4096;  ash,  0.32;  occasionally  manufactured  into 
lo  iber,  and  used  for  fuel,  railway  ties,  etc. 

366. — Pinus  Sabiniana,  Douglas, 

Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  150. — Lambert,  PinuH,  1  ed.  iii,  137,  t.  58. — fjondon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2246,  f.  2138-2143. — Forbes,  Pinetum 
Woburu.  63,  t.  23,24.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  16.i.— Lindloy  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  172.— Antoine,  Conif.  30,  t.  11.— Hooker  & 
Arnott,  Bot.  Beochey,  :R)3.— Link  in  Linnma,  xv,  509.— Nnttall.Sylva,  iii,  110,  t.  113;  2  ed.  ii,  169,  t.  113.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi, 
390.— De  Cbambray,  Trait.  Arb.  Res.  347.— Endlicher,  .Syn.  Conif.  159.— Kniglit,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gonlon  in  Jour. 
Horr.  Soo.  London,  v,  216.— FI.  dos  Serres,  ix,  275,  t.  964.— Carrifcro,  Trait.  Conif.  3.34 ;  2  ed.  435.— Torrey  &,  Gray  in  Pacific  R.  R. 
Rep.  ii,  130.— Bigelow  in  Paeiflo  R.  R.  Rep,  iv, 25.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210;  t.57j 
Ives'  Rep.  28.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  39,  90,  f.  13.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  208;  2  ed.  284.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1858, 201.- Walpers,  Ann.  v,  799.- Bolander  in  Proc.  Califoruia  Acad,  iii,  226, 318.— Henkel  &  Hiichstetter,  Nadulliolz.  75.— Lawson, 
Pinetum  Brit,  i,  85,  t.  11,  t.  1-3. — Nelson,  Pinaceio,  129. — Hoopes,  Kvergrecns,  121. — Parlat«re  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi», 
391.- Fowlor  in  London  Qiird.  Chronicle,  1872,  1326.— Koch,  Dondrologie,  ii»,  312.  — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Engelmanu  in 
Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,:J75;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  182;  Bot.  California,  ii,  127. — Vcitcb,  Manual  Conif.  169. 

DIGGEB  PINE.     BULL  PINE. 

California,  Portuguese  Flat,  Shasta  county,  south  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Coast  ranges  and  the  western  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  below  4,000  feet  elevation. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  very  common  through  all 
the  foot-hills  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  durable;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
broad,  very  resinous,  couspicuons,  resin  passages  few,  large,  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color, 
light  brown  or  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  nearly  white ;  8i)eciflc  gravity,  0.4840 ;  ash,  0.40 ;  largely  used 
for  fuel. 

The  large  edible  nuts  furnish  the  Indians  an  important  article  of  food. 

f 

367.— Pinus  Coulteri,  D.  Don, 

Trans.  Liniiusan  Soc.  xvii,  440. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  22.50,  f.  2144-2146. — Forbes,  Pinetnm  Woburn.  67,  t.  25,  26.— Antoine, 
Conif.  31,  t.  12,  13.— Penn.  Cyol.  xvii,  172.— Link  iu  Linnaea,  xv,  510.— Hooker  &  Apnott,  Bot.  Beechey,  393.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii, 
112;  2  ed.  ii,  171.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  160.— Carri&re  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  ix,  275  &  t. ;  Trait.  Conif.  334 ;  2  ed.  435.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1868,  261.— Torrey  in  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Henkt-1  &,  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  76. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad, 
iii,  318. — Parlatore  iu  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi,  :<92. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  2  ed.  266. — Eugelmann  in 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  182;  Bot.  Califoruia,  ii,  127. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i,23,  f.  1-5. 

F.  macrocarpa,  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  xxvi,  Misc.  61.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindloy  &.  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo. 
London,  v,2l6. — Gordon,  Pinetum,  201.— Nelson,  Pinacen,  117. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  115. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif  166. 

P.  Sabiniana  Coulteri,  Loudon,  Encycl.  PI.  985,  f.  1839-1841. 
..    P.  Sabiniana  maorocarpa,  Hort. 

California,  Monte  Diablo,  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  the  Cuyamaca  mountains,  and  probably  in  Lower 
California. 

A  tree  24  to  40  met«rs  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  dry  ridges  and  slopes  between 
3,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation  ;  most  oommou  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained;  bands  of  snmll  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  largx) ;  medullary  rays  uumerous, prominent;  color,  light  red,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4133 ;  ash,  0.37. 


'■m 


fm 


m 


t?  1 


i'f.'i 


I 


''k 


i 


;  ■rpt 


"'  -'MM 

iwM 

-'>  c^Hi 

'  rM 

n 


f! 


196  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

368. — Pinus  insignis,  Douglas; 

LoudoD,  Arboretum,  i v,  'J'J43,  f.  213:.'-2137.— Forlios,  Piuetam  Woburn,  51, 1. 18.— Lindlcy  in  Penu.  Cycl.  xvil,  171.— Antoine,  Conif.  a?,  t. 
8,  f.  1.— Hooker  &.  A;:iott,  Bot.  lioccUej-,  3'J3.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  xi,  389.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  116;  2  ed.  ii,  174.— Bentham,  Bot. 
Sulphur,  55. — Eiidliihor,  Syii.  ConiT.  KKI. — Knight,  Syu.  Conif.  30. — Lludley  &  Gordon  in  Joar.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  217. — 
Carri{!rc,  Trnit.  Conif.  :i39;  2  cd.  440.— liigulow  in  Pacific  K.  R.  Eep.  iv,  26.— Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex. 
Boundary  Survey, 200,  t.  55;  Ives'  Rep.  28.— Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,gO.— Cordon, Pinetum,  197;  2  ed.  270. — Cooper  in 
Smithsouiau  Rep.  18^8,  261. — Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  scr.  xi,  222  (Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  vi,  347). — 
Houlid  &  Hucbstcttcr,  NadcUiolz.  C9. — Bolander  iu  Proc.Califomia  Acad,  iii,  262,  t.  317. — Nelson,  Pinaoeie,  114. — Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
143. — Farlatore  iu  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  395. — Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  i,  37  t.  1,5,  f.  1-14. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1672,  1070.— Vnspy,  Cnt.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Engelmanu  in  Tran8.St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  182 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128.— Yeitch,  Manual 
Conif.  163,  f.  39. 

tP.  Californica,  Loiscleur  in  Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  243.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2268.- Endlioher,  Syn.  Conif.  162.— 
Hooker  &  Aniott,  Bot.  Beechey,  393.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  117;  2  ed.  ii,  176.— Carriftre, Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  253. 

P.  adnnca,  Bosc  in  Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,418. 

'  P.  Sinclairii,  Hooker  <&  Aruott,  Bot.  Beechey,  392,  393,  t.  93,  in  part.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  141;  2  ed.  ii,  198. -Carridre, 

Trait.  Couif.  2  ed.  ii,  198. 

P.  radiata,  D.Don  in  Trans.  Linutean  Soc.  xvii,442;  Lambert, Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  133,  t.  86.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv,  2270,  f. 
2182.— Antoine,  Conif.  33,  t.  14,  f.  3.— Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Beechey,  392, 393,  iu  part.— Nuttall,  Sylva.  iii,  116;  2  ed. 
'  ii,  175. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  161. — Hartwcg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  iii, 226. — Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London, 
iv,  214  &  f .  (Fl.  des  Serres,  vi ,  434  &  t. ) ;  Pinetum,  206 ;  2  ed.  282.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  37.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  London,  V,  216. — Carribre,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  337.— Nelson,  Pinaceie,  127. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  118. — Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii^  307.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. 

P.  tuberculatOf  D.  Don  in  Traus.  Linniean  Soc.  xvii,  441  [not  Gordon]. — Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii.  131,  t.  85.— Loudon, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2?70,  f.  2181.— Antoine,  Conif.  33,  t.  14,  f.  2.— Hooker  Sc.  Amott,  Bot.  Beechey,  394.— EndUcher,  syn. 
Conif.  162. — Carri^re,  Trait.  Conif.  338;  2  ed.  441,  in  part. — Nelson,  Pinacete,  137. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  123  (excl.  syn. 
CalifoTHica). — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  394,  in  part. 

P.  rigida,?  Hooker  &  Amott,  Bot.  Beechey,  160  [not  Miller]. 

P.  insignis  macrocarpa,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  iii,  226.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  440. 

MONTEREY  PINE. 

Galifornia,  Pescadero  to  Monterey  and  San  Simeon  bay. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  sandy  soil,  in  immediate 
proximity  to  the  sea-coast;  rare  and  local;  now  widely  cultivated  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  shelter  and  ornament.  A 
form  of  Guadalupe  island,  oif  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  with  leaves  in  pairs,  is  var.  bitiata  (Engelmann  in  Froc. 
Am.  Acad,  xi,  119;  Bot.  California.,  ii,  128). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous, 
conspicuous;  color,  light  brown,  the  very  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4574;  ash,  0.30;  locally 
somewhat  used  for  fuel. 

369. — Pinus  tuberculata,  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iv,  218  &.  f.  (Fl.  des  Serres,  v,  517«  &  f. ) ;  Pinetum,  211 ;  2  ed.  288  [not  Don].— Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  2,  t.  2,  f.  2.— 
Henkel  &.  HochHtetter,  Nadelholz.  78,  in  part. — Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  262,317.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.  i,9?,  t. 
13,  f.  1-9.— Carri&ro,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  441,  in  part.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi>,  384  (exol.  bib.).— Koch,  Den- 
drologie,  \V,  309.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  183;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128.— Yeitch, 
Manual  Conif.  170. 

P.  Californica,  Ilartwog  in  Jour.  Hort.  Snr.  Loudon,  ii,  189  [not  Loiseleur]. 


KNOB-CONE  PINE. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  Oregon,  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains,  and  in  the  California  Coast  ranges  from  the  Santa  Cruz  to  the  San  Jacinto  mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  22  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub, 
fruiting  when  not  more  than  1  meter  in  height;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  and  slopes  from  2,500  (San  Bernardino 
mountains)  to  5,500  (mount  Sliasta)  feet  elevation;  not  common. 

Woo<l  light,  soft,  not  .strong,  brittle,  cunrse-gruiiied,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  broad,  not 
conspicuous,  resiu  passages  numerous,  large,  prominent;  meduUnry  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  red;  specific  gravity,  0.3499;  ash,  0.33.  ; 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


197 


370. — Pinus  Tseda,  Linnntna, 

Spee.  1  e4. 1000,  in  part.— Du  Rui,  Hsrbk.  K,  63.— Wangonheiin,  Amor.  41.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  :)68 ;  3  ed.  v,  317.— Mocnoh,  Moth.  366.- 
Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  20.5.— Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  i, 23, 1. 16,  17 ;  2  cd.  i,  26,  t.  17,  18 ;  3 ed.  i,  30, 1. 15.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  498 ; 
Berl.  Baumii.  260.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  57d.— Dosfontniuos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612.— Michniix  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  98,  t.  9;  N.  American 
8ylva,3ed.iii,123,t.  143.— Nouvoau  Dnhomel.v,  245,  t.  75,  f.  2.— Smith  in  Roes' Cycl.xxviii,  No.  13.— Pursh.Fl.  Am.  8ept.ii,644.— 
NnttaIl,Oenera,il,^83.— Hayne,Dend.  Fl.  175.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  636.— Sprengnl,  8y.st.  ii,  887.— Euton,  Manual,  6  cd.  265.— Lawson, 
Ag.  Manual,  351 ;  Pinotnm  Brit.i,  89,  t.  12.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2237,  f.  211£r-2182.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnrn.43,  t.  14.— 
Antoine,Conif.25,t.7,f.l'.— Eaton  &,  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Link  in  LiDntBa,xr,  503.— Spach,  Hist.  Vog.  xi,  391.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
609.— Gihonl,  Arb.  Resin,  32.— Kndlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  164.— Soheelo  in  R(Bmer,  Texas,  Appx.  447.— Knight,  ^yn.  Conif.  30.— 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  8oo.  London,  v,  217.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  344;  2  ed.  448.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— 
Gordon,  Pinetum, 210;  2  ed.  286.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological 
Sarv.N.  Carolina,  1860,  ill,  22.— Lesqnereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  660;  Bot.&  Fl.  313.— Foroher, 
Resooroes  8.  Forests,  506.— Henkel  &  Hoohstetter,  Nadelholz.05.— Nelson,  Pinaceie,  136.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  469;  Hall's 
PI.  Texas,  21. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  122. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi^  393.— Young,  Bot.  Texas,  516.— Koch,  Doudrologie, 
ii»,  304.— Vasoy,  Cat. Forest  Trees,  31.— Bentley  &.  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv, 259,  t. 2.59.— Engelmauu  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  i\-,183.— 
Teitoh,  Manual  Conif.  172. 

P.  TOBia^  var.  tenuifolia,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  366. 


LOBLOLLY  PINE.     OLD-FIELD  PINE.     ROSEMARY  PINE. 

Soatheru  Delaware,  soath  to  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay,  Florida,  generallj'  near  the  coast,  tbrougb  the 
Gnlf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river,  Texas,  and  north  through  southern  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the 
Arkansas  river. 

A  tree '24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  low,  wet  clay  or  dry  sandy 
soil ;  springing  up  on  all  abandoned  lands  from  Virginia  southward,  and  now  often  replacing  in  the  southern  pine 
belt  the  original  forests  of  Pinus  paluatris;  in  eastern  !North  Carolina  rarely  on  low,  rich  swamp  ridges,  here 
known  as  rosemary  pine  and  attaining  its  greatest  development  and  value. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown, 
the  very  thick  sap-wood  orange,  or  often  nearly  white;  \;ood  of  the  rosemary  pine  close-grained,  less  resinous, 
lighter,  with  much  thinner  sap ;  specific  gravity,  0.5441 ;  ash,  0.26 ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  manufactured  into 
lumber  of  inferior  quality. 

Turpentine  is  occasionally  manufactured  from  this  species  ( JJ.  8.  IHspematory,  14  ed.  901. — Fluclciger  di  Hanbury, 
Pharmacographia,  645). 

371.— Pinus  rigida,  Miller, 

Diet.  7 ed.  No.  10.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  60.— Marshall,  Arbnstum,  101.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  41.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i, 25, 1. 18, 19 ;  2cd. 
i,  28;  t.  18,  19;  3  ed.  i,  32,  t.  16,  17.— Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  498;  Enum.  988;  Berl.  Banmz.  268.— Porsoon,  Syn.  ii,  678.— 
Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  89,  t.  8 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  118,  t.  144.— Nonveau 
Duhamel,  v,  244,  t.  74.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  317.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii.  No.  14.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— 
Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Eaton,  Manual,  110 ;  6  ed.  265.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  183.— Nuttall,  Gonora,  ii,  223.— 
Hayne,  Dcnd.  Fl.  175.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  635.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360 ;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  227.— 
Beck,  Bot.  339.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2239,  f.  2123-2126.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnni.  41,  t.  13.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot,  358.— 
Autoine,  Conif.  26,  t.  7,  f.  2.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  cd.  385.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  172.— Link  in  Linuaja,  xv,  503.— 
Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  388.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  604.— Gihonl,  Arb.  Resin,  31.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  164.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif. 
30.— Lindley  &.  Goidon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  342;  2  ed.  447.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 
ed.  290.— Dorby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  207 ;  2  ed.  283.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2.57.— Chapman,  Fl. 
S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  21.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  660 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelholz,  67.— Nelson,  Pinacoas,  128.— Gray,  Manual  N.  Stotes,  5  ed.  469.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  119.— Purlatore  in 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  394.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii«,  307.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad, 
iv,  183.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  186.— Voitch,  Manual  Conif.  169. 

P.  Tada,  var.  rigidn,  Alton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  368. 

P.  Tceda,  var.  a.  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  340. 

P.  Fraseri,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836,  50  [not  Pursh]. 

P.  Loddigeaii,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2260 


■   '■'•!■  ! 


('  rm 


198 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


PITCH   PINE. 

Valley  of  tbe  Saint  Joliu'»  river,  New  Brunswick,  to  the  northern  shores  of  lake  Ontario,  south  through  the 
Atlantic  states  to  northern  Georgia,  extending  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  In  West  Virginia 
and  Kentucky  (Pineville,  Bell  county,  De  Friese). 

A  tree  12  to  24  lueters  in  height,  with  u  trunk  O.GO  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  sandy,  barren  soil,  or  less 
commonly  in  deep,  cold  swamps ;  very  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very 
resinous,  coubpicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown 
01'  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  nearly  white ;  speoiUc  gravity,  0.5151 ;  ash,  0.23 ;  largely  used  for  fuel, 
charcoal,  and  occasionally  m  anufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

Note. — tTpon  tbe  island  of  Nantucket,  Massacliugotts,  this  speoivs  is  now  greatly  ii^ured  by  the  attacks  of  the  destruotiye 
oaterpillar  of  the  pine  uotU  (Betina /rustrana,  Soiidiler  in  P»b.  lUa»sach»ueU»  Ag.  Soo,  1683  A  t). 


372. — Pinus  serotina,  Michaux, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  205. — Willdenow,  Spec.  It,  499. — Persooii,  8yu.  ii,  578. — Michaux  f.  Ilist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  86,  t.  7;  N.  American  Sylva,  3 
ed.  iii,  117,  t.  142.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,246,  t.  75,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— Poirct,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Nnttall,  Genera, 
ii,  223.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  35,  t.  18.— Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  634.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360.— 
Beck,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  2««j.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2242,  f.  2127-2131.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  47,  t.  16.— 
Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Autoino,  Conif.  27,  t.  8,  f.  2. — Lindley  in  Penn.  Cyol.  xvii,  172.— Link  in  Linntea,  xv,  504. — Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,  389.— GibonI,  Arb.  Rosin.  32.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  163.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &Oordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carriisre,  Trait.  Conif.  341;  2  ed.  449.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  514.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  209;  2ed.  S85.— 
Chapman,  Fl.S.  States,  433. — Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Surr.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  21. — Honkel  &,  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  70. — 
Nelson,  Pinaceie,  129. — Parlatore  iu  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  394. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii>,  305. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31. 

P.  Tteda,  var.  alopecuroidea,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  317.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2237. 

P.  rigida,  var.  serotina,  London, Encycl.  Pi.  979,  f.l824-18e7.—Cooper  in  Smithsonian Bep.  1858, 257.— Hoopes,  Evergreens, 
120.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  It,  183. 

POND,  PINE. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  head  of  the  Saint  John's  river,  Florida. 

A  tree  12  to  24  meters  iu  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  inundated  borders  of  streams 
and  ponds  iu  low,  peaty  soil ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  forming 
fiiUy  one-half  the  aunual  growth,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  large ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  dark  orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  pale  yellow ;  specific  gravity  0.7942 ;  ash,  0.17. 


■}i 


373.— Pinus  inops,  Alton, 

Hort.  Kev.  iii,  307 ;  2  od.  v,  316.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  204.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,  18, 1. 13 ;  2  ed.  i,  21,  t.  14 ;  3  ed.  i,  25,  t.  12.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  496;  Euum.  988;  Borl.  Baumz.  206.— Porsoou,  Syn.  ii,  578. — Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,58,t.4;  N.American 
Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  103,  t.  139.  -Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  236,  t.  69,  f.  1.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  641.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cyol.  xxviii.  No. 
10.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fl.  Philndelph.  93.— Compeud.  Fl.  Philadelph.  ii,  183.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  173.— 
Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  633.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Torroy,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.  97.— Beck,  Bot.  338.— Eaton, 
Manual,  6  ed.  2()5.— Bon  .lard.  1837,  976.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2192,  f.  2068-2071.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobum.  15,  t.  4.— Hooker, 
Fl.  Bor.-Am. ii,  101,  in  part.— Eatou  &  Wright,  Bot.  3.'>8. — Autoino,  Couif.  17,  t.  5,  f.  3. — Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171. — Link  in 
Linuiea,  xv,  500. — Spacli,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  386. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  167. — Knight,  Syn.  Couif.  26. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  London,  v,  217.— Carriore,  Trait.  Conif.  361 ;  2od.  471.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3 ed.  290.- Darby,  Bot.  S.  States, 514.— Gordon, 
Pinetum,  107 ;  2  ed.  238. — Cooper  iu  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  2,'i7. — Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  433. — Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N. 
Carolina,  1860,  iii,  20.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  313.— Heukel  &.  Hochstetter, Nadelholz.  22.- Nelson,  Pinaoeas,  113.— Gray, 
Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  470. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  84. — Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  380  (excl.  syn.  variaWi*). — Vasey, 
Cat.  Forest  Trees,  IW.— Veitch,  Manual  Couif.  158. 

P.  Virginiana,  Miller,  Gard.Diot.  7  ed.  No.  9.— Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  43;  Harbk.  2  od.  ii,  35.— MarshaU,  Arbustom,  102.— 
Wangenheim,  Amer.  74. — Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii",  299. 

P.  Toeda,  var.  Virginiana,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  340. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


1U9 


JEBSEY  riNE.     SOUUB  PINE. 

Middle  Inland,  Long  island,  Totteuvillo,  and  Clifton,  Stnten  island.  New  York,  south,  gonei-ally  near  tbe 
coast,  to  tho  valley  of  the  Savannah  river  (Aiken,  South  Carolina),  and  through  eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  to 
"the  knobs"  of  southeastern  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  36  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  states  generally 
much  smaller;  sandy,  generally  barren  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color,  light  orange, 
the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  whit« ;  specific  gravity,  0.5309;  ash,  0.30 ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  in  Kentucky  and 
Indiana  preferred  for  and  largely  manufactured  into  water-pipes  and  pump-logs. 

374. — Pinus  clausa,  Vasey, 
Cat.  Fotost  Trees,  30. 

P.  inopa,  Tar.  Olaiwa,  Eagelmann  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Aoad.  iv,  183.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  SuppV  050. 

SAND  PINE.     BOBUB  PINE.     SPBUCE  PINE. 

Florida,  shores  of  Pensacola  bay,  south,  generally  within  30  miles  of  the  coast,  to  Pease  creek,  and  occupying 
a  narrow  ridge  along  the  east  coast  south  of  Saint  Augustine. 

A  tree  2L  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  meter  iu  diameter,  or  on  the  west  coast  rarely  6  to  9 
meters  in  height ;  barren,  sandy  dunes  and  ridges ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  about  the 
head  of  Halifax  bay. 

Woo<l  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous,  resin 
passages  numerous,  prominent;  medullary  rays  numerous,  th''i ;  color,  light  orange  or  yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specifio  gravity,  0.5576 ;  ash,  0.31;  occasionally  used  for  the  masts  of  small  vessels. 

375. — Pinus  pungens,  Michanxf. 

Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  61,  t.  5 ;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  105, 1. 140.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v.  836,  t.  07,  f.  4.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  S  ed.  t, 
314.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii.  64:».— Poiret,  Siippl.  iv,  417.— EUiott,  8k.  ii,  635.— Sprengel.Syst.  ii,  886.— Eatou,  Manual,  6  ed. 
865.- Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  34, 1. 17.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iT,2197,f.2077-20eO.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  17,  t.  5.— Eaton  & 
Wright,  Bot.  359.— Antoine,  Conif.  18,  t.  5,  f.  4.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  xvii,  171.  — Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  125 ;  2  ed.  ii,  184.— Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  xi,287.— Endlicher.Syn.  Conif.  166.— Knight,  Syu.  Conif.  27.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soo.  Lordon,  v,217.— 
Carri6ro,  Trait.  Conif.  359;  2  ed.  470.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  181;  2  ed.  254.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian 
Rep.  1858,  257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  432.— Curtis  in  Eep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  20.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  060; 
Bot.  &,  Fl.  313.— Henkel  &.  Hochstetter,  Nitdelholz,  21.— Nelson,  Pinacen,  127.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  469.— Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  98. — Parlatore  in  De  CandoUo,  Prodr.  xvi',  379.— Koch,  Dendrologie  ii»,  304. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Meehan  in 
Bep.  Penn.  Fruit  Growers'  Soo.  1877  &,  t. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis.  Acad,  iv,  183. — Yeitch,  Manual  Conif.  158. 


TABLE-MOUNTAIN  PINE.     HIOKOBY  PINE. 

Alleghany  mountains,  Pennsylvania  to  Tennessee. 

A  tree  9  to  18  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.05  meter  in  diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  develop  meut  upon  the  high  mountains  of  East  Tennessee,  hero  often  the  prevailing  species  and  forming 
extensive  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad  resinous, 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  numerous,  large;  mcdulhiry  rays  numerous,  prominent;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick 
sap- wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.4935;  ash,  0.27;  iu  Pennsylvania  largely  manufactured  into  charcoal. 


Sa:  ! 


^K;*  i 


376. — Pinus  muricata,  D.  Don, 

Trans.  Liunwan  Soc.  xvii,  441.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  t.  84. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2269,  f.  2180. — Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechoy, 
393.— Antoino,  Conif.  32,  t.l4,  f.  1.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  113;  2  ed.  ii,  172.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  161.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif. 26.— 
Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  iv,  216  &.  f  (Fl.  dea  Serres,  v,  SIT""  &  f.);  Pinetum,  173 ;  2  ed.  246  (excl.  syn.  Murrayana). — 
Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  217. — Carri}>re,  Trait.  Conit.  359 ;  2  ed.  470.— Torroy,  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey, 
209,  t.  54  (P.  Edgariina  on  plate). — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  261. — Henkel  Sr,  Hochstetter,  Nudelholz.  60. — Nelson,  Pinaceee, 
121. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  92. — Parlatore  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  379. — Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872, 1164. — Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii<,  302.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30.— Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  183 ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  128.— Yeitoh, 
Manual  Conif.  151.— London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1884,  49,  f.  7-9. 

P.  inopt,  var.  Bentham,  PI.  Hartweg.  337. 

P.  Edgariana,  Hartweg  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  217,  326. 

P.  OOntorta,  Bolander  in  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  227,  317  [not  Douglas]. 


I 


200 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I*      W:  •  !'! 


m^ 


If' 


II 
IP 


OBISPO  PINK.     BISHOP'S  PINE. 

(^'Ulifornia,  Mendocino  couiity  south  through  the  Coast  ranges  to  Sau  Luis  Obispo  county. 

A  tree  24  to  36  meters  in  lieight,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.00  meter  in  diameter,  or  more  often  not  exceeding  1& 
meters  in  height;  cold  peat  bogs  or  barren,  sandy  gravel;  always  exposed  to  the  winds  and  fogs  of  the  ocean,  and 
not  found  above  2,000  feet  elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Mendocino  county;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  very  strong  and  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
resinous,  resin  passages  few,  not  prominent;  medullary  rays  uumerouj,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  thick  «ap-wood 
nearly  white;  speciflo  gravity,  0.4042;  ash,  0.2G. 

377. — Pinus  mitis,  Michanx, 

Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  i204.— Michanx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  58,  t.  3;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  96,  t.  137.— Barton,  Prodr.  Fi.  Phlladelph 
93.— Poiret,  Suppl.  iv,  417.— Loudon,  Arborotuui,  iv,  2195,  f.  307i)-807«.— Antoine,  Conlf.  16,  t.  5,  f.  1.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cyol.xvii, 
171.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  386.- Torrey,  FI.  N.  York,  ii,  229.— Endlioher,  8yn.  Conif.  167.— Knight,  8yn.  Conif.  26.— Lindley  A, 
Qordou  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  217.— Carriire,  Trait.  Conif.  361 ;  2  ed.  472.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  170 ;  8  ed.  243  (ezol.  lyn. 
Bo^M).— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  275. — Chapman,  Fl,  S.  States,  433.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  Nj*Carolin», 
1860,  iii,  19.— Lesquereux  in  Owen's  2d  Rep.  Arkansas,  389.- Wood,  CI.  Book,  660;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  313.— Henkel  &,  Hoohstetter, 
NadelhSlz.  23.— Gray,  Manual  N.  Stttes,  5  ed.  470.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  88.— Parlatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  380.— Tonng, 
Bot.  Texas,  516.— Koch,  Dendrologic,  ii'*,  300.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Tree.,  30.— Broadheod  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  60.— 
Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acud.  iv,  184. — Ridgway  in  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  88. 

P.  echinata,  Miller,  Diet.  7  ed.  No.  12.— Marshall,  Arbustum,  180t— Wangenheim,  Amer.  74. 

P.  Virginiana,  var.  echinata,  Du  Roi,  Harbk.  ii,  38. 

P.  Teeda,  var.  variabilis,  Aiton.Hort.Kew.  iii,  368. 

P.  variabilis,  Lambert.Pinus,  led.i,S2,t.  16;  2  ed.  i,25,t.l6;  3  ed.i,29,  t.l4.— Willdenow,8pec.  iv,  498.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii, 
578.— Nonvean  Duhamel,  v,  235,  t.  69,  f.  2.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  S  ed.  v,  316.— Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  643.— Smith  in 
Rees'  Cyol.  xxviii.  No.  12.— Barton,  Compend.  Fl.  Philadolph.  ii,  183.— Nuttal'.,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,633.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  886.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  360.— Beck,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  265.— Forbes, 
Pinetum  Woburn.  35,  t.  11.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Antoine,  Conif.  15,  t.  5,  f.  2.— Link  in  Linneea,  xv,  502.— 
Endlioher,  Syn.  Conif.  168  (exol.  8yn.).—Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  514. 

P.  rigida,  Porcher,  Resources  8.  States,  504  [not  Miller]. 

YELLOW  PINE.     SHOET-LEAVED  PINE.     SPBUOE   PINE.     BULL  PINE. 

Stateu  island,  New  York,  south  to  the  Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  through  the  Oulf  states  to 
Tennessee  and  eastern  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  the  Indian  territory,  southeastern  Kansas,  southern  Missouri, 
and  in  Union  county,  Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  1 .35  meter  in  diameter;  light  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly, 
along  the  low  borders  of  swamps ;  forming  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  mixed  with  oaks  and  other  deciduous 
trees,  extensive  forests;  the  only  species  of  northern  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Missouri,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  western  Lonisiaua,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood,  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  amount  of  sap,  heavy,  hard,  strong,  generally  coarse-grained,  compact ) 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  often  occupying  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth ;  very  resinous,  resin 
passages  numerous,  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous;  color,  orange,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
specific  gravity,  0.G104;  ash,  0.29  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  especially  in  the  states  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  among  yello',        os  only  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  P.  paluatris. 

378.--Pinu8  glabra,  Walter, 

Fl.  Caroliniana,  237.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  342.— Ravenel  in  Proo.  Elliott  Soc.  i,  52.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  433.— Poroher, 
Resources  S.  Forests,  !i06. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  82. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30. — Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  184. 

tP.  mitis,  var.  paupera.  Wood,  Cl.  Book,  660. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


201 


OEDAR  PINE.      SPBVOE  PINE.     WHITE  PINE. 

South  Oarolina,  Hoiith  to  tho  Obattahoochoe  region  of  w»steru  Florida,  generally  near  the  coast,  and  through 
the  Oulf  states  south  of  latitude  3:2°  30'  to  tho  valley  of  tho  Pearl  river,  Louisiana. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  bottom  lauds  and  humraooks 
in  dense  forests  of  hard-wood  trees,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi;  not  common 
and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
not  resinous,  resin  passages  few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.3931 ;  ash,  0.45. 

370. — Pinus  Banksiana,  Lambert, 

Finus,  1  ed.  i,  7,  t.  3 ;  2  ed.  i,  7,  t,  3 ;  3  ed.  i,  9,  t.  3.— Pemoon,  Syu.  ii,  578.— Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  il,  Oil.— Nonveau  Dubamel,  y,  234, 
t.  67,  f.  3.— Alton,  Hort.  Kevr.  2  ed.  v,  315.— Parsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  642.— Sinltb  in  Rees'  Cyol.  xxviii,  Ko.  4.— Nuttall,  Genera,  li, 
223;  Sylva,  iti,  134;  2  e<l.  ii,  182.— Sprengel,  Sytit.  ii,  686.— Torroy,  Compond.  Fl.  Ji.  States,  360.— Beok,  Bot.  339.— Eaton,  Mannal,6 
ed.  265.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2190,  f.  2064-2067.- Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  13,  t.  3.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  161.— Eaton  &. 
Wright,  Bot.  358.— Antoino,  Conif.  8,  t.  4,  f.  2.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cyol.  zvii,  171.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xt,  491.— Bpach,  Hist.  Veg. 
xi,  379.— Endlloher,  Syu.  Conif.  177.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  26.— Lindlcy  St  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  218  (exol.  syn. 
wntorto). —Parry  in  Ovren's  Rep.  618.— Carridro,  Trait.  Conif.  381 ;  2  ed.  485.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  163 ;  2  ed.  230.— Richardson,  Arctic 
Exped.  441.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,257.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Liunnan  Soo.  xxiii*,  301.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  661.— Henkel 
A  Hoohstetter,  Nadelbolz.  44.— Nelson,  Pinaoeso,  104.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  eii.  470. — lioopes.  Evergreens,  78. — Vasey,  Cat. 
Forest  Trees,  29.— Maconn  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,211.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  184.— Sears  in 
Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiti,  186.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  ie79-'80,  46°.— Veitoh,  Manual  Conif.  158. 

P.  sylvestria,  var.  divaricata,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.iii,  366. 

P.  Hudsonioa,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  v,  339.— Parlatore  in  Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.xvi*,  380.— Wood,  Bot.  &.  Fl.  313.— Koch, 
Dendrologie,  ii»,  298. 

P.  rupestris,  Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,49,  t.  2;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.iii,  95,  t.  136. 


OBAT  PINE.     SOBVB  PINE.     PBINOE'S  FINE. 

Bay  of  Ghalenr,  New  Brunswick,  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear  lake, 
the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Bocky  mountains  between  the  fifty-second  and  sixty- 
fifth  degrees  of  north  latitude;  south  to  northern  Maine,  Ferrisburg,  Vermont  (R.  E.  Robinson),  the  southern  shore 
of  lake  Michigan,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  22  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.75  meter  in  diameter ;  barren,  sandy 
soil  or,  less  commonly,  in  rich  loam ;  most  common  north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  region  north  of  lake  Superior,  here  often  forming  considerable  forests ;  toward  its 
extreme  western  limits  associated  and  often  confounded  with  the  closely  allied  P.  contoria  and  P.  Murrayana  of  the 
Pacific  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very 
resinous,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  uot  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  clear  light 
brown  or,  rarely,  orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  almost  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4761 ;  ash,  0.23;  largely  used  for  fuel, 
railway  ties,  etc. 

380. — Pinus  palustris,  Miller, 

/)iot.  7  ed.  No.  14. — Marshall,  Arbtmium,  100. — VVangonhoim,  Amor.  73.— Walter,  PI.  Caroliuiana,  237.— Alton,  Hort.  Kcw.  iil,  368; 
2ed.  V,  317. — Abbot,  Insects  Georgia,  i,  t.  42. — Dii  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed.  ii,  66. — Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  2("1. — Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed. 
i, 27,  t.20;  2  od.  i,  30,  t.  21 ;  3 ed.  i,  41,  t.  24,  25.— WlUdenow,  Spec,  iv,  499.— Poiret  in  Lnmarck,  Diet,  v,  341.— Persoon, Syn.  ii, 57a— 
Desfontainos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  612.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  644.— Smith  in  Rees'Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  15.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,223;  Sylva, 
iii,  128;  2  ed.  ii,  185.— Hayne,  Demi.  Fl.  174.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  637.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  687.— Eaton,  Manuol,  6  ed.  26().— Forbes, 
Pinetnm  Woburn.  59,  t.  22.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Autoine,  Conif.  23,  t.  6,  f.  2.— Link  in  Llnniea,  x v,  206.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot. 
604.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  660.— Porcher,  Resources  S.  Forests, 
495. — Michaux  f.  N.  American  Sylva, 3  ed.  iii,10G,  1. 141  (the  plate  as  P.  auttralis). 

P.  aUStralis,  Michaux f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  64,  t.  6.— Nouvean  Dubamel,  v,  246,  t.  75,  f.  3.— Loudon,  Arboretum,  i v, 2255,  f.  21iJ6- 
2160.— Lindley  iuPenn. Cycl.  xvii,  171.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  392.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  165.— Carson,  Med.  Bot. ii, 43, 
t.  87.— Gihoul,  Arb.  Resin.  33.  —Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &,  Gordon  in  Joar.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  v,  217.— Carrifere, 
Trait.  Conif.  345;  2  ed.  450.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  187;  Suppl.  63;  2  ed.  260.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  StateH,43).— Curtis  in 
Rep.  Geological  8urv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  24.— Wood,  Bot  &  Fl.  313.— Heukel  &  Hochstetter,  Nndelhiilz.  65.— 
Nelson,  PinaeooB,  103.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  109.— Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  392.— Young,  Bot.  Texas, 
517.— Vosey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  31.— BentUy  &  Trimcn,  Med.  PI.  iv,  258,  t.  258.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad, 
iv,  185.- Veitch.MannalConif.  172. 


]'i? 


t-  ;l;i'; 


■y^i 


i! 


'■^M  if 


ml: 

i 


202 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


LONtJ-LBAVED  PINE.     SOVTHEBN  PINE.     OEOROIA  PINE.     YELLOW  PINE.     HARD  PINE. 


lif: 


■m 


1 1' 


fS't 


Southeastern  Yirginiu,  south  to  cape  Canaveral  au'I  Tnnipa  bay,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  ohe 
valley  of  the  Red  river,  Louisiana,  aifd  (be  Trinity  river,  Texas,  rarely  extending  beyond  150  miles  from  the  coast. 

A  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  18  to  29  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  dry, 
sandy  loam  of  the  maritime  plain,  generally  of  Tertiary  formation,  and  forming,  outside  of  the  river  bottoms, 
extensive  forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or  toward  its  extreme  iuterior  range,  especially  in  the 
Gulf  states,  occupying  rolling  hills,  here  mixed  with  oaks  and  various  deciduous  trees;  rarely  along  the  burderr^ 
of  swamp ,  in  low,  wet  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable ;  bauds  of  small  summer 
cells  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  resin  passages  few, 
not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  red  or  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white;  specific  gravity,  0.6999;  ash,  0.25;  largely  m:>nnfactnred  into  lumber  and  used  in  conritructiou  of  all  sorts, 
for  ship-building,  fencing,  railway  ties,  etc. 

The  turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  rosin,  and  spirits  of  tutiientine  manufactured  in  the  United  States  are  almost 
exclusively  produced  by  this  species  ( U.  8.  Dispentatory,  14  ed.  709, 899. — ifat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1417. — Fl'iekiger  A 
Eanhury,  Pharmcusographia,  545). 

381. — Pinus  Cubensis,  Orlgebnch, 

Mem.  Am.  Aoad.  viii,530;  Cat.  PI.  Cuba,  U17.— Parlatore  in  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xyi>,a96. 

P.  Tceda,  var.  heterophylla,  Elliott,  Sk.  ii,  636. 

P.  miiottii,  Eugeluiann;  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  30;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iv,  186, 1. 1,  3,  3.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States, 
Suopl.  650. 

P.  Vubensis,  var.  ferthrocarpa,  Wrigbt.— Griscbach,  Cot.  PI.  Cuba,  217. 


I- 


SLASH  PINE.     SWAMP  PINE.     BASTARD  PINE.     MEADOVV^  PINE. 

South  Carolina  (Blufi'ton,  Mellichamp),  south  near  the  coast  to  the  southern  keys  of  Florida,  west  along  the 
Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  t)ie  Pearl  river,  Louisiana,  uot  extending  beyond  50  or  60  miles  inland;  in  the  West 
Indies. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  light  sandy  soil  along  the  dunea 
and  marshes  of  the  coast,  or  wet  ulay  borders  of  ponds,  abandoned  fields,  ei*^.,  and  now  rapidly  taking  possession 
of  ground  from  which  the  forests  of  P.  paltutris  have  been  removed ;  the  only  species  of  Florida  south  of  cape 
Cauaveral  and  bay  Biscayue. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  Lard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarsegrained,  compact,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  very  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  the  annunl  growth,  very  resinous,  conspic  lous,  resin  pas&iges 
few,  not  large;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  prominent;  color,  rich  dark  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often 
nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7504;  ash,  0.26;  hardly  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  P. patustria,  although  rarely 
mauufactured  into  lumber. 

Turpentine  is  occasionally  manufactured  in  southern  Florida  from  this  species. 

NoTS.-  -Specimens  collected  upon  the  southern  keys  of  Florida  by  A.  H.  Curtiss  connect  the  forms  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
northern  Florida  with  the  West  Indian  tree. 

382. — Picea  nigra,  Link, 

Liauwa,  xv,  520.— Carritre,  Trait.  Conif.  241 ;  2  ed.  323.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linnaan  Soc.  xxiii',  301.— Prnnet,  Hist.  Picea,  10  &  t.  f. 
B.— Peck  in  Trans.  Albiiuy  Inst,  viii, 283.— Engelmiiuu  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1679, 334.— Sears  in  Bull.  Embx  Inat.  xiii,  185. 

Abies  Mariana,  Miller,  Diet.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  75. 

Pinus  Mariana,  Du  Eoi,  Obs.  Bot.  38 ;  Harbk.  ii,  107.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  24. 

Pinus  Abies  Canadensis,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  103. 

PtttU*  .Amcncana  rttftrff,  Wangenheim,  Amer.  75. 

PimiS  nijM-fl,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kow.  iii,  370;  2ed.v,  319.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,41,  t.  27;  2  ed.  i,  45,  t.  27j  3  ed.i,64,t.37.— 
Wiildeuow,  Spec,  iv,  506 ;  £uum.990;  It  il.  Baamz.  276.- Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,640.~Smith 
iu  Bees' Cycl.xxviii,  No.  20. —Barton,  Cuuipend.  Fl.  Pbiladelpb.  ii,  182.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,S23.— Hayne,  Deud.  Fl. 
177.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  640.— Spreugel,  Syst.  ii,  885.— Torrey,  Compond.  Fl.  N.  Staias,  359;  Fl.  N.  York,  il,  aw.- Beck, 
Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Manual,  6e<1.264.— Hooker,FI.Bor.-Am.ii,  103.— Eaton  &.  Wright,  Bot.  358. —Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston. 
3ed.  386.— Antoino,  Conif.  88,  t.  34,  f.  3.— Endllober,  Syn.  Conif.  115.— Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  515.— Poroher,  Resor.roos 
S.  Forest*,  505.— Parlat«re  iu  De  CaudoUe,  I'rod;-.  xyi',  4:3. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES 

Pinus  Americana,  Gaertner,  Fruct.  ii,  60,  t.  91,  f.  I. 


203 


PintlS  rubra,  Lambert,Piuu8, 1  od.  i,  48,  t. 28 ;  2t)d.  i,  47,  *.  30 ;  3 ed.  i, 66,  t.  38  [not  Michaax  f. ].— Pereoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Aiton, 
Hort.  Kew.  8  ed.  V,  319.— Pursb,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640.— Sinitli  in  Rees' Cycl.  xxviil,  No.  2;}.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— 
Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  8«>5.— Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  T^^.—Becli,  But.  340.— Latou,  Manual,  6  ed. '•64. —Hooker,  Fl. 
Bor.-Ani.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wrisht,  Bot.  358.— Antoine,  C';nif.  87,  t.  34,  f.  2.— Eudliclier,  Syn.  Conif.  113.— Gihonl, 
Arb.  Resin.  44. — Parlatore  in  Do  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi'',  413. 

Abies  dentieullta,  Micbaus,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  206.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520. 

Abies  nigra,  Poirotin  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520.— Desfontainos,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,580. -Micliaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  124,t.  11;  N. 
American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  l;)9,  t.  i47.— Nouveau  Dubamel,y,292,  t.  81,  f.  1.— Lindley  in  Penn.  Cycl.  i,32. — Loudon, 
Arboretnm,  iv,  2:U2,  f.  2225-2227. — Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  410,  in  part. — Emersou,  Trees  Massacbusetts,  81 ;  2  ed.  ii, 96.— 
Oriffitb,  Med.  Bot.  606.— Knigbt,  Syn.  Conif.  36.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort  Hoc.  London,  v,  211.— Parry  in  Owen's 
Bop.  618. — Gordon,  Pinetnm,  11;  Sed.  17. — Riobardson,  Arctic  Exped.  442.— Cooper  in  Sraitbsonian  Rep.  1858, 257. — 
Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Statea,  434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  I860;  iii,27.— Wood.Cl.  Book,  662;  Bot.A 
V  Fl.  313. — Porobor,  Resources  S.  Forests,  507. — Henkel  &,  Hocbstetter,  Nadelbolz.  191.— Nelson,  Pinoceffi,  50.— Gray, 

Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471. — Hoop^,  Evergreens,  169. — Yasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. — Guibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7  ed. 
ii,  247.— Moconn  in  Geological  Lep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 211.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  18r9-'80, 44<=.—Veitcb, 
Manual  Conif.  74. 

Abies  rubra,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  520.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  580.— i^oudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2316,  f.  2228.— 
Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnm.  101,  t.  35. — Knigbt,  Syn.  Conif.  37.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  211.— 
Gordon,  Pinetum,  11 ;  2  ed.  17.— flenkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelhdlz.  189.— Nelson,  Pinaoen,  51. 

P.  rubra,  Link  in  Liuniea,xv,  521.— Carri^re,  Trait.  Conif.  240;  2ed.322. 

Abies  nigra,  var.  rubra,  Micbaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  123;  N.  American  Sylvc,  3  ed.  iii,  141.— Spucb,  Hist.  yeg.zi,411.— 
Hoopes,  Evergreens,  170. 

t  Abies  rubra,  var.  arctica,  Lindley  &.  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  T,211. 

AUes  alba,  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Statns,  435  [not  Poiret]. 

Abies  Americana,  Koch,  Dendiologie,  ii<,  241: 

P.  nigra,  var.  rubra,  Engelmann  in  London  Gord.  Chronicle,  1879,  334. 

Abies  arctica,  Hort. 

Abies  Marylandica,  Kort. 

BLACK  SF3U0E. 

Newfoandland,  nortberu  Labrador  to  Ungava  bay,  Nastapokee  sound,  cape  Ohurchill,  Hudson  bay,  and 
northwest  to  the  mouth  of  the  ^''ackenzie  river  and  the  eastern  slop 3  of  the  Bocky  mountains;  south  through  the 
northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains 
to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  15  to  21  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  in  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  light,  dry,  rocky  soil,  forming, 
especially  north  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude,  extensive  forests  on  the  water-sheds  of  the  principal  streams  or  in 
cold,  wet  swamps ;  then  small,  stunted,  and  of  little  value  (P.  rubra). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin, 
resinous,  resin  passages  fow,  minute ;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous ;  color,  light  red  or  often  nearly  white,  the 
sap-wood  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.4584 ;  ash,  0.27;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  used  in  construction,  for 
ship-building,  piles,  posts,  railway  ties,  etc. 

Essence  of  spruce,  prepared  by  boiling  the  young  branches  of  this  species,  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spruce 
beer,  a  popular  beverage  ( U.  8.  Dispensatory,  14  ed.  901). 


'.'A 


m 

■'I 


m 


h  I  <    ,- 


M 


204 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


'41 


■ill'i. 


r 


I 


\\\ 


^^ 


383.— Picea  alba,  Link, 

Liniwea,  xv,  519.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2.T8;  2  ed.  319.— Fl.  des  Sorres,  xxi,  157,  t.  2251.— Brunet,  Hist.  Picea,  4  &  t.  f.  A.— 
Engolmann  in  London  Oard.  Clironiole,  1879,  ;]34.— Sean  in  Bnll.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  184. 

Abies  Canademis,  Miller,  Diet.  No.  l. 

Pinwf  Canadensia,  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Hot.  38 ;  Harbk.  ii,  124  [not  Linnnus].— Wangenheim,  Amer.  6.  t.  1,  f.  2. 

P.  laxa,  Ehrbart,  Beitr.  iii,  24. 

P.  glauca,  Moenoh,  Weiss.  73.  " 

Pinua  alba,  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  371;  2  ed.  v,  318.— Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  i,  39  t.  26;  2od.  i,  43,  t.28;  3ed.  i,61,t.  35.— 
Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  507;  Euum.  990  ;  Berl.  Banmz.  280.- Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  641.— Smith 
in  Bees'  Uycl.  xxvili,  No.  21.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  264.— Nnttall,  Genera,  ii,  &23.— Hayne,  Dend.  Fl.  177.— Elliott, 
8k,  ii,  640.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 885.— Torrey,  Corapend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  N.  York,  ii,  231.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador, 
30.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.- Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed.  386.— 
•  Antoine,  Conif.  86,  t.  34,  f.  1.— Endlicber,  Syn.  Conif.  112.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  515.— Tninbouw    Flora,  1855,  1, 

t.  14,  15.— Wftlpera,  Ann.  v,  799. — Parlatoie  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  414. 

PinU8  tetragona,  Moencb,  Meth.  364. 

Abies  alba,  Poirot  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  521.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  207.— Desfontaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  580.— Miohaux  f. 
Hist.  Arb.  Ara.  i,  133,  t.  12;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed.  iii,  144, 1. 148.— Nonreau  Duhamol,  v,291,  t.  81,  f.  2.— London, 
Arboretum,  iv,  2310,  f.  2224.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  95,  t.  33.— Nnttall,  Sylva,  iii,  129;  2  ed.  ii,  189.— Spaoh,  Hist. 
Veg.  xi,  412.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  84 ;  2  ed.  i,  99. — Gihonl,  Arb.  Rosin.  43. — Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  36. — Lindley 
&,  Cordon  in  Jour.  Hort.Goc.  London,  v,  2'.1.— Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  2;  2  ed.  3. — Richardson, 
Arctic  Expc(i .  442.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257. — Hooker  f.  iu  Trans.  Linnaan  8oo.  xxiii',  301.— Engelmann 
in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  scr.  xxxiv,  330. -Wood,  CI.  Book,  661 ;  Bot.  &.  Fl.  313.— Porcher,  Resources  8.  Forests,  507.— 
Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  188.— Nelson,  Piuaceae,  47.-  Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  ed.  471.— Murray  in  Seeuann, 
Jonr.  Bot.  v,  253,  t.  69,  f.  2-7.— Hoopes,  Evergreens,  157,  f.  20.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  32.— Quibourt,  Hist.  Drognes, 
7  ed.  ii,  247.— Macouu  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  211.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  44°. 

Abies  mbra,  var.  ccerulea,  Loudon,  Aibcretam,  iv,  2316. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  ▼,  911. 

Abies  ccerulea,  Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  99. 

P.  ccerulea,  Link  in  Linuffia,  xv,  522. 

PtniM  rubra,  var.  violacea,  Eudlicher,  Syn.  Conif  114. 

P.  nigra,  var.  glauca,  Carriferc,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed.  242. 

Abies  arctica,  Murray  in  Seemann,  Jour.  Bot.  v,253,t.  69,  f.  1,8-13. 

Abies  laxa,  Kodi,  Dondrologio,  ;i»,243. 

Abies  alba,  var.  ccerulea,  Carrifero,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  320. 

Abies  alba,  var.  arctica,  Pnrlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  414. 

WHITE  SPRUCE. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shore  of  Labrador  to  Ungava  bay,  cape  Charchill,  and  northwestward  to  the  month  of 
the  Mackenzie  river  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  river,  Alaska;  south  to  the  coast  of  Maine,  northeastern  Vermont 
(Weat  Burke  and  Eluiwood,  Pringle),  northern  Michi(j'an,  Minnesota  to  Moose  lake  and  the  White  Earth  Indian 
reservation,  the  BInck  hills  of  Dakota  {R.  Douglas),  along  the  Kocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana  to  the  valley  of 
the  Blackfoot  river  [Canby  <&  Sargent),  Sitka,  and  British  Columbia. 

A  tree  15  to  50  meters  in  beigtit,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  low,  rather  wet  soil,  borders  of 
ponds  and  swanips ;  most  common  north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  along  tlie  streams  and  lakes  of  the  Flathead  region  of  northern  Montana  at  an  elevation  of  2,500 
to  3,500  feet;  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  the  American  subarctic  forests  north  of  the  sixtieth  degree  of 
latitude,  here  more  generally  multiplied  and  of  larger  size  than  the  allied  P.  nigra,  with  which  it  is  associated; 
'ts  distribution  southward  in  British  Columbia  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight  grained,  compact,  satiny;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  minute;  medullary  rays  uunierouB,  prominent;  color,  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
hanlly  distinguishable;  specific  gravity,  0.4051;  ash,  0.32;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  although  not 
distinguished  in  commerce  from  that  of  the  black  spruce  (P.  nigra). 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


505 


384. — Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelmaun, 

Tians.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  212 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  256  f  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1379,  334  ;  1882,  145.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conlf.  2  ed. 
348.— O.  M.  DawHiiu  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  335.— Rnsby  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot,  Club,  ix,  80. 

Abiea  alba,  f  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97. 

Abies  nigra,  Engelmaun  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  scr.  zxxiii,  330  [not  Poiret]. 

Abies  Engelmanni,  Pan-y  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  122  j  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1863, 1035;  Am.  Nat.  viii,  179;  Proc. 
Davenport  Acad,  i,  149. — Regel,  Qartenflora,  1864,  244, — Henkel  &  Hochstettei,  Nadelhiilz.  418. — Huopes,  Evergreens, 
177,  f.  22.— Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  332 ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Porter  in  Hayden's  Rep.  1871, 494.— Porter  &.  Coulter,  Fl. 
Colorado ;  Hayden's  Bury.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  130.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  242.— Hall  in 
Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Sargent  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1877,  631. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada, 
187&-'76,  211.— Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80,  56<=.— Veitch, 
Manual  Couif.  68. 

Pinm  Engelmanni,  Engelmaun  in  Proo.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  new  ser.  xii,  209. 

Pinua  commutata,  Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  417.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  2  ed.  5. 


WHITE  SPKUOE. 

Peace  Biver  plateau,  iu  latitude  55^46'  N.  {O.  M.  Dawson),  through  the  interior  of  British  Columbia  and  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river;  along  th« 
principal  ranges  of  the  Rocky  and  Wahsatch  mountains  to  the  ^jan  Francisco  mountains,  Sierra  Blanco,  and  mount 
Graham,  Arizona. 

A  :arge  tree,  24  to  46  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.00  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  its  extreme  elevation 
reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  aud  ridges  between  5,000  and  11,500  feet  elevation;  the 
most  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  central  Bockj  Mountain  region,  here  forming  extensive  forests,  generally  above 
L,dOO  feet  elevation ;  rare  and  of  small  size  in  the  mountains  of  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  and  Montana 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
narrow,  not  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  minute ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color,  pale  yellow 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.3449 ;  ash,  0.32 ;  in  Colorado  manufactured 
into  lumber  aud  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  etc. 

The  bark  rich  in  tannin,  and  in  Utah  sometimes  used  iu  tanning  leather. 


Notts. — Forms  of  northern  Montana  too  closely  connect  this  species  with  the  allied  P.  alba. 
only  at  different  elevatione,  in  different  soils,  and  never  mingle. 


The  two  species  occur  here,  however 


m 


.  m 


386. — Picea  pungens,  Engelmann, 

London  Oard.  Chronicle,  ld79,  334 ;  1882,  145.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1883,  725,  f.  130. 

P.  Menziesii,  Engelmmm  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  214  [not  Carri^re]. 

Abies  Menziesii,  E  igelmann  iu  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii,  330  [not  Lindloy].— Gray  in  Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  1803, 
76. — Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,  333,  in  part.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  viii,  179  [not  Lindley]. — Porter  in  Hayden'sRep.  1871, 
494. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  166,  in  part. — Rothrock  in  PI.  Wheeler,  28 ;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  10  [not  Lindley]. — Porter  &. 
Coult«r,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  131  [not  Lindley].— Vasey,  Ca(  Forest  Trees,  33,  iu  part.— 
Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32. 

Abies  Menziesii  Parryana,  KwAH  in  111.  Hort.  xxiii,  196 ;  xxiv,  53,  119.— Roezl  in  ill.  Ilort.  xxiv,  86. 

Abies  Engelmanni  glauca,  Veitoh,  Manual  Couif.  69. 


WHITE  SPRUCE.     BLUE  SPRUCE. 

Valley  of  the  Wind  river,  south  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming,  Ouiorado,  aud  Utah. 

A  trt'o  30  to  4G  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  l>order8  of  streams,  in  damp  oi 
wet  soil,  generally  between  6,000  aud  9,000  feet  elevation,  never  forming  forests  or  reaching  as  high  elevations  an 
the  allied  P.  Engelmanni ;  rare  aud  local. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  closu-graiiiv'Ml,  compact,  satiny;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuou»>. 
resin  passages  few,  small;  medullary  ra.ys  numerous,  prominent;  color,  very  light  brown  or  oftou  nearly  white,  tin- 
sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  specific  gravity,  0.3740;  ash,  0.38. 


t",y  i- 


w^ 


20& 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i  ¥  III 


386. — Picea  Sitchensis,  CnrriJrc, 

Trnit.  Conif.  1  cd.  260 ;  Kngelmanu  in  Loudon  Giird.  Chrouiclo,  187i),  314 ;  Rot.  California,  ii,  122. 

Pinus  Sitchemia,  Bonnard  in  Mcni.  Acad.  St.  PotorslmrK,  (f  ner.  ii,  101.— Hooker,  Kl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164.— Endlioher,  8yn. 
Conif.  123. 

Abies  Metiziesii,  Lmdley  in  Pcnn.  Cycl.  1,  32.— Loudon,  Arborolum,  iv,  2321,  f.  2232.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Wobnni.  93,  t.32.— 
Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  131,  t.  U'C;  2  ed.  ii,189,  t.  116.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  37.— Llndloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo. 
London,  v,  211.— Nowborry  in  Pacilic  R.  K.  Hop.  vi,  56,  90,  t.  9,  f.  21.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  6;  2  ed.  12.— Cooper  in 
Smithsonian  Rep.  1808,262 ;  Pacilic  R.  R.  Rep.  xii^  2.'),  69,  in  part.— Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.— Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnaean  Soo. 
vii,  131,  133,  144.— Houkol  &  llochstettor,  Nadolbolz.  187.— Nelson,  PinacojB,  148.— Hotlirock  in  Smithsonian  Rep. 
1867.  4:}3.— Hoopes,  Evergroous,  166,  in  part.— WatHon  in  King's  Rep.  v,  333,  in  part. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  73. 

Pinug  Menzksi  ,  Douglas  in  Lambert,  Piuus,  1  cd.  iii,  161,  t.  71.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  162.— Antoino,  Conif.  85,  t  33,  f.  1, 
2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Bocchoy,  394.— Endlioher,  Syn.  Conif.  112.— Parlatoro  in  De  CaudoMo,  Prodr.  xvi»,  418. 

t  Abies  trigona,  Rulinescjue,  Atlant.  Jour.  119.— Endlioher,  Syn.  Conif.  124.— Carrifire,  Trait.  Conif.  1  od.  264. 

t  Abies  falcata,  Ratineaque,  Atlant.  .Tour.  119.— Endlichor,  Syn.  Conif.  124  — Liudloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon, 
V,  213.— Carrifore,  Trait.  Conif.  268 ;  2  ed.  314. 

Pinus  Memicsii,  A'ar.  erispay  Antoine,  Conif.  «5,  t.  35,  f.  2. 

Abies  Sitchensis,  Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  8  50.  Loudon,  v,  212.— Kooh,  Dendrologie,  ii«,  247. 

P.  Menziesii,  CarriJiro,  Man.  des  PI.  iv,  339;  Trait.  Conif.  237;  2  ed.318. 

^  f  Sequoia  Safinesquei,  Carrii>re,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.213. 

TIDE-LAND  SPRUCE. 

Alaska,  south  to  Meudociuo  conuty,  Gali'brnia,  not  extending  more  than  50  miles  inland  from  the  coast. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  valae,  4G  to  01  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  5.10  meters  in  diameter; 
gravelly  ridges  and  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  near  tho 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  here  forming  a  belt  of  nearly  continuous  forest  growth  50  or,  farther  north  and  south, 
rarely  more  than  10  or  15  miles  in  width. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not 
conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  obscure;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  prominent;  color,  light  brown  tinged 
with  rod,  the  sap-wood  nccarly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.4287 ;  ash,  0.17 ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and 
used  for  construction,  interi'  .  luish,  fo.ic:n<j,  boat-baildiug,  the  dunnage  of  vessels,  cooperage,  woodenware,  etc. 


I 


387. — Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carri^^e, 

Trait.  Conif.  189;  2  od.  248.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  lust,  xiii,  184.— Eugel maun  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  224. 

Pinus  Canadensis,  Lmmeas,  Spec.  2  ed.  1421.— Wangenheim,  Amer.  39,  t.  15,  t.  36.— Ehrhart,  Beitr.  iii,  23.— Aitou,  Hort. 
Kcw.  iii,  370;  2  ed.  v,  320.— Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  206.- Lambert,  Pinni,  1  ed.  50,  t.  32;  2  ed.  i,  5C,  t.  35;  3  ed.  ii,  79, 
t.  45. — Willdenow,  Spec,  iv,  505;  Enum.  989;  Berl.  Baumz.  277.— Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  521.— Pereoon,  Syn. 
ii,  .')79.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  610.— Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxviii,  No.  29.— Barton,  Compond.  Fl.  Philadelpb. 
ii,  182.— Nuttfdl,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Hayue,  Dend.  Fl.  176.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  339.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  885.— Torrey, 
Compond.  Fl.  N.  States,  359;  Fl.  New  York,  ii,  230.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Mannal,6  ed.  264.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  2cd.  .'■)48.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  164,  in  part.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  368.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  od.  386.— 
Antoine,  Conif.  80,  t.  .32,  f.  3.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  86.— Gihonl,  Arb.  Resin.  4fi.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  515.— 
Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  428.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  3.— Bcntley 
&.  Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  264,  t.  2(i4. 

Pinus  Americana,  Miller,  Diet.  7  od.  No. 6.— Du  Roi.Obs.  Bot.41;  Hurbk. 2  ed.  ii,  15L 

Pinus  Abies  Americana,  Marshall,  Arbnstum,  l(>3. 

Abies  Canadensis,  Dcsfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  5M. —Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i,  138,  t.  13;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd.  iii, 
146,  t.  140.— Nouveau  Duhaniel,  v,  293,  t.  83,  f.  1.— Eaton,  Manual,  111.— Richard,  Conif.  77,  t.  17,  f.  2.— Audubon, 
Birds,  t.  197.— Loulon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2.322  &  t.— Forbes,  Pinetum  Woburn.  129.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  KB;  2  ed.  ii, 
190.--Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  424.— Emerson,  Trees  Massachusetts,  77  ;  2  ed.  i,  92  &  t.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  606.— Knight. 
Syn.  Conif.  37. — Li'idley  «t  Gordon  in  .Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  209. — Parry  in  Owen's  Rep.  618.— Darlington,  Fl. 
Cestrica,  3  ed.  2^)1.- (ionlon,  Pir.c.uni,  II ;  2  ed.  22.— Cooper  in  '^niithsoniau  Rep.  1868,  2.'i7.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States, 
434.— Curtis  in  Rep.  Geological  Snrv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  27.— Wowl,  CI.  Book,  661;  Bot.  &  Fl.  313.— Porcher, 
Restmrces  .H.  Forests,  50t!.— Honkel  &  Hochst^^ttor,  Nj«lelhol«.  153  (oxcl.  syn.  aromatifo). -Nelson,  Pinaceue,  30.— Onjy, 
Manual  N.  States,  ."i  <'d.  471.— Hoopea,  Evergreens,  184,  f.  2:1.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii»,  249.— Vasey,  Oat.  Forest  Trees, 
2:1.- Fl.  dehSerres,  xxii,  206.— Guibourt,  Hist.  Dnigncs,  ii,  247.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'80, 51».— Veitch, 
Mnnual  Conif.  114,  f.  29. 

P(C«(l  C<ina//en«t«,  Link  in  Linuica,  XV,  524. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


207 


HEMLOCK. 


Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saiut  Lawreuco  river  to  the  shores  of  lake  Teiiiisvaininjr, 
and  sonthwest  to  the  western  borders  of  northern  Wisconsin ;  south  through  the  northern  states  to  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  southeastern  Michigan,  central  Wisconsin,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  Clear  Creek 
fulls,  Winston  county,  Alabama  (Hlolir). 

A  tree  21  to  33  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.15  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges,  generally 
fiicing  the  north  and  often  forming  extensive  forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or,  less  commonly, 
borders  of  swamps  in  deep,  ricii  soil;  most  common  at  the  north,  although  reaching  its  greatest  individual 
development  in  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wooil  light,  soft',  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse,  crooked-gi'ained,  difficult  to  work,  liable  to  wind-shake  and 
splinter,  not  durable;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  consi>iciious ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin; 
color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap  woo<l  st)mewhat  darker;  spccidc  gravity,  0.4239; 
nsh,  0.4G;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  and  used  in  construction  for  outside  finish,  railway  ties,  etc.; 
two  varieties,  red  and  white,  produced  apparently  under  precisely  similar  conditions  of  growth,  are  recognized  by 
lumbermen. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tiuniin,  is  the  principal  material  used  in  the  northern  states  in  tanning  leather,  and  yields 
a  fluid  extract  sometimes  used  medicinally  us  a  powerful  astringent. 

Canada  or  hendock  pitch,  prepared  from  the  resinous  secretion  of  this  species,  is  used  in  the  preparation  of 
stimulating  plasters,  etc.  {U,  8.  Dispensatory,  14,  ed.  709,  903. — Nat.  : 'ispeiisatory,  2  ed.  1109. — Flikkiger & Hanburyy 
Pharmacographia,  552). 

388. — Tsuga  Caroliniana,  Kr .    mann, 

CoiiHer's  Bot.  Gazette,  vi,  223. 

Abies  species,  Gibbs  in  Proc.  Elliott  8oc.  i,  286. 
J.6ie«  Cflroimjanrt,  Chanmaii.Fl.  8.  States,  Snppl.fwO. 

HEMLOCK. 

Southern  Alleghany  region,  Blulf  mountain,  North  Carolina  {A.  Qray),  "Saluda  mountain,"  South  Carolina  (L. 
8.  Oibbs),  Pinnacle  mountain.  North  Carolina  (Curtiss),  New  river.  North  Carolina,  and  Ciesar's  head,  South  Carolina 
{Canby),  Whitesides  mountain  and  Devil's  Court-House  peak,  Jackson  county.  North  Carolina  (J.  Donnell  Smith). 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to 0.75  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  ridges  between 
4,000  and  5,000  feet  elevation ;  rare  and  local ;  long  confounded  with  the  closely  allied  T.  Catuuiensis,  from  which 
it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  larger,  glossier,  blunter  loaves,  and  larger  cones  with  wide-spreading  scales. 

Wood  light,  soft,  net  strong,  brittle,  coarse- gra i ned ;  bands  of  small  suMimer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap 'vood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity, 
0.42.5;  ash,  0.40. 

389. — Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Cnrrlftre, 

Trait.  Couif.  2  p»1.  250.— Engelinaun  in  Bot.  California,  ii,  121 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazett*,  vi,  224.— 0.  M.  Duwsou  iu  Canafliac  Nat.  Hew 
ser.  ix,  324. 

fAMes  heterophylla,  RaliueBqius  Atlant.  .rom .  lll>  — Eudlioher,  Syn.  Conif.  124.  -Carribic,  Trait.  Conif.  1  od.  'i35. 

Pinm  Mertensiana,  Bougartl  in  Mem.  Acu<i.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  iii,  IKJ.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  1(54.— Endlicher,  Syn. 
Conif.  111. — Ledebuur,  Fl.  Rossiva,  iii,  W58. — Parlatore  in  De  Canilullo,  Prodr.  xvi',428. — MoNab  in  I*roo.  Royal  Irish 
Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  211,  212,  t.  23,  f.  4. 

Pinus  Canadensis,  Bougard  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  6  ser.  iii,  163  [not  Linntt-UH].— Douglas  iu  Compauion  Bot. 
Mag.  ii,  127.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  164,  in  part.- Ledobour,  Fl.  Rossica,  iii,  (MSP. 

Abies  Mertensiana,  LinOley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hvrt.  8oc.  Loudon,  v,  211.— (.'arrii-ro.  Trait.  Conif.  1  od.  232.— Gordon, 
Pinvtuui,  is  ;  Suppl.  12;  2ed.  2S). — Lyall  in  Jiinr.  Liuua'an  Soo.  vii,  133,  \U. — Hcnkel  &  llocbstetter,  Nadclhiilz.  152.-  • 
Rotbrock  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1867,  433.— (.'ooper  iu  Am.  Nat.  iii,  412. — Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402. — Heopns, 
Evrrgreens,  192. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii',  250. — Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Cankdft 
1875-76,  211.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii.  91. 

Abies  Canadensis,?  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,262;  Pacifio  R.  K.  R.-p.  xii^60  [njt  Desl'onlainosJ. 
yli/cM  £n%C«(/,  Kellogg  iu  Proc.  California  Acad,  ii,  37. 


208 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


11 


:,  It 


Abies  Albertiana,  Murray  in  Proo.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  149  dc  f.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit.ii,lll,t.l6,f.  1-16.— Nelaon, 
PinaceiB,  31. — Fowler  in  London  Oard.  Cbrooiole,  1872, 75. 

Abies  taxi/olia,  Hartweg,  ined.  {fide  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  iii,  14H). 

Pinus  Pattoniana,  McNab  iu  Proo.  Royal  Irish  Acad. ii  ser.  U, 311,  312,  t.  23,  f. 2  [not  Parlatore]  (fide  Eng^mann  in  London 
Qnrd.  Chrouicle.  Id82,  145). 

Abies  Pattoniif  MoNub  iu  Jour.  Linnsean  Soc.  xix,  908. 


HEMLOCK. 

Alaska,  soutb  along  the  islands  and  coast  of  British  Columbia,  and  through  the  Selkirk,  Gold,  and  other 
interior  ranges  to  the  Bitter  Boot  mountains  of  Idaho,  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Bocky  mountains  of  Montana 
(valley  of  the  Flathead  river,  Canby  d;  Sargetit),  extending  south  along  the  Cascade  mountains  to  southern  Oregon 
and  in  the  Coast  ranges  to  Marin  county,  California,  between  1,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  61  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3  meters  in  diameter;  low,  moist  bottoms  or  rocky 
ridges ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington  territory,  otten 
forming  extensive  forests,  especially  along  the  western  base  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  speciflc 
gravity,  0.5182 ;  ash,  0.42 ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  the  principal  material  used  on  the  northwest  coast  in  tanning  leather. 


I 


390. — Tsuga  Pattoniana,  Engelmann, 

Bot.  California,  ii,  121 ;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  145. 

Abies  Pattoniana,  Jeflfrey  in  Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  i,  t.  4.  f.  2.— Murray  in  Edinburgh  Now  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  291,  t.  9, 
f.  1-7.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  ii,  157,  t.  23. —Gray  in  Proo.  Am.  Acad.  vii/i03.— Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii',  358.— Iloopes, 
Evergreens,  172.— Carritre,  Trait.  Conif.  3  ed.  30.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif. 
116,  f.  31,  32. 

tPicea  Cali/ornioa,  Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  261 ;  2ed.346. 

Abies  Hooieriana,  Murray  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Jour,  new  ser.  i,  289;  t.  9,  f.  11-17.— Lawson,  Pinetum  Brit,  ii,  153,  t. 
21,22,  f.  1-22— Nelson,  Piuaceio,  31.— McNab  in  Proo.  Boyal  Irish  Acad.  3  ser.  ii,  311,  313,  t.  33,  f.  1.— Veitob, 
Manual  Conif.  115,  t.  33. 

Abies  Wiiliamsonii,  Newberry  iu  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  53,  90,  t.  7,  f.  19.— Wood,  Bot.  &,  VI.  313.— Cooper  in  Aja.  Nat. 
iii,  413.— Vosey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33. 

Pinus  Pattoniana,  Parlatore  iu  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  429. 

Abies  Pattonii,  Gordon,  Piietum,  1  ed.  10  (excl.  syn.  trigona). 

Abies  Pattoni,  Gordon,  Pinetum,  Suppl.  13.— Henkcl  &,  Hochatetter,  NadelhSIc.  151  (excl.  syn.  Mgona). 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  probably  much  farther  north,  south  along  the  Cascade 
mountains  and  the  California  Sierras  to  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Joaquin  river,  extending  east  along  the  high 
mountains  of  northern  Washington  territory  to  the  western  sloiies  and  summits  of  the  CoBur  d'Alfine  and  Bitter 
Root  mountains  of  Idaho  (Lolo  trail,  Watson),  and  the  divide  between  Thompson  and  Little  Bitter.  Boot  creeks, 
northern  Montana  {E.  B.  Ayres). 

An  alpine  tree,  rarely  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10  meters  iu  diameter;  dry  slopes  and  ridges 
near  the  limits  of  tree  growth,  ranging  from  an  elevation  of  2,700  feet  in  British  Columbia  to  10,000  feet  in  the  Sierras 
of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
speciflc  gravity,  0.4454 ;  ash,  0.44. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


209 


391. — Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Carrifere, 

Trftit.  Coiiif.  a ed.  256. — Engelinnnn  iu  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  257 ;  Bot..  Culiforniii,  ii,  ViO. — G.  M.  DawBon  iu  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,  323. — 
Eichlor  iu  Monotsb.  Acad.  Berl.  18dl,  f.  18-22.— Kusby  in  Bull. Toirey  Bot.  Club,  ix.  79. 

Pinvs  taxifolia,  Lambert,  Pimis, l  ed.  i, 51,  t.  \U;  2  ed.  i,  58,  t.  :!G;  3 cd.  ii,  82,  t.  47.— Pnrsh,  V\.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  640.— Suiith in  Rees' 
Cycl.  xxviii, No.  28.— Sprengcl,  Sy.st.  ii,  H85.— Eaton,  Manual, 0  vi\. 264.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  35«. 

Abies  taxifolia,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  .523.— Nouveau  Dnhauiol,  v,  25)3.— Torrey  &  Gray  iu  Pacific  K.  K.  Rep.  ii,  130.— 
Cooper  in  Smithsonion  Rep.  1858,262;  Puciflc  R.  R.  Rep.  xiiS69. 

Abies  Doujjlasii,  Lindley  in  Ponn.  Cycl.  i,  32. —Loudon,  Arlmrctnni.iv,  2319,  f.2230.— Eorl)e.s,  Pinetnin  Wobnrn.  127,  t.  45.— 
Bontliiim,  PI.  Hartwog.  57.— Nuttall,  Sylva,  ill,  12!»,  1. 115 ;  2  ed.  ii,  187, 1. 1 15.— Spncli,  HlHt.  Vej;.  xi,  423.— Knigbt,  Syn. 
Cunif.  37. — Lindley  &  Gordon  in. lour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  20i(. — London  Gard.  Clironiele,  1854, 163. — Bigelow  in  PuciUo 
R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  17. — Torrey  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  141;  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary  Survey,  210;  IveH'Rep.28. — Newlierry  iu 
Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  .54, 90,  t.  8,  f.  20.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  15 ;  Snppl.  10  ;  2  ed.  24.— Cooper  iu  Smithxonlau  Rep.  18.-K,  262 ; 
PacificR.  R.Rep.  xii^24,  69;  Am.  Nat.  iii, 411. —Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  .113.- EuHiduiauu  in  Am..Innr.  Sci.2  ser.  xxxiv,  330; 
Proc.  Am.  Pliil.  Soc.  now  ser.  xii,209. — Lyall  in  Jour.  LinnauiuSor.  vii,  131, 133, 143. — Henkel«!t  Hochstetter,  Nadelliolz. 
155.— NelHon,  Pinaceio,  32.— Rothrock  iu  Smitlisouiau  Rep.  1867,433;  PI.  Wheeler,  28,  50;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  9.— 
Hoopes,  Everj;reeuH,  189. — Lawsim,  Piuetuni  Brit,  ii,  115, 1. 17, 18,  f.  1-23. — Porter  iu  Ilaydeu'»  Rep.  1871.  194. — Watson 
iu  Kiuj^'s  Rep.  v,  334  ;  PI.  Wheeler,  17.— Fowler  iu  Limdou  Gaid.  Chronicle,  1872,  *5. — Gray  in  Pree.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402, — 
Koch,  Doudrologie,  ii'-, 255. — Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado;  Hayden's  Snrv.  Misc.  Pub. No.  4, 131. — Murray  in  London 
Gard.  Chrouie'",  1872,  106. — Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  33 — Hayden  iu  Warren's  Rep.  Nebraska  «&  Dakota,  2  ed.  122. — 
Macoun  iu  Gco.ogical  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76,  211. — Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  ii,  91. — Brandegco  in  Coulter's  Bot 
Gazette,  iii,  32. — Veitch,  Manual  Couif.  119,  f.  35. 

Abies  mucronatu,  Rafinesquc,  Jour.  Atlant.  119. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  126.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
V,  213  — Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  268 ;  2  ed.  312. 

f  Abies  mucronata  palustris,  Rafluesquo,  Jour.  Atlaut.  129.— Carri&ro,  Trait.  Couif.  268 ;  2  ed.  313. 

Finns  Douglasii,  hainhert,  Pinna,  l  ed.  iii,  163,  t.  21  —Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  102,  1. 183.— Antoine,  Conif.  84,  t.  33,  f.  3.— 
Hooker  &  Aruott,  Bot  Bccchey,  394. — Endlicher,  Syn.  Couif.  87. — Torrey  in  Sitgreavcs' Rep.  173.  —  Parlatore  in  Do 
Caudollo,  Prodr.  xvi'^  430.— McNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  703,  t.  49,  f.  32, 32»,  32>>. 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  taxi/olia,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2319,  f.  2231.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  16;  2  ed.  25.— Henkel  & 
Hochstetter,  Nadelliolz.  156. 

Pinus  Douglasii,  var.  brevibracteata,  Antoine,Conif.84,  t.  33,  f.4. 

Picea  Douglasii,  Link  inLinnaia,xv,,524. 

Tsaga  Douglasii,  Carrii^re,  Trait.  Conif.  192.— Bolauder  iu  Proc.  California  Acad,  iii,  232. 

Tsuga  Lindleyana,  Roezl,  Cat.  Grain  Mex.  6. 

BED  FIB.  YELLOW  FIB.  OREGON  PINE.  DOUGLAS  FIE. 

Coast  ranges  and  interior  plateau  of  British  Columbia  soutli  of  latitude  S.^o  N.  (not  reaching  the  coa.st  archipelago 
north  of  Vancouver's  i-sland),  east  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  in  latitude  51"  N.  (Bow  liiver  pass, 
Maeoun) ;  south  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Washington  territory,  Oregon,  the  California  Coast  ranges,  and  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  through  the  mountain  ranges  east  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  the 
Guadalupe  mountains  of  Texas ;  in  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintah  mountains,  the  vanges  of  northern  and  eastern 
Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico;  not  detected  in  the  interior  region  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Wahsatch  raoantains,  south  of  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon,  and  north  of  Arizona. 

A  largo  tree,  (51  to  92  meters  in  height,  witli  a  trunk  0.83  to  .'i.tiO  meters  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Itocky  monntains 
much  smaller,  here  rarely  .'30  meters  in  height;  the  most  generally  distributed  and  valuable  timber  tree  of  the 
Pacific  region,  growing  from  the  sea-level  to  an  elevation  in  Colorado  of  nearly  10,000  feet ;  often  forming  extensive 
forests,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  and  reaching  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington  territory  its 
greatest  development  and  value. 

Wood  hard,  strong,  varying  greatly  with  age  and  ctniditions  of  growth  in  density,  quality,  and  amount  of  saj*; 
difficult  to  work,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  the  annual  growth, 
dark  colored,  conspicuons,  soon  becoming  flinty  and  ditiicult  to  cut ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  varying 
from  light  red  to  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  specific  gravity,  0.51,'">7  ;  ash,  0.08  ;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  all  kinds  of  onstruction,  railway  ties,  piles,  luel,  etc.;  two  varieties,  red  and  yellow  fir,  are 
distiugui-shed  by  lumberiniMi,  dependent  probably  upon  the  age  of  the  tr«"^;  the  former  coarse  grained,  darker 
colored,  and  considered  less  valuable  than  yellow  fir. 

The  bark  is  found  valuable  in  tunning  leather. 

14  FOB 


\) 


'i'' 


1  t 


M 


.It 


210 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i-    -       Ml 


Var.  tnacrocarpa,  Eng-  Imann, 
Bot  (California,  ii,  120. 

Abies  Douglasii,  vur.  tnacrocarpa,  Torroy  in  Ives'  Rop.SS.—Vasey,  Cut.  Forest  Trees,  33. 

Ahies  macrocarpa,  Vosoy  in  Ganl.  Monthly,  ,Iaa.  1876. 


HEMLOCK. 

Osiliforiiia  Ooast  ranges;  8aii  Bernardino  monntains  to  the  Ouyamaca  mountains. 

A  tree  30  to  54  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  meter  in  diameter ;  dry  ridges  and  cafions  between 
2,600  and  4,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  liard,  strong,  cross-grained,  very  durable,  difficult  to  work ;  color,  rather  darker  red  than  that  of 
the  species ;  specific  gravity,  0.45U3 ;  ash,  O.OS ;  somewhat  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  and  largely  used  for  fuel. 


392. — Abies  Fraseri,  Lindley, 

Penn.  Cyol.  i,  30.— Forbes,  Piiu>tum  Wobwrn.  iii.t.  38.— Link  in  Linniea,  xv, 631.— Nnttall,  SylvB,  iii,  139, 1. 119;  2  ed.  ii,196,t.  119.— 
Lindloy  &  Gordon  in  Jour,  llort.  Soc.  London,  v, 209. — Carriftn?, IVnit.  Conif.  200;  2  cd.  270. — Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 
257.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Stati-s,  4;M.— Cnrtis  in  Hop.  Geological  Siirv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  ill, 20.— Wood,  CI.  Book, 661 ;  Bot.  &  Fl.  314.— 
Honkol  &  Hochstuttor,  Nudolholz.  109.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  5  od.  472,  in  iiart. — Hoopes,  Evergree.iB,202.— Bertrand  in  Bull. 
8oo.  Bot.  Frimcc,  xviii,37t).— Kofh,Dendrologie,  ii',  216.— VaHoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  36. — Engelmanu  in  Trans.  St.  Lon is  Acad,  ill, 
596;  Loudon  Ourd.  Chronicle,  1877, 147.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  96. 

Pinua  Fraseri,  Pur8h,Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii, 639.— Smith  in  Recs'  Cycl.  xxviii,No.  27.— Poiret,  Suppl.  v,  35.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii, 
884.— Bock,  Bot.  340.— Eaton,  Manual,  6  cd.  264.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  iii,  74,  t.  42.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— 
Antoiuf,  Conif.  76,  t.  29,  f.  1.— Endlichor,  Syn.  Conif.  91.— Parlatore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi«,  419.— MoNab  in  Proo. 
Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,684,  t.  47,  f.  10. 

A.  bahamea,  var.  Fraseri,  Nuttall,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,422. 

Pinus  balsamea,  var.  Fraseri,  Torrey,  Compend.  Fl.  N.  States,  359. 

IHcea  Fraseri,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  «340,  f.  2243,  2244.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  148;  2  ed.  205. 

BALSAM.     SHE  BALSAM. 

High  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  meter  in  diameter;  moist  slopes  between  6,000 
and  0,500  feet  elevation,  often  forming  considerable  forests. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  light 
colored,  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  nearly  white; 
speciiic  gravity,  0.3305;  ash,  0.54. 

393. — Abies  balsamea,  Miller, 

Diet.  No.  5.— Dfsfontaincs,  Hist.  Arb.  ii,  579.— Nouveau  Duhami-1,  v, 295,  t.  &3,  f.  2.— Richard,  Conif.  74, 1. 16.— Lindley,  Penn.  Cyol.  i,  30; 
Fl.  Mod.  .^>o4— Forbe-s,  Piuotum  Woburn.  109,  t.  37.— Link  in  Linnsea,  xv,  530.— Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  421.— Griffith,  Med.  Bot.  605, 
f.  268.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Son.  London,  v,  210.— Carriftre,  Trait.  Conif.  217;  2  ed^a92.— Richardson,  Arctic  Exped. 
441.— Darlington,  Fl.  Cestrica,  3  od.  291.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,  257.— Wood,  CI.  Book,  6(51;  Bot.  &  PI.  314.— 
Porcber,  Resources  S.  Forests,  506.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelbolz.  176. — Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  6  ed.  471. — Hoopes, 
Evergreens,  197. — Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soo.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  379. — Koch,  Deudrologie,  ii',  214. — Vaeey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.— 
Quibourt,  Hist.  Drogues,  7 cd.  ii,246. — Eugelmann  in  Trans.  St.  LouiaAcnd.  iii,597.— Maooun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'76, 
811.— Scars  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  184.— Bell  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1879-'SO, 46«.— Veitch,  Maunal  Conif.  88. 

Pinus  bahamea,  Linnious,  Spec.  1  ed.  1002.— Wangcnheim.Ainer.  40.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  370;  2  ed.  v,  319.— Moenoh, 
Meth.  364.— Du  Roi,  Harbk.  2  ed.  144.— Lambert,  Pinus,  1  ed.  i,48,  t.  31;  2  ed.  i,52,t.  33;  3  ed.  i,72,t.  41.— Willdenow, 
Spec,  iv,  504;  Euuin.  989;  Berl.  Baumz.  270.— Persoon,  Syn.  ii,  579.— Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  639.— Eaton,  Mannal, 
111;  6  ed.  264.— Nutmll,  Genera,  ii,  223.— Haync.Dend.  Fl.  176.— Elliott,  8k.  ii,  639. -Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  884.— Torrey, 
Compend.  Fl.  N.  SUte8,359;  Fl.  N.  York, ii, 229. —Doscourtilz.Fl.  Med.  Antilles,  iv,59,t.  246.— Woodville, Med.  Bot. 
3  ed.  V,  1,  t  1.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  163.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  358.— Bigelow,  Fl.  Boston.  3  ed. 
:J85.—Antoin8,  Conif.  66,  t.  26,  f.  3.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  103.— GihonI,  Arb.  Resin.  45.— Darby,  Bot.  8.  States,  515.— 
Pariatore  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  423.— MoNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  684,  t.  47,  f.  11.— Bentley  & 
Trimen,  Med.  PI.  iv,  203,  t.  263. 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


211 


Piniu  Abies  Balsamea,  ManhaU,  Arbmituin,  102. 

A.  balsamifera,  Miohaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  207,  in  part.— Uiohaux  f.  Hiat.  Arb.  Am.  i,  14fi,  1. 14;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  ed. 
iii,  150, 1. 150,  in  part. 

Pioea  baiUamea,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,3339,  f.  2340,  2241.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon,  Pinetnm,  143;  2  ed.  200.— 
Henkol  &  Hootiatotter,  Nadelhulz.  176. — Emerson,  Trees  MassaoIiuBetts,  65 ;  2  ed.  i,  101,— Nelson,  Pinaoete,  37. 

Pioea  balsamea,  var.  longifolia,  Hort.— London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2839. 

Pioea  Fraseri,  Emersou,  Trees  Massaohuaetts,  88;  2  ed.  i,  104  [not  London]. 


BALSAH  FIB.     BALM  OF  OILEAD  FIB. 

Northern  Nowfouudland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear 
lake  and  the  eastern  base  of  the  Itocky  mountains ;  south  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  central 
Michigan  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  tlie  high  i^eaks  of  Virginia. 

A  tree  21  to  27  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations 
reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub  {A.  Hudaonica,  Hort.);  damp  woods  and  mountain  swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  dur.able ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  not 
broad,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullury  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown,  often  streaked  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  si^ecific  gravity,  0.3819;  ash,  0.45. 

Canadian  balsam  or  balm  of  flr,  an  aromatic  liquid  oleo-rcsin  obtained  from  this  and  other  species  of  Abies  by 
puncturing  the  vesicles  formed  under  the  bark  of  the  stem  and  branches,  is  used  medicinally,  chiefly  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  catarrhal  affections,  and  in  the  arts  ( U.  8.  IHspenaatory,  14  ed.  898,  900. — Ifat.  Dispensatory,  2  ed.  1417. — 
FlUoJdger  &  Hanbury,  Pharmacographia,  552). 


■I 

;'  1(1 


394. — Abies  subalpina,  Engelmann, 

Am.  Nat.  x,554;  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  597;  Wheeler's  Rep,  vi, 255.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.— Hall  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette, 
ii,91. — Brandegeo  in  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  32.— G.M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new ser.  ix, 326. — Masters  in  Loudon  Gard. 
Chroniele,  1881,2:)6,f.  43,44,45. 

fPinus  lasioearpa,  Hooker^  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  ii,  ICS  [not  Hort.].— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  105.— MoNab  in  Proo.  Eoyal  Irish 
Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  682,  t.  46,  f.  7,  7»;  t.  47,  48,  49  (exol.  syn.). 

fA.  lasioearpa,  Nuttall,  Sylva,  iii,  138 ;  2  ed.  ii,  195.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Carrifere,  Trait. 
Conif.  1  ed.  221.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858, 262.— Murray  in  Proo.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  iii,  313,  f.  27-31.— Henkel 
&  Hochstetter, Nadelholz.  161  (excl.  syn.). 

fPinUS  species,  Torrey  in  Fremont's  Rep.  97. 

Picea  amalilis,  Goi  .ion,  Pinetnm,  154,  in  part ;  2  ed.  213,  in  part. 

A.  bifolia,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soo.  London,  iii,  320,  f.  51-56;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  465,  f.  96,  97.— Regelj 
Gartenflora,  xiii,  119.— Henkel  &.  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  420. 

A.  grandis,  Engelmann  in  /'•  Jour.  Sci.2  ser.  sxxiv,  310  [not  Lindley].— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  296,  in  part.— Watson 
in  King's  Rep.  v,334,  in  part.— Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  402  [not  Lindley].— Porter  A  Coulter,  Fl.  Colorado; 
Hayden's  Surv.  Misc.  Pub.  No.  4,  131  [not  Lindley]. 

PinUS  amabilis,  Parlatoro  in  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi»,  426,  in  part. 

Picea  bifolia,  Murray  in  Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  105. 

A.  subalpina,  var.  fallax,  Engelmann  in  Traus.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ill,  597. 

BALSAM. 

Valley  of  the  Stakhin  river,  Alaska,  in  latitude  60°  N.  {Muir),  Fouth  through  British  Columbia  and  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  to  northern  Oregon  {Gollier),  through  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  and  the  ranges  of 
Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

A  tree  24  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  O.CO  meter  in  diameter;  mountain  slopes  and 
cafions  between  4,000  (British  Columbia)  and  12,000  (Colorado)  feet  elevation;  generally  scattered  and  rarely 
forming  the  prevailing  forest  growth. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  narrow, 
not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  the  snp-wood  liglitor; 
specific  gravity,  0.3476;  ash,  0.44. 


4 


m 


\n 


r.iif 


212 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


:    I 


I 


>,•- 
) 


!     I 


I 


y^i 


395. — Abies  grandis,  Lindluy, 

Peiiii.C,vcl.i,:«).— Forbes,  Pinotura  Wolmrii.  123,  t.  4:t.— Spiic-h,  Hint.  Vc^;.  xi,  4a-.».— Niittull,  Sylvn,  iii,  134;  2  cd.  ii,  192.— LImlloy  A, 
Ciorduii  in  Jour,  Horh.  Soo.  London,  v,  210. — Cll^^i^^(l,  Ti'iiif.  Conif,  220;  2  od.  2!W  (cxid.  syn.). — Coopi-r  in  SnutliHoninn  Rop.  IShS, 
2(>2;  rucilic  U.  U.  iei-i».  xii',  25,  OS);  Am.  iN'iit.  iii,  110.— Wood,  Bot.  &  I'l.  :ilt.— Lviill  in  Jonr.  Linnicun  Hov..  vii,  14:i.— Ilolundci 
in  Proc.  Caliroriiiu  Anid.  iii,  232. — MnnlicI  &,  IIocliHti'tlcr,  Nnilclliiilz.  1(10. — NcNon,  Pinticrii',  38, — IIoopcs,  KviTfO'ecnn,  211. — 
Bcrtnind  in  null.  Soc.  Hot.  Fruuco,  xvili,  37.S,— Viisoy,  C'lil.  Forest  Trees,  Ml, — Hall  in  Coulter's  Hot.  Oazelle,  li,  1)1.— Miiconn  in 
Oeolof,'ieal  Hep.  Canada,  lH7.'i-'7(l,  211. — Eui^eluuinn  In  Traim,  St,  LouIh  Acad,  iii,  .''j5);I;  London  Gard.  Cliroiiicle,  187'.),  (JH4;  18:^0, 
060,  f.  Ill);  Hot.  Ciiiirornia,  11,  118. — G.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  ix,32U. — Masters  in  London  Card. Clironiulo,  1881, 
171),  f. 3;V-3G.— Veiteh,  Muunal  Conif.  97,  f. 23,  24. 

P»»W»  ffrandis,  DonglaN in  Companion  Hot.  Maj?,  li,  147,— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor,-Am.  ii,  103.— Antoino,  Conif.  03,-^.  Q!>,  f.  1,— Hooker 
&Arnolt,  Bot,  Beeelipy,  394,— Endllelier,  Syn.  Conif,  10.'), — Parlatoro  in  Do  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi^,  427  (cxcl.  syn.).— 
McNal)  in  Proc.  Koyal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  ii,  (i7d,  t.  40,  f.  4,  4». 

f A.  aromafica,  Rallnosqne,  Atlnut.  Jonr.  119,— Endlieln-r,  Syn.  Conif,  12.').— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jonr.  Hort.  Soo. 
London,  v,  213.— Carriere,  Trait.  Conif.  201!;  2  ed.  310, 

Picea  grandis,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2341,  f. '^245, 2240,  in  part,— Knight,  Syn,  Conif. 39,— Gordon,  Pinctum,  1C5;  Suppl. 
.5  (excl,  syn.  J'arnotiaii);  2  od.  210, — Newberry  in  Pacific  R,  R.  Eei>.  vi,  40,  PO,  f,  10,  t.  0,  in  part. — Murray  In  Loudon 
Gard,  Clironicle,  187."),  135,  f,  28, 

A.  Oordoniana,  Carri^^e,  Trait.  Conif.  2  cd.  298  (excl.  syn.  PaMoiisii).- Bertrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot,  France,  xriii,  379. 

A.  amabilia,  Murray  i n  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  310,  f.  22-24  [not  Forbes]. 

AVniTE  FIR. 

Vancouver's  island,  south  to  Mendocino  county,  Californiii,  near  tlie  coast;  interior  valleys  of  western 
Wasbinjftou  territory  and  Oregon  south  to  the  Unipqua  river,  Cascade  mountains  below  4,000  feet  elevation, 
through  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  [Gusick)  to  the  eastern  8h)pe  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  mountains  (Cooper),  tbe 
Bitter  Root  mountains,  Idaho  ( Watson),  and  tlie  western  slopes  of  tbe  Kocky  mountains  of  northern  Montana 
(Flathead  region,  Vanhy  &  Sargent). 

A  large  tree,  01  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reacbinfj 
its  greatest  development  in  tlie  bottom  lands  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oregon  in  rich,  moist  soil;  or 
moist  mountain  slopes,  then  much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding  30  meters  in  height. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broader  than  in  other 
American  8i)ecies,  dark  colored,  resinous,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color,  light  brown, 
tbe  sap-wood  rather  lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.3545;  ash,  0.49;  in  western  Oregon  manufactured  into  lumber  and 
used  for  interior  finish,  packing-cases,  cooperage,  etc. 

396. — Abies  concolor,  Lindloy  &  Gordon, 

Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  210.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  204, — Vasey,  Cat,  Forest  Trees,  34,— Engelmann  in  Trans,  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii, 
COO;  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  255;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  084,  f.  114,  lib;  Bot.  California,  ii,  118.— Brandegee  in  Coulter's  Bot 
Gazette,  iii,  :J2.— Masters  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  C84,  f.  114,  115.— Vcitch,  Manual  Conif.  93. 

Pinna  concolor,  Engelmann  in  herb. ;  Parlatore  in  Do  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  426.— MeNab  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser. 
ii,081,  t.46,  f.6. 

Picea  concolor,  Gordon,  Pinetnni,  Um;  2  ed.  216.— Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  135,  f.  26. 

PtMM«  lasiocarpa,  Balfour  in  Rep.  Oregon  Exped.  i,  t.  4,  f.  1  [not  Hooker].— Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  314,  f. 
25.— Ilenkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  429. 

fA.  balsamea,  Bigelow  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  18  [not  Miller].- Torrcy  in  Pacific  R.  E.  Rep.  iv,  141. 

Picea  granilis,  Newberry  in  Pacific  R.  R.  Rep.  vi,  46,  in  part. 

Abies  grandis,  Ca^^i^^e,  Trait.  Conif.;  2  ed.  290,  in  part.— Watson  in  PI.  Wheeler,  17  [not  Lindley]. 

Picea  Lowiana,  Gordon,  Pinotum,  Suppl.  ."3;  2  ed.  218.— Henkel  &  Hochstetter,  Nadelholz.  419. 

A.  Lowiana,  Murray  in  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  Limdon,  iii,317,f.  38-41. 

A.  amabilis,  Watson  in  King's  Rep.  v,333  [not  Forbes]. 

j1.  (/mHrfjS,  var.  io?f »«?»<?,  Hoopes,  Evergreens,  212. 

Pl*n«« /7ra;irf/«,  Parlatore  in  De  Caudolle,  Prodr.  xvi^,  427,  in  part. 

PlCCffi  OOHCO/or,  var.  f/o/rtt'Crt,  Murray  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1875,  464,  f.  94,95. 

PtKUS  Zofrianfl,  MeXali  in  Proc.  Royal  Irish  Acad.  2  ser.  11,680,  t.46,  f.  6.  •     ' 

.4. /fl«iot'flr/)a,  Hort.  [uotNuttall],  ,         .  , 

.4.  Par«on«tt,  Hort.  '        j  >  j    ;  ^        •  ;  -        .-%/^., 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


213 


WHITK  Fin.     BALSAM  FIR. 

Nortliern  slopeH  of  th<?i  Siskiyou  raouiitaiuH,  Orej;on,  and  perbapH  farther  nortb  iu  tbc  Cascade  mouutains, 
goutb  along  tbu  western  slope  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevadas  to  tbe  San  Birinirdino  and  San  .laciuto  nionu'.nins,  California; 
along  "tbe  bigb  mountains  of  northern  Arizona  to  tbe  Mogolion  mountains,  New  Mexico,  northward  to  the  Pike's 
Peak  region  of  Colorado,  and  in  tbe  VVabsatch  mountains  of  Utah. 

A  largM  tree, :(()  to  40  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter;  moist  slopes  and  ca&ons 
between  3,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  sitirras,  varying  greatly 
iu  the  color  and  length  of  leaves,  ba>)it,  etc.,  and  perhaps  merely  a  southern  form  of  the  too  nearly  allied  A.  grandia^ 
from  which  it  cannot  be  always  readily  distinguished. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarsegrained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  resinous,  not 
conspicuous;  uieduUary  rays,  numerous,  obscure;  color,  very  light  brown  or  nearly  while,  the  sap-wood  somewhat 
darker;  specific  gravity,  0.3G38 ;  ash,  0.8.>;  occasionally  nianufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  packing-cases, 
butter-tubs,  and  other  domestic  purposes. 


307. — Abies  bracteata,  Nuttall, 

Sylva,  Hi,  137,  t.  1 18 ;  'i  od.  ii,  f .  1 1.S.— Hartwej;  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo.  Lonilun,  iii,  2'iiu  — Limlloy  <&  Gordon  iu  .Four.  Hort.  8oo.  Londoii, 
v.aO'J.— CiiiriiTu,  Trait.  Coriif.  U».!;  -i  imI.  w:..— Loiiilou  (Janl.  Cluoiiiolo,  185:1,  i;!,-.;  18.jt,  45'.» ;  185!), 'J28.— Bot.  Mug.  t.  4740.-- 
Lemitiru  in  III.  Hort.  i,  14,  t.  5. — Fl.  ilcs  Surn^s,  ix,  10!)  &  t. — Nundiu  iu  Uov.  Hort.  1854,  :U. — Coopt-r  iu  SniitUsonian  I£op.  1858, 
202. — Murray  iu  Edinburgh  Now  I'hil.  .lour,  now  nav.  x,  1,  t.  1,  2  (TninH.  Bot.  .Son.  Kdiuliurgh,  vi,  211,  t.  1,  2).— Ilcnkol  & 
IIoclistottiT,  Nadclliolz.  1G7. — Ilooiics,  Kvorgreciis,  19!).— Burtr.and  iu  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Franco,  xviii,  379.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Troos, 
35.— Eugplinanu  iu  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  001;  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1879,  0'i4  ;  Bot.  California,  ii,  118  — Veitch,  Manual 
Conif.  89,  f.  14,  15. 

Pinm  venUHta,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  1.52. 

PinUS  bracteata,  D.  Don  in  Trans.  Linnicnn  Soc.  xvii,  443.— Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  iii,  1U9,  t.  91.— Autoiuc,  Conif.  77,1. 
3(1.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Boechey,  394.— Hooker,  Icon.  t.  379.— Eudliclior,Syn.  Conif.  89.— Walpcrs,  Ann.  v,  798.— 
Parlatoro  in  Do  Caudollo,  Prodr.  xvi-,  419. — McNab  iu  Proe.  Koyal  Irish  Acud.  2  ser.  ii,  074,  t.  40,  f.  1. 

Picea  bracteata,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2348,  f.  2250.- Oordou,  Pinotum,  145;  2  cd.  202.— Lawsou,  Pinotum  Brit,  ii,  171, 
t.  25,  20,  f.  1-7.— Nelson,  Pinacea),  37.— Fowler  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,  280. 

A.  vetuista,  Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii«,210. 

Santa  Lucia  mountaiii.s,  California,  from  the  northern  boundary  of  San  Luis  Obispo  county  about  40  miles 
northward. 

A  tree  40  to  01  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  meter  in  diameter;  moist,  cold  soil,  occupying 
4  or  5  canons  between  .'$,000  and  0,000  feet  elevation,  generally  west  of  the  summit  of  the  range  {0.  B.  Vasey). 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  coarse  grained,  comi»act;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  8ai)-wood  not  seen  ;  specific  gravity, 
0.G783;  ash,  2.04;  probably  more  valuable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  North  American  Abies, 

398 — Abies  amabilis,  Forbes, 

Pinotum  Wobiirn.  125,  t.  14, — Lindli\v  &  Gordon  iu  .lour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  v,  210.— Carritre,  Trait.  Conif.  219;  2  ed.  290. — Cooper 
in  Sniithsouiau  Ut-p.  1858, 2  >2. — Lyall  in  Jour.  Hort.  .Soc.  London,  vii,  143. — Ilonkel  &  Hoebstcttcr,  N.ideUiolz.  1,59. — Nelson, 
Piniiceic,  30.— Hoopes,  Evergrceun,  209  (oxol.  syn.  laaiorarpa). — Fowler  in  Loudon  Gard.  Chronicle,  1872,285. — Koch,  Dendrologie, 
ii",  211  (ext'I.  syn.  litniotarpa). — .Macoun  in  Geological  Kcp.  Canada,  187.5-'7C,211. — EngoUnann  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1880, 
720,  f.  130-141 ;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii,  4.— Veitch,  Manual  Conif.  8ti. 

PinUH  amabilis,  Douglas  in  Couip.inion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  93.— Antoine,  Conif.  03,  t.  25,  f.  2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Bceohey, 
394.— Endlicher,  Syn.  Conif.  104.— Parlatoro  iu  De  CandoUe,  Prodr.  xvi',  426,  in  part. 

Pinus  grandis,  Lambert,  Finns,  l  ed.  iii.t.  26  [not  Douglas]. 

Picea  amabilis,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2342,  f.  2247,  2248.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  39.— Gordon, Piuetnm,  154 ;  8ed.  813  (exoL 
syn.).— Newberrj'  iu  Pacific  R.  U.  Rep.  vi,51,  90,  f.  18. 

A.  grandis,  Murray  in  Proc.Hort.  Soc.  London,  iii,  308,  f.  18-21  [not  Lindley]. 

A.  grandis,  var.  densiflora,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  iv,599. 

Valley  of  the  Fraaer  river,  British  Columbia  {Engelmann  &  Sargent),  and  probably  farther  north,  south  along 
the  Cascade  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  tree  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  meter  iu  diameter,  forming  extensive  forests  on  the 
mountains  of  British  Columbia,  between  3,500  and  5,000  feet,  and  upon  the  mountains  south  of  the  Columbia  river 
between  3,000  and  4,00(>  feet  elevation,  here  reaching  its  greatest  development;  its  northern  range  not  yet  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark 
colored,  couspieuous;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific 
gravity,  0.4228;  ash,  0.23. 


'I 


i 


\  :m 


11 


!'  J'' 


214  •  FOREST  TREES  OF  KORTH  AMERICA, 


390.— Abies  nobilia,  Llndley. 

Penn.  Cyol.  i,  30.— Forbes,  Pinetiim  Woburn.  115,  t.40.— Liuk  inLlunna,xv,&3S.-Spaob,HI«t.Veg.xi,410.— Niitto11,8ylTa,ili,136,t. 
117 ;  8  ed.  ii,  193, 1. 117.— Lindley  &.  Qordon  in  Joiir.  Hort.  Soo.  Luudon,  v,  209.— Carri6re,  Trait.  Conif.  108 ;  S  ed.  iiCd.- Jonr.  Bot.  &. 
Kew  Oard.  Misc.  ix,  85. — Cooper  in  SniitbHonian  Ro]).  IHStI,  2G'2.— Hcnkel  &  IIochHtottor,  NadelhOlz.  166.— HoopcH,  Evergreens, 
203.— Kocli,  Dendrologie,  il',  200.— Vasey ,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34.— Engclmann  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  iii,  601 ,  in  part ;  London 
aard.Cbroniclt>,  1879,885;  Bot. California,  ii,  111),  in  part;  Conltcr's  Bot.On)!ottP,yii,4.— Veitoh.Mannal  Conif.lOl. 

PinUB  nobilia,  Donglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii,  147.— Lambert,  Finns,  1  ed.  iii,  167,  t.  74.— Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.-Am,  Ii, 
l(i2.— Ant(.:ne,  Conif.  77,  t. 29,  f.  2.— Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechty, 304.— Endlioher,  8yn.  Conif.  90. 

Picea  iwbilia,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2342,  f.  2240,  2250.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  30.— Lindley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soo. 
Londen,  v,  209,— Gordon,  PInetuni,  149;  Suppl.  48;  8  od.  207.— Newberry  in  Paciflo  R.  B.  Rep.  vi,  40,  90,  f.  17.— 
LawBon,  Pin4)tnni,  Brit,  ii,  181,  t.  28, 21),  f.  1-18.— Nelson,  Pinacom,  39. 

Paeudotrngn  nobiliH,  Bcrtrand  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  xviii,  86.— MoNab  in  Proo.  Royal  Irish  Aoad.  2  sor.  ii,  (!99,  t.  40,  f. 
29,  29«. 

A,  magnijica,  Knirclmnuu  in  Dot.Cttlifoniia,  ii,119,  in  part. 


11 


,1^ 


s   ^.' 


BED  FIR. 

Oregon,  Cascade  inouiit.ains  from  the  Columbia  river  south  to  tlio  valley  of  the  upper  Bogue  river,  and  along  the 
summits  of  the  Coast  Range  from  the  Columbia  to  the  Nestncca  river  {Collier). 

A  large  tree,  Gl  to  92  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  meters  in  diameter,  forming,  with  A.  amabilia, 
extensive  forests  along  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range,  between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation;  less  multiplied  in 
the  coast  ranges,  hero  reaching  its  greatest  individual  development. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  rather  close  grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  Buromec  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark 
colored,  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable;  color,  light  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  a  little  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4501;  ash,  0.34. 

400. — Abies  magnifica,  Murray, 

Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  Loudon,  iii,  ;J18,  f.  42-50;  London  Gard.  Chrouiolo,  1875,  134.— Kegel,  Oartenflora,  xiii,119.— Henkel  &  Hochstotter, 
Nadelholz.  419, -Koch,  Dendrologie,  ii',2i;i.— Engelmaun  in  Trans.  St.  Lonis  Acad,  iii,  601;  London  Oard.  Chronicle,  1879, 885,  f. 
116;  Bot.  California,  ii,119;  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual  Conif. 99. 

A.  camprjlocarpa,  Murray  in  Trans.  Bot.  Soo.  Edinburgh,  vi,  370. 

A.  nobilia  robunta,  Hort.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  cd.  269. 

Picva  magnifica,  Goidou,  Pinotum, 2  ed. 219.— Murray  in  London  Oard.  Chronicle,  1875, 105. 

Pinna  amabilia,  Parlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi»,  426,  in  part.— McNab  in  Proo.  Royal  Irish  Aoad.  8  ser.  11, 677,  t.  46, 
f.3,  3»f 

A.  amdhilia,  Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  34  [not  Forbes]. 

Paettdotauga  magnifica,  MoNab  in  Proo.  Royal  Irish  Aoad.2  Ber.ii,700,t.49,f.30,  30*. 

.4..  nobilia,  Engelmann,  Bot.  California,  ii,  119,  in  part. 

BED  FIB. 

California,  mount  Shasta,  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  t-o  Kern  county. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  76  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  meters  in  diameter,  forming  about  the  base  of 
mount  Shasta  extensive  forests  between  4,900  and  8,000  feet  elevation ;  farther  south  less  common  and  reaching 
an  extreme  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  liable  to 
twist  and  warp  in  seasoning;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color,  light  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  darker;  specific  gravity,  0.4701 ;  ash,  0.30;  largely 
used  for  fuel  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber.  > 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


215 


401. — Larix  Americana,  Mioliaux, 

FI.  Bor.-Atn.  ii,  203.— Miohnnx  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  lii,  ;W,  1. 4 ;  N.  American  Sylvii,  W  ort.  iil,  lOT,  t.  IM.— Aiulnbon,  BirdH,  t.  4.— Loiiilon, 
Arboretntn,  iv,  2399. —Emerson,  Trees  MttssaohiiHOtts,  89;  a'cd,  i,  10.5  &.  t.— QlhDnl,  Arb.  Kesin.  CI.— I'arry  iu  Owen's  Rep. 
618.— Biciiardson,  Arctic.  Expvd.  442.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Bop.  185»,  237.— Hoolcer  f.  in  Trims.  Linuiean  8oo.  xxiii,  302.— 
Wood,  CI.  Boole,  G(i2;  Bot.  &.  FI.  314.— Nulhon,  PinnceoB,  80.— Gray,  Manual  N.  States,  .5  od.-14.'.— IIoopcs,  Evorgieens,  247.— 
Eegel,  GartonHora,  xx,  106,  t.6H4,  f.  7,8  (Bel)?.  Hort.  xxii,  10.'),  1. 10,  f  2,  3).— Bcrtraud  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  6  ger.  xx,  90.— Vaaey, 
Cut.  Forest  Tret!*.  35.— Maconn  iu  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-70,  311.— Sears  in  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  xiii,  185. 

PinUH  larieina,  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  49;  Harbk.  ii,83.— WanKcnhcim,  Amer.  48,  t.  16,f.37.— Mcuuob,  Moth.  364. 

Pinm  Larix  rubra,  alba  ami  nigra,  Marshall,  Arbustum,  103, 104. 

Pinua  intermedia,  Wangenholm,  Amer.  42, 1. 1(5,  f.  37.— Du  Roi,  Karbk.  2  ed.  il,  114. 

Pinua  pendula,  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew,  iii,  369 ;  2  ed.v,  320.— Lambert,  Finns,  1  od.  i, 65,  t.  36 ;  2  ed.  ii,  63,  t.  39;  3  ed.  ii,  86,  t.  49.— 
Willdeuow,  Spec,  iv,  .'i02.— Prrsoon,  Syn.  ii,579.— Pnrsh,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  il,  645.— Smith  in  Itees' Cycl.  xxviii.  No.  32.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  365.— Nuttall,  Gonora,  ii,  223.— Sprougel,  Syst.  ii,  887.— Audubon,  Birds,  t.90,  180.— Bock, 
Bot.  339.— Hooker,  FI.  Bor.-Ani.  ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  369.— Torrey,  FI.  N.York,  ii,  232.— Parlatoro  iu  De 
Candollo,  Prodr.  xvi«,  409. 

PinUS  miorooarpa,  Lambort,Pinu8,l  ed.i,56,t.37;  2ed.ii,65,t.40;  3cd.li,88,t.50.— Willdenow,8?ec.iv,5(!2;  Ennm.989; 
Bcrl.  Baumz.  873.— Persoon,  Syn.  il,  679.— Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  321.— Pnrsh.  FI.  Am.  Sept.  ii,  645.— Smith  in 
Rees' Cycl.  xxviii.  No.  33.— Eaton,  Manual,  110;  6  ed.  365.— Nuttall,  Genera,  ii, 223.— Hayue.Dond.  FI.  175.— Sprcngol, 
Syst.  ii,  887.— Torrey,  Compend.  FI.  N.  States,  360.— Meyer,  PI.  Labrador,  30.— Beck,  Bot.  340.— Hooker,  FI.  Bor.-Am. 
ii,  164.— Eaton  &  Wright,  Bot.  359.— Bigolow,  FI.  Boston.  3  ed.  387.— Antoine,  Conif.  54,  t.  21,  f.  1.— Endlichor,  Syn. 
Conif.  132. 

Abies  pendula,  Poiret  in  Lamarck,  Diet,  vi,  514.— Nonveau  Duhamel,  v,  288.— Liudley  &  Gordon  iu  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London, 
v,213. 

Abies  microcarpa,  Poirot  in  Lamarck,  Diet.  vi,514.— Nouveau  Duhamel,  v,  289,  t.  79,  f.  2.— Lindley  in  Penn.Cyol.  i,  33.-- 
Liudley  &  Gordon  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  213. 

L.  tenuifolia,  Salisbury  iu  Trans.  Linuasan  Soc.  vlii,  313. 

L.  pendula,  Salisbury  in  Trans.  Linueean  Soc.  viii,  313.— Forbes,  Pinetnm  Wobnrn.  137,  t.  46.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  1  ed. 
272.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  129;  2ed.  177.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linntean  Soc.  xxiii,  302. 

L.  miorooarpa,  Desfoutaines,  Hist.  Arb.ii, 597.— Forbes,  Pinetnm  Woborn.  139,  t.  47.— Si)aoh.  Hist.  Veg.  xi,  436.— Link  in 
Linniea,  xv,  636.— Carri6ro,  Trait.  Conif.  276;  2  ed.  356.— Gordon,  Pinetum,  129;  2  ed.  176. — Henkol  &,  Hochstetter, 
Nadelholz.  137.— Hooker  f.  in  Trans.  Linn»an  Soo.  xxiii,  302,  341.— Yeitoh,  Manual  Conif.  180. 

L.  intermedia,  Loddiges,  Cat.  ed.  1836, 50.— Forbes,  Pinetnm  Wobum.  141.— Link  in  Linnoia,  xv,  635. 

L.  Americana  rubra,  London,  Arboretum,  iv,  2400.— Knight,  Syn.  Conif.  40. 

II.  Amerioana,  vox. pendula,hoiiAon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2400.— Carri^re,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  356. 

L.  Americana,  var.  proli/era,  Loudon,  Arboretum,  iv,  2401.— Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  ed.  366. 

L.  deeidua,  var.  Amerioana,  Henkel  &.  Hochstetter,  Nadelhdlz.  133. 


i 


I 


'S  ■  I' 


LABOH.  BLACK  LABOH.  TAMARACK.  HACKMATACK. 

Northern  Newfouudland  and  Labrador  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Hudson  bay,  cape  Ohurcbill  and  northwest  to 
the  northern  shores  of  the  Great  Bear  lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  river  within  the  Arctic  circle ;  sonth 
through  the  northern  states  to  northern  Pennsylvania,  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  tree  24  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  u  trunk  O.GO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  moist  uplands  and  intervale 
lands,  or  south  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  in  cold,  wet  swamps,  often  covering  extensive  aieas,  here 
much  smaller  and  less  valuable. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable  iu  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  tew,  obscure;  inedulhiry  rays 
numerous,  hardly  distinguishable,  color,  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity, 0.6236 ;  a.sh,0.3.S; 
preferred  and  largely  used  for  the  upper  knees  of  vessels,  for  ship  timbers,  fence  posts,  telegraph  poles,  railway 
ties,  etc. 

The  inner  bark  of  the  closely-allied  European  larch  is  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  catarrhal 
affections  of  the  pulmonary  and  urinary  passages;  probably  that  of  the  American  species  would  bo  equally 
efficacious.  .,       ^ 


11 


:-H 


n 


216 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


l    I 


'kf'}' 


:|| 


iiy 


|if;i-e 


'^1 


402. — Larix  occidentalis,  Nuitall, 

Sylva,  iii.  14:?,  1. 120;  a  ed.  ii,19<),t.  120.— Newberry  in  Piicilic  K.  R.  Bep.  vi,  59,  f.  24,  25.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1858,263; 
Am.  Nat.  iii,  412. — Lyiill  iu  Jour.  Liunieaii  Sou.  vii,  14:i. — NhIhoii,  PiaauesB,91. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  253. — Regel,  Gaitenflora, 
XX,  103,  t.  665,  f.  ri-10(Bt)lg.  Hort.  xxii.  101,  t.  8,f.  3-5).— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees. 35.— Gordon,  Pinetuni,2  ed.  176.— Maoonn  ^a 
Geological  Rep.  Canm'-',  1875-'76,  211.— O.  M.  Dawson  in  Canadian  Nat.  new  ser.  u:,329. — Yeitcb,  Manual  Conif.  130. 

PinMS  iarix,  Douglas  in  Companion  Bot.  Mag.  ii.  109  [not  Linn»U8].  ■:'■•■ 

L.  Americana,  var.  brevifolia,  Carrifere,  Tr:»lt.  Conif.  2  ed.  357. 

PinUS  NuttalHi,  Piirlatoro  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi',  412. 

TAMARACK. 

British  Columbia,  Selkirk  aud  Gold  ranges,  south  of  latitude  53°  IS.,  extending  west  to  the  head  of 
Okanagun  lake  8.  M.  Dawson),  south  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  mountains  to  the  Columbia  river, 
through  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington  territory  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Bocky  mountains  ot 
Montana,  and  in  the  Blue  mountains  of  Washington  territory  and  Oregon. 

A  noble  tree  of  great  economic  value,  30  to  45  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  meter  in  diameter; 
moist  mountain  s-  .es  and  benches  between  2,500  and  5,000  feet  elevation ;  scattered  among  other  trees  aud  never 
exclusively  forming  forests ;  tbe  thick  bark  long  resisting  the  action  of  forest  fires ;  very  common,  and  perhaps 
reachinir,  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  north  of  the  Big  Blackfoot  river  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Flathead 
river,  Mont'.na,  here  the  largest  an  i  most  valuable  timber  tree. 

Wood  heapy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compjict,  satiny,  8uscei)tible  of  a  fine  polish, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  occupying  fully  half  the  width  of  annnal 
growth,  very  resinous,  dark  colored,  conspicuous,  resin  passages  few,  obscure ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  j 
color,  light  bright  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white;  specific  gravity,  0.7407;  ash,  0.09;  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber,  but  principally  used  for  fuel,  posts,  railway  ties,  etc. 

403. — Larix  Lyallii,  Parlatore, 

Euum.  Seui.  Hort.  Reg.  Mus.  Flor.  18(>:<;  Lundoii  Uartl.  Chrouicle,  1863,916  (Rcgol,  Gartuuflora,  xiii,  244). — Lyall  in  Jour.  Linnnan 
Soc.  vii,  143. — Hockel  &  Hochstotter,  Nndoll.olz.  417. — Carrifere,  Trait.  Conif.  2  cd.  361. — Hoopes,  Evergreens,  256. — Regel, 
Gartenflora,  xx,  103,  t.  685,  f.  11-13  (Belg.  Hort.  xxii,  102,  t.  9,  f.  1-3).— Bertraud  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  5  sor.  xx,  90.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest 
Trees,  35. — Macoun  in  Geological  Rep.  Canada,  1875-'7(i,  211. — Veitch,  Manual  Conif,  130. 

Pinus  Lyallii,  Parlalore  in  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  xvi^  412. 

"Cascade  mountains,  6,500  to  7,000  feet,  forming  an  open  belt  of  trees  mingled  with  P.flexilis  (P.  albicaulus); 
on  t ■'■;  Galton  range  at  6,000  feet  aud  in  the  Rocky  mountains  at  7,000  feet,  growing  with  P. ^ex»7t«"  (iyaZi); 
mount  Stewart,  Washington  territory  (Brandei/ee  &  Tweedy,  August,  1883);  Grave  Creek  pt'ss,  northern  Montana 
{U.  B.  Ayrcs,  September,  1883). 

A  low,  i.iHch-brancluMl,  straggling,  alpine  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
1.50  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  rocky  soil,  generalJy  upon  northern  exposures,  and  associated  with  Pinus  albioaulit 
and  Tstiga  Pattoniana  along  the  upper  limits  of  tree-growth  between  5,500  and  7,000  fe(?.t  elevation  {Brandegee). 

The  wood  not  collected.  *  .      . 

Note. — A  well-marked  species,  distinguished  fh>n:i  L.  ooMentaUi  by  its  alpiue  habit,  the  larger  green  or  purple  decidaons  oonea  with 
ciliated  scales,  and  by  the  dense  tooentum  covering  the  young  shoots  and  lekC  buda. 


'  ■■  -"^   .  •■"i  I,- 


^i  :i,v;.i 


CATALOG l^E  OF  FOREST  TEEES. 


217 


h:- ': 


PALMACEJ). 


404. — Sabal  Palmetto,  Loddiges; 

Bcemei  &  Sohnltes,  Syst.  vii,  1487.— Croom  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1  ser.  xxvi,  315.— Martins,  Hist.  Palm,  iii,  247. — Knnth,  Bnum.  iii,S47. — 
Spacb,  Hist.  Veg.  xii,  107.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  Statos,  438.— Curtis  iu  Rep.  Geological  Surv.  N.  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  64. — Wood,  01.  Book, 
666;  Bot.  &F1.  317.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  ;)8. 

Cory/jAa  Paifmcrto,  Walttif.FLCaroliuiana,  119. 

Chamarops  Palmetto,  Michanx,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  206.— Michaux  f.  Hist.  Arb.-Am.  ii,  186,  1. 10;  N.  American  Sylva,  3  cd. 
iii,  5,  t.  101.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  2  ed.  v,  490.— Nuttall,  Genera,  i,  231.— Elliott,  8k.  i,431.— Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  137.— 
Eaton,  Manual,  6  ed.  89.— Eatoii  &  Wright,  Hot.  191.— Darby,  Hot.  8.  States,  546.— Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Hop.  258.— 
Porchcr,  Resources,  8.  Forests,  526. 

CABBAGE  TREE.  OABBAOE  PALMETTO. 

Smith  island,  off  the  month  of  Cape  Fear  river,  North  Carolina,  south  along  the  coast  to  Key  Largo,  Florida, 
and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  Apalachicola  river. 

A  tree  7  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.CO  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter ;  sandy  maritime  shores ;  very 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  upon  the  west  coast  of  the  Florida  peniusula  south  of  Cedar 
Keys. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  hard,  diftivult  to  work,  dark  colored ;  color,  light  brown ;  specific 
gravity,  0.4404 :  ash,  7.00 ;  impervious  to  the  attacks  of  the  teredo,  and  very  durable  under  water ;  largely  used 
for  piles,  wharves,  etc. 

405. — Washingtonia  filifera,  Wendland, 

Bot.  Zeit.  xxxvii,  6H. — Watson,  Bot.  Caliroinia,  ii,  211,  485. 

Brahea  dulcis,?  Cooper  ii;  Siiiithsoniiin  Rep.  18(10,  442  [not  Martins]. 

Pntchardia  filameniosa,  Wejullimd  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xxxiv,  80/.— Vosey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— Fenzi  in  Bull  Soo.  Togo. 
Ort.  i,  110  &  f.— Palmer  in  Am.  Nat.  xii,  598. 

Brahea  filamentosa,  Hort.— Williams  in  London  Gard.  Chronicle,  1876,  80. 


FAN-LEAF  PALM. 

San  Bernardino  couuly,  California,  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  to  the  valley  of 
the  Colorado  river. 

A  tree  12  to  18  meters  in  height,  witli  ii  trunk  0.00  to  1.05  meter  iu  diameter,  forming  groves  of  250  to  600 
plants  in  the  depressions  of  the  desert,  in  moist  alkaline  .soil,  or  solitary  and  scattered  near  the  heads  of  small 
ravines  formed  by  watercourses ;  often  stunted  and  greatly  injured  by  fire. 

Wood  liglit,  soft;  flbro-vascular  bundles  hard,  difficult  to  cut,  daik  colored,  conspicuous;  specific  gravity 
0.5173;  ash,  1.89. 

406. — Thrinax  parviflora,  Swartz, 

Prodr.  67;  Fl.  Ind.  Oco.  i,  614.— Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  iii, 014;  2  ed.  ii,  307.— Willdenow,  Spec.  11, 202.— Persoon,  Syn.  i,383.— Poirot  in 
Lnmartk,  Diet,  vii,  63.1.—Titfi)rd,  Hort.  Bot.  Am.  112.— Sim-nget,  Sy»t.  ii, 20.— Rcemer  Jk  Sehultes,  Syst.  vii,  1300.— Martiun,  Hist. 
Palm,  iii,  255,  t.  loa— Knnth.  Eiinm.  iii,  25!).— Dietrich,  Syn.  ii,  1091.— Walpers,  Ann.  v, 818.— Grisebacb,  Fl.  British  West  Indies, 
515.— Vasoy,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38. —Chapman  in  Coulter's  Dot.  Gazette,  Mi,  12  ;  Fl.  8.  Stales,  Suppl.  651. 


•-V  ■*•-■■ 


T.  Oarberi,  Chupmau  iu  Coulter's  Bot.  Gazette,  iii,  U ;  Fl.  8.  States,  Suppl.  651. 


SILK-TOP  PALMETTO. 


8e  :i-tropi(!al  Florida,  southern  keys  from  Bahia  Flonda  to  Long's  Key  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  meters  in  heiglit  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.10  meter  in  diameter,  or  in  pine-barren  soil 
often  low  and  stemless  {T.  Oarberi). 

Wood  ligtit,  soft ;  flbro-vascular  bundles  small,  hard,  not  conspicuous;  color,  light  brown;  speciflo  gravity, 
0.6991;  ash,  .'1.90;  the  trunk  used  in  making  sponge-  and  turtle-cmwls. 


Mm' 


218 


" 


l\\ 


:'i  .' 


FOREST  TREES  OF  Nv.RTH  AMERICA. 


407. — Thrinax  argentea,  Loddiges; 


Desfontaines,  Cat.  3  ed.  31.— Roemer  ^  Schnltes,  Syat.  vii,  1390.— Martius,  Hiat.  Palm,  iii,  256, 1. 103,  f.  3, 1. 163.— Knnth,  Euam.  iii,  253.— 
Diotrich,  Syn.  il,  1091.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  818.— Qrigebaoh,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  515.— Chapman,  Fl.  8.  States,  Suppl.  651. 

Palma  argentea,  Jacqnin,  Fragm.  38,  No.  125,  i.  43,  f.l.  — Marter  in  Bom.  Physik.  Arbeiten.  ii,  76. 
SUiVEE-TOP  PALMETTO.     BElbKLEY  THATCH.     BRITTLE  THATOH. 

Seini-tropical  Florida,  ou  a  nameless  key  10  miles  west  of  Key  West,  Elliott's  Key,  Key  Largo,  Piney  Key, 
Boca  Chica  Key,  Key  West,  Gordon  Key,  and  on  the  small  keys  south  and  west  of  Bahia  Honda  Key  {Ourtm)',  in 
the  West  Indies. 

A  aniall  tree,  7  to  9  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.16  to  0.20  meter  in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft;  flbro-vascular  bundles  small,  very  numerous;  interior  of  the  trunk  spongy,  much  lighter 
than  the  exterior ;  8pe<5iflc  gravity,  0.7172 ;  ash,  3.01 ;  used  for  piles,  the  foliage  in  the  manafactare  of  ropes,  for 
thatch,  etc. 

408. — Oreodoxa  regia,  hbk. 

Nov.  Genera  &  Spec,  i,  305.— Martius,  Hist.  Palm,  iii,  169,  t.  liW,  f.  3-5.— Richard,  Fl.  Cuba,  348.— Kunth,  Enum.  iii,  182.— Spaoh, 
Hist.  Veg.  xii,  68.— 111.  Hort.  ii,  28  &  t.— Walpers,  Ann.  v,  807.— Grisobaoh,  Fl.  British  West  Indies,  327.— London  Gard.  Chronicle, 
1875,  30a,  f.  66.— Chapman,  Fl.  S.  States,  Snppl.  651. 

(Enomrpm  regia,  Sprengel,  Syst.  ii,  140. 

0.  oleracea,  t  Cooper  in  Smithsonian  Rep.  1860^  440. 


P    ' 


BOTAL  PALM. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  "Little  and  Big  Palm  hummocks,"  15  and  25  miles  east  of  cape  Bomano  {Ourtiss),  near 
the  mouth  of  Little  river,  and  on  Elliott's  Key ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  18  to  30  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  meter  in  diameter ;  rich  hummocks,  often  forming  extensive 
groves ;  in  Florida  rare  and  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  large,  very  dark,  conspicuous ;  interior  of  the  trunk  spongy,  much 
lighter  than  the  exterior ;  color,  brown ;  specific  gravity,  exterior  of  the  trunk,  0.7982,  interior,  0.2128 ;  ash,  2.64. 


LILIACE^. 


409. — Yucca  canaliculata.  Hooker, 

Bot.  Mag.  t.  5201.— Baker  in  London  Oard.  Chronicle,  1870, 1217.— Eugelmann  in  Trana.  St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  43. 

7.  Treeulkma,  Carri^re  in  Rev.  Hort.  vii,  280.- Bakor  in  London  Oard.  Chronicle,  1870, 888.- Engelnuum  in  Tnuu.  St, 
Louis  Arad.  iii,  41.— Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— London  Garden,  xii,  326, 1 94. 


-^  ^;i 


SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Southern  Texaa,  Matagorda  bay,  and  from  the  Brazos  and  Guadalupe  rivers  south  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  meterd  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.75  meter  in  diameter ;  dry,  graveuy,  arid  soil. 

Wood,  like  that  of  the  whole  genus,  showing  distinct  marks  '>f  concentric  arrangement,  fibrous,  spongy,  heavy, 
difficult  to  cut  and  work ;  color,  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.6077  ;  ash,  6.27. 

The  bitter,  sweetish  frnit  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Mexicans;  the  root  stock,  as  in  the  whole  genus,  saponaceous 
and  largely  used  by  the  Mexicans  as  a  Bub.stituto  for  soup. 

410. — Yucca  brevifolia,  Engelmann, 

Kiug'»  Rep.  V,  496 ;  Trans.St.  Louis  Acad,  iii,  47.— Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix,  141,  351.  -Vasey,  Cat.  Forest  Trees,  38.— Watson,  Bot.  California, 
ii,  164. 


r.  Draeonitj  t  var.  arborencem,  Torrey  in  Pacitio  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  147. 


;;,  ,/ 


'^ut 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOliEST  TREES. 


219 


THE  JOSHUA.     JOSHUA  TEEE. 


II 


SoatLwestem  Utah,  northwestern  Arizona  to  sonthern  Nevada,  and  the  valley  of  the  Mohave  river,  Oalifomia. 

A  tree  6  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  forming 
upon  the  Mohave  desert  at  2,500  feet  elevation  an  open,  straggling  forest. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work ;  color,  very  light  brown  or  nearly  white ;  speoiflo  gravity,  0.3737 ; 
ash,  4.00;  occasionally  mannfactared  into  paper-pulp. 

411. — Yucca  elata,  Engelmann, 
Cooltei'a  Bot.  Qazette,  vii,  17. 

r.  angUBti/olia,  var.  radiosa,  Engelmaun  in  King's  Rep.  y,  496. 

T.  angiuiifolia,  var.  elata,  Engelmann  in  Trans.  St.  Loois  Acad,  iii,  50 ;  Wbeelet's  Bep.  vi,  270. 

SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Western  Texas  to  southern  Arizona  and  Utah;  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  3  to  5  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  meter  in  diameter;  dry,  gravelly  mesas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy;  color,  light  brown  or  yellow ;  specific  gravity,  0.4470;  ash,  9.28. 

412. — Yucca  baccata,  Torrey, 

Bot.  Mex.  Bonndaiy  Survey,  SQl ;  Ives'  Rep.  29. — Cooper  in  Smittasuniaii  Rop.  1858,  2(36. — Baker  iu  Loiidou  Gard.  Cbronicle,  1870, 92:!. — 
Andr6  in  III.  Hort.  3  ser.  xx,  23, 1. 115.— Gray,  Hall's  PI.  Texas,  23.— Engelmann  in  Trans.  8t.  Loium  Aciul.  iii,  44 ;  King's  Rep.  v,  490  ; 
Wkeeler's  Rep.  vi, 270. — Loew  in  Wtieeler's  Rep.  iii,  609. — Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Rep.  vi,  52. — Watson,  Bot.  California,  ii,  H)4. 

Y.  JilamentOSa,  t  Wood  in  Proo.  Philadolphi-a  Acad.  1868,  167  [not  Torrey]. 


SPANISH  BAYONET.     MEXICAN  BANANA. 

Western  Texas,  south  of  latitude  32°  K,  west  through  New  Mexico  to  sontliern  Colorado  and  yaii  lYw^n 
county,  California;  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  7  to  12  meters  in  height,  with  a  trunk  O.GO  meter  in  diameter,  or  often  much  suialler,  and  toward  the 
northern  limits  of  its  range  stemless;  forming  upon  the  plains  of  Presidio  county,  Texas,  extensive  opeu  forests 
(Havard). 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work ;  color,  light  brown ;  specific  gravity,  0.4470 ;  ash,  9.28. 

The  large  juicy  irnit  edible  and  an  important  article  of  food  to  Mexicans  and  Indians ;  a  strong  coarse  fiber, 
prepared  by  macerating  the  leaves  in  water,  is  manufactured  into  rope  by  the  Mexicans. 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE. 


[KOTB.— In  this  index  the  namea  of  fa^nllies  are  indicated  by  "  Small  cats  ",  of  apccies  by  "Bomau  "  type,  and  of  synonyms  by  "  ItaUe$  ".] 
A. 


M 


Page. 

Abiee  alba  (Pirea  alba) 204 

AbUn  allia  f  (Vicea 'Euge\xaanTii) 205 

AbwH  alba  (Picea  iii^rmj 203 

Abii'g  tilbti.  viir.  arcticu 204 

Abirti  allia,  vm.  ca^nt  u 204 

Abie;!  A  Ibfrtiana 208 

Abifs  iiniabiliii  213 

Abifg  aiHabilii-  ( A bies  C(inuolor) 212 

AibicM  awithHia  (Abies  gramlis) 212    ' 

^^iVm  amoAtl/jf  (Abirrt  tntijxuillra) 214    [ 

Abiev  Atiterieana 203    | 

AbicK  arctira  (Piieanlbn) 204    j 

Abie^i  lurtici  (IMct'U  nigra) 203 

f  Abies  arotimtica , 212    i 

Aliift*  iialsaniea •  210    I 

iAbiri  bahamea  (Abies  concolor) 212   I 

AbieM  baigtititea,  var.  Fraaen 210    I 

AbieabaUamifera 211    j: 

Abiexbift:lia 211    '' 

Abii  s  braitiatn  213    ! 

Abies  llriibjeKii 207    |, 

Abitn  citiii}niUn'arpa  214    \\ 

Abiea  CaiitnlenKi)*  {Vweii  aXhsi) 204    ' 

AbiV«  rViiin'/>'iis/«  (TsiiKi  CanadcnsiB) 206 

A  biet  Cnnndi'iifit.  ?  { Tsujin  Mei  tetisiana) 207 

Abien  Caruliniana 207 

Abies  cwrulea 204 

Abies  cintcolor 212 

Allies  ilenlinilata     203 

Abus  fhnifjlas'i    209 

Abies  Duuijliisii,  var.  macroearpa 210 

Abies  nniigliuii,  var.  taii/ulia 209 

Abifs  Kuffclmrmtii    205 

Abiea  Kugelniaiini  ijlauea 205 

f  Abies  fitleata    200 

Al)ii»  Fiasiil  210 

Abies  (iiirtloniaiia  212 

Aliii'S  (.'r.'iiKliH 212 

Abies  firandis  (AbinR  anialiiliH) 213 

Abies  iimndis  (Abies  coucrtlor) 212 

Abies  ijr.indis  ( Abien  Hiibalpina) 211 

Abies  grandis.  var.  densijtora  213 

Abies  tjrandis,  var.  Lowiana 212 

Abies  I  heleniphi/lta 207 

Abies  Ifuokeriana 208    , 

Abies  Undpnniea 211    ■ 

Al'es  laiieenrpa  (Abies  concolor) 212    I 

Abies/  tasinearpa  (Abies  siibalplna) 211    I 

Abies  laxa  204 

.<lfc.>«  Lowiana 212 

Abies  inaemearpa 210 

Allien  iiingnin<-a 314 

Abi«t  majniflca  (Abies  nobllls) IH 

Abies  Mariana    ijba 

990 


Abies  ilarylandiea 

Abies  Menziehii  (Piceapnngens) 

Abies  Menziesii  (Pieea  Sitchensis)    

Abies  Menzit>sii  J'arryana 

Abies  2Ierteusia7ta 

.i  bies  mierocarpa 

Abies  viuerdnata 

f  Abies  inucronata  pabistris 

-IfciV*  niiirn  i  Pieea  Kngoliuanni) 

Abies  nigra  (Picea  nigra) 

Abies  nigra,  var.  rubra 

Abies  iiobiiiH 

Abies  nobitis  (Abiea  magnifica) 

Abies  iwbilis  ro''usta 

Abies  Varsoiisu 

AbittPattimi    

Abivs  Vattoniana 

Abies  I'allonii  (Tntiga  Uertensiana)  ..... 

Abies  rattunii  (Tsiiga  Pattoniana) 

Abies  pendula _ 

A  bies  religicsa .-r 

Al^es  ntbrii 

fA  bie,  rubra,  vor.  arctiea 

Abies  rubra,  var.  ccerulea 

Abies  Sifcbensia 

.l^iViaiiecii^s  (Ttiuga  Curoliniana) 

Allies  Hiibalpina 

.1  bies  tubalpina,  var./nitex 

Abies  taxi,fiiHa  ( PseuilotBUga  Douglasii). 

A  bies  ta.ri,folia  (Tsiiga  Merlensiaua) 

/  Abies  trigona 

Abies  renuHta 

Abies  Williamsonii 

Acaem  liahamennt 

Acaiia  Berlandinri 

Acacia  biceps 

Acacia  esculenta 

Araeia  ,frondosa 

Acacia  glavea 

Aea<'iB,  (Ireenliark 

Acat'ia  Oreggli , 

Aeacia  latitiliqua 

Acacia  leuenesjihata 

Acacia  puiverutenta 

Aeacia  bpbroUiba 

Acacia.  Three-ibomed 

Aeacia  AVrighlil  

Acer  barbatum  (Acer  glabrnm) 

Aetr  barhatum  (Acer  saocharinum) 

Acer  Cali/iimicHm 

Acer  Canadenie 

I  Acer  Carnllniana 

Acpr  oireiuatam 

Acer  coecinenm 

Aour  dasycarpam 


Page. 
203 
205 
208 
205 
207 
215 
209 
200 
205 
203 
203 
214 
214 
214 
212 
208 
208 
208 
208 
215 
185 
203 
203 
204 
208 
207 
211 
211 
200 
208 
206 
213 
208 
64 
68 


60 
68 
04 
62 
63 
68 
SO 
68 
48 


n 

46 
SO 
47 
U 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


-A',- 


Acer  Douglatii 

Aetr  Drummondii 

Acer  erioearpum 

Aopr  glabrum 

t  Acer  glmiettm  

Acer  i;rniii1i<leiitatnin 

Acor  mncropbyllum 

Aetr  montanutn 

Acer  Xegundo 

Acer  nigmm 

Acer  putmatiim 

Acer  parcijlomm 

Acer  FonuHYlvanicuni 

Acer  l^ennfylranicum  (Acer  spicatam) 

Acer  rulmim 

Arorrubriini,i'ar.  Dmniiuondii 

Acer  rubnim,  var.  pallidum 

Acer  s^ecliiiriDum 

Acer  anceharinum  (Acer  doaycarpum) 

Acer  mceharlnum  (Acer  socchnrinnm,  ror.  nigrnm) . 

Acer  miccl)»rinuni,  rar.  nigrutn 

Acer  laccharum 

Acer  sanffuineum 

Acer  Hpicat;<iu — 

Acer  utriatmn: 

Acer  tripartitum 

Acervirgatum 

Aehraji  cune{foUa ,' 

Achrtta  uiantinotia 

Achraa  pallida 

Acfiraa  salici/olia 

f  Achraa  aerrata 

Acliraa  Zapniilla,  var.  panijiora 

Adelia  acvmiiiata 

£h(  iiliia  CoUfornica 

t  J^aeuhia  carnea 

J^aculita  diacotor 

-^acutua  echinata 

iEHculUH  ilova 

iEsciiliia  tliira,  var.  pmpnraacens 

.£bcuIu!i  glabra 

^aculua  Ilippoeat  tanum ,  Tar.  glabra , 

JCaculua  IIippocaatanum,vsiT.  Ohioenaig 

^teulua  llippoeiiatanum,  var.  pallida 

JEacvlua  hybrida 

^acultia  tiitca 

J^aculiia  neglecta 

J'^acitbia  i^ctandra , 

..liactdua  Ohioenaia 

.Eaculua  pallida 

JCaciiliia  I'aria,  var.  diaeolor ; 

f  ACaciiluii  Walaoniana 

Aga*tiania  aecundijlora 

Ageria  '^aaaena 

Ageria  geminata 

Ageria  hetrrrtphylla 

Ageria  obnvata 

Ageria  opaea 

Ageria  paltutria 

Abler  (AIniiHublongifolia)..  

Abler  ( Alniis  rhombtfolia) 

Abler  (Alnnn  rubra) 

Abler,  Klack  ( AInus  inoana) 

Alder,  Ulack  (AInus  aerrulata) 

Alder,  Hoary -...,, 

Alder,  Seaside 

Alder,  Smooth 

Abler,  Speckled 

AI;;nroba 

A  Igarobia  gtanduloaa 

Alniia  Americana  (Alniia  Inoana) 

AInuf  vl meruKina  ( Aluua  aermlati) 

Alnutargula 

Alnua  Canademit 

A  tmu  gennina 


Page. 

48 
60 
40 
47 
50 
48 
47 
4G 
51 
49 
47 
40 
40 
40 
00 
SO 
40 
4S 
41) 

4a 

40 

w 

50 
40 
40 
48 
47 
103 
103 
101 
101 
60 
103 
112 
43 
42 
43 
42 
43 
43 
42 
42 
42 
42 
43 
43 
43 
43 
42 
42 
43 
42 
5/ 


221 


Page. 
164 


35 
35 
35 
85 
163 
103 
163 
165 
16« 
165 
162 
164 
165 
63 
61 
164 
164 
162 
164 
164 


Alntii  glauea 

rA{nu«(/Iu(tno»a(Alnnsmbra) 

Ainu*  glulinoaa,  var.  rugoaa 

Almia  glutinoaa,  var.  aerrulata  (Aluus  rbombirolla) 

Almia  glutinoaa,  var.  aemlala  ( A Inua  8crrula*a) 

Ahi  ua  hybrida 

AliitiH  incina 

AInus  incana  (Rejzel) 

Almia  incana,  vnr.  glauea  (AlniiR  Incnna) 

Alnua  incana,  var.  glauea  (AInus  incana,  car.  vircscens) 

AJ^ua  incana,  var.  rubra 

Alnii!i  innuna,  rfir.  vircHcens 

Alnua  Japonica 

Al iMi!i  lunril  ima 

A Iniia  viaritiuia  typica 

Atnva  iiblongata  {AUiUB  maritima) 

Alnua  oblongata  (Alnua  tjermlata) 

Alniin  ublougifolia 

Almia  obtuai/olia ..  

Alnua  Oregann ■ 

Aliius  rhombifolia ■ 

.\lnnft  rnbia 

Alnua  rubra  (AluiiH  aerrulata) 

Alnua  rugoaa  

.\liiu»  hernilala 

1  Alnua  aerrulata  (Kegel) 

Alnua  ^ernilala  genuina 

Alnua  aerrtilala,  var,  lalifolia 

Alnua  aerrulata,  var.  viacrophyUa 

Alnua  aerrulata,  var.  oblvngata 

Ahiua  nernilata,  vnr.  oblongifolia 

Alnua  aerrulata,  var.  rugoaa  (Alnua  incana,  var.  vlrescens) 

Alnua  aerrulata,  var.  rugoaa  (Alnua  rhombifolia) 

Alnua  aerrulata,  vur.  rugoaa  (Alnua  aerrulata) 

Alnua  aerrulata,  var.  vulgaris 

Alnua  undnlala 

Aniolanchier  alnifolia 

Anielanchier  Jiartramiana 

Anielanchier  liotryapium 

Amebmcbier  Canadenaia 

Ainela7ichier  Canadenaia,  \ar.  oblo*igi/olia 

AffleiancAier  Canaden*ia,vnT.  oligoearpa 

AmelancHer  Canadenaia.viLT.  rotundifolia 

Amelanchler  intermedia 

Amelanchier  oblongi/oKa 

Am*lanchier  oralis  (Amelanchler Canadenaia) 

Amelanchier  ovalia  (Amelanchler  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia) 

Amelanchier  ipicata 

Amelanchier  Wangenheimiana 

Amerinin  Crab 

American  Crab  Apple 

American  Elm 

American  TloUy 

American  Linden 

Amyria  rymoaa 

Aniyria  dyatripa • 

Amyria  clcmifera 

Amyria  Flcridana 

Amyria  maritima 

Amyria  I'tumieri 

Amyri!«  avlvatica 

AXACAiiniAiK.R 52-64 

Anamomi*  punelalO' 88 

114 


163 
104 
163 
164 
104 
164 
164 
104 
105 
163 
105 
162 
102 
102 
102 
104 
163 
104 
163 
163 
163 
164 
104 
164 
164 
164 
164 
164 
104 
16.1 
105 
163 
104 
104 
164 
85 
84 
84 
84 
84 
84 
84 
85 
85 
84 
85 
85 
84 
72 
72 
123 
85 
27 
88 
33 
31 
33 
33 
S3 
83 


Anaqua 

Andromeda  arborea 

Andromeda  arboreaeent 

Andromeda  forriiginea 

A  ndromeda  ferru^finea,  '•ar.  arboreacena . 
Andromeda  /em  ginea,  var./rvticoaa  . . . 

Andromeda  pluuiata 

A  ndromeda  rhomboitlalia    

ATirfrom«rfn  rigida 

A  nona  glabra 

Anena  laiirlfolla 

Anona  pendula 


68 
98 
M 
06 

e« 

87 
M 

eg 

2S 
SB 
2S 


'mmmmHrm^^mim 


222 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ill , . 


ft  'i '  y. 


§■: 


Anona  HpooleH  (Anona  laorifoUa) 

Anmia  IriUiba 

Anosack-e 

AnotiymoH  aquatica 

A  nthomeUt  cutivalit 

Anthomeles  Douglatii 

Anihotntlet Jlava  

Anthomelea  glandtUoia 

Anthomtlft  rotundifotia 

Anth(yi»ele9  turbinata  

Auts'  Wood 

Apple,  Ainorican  Crab 

Apple,  Custard 

Apple  llaw...  

Apple,  Oregon  Crab 

Apple,  Pond 

Apple,  Seven-year 

Apple,  Southern  Crab 

Arlxd  de  llierro 

Arbor-vitro 

Arlmtut  laurifoUa 

fArhulut  maerophylla 

Arbutus  Meuziesil 

ArbiiluK  itetuicsii  (Arbntas  Tozana)  .... 
^W>u(i(«  Memitiiii  (Arbntus  Xalspenslg). 

Arbutus  procera 

Arbntus  Toxaua 

fArbutui  rariena 

Arbntus  Xalapensis 

tArbutua  Xalapmtis  (Arbntus  Texana). . 

Ardisia  Pickoringia 

Aronia  arborea 

Aronia  arbiitifolia 

Aronia  liutryjapium 

Aronm  cordata 

Aronia  oralis 

Arrow    ood 

Asagraa  ipinoia 

Asb    


Asb.Blark 

Asb,  Blue 

Asb,  Green    

Ash,  ft  round 

Asb.  Qocp 

Asb,  Mountain  (Pynu  Americana) 

Asb,  Mountain  (Pyraa  aambnoifoUa) 

Asb,  Oregon 

Asb,  Prickly  (Xantboxylom  Americanum) 

Asb,  Prickly  (Xanthozylnm  ClaTa-HeronUa) 
Asb,  Bed 


Asb,  £«a 

Asb,  Wafer 

Asb,  Water 

Ash,  White 

Ash,  Yellow 

A  Bb -leaved  Haple 

Atimina  eampanijlora . 

Asiiuiiia  triloba 

Aspen    

Asp,  Quakin;{ .. 

Aviuiunia  nitida 

Avieennia  oblong\folia  . 
Avictnnia  tom«nlo«a ... 


B:ddCypres8   

Bnlm  of  Gilead 

Balm  of  Gilead  Fir 

Balsam  ( Abies  Fraacri) 

Balsam  (Abies  subalpina) 

Bnlsam  (Pepolna  balsunifen) . 

Bnlsani  (Jottonwood 

Balsam  Fir  (Abie*  balsamea) . . . 
Balsam  Fir  (Abies  concolor)... 

Balsiim,  She 

UaDana,  MezioMi 


Page. 
23 
23 
23 

124 
82 
75 
82 
82 
77 
82 

103 
72 
23 
82 
73 
23 
SS 
72 
S6 

ri 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

97 

07 

100 

84 

83 

84 

84 

8S 

38 

65 

107 

Hi 

111 

i09 

111 

111 

73 

74 

111 

29 

30 

100 

SO 

SI 

110 

107 

B7 

61 

23 

23 

171 

171 

117 

117 

117 

184 
173 
211 
210 
211 
178 
174 
211 
213 
210 
219 


Pase. 

Bartram'sOalc ISS 

Basket  Oak 141 

Basswood 27 

Basswood,  White 28 

Bastard  Cedar 170 

Bastard  Pine 202 

Batodendron  arbortum 96 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Tooca  baecata) 21V 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Tncoa  oanalioolata) 218 

Bayonet,  Spanish  (Yucoa  elaU) 219 

Bay,  Bull   19 

Bay,  Loblolly 25 

Bay,  Red 118 

Bay,  Rose 99 

Bay,  Sweet 20 

Bay,  Tan 26 

Bay,  White 20 

Bayberry 136 

Bay  Tree,  California 120 

Bean  Tree 116 

Bearberry 41 

Bearwood 41 

Beaver  Treo 20 

Be.ib 168 

Beer.h,  Blue 169 

Beech,  Water  (Carpinns  Caroliniana) 169 

Beech,  Water  (Platanus  occidentalls) 129 

Beefwooi'. 117 

Bee  Tree 27 

Senthamidia/orida 90 

IlettUa  aeuminata 159 

Beiutaatba,  subspecies  eommutata 160 

Betulaalba,  subspecies  oendmtalit  <{^puia 160 

Betula  alba,  subspecies  papyri/itra 160 

Betttla  aUia,  subspecies  papviVera,  var.  eommuni* 160 

£«<«!(>  alia,  subspecies  papyr(/'«ra,  var.  eordifoUa 160 

Betulu  alba,  subspecies  popul\folia 159 

Betula  alba,  var.  papyrifera 160 

Betula  alba,  var.  popuUfolia 159 

BetutaaUia,  var. populifolia  (Betula papyrifera) 160 

Betula  angulala 161 

Betula  Oanad«ntt« 160 

Betula  earpin\/olia 1G2 

Betula  eordi/olia 160 

Betula  exeelta  (Betnla  lenta) 162 

£<(«fa  txceba  (Betula  Intea) 161 

Betula  grandii 160 

Betula  ineana 164 

Betula  lanulota 161 

Betnla  lenta 162 

BettOalmta  ^Betn]a,  alba,  tMr.  popnlUoUa) 169 

£a(ul(i  I«n(a  (Betula  lutea) 161 

Betula  Intea 161 

Betnla  nigra 161 

Betula  niffra  (Betnla  lenta) 163 

Betulanigra  (Betnla  papyrifera) 160 

Betnla  occidentalls 160 

Betuto  oceideneoltf  (Betula  papyrifitra) 100 

Betula  papyraeea 159 

Butnlit  papyrifera 169 

Betula  popiUifolia 160 

Jielttla  rubra  (Betnla  nigra) 161 

Betula  rubra  (Betula  papyrifera) 160 

B<(u{ar«0(i>a   164 

Betula  terrvlata 164 

r  Betula- Alnui  glauea 164 

Be(uIa-AInu<  niarittma 162 

;B»ttiJa-AJnu«ruJ>ro 164 

B<(ula-AI»u«,  var.  ^intona 164 

BKTttLAOEJB 160-166 

Big-bud  BIckory 134 

Big  Cottonwood 175 

BigLannl , 10 

Big  Shell-bark 133 

BlgTnte # It* 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


223 


Pkge. 

Bigelottia  aeuminala 112 

Bignonia  Oatalpa US 

Bignonia  liitearU 116 

BlONONIACRA 116^116 

nUsteil 80 

Birch,  Black  (Betula  lenta) 162 

Biioh,  Black  (Betula  ocoidentalis) ISO 

Birch,  Canoe 160 

Birch,  Cherry 162 

Birch,  Gray  (Bctnlaalba,  var.  popnlifoUa) 159 

Birch,  Gray  (Belola  latea) 161 

Birch,  Mahogany 162 

Birch,  OW-floId 159 

Birch,  Paper 160 

Birch,  Red 161 

Birch,  River 161 

Birch,  Sweet 162 

Birch,  West  Indian 83 

Birch,  White  (Betnla  alba,  var.  popalifolla) 169 

Birch,  White  (Betula  papyrifera) 160 

Birch,  Yellow 161 

Bishop's  I'iuo 200 

BitUrNut 136 

Bitter  Pecau 136 

Blacli  Alder  (Alnns  incana) 105 

Black  Alder  (Aloiis  sermlata) 164 

Black  Ash  Ill 

Black  Birch  (Betula  lenta) 162 

Black  Birch  (Betula  occidentalig) 160 

Black  Calabash  True 116 

Black  Cherry,  Wild 68 

Black  Cottonwood  (Popnlus  anguBtifolia) 174 

Black  Cottonwood  (Popnlus  trlcbooarpa) 174 

Black  Cypress 184 

Black  Gum 02 

Black  Haw 94 

Black  Hickory  (Cnrya  porclna) 134 

Black  Hickory  (Carya  tomentosa) 134 

Black  Irouwood 30 

Blackjack  (Qcercua  Catesbni) 161 

Black  Jack  (Quorcns  nigra) 160 

Blackjack,  Forked-leaf 161 

Black  Larch 215 

Black  Locust  (Gleditschla  (riaoanthoa) SB 

Black  Locust  (Robinia  Psendaoacia) 56 

Black  Mangrove 117 

Black  Oak  (Qnerens  Emory!) 146 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  KelloggU) 140 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  rubra) 148 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  tlnctoria) 140 

Black  Persimmon 105 

Black  Pine  (Plnus  Jefli-eyl) 193 

Black  Pine  (Pinns  Murrayana) 195 

Black  Slue 67 

Black  S|)rucn 203 

Black  Siianr  Maple 49 

Black  Thorn 79 

Black  Tree 117 

Black  Walnut 131 

Blnck  Willow  (Salix  flavescens,  var.  Soonlerlana) 170 

Black  Willow  (Salixnlgra) leg 

Blackwood n- 

Blue  Ash m 

Blue  Beech 169 

Blue  Jack 158 

Blue  Myrtle 41 

Blue  Oak 148 

Blne8pruoe 206 

Bluewood 45 

Bolsd'Aro 12g 

BOKBAalNACBJI 118,114 

Borya  aouminala Hj 

Borya  tiguttrina 112 

Borya  nitida nj 

Bottom  Bhell-bark 138 


Bonrreria  Havanensls 

Bonrrerla  HavanenaU,  var.  radula 

Bourreria  ovata 

Bintrreria  radula 

Bmtrreria  reeurra , 

Bourreria  tomentota 

Bourretia  tomtnloia,  var.  Hataneniit . 

Box  Elder  (Kugundo  aceroidea) 

Box  Elder  (Negundo  Callfomictun) 

Boxwood  (Cornus  florida) 

Boxwood  (Schwfieiiafrutescens) 

Brah  eaduleitf 

Brahea  Jilamenlosa , 

Brickley  Thatch 

Brittle  Thatch 

Broad-leaved  Uapl3 

Brouitonetia  Mcundi"    « 

Brouttonetia  tinetona 

Brown  Hickory 

Bueida  Bucerat 

Buckeye,  Caliromia 

Buckeye,  Fetid 

Buckoye,  Ohio 

Buckeye,  Spanish 

Buckeye,  Sweet 

Buckthorn,  Southern  

Buckwheat  Tree 

Bull] 


I  Bay. 


Page. 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

51 

51 

91 

39 

217 

217 

218 

218 

47 

57 

128 

184 

87 

44 

42 

42 

44 

43 

103 

38 

19 

BnllKnt 134 

Bull  Pine  (Piuus  Jefi^eyi) 193 

Bull  Pino  (Pinusmitle) 200 

Bull  Piue  (Pinus  ponderoaa) 103 

Bull  Pine  (Pinns  Sablniana) 195 

Bumelia  anpuitifolia 103 

Bumelia  arborea 103 

Bumelia  chrytophylloidet 101 

Bumelia  cnncata. 108 

Bumiliafemginta 102 

Bume<,ia/<xtiditn7na 101 

Bumelia  lanuginosa 102 

Butnelia  lanuginota,  var.  nuumarpa 102 

Bumelia  lyeioidea 102 

Bumelia  lycioides,  tar.  recUnatam 103 

Bumelia  maeroearpa 102 

Bumelia  Mattiehodtndron 101 

Bumelia  viyriinifolia . .  103 

t  Bumelia  obtongifolia 102 

Humelia  pallida 101 

Bumelia  parei/olia 103 

Bumelia  mlinata  (Bumelia  ooneata) 103 

Bumelia  reclinata  (Bomella  lyololdee) 103 

tBumelia  reclinata  (BnmeUa tenaz) 101 

Bumelia  salieifolia 101 

f  Bumelia  lerrata 09 

Bumelia  splnosa 102 

Bumelia  tenax 101 

£umelia  tomentoea 102 

Bumwood 54 

Burning  Bush 38 

BnrrOak 140 

Buriera  acuminata 32 

Bnrsera  gnmmlfera 32 

BUII8EBACK.S 32,83 

Bustic « 101 

, 180 

129 

87 

129 

120 

, 87 

28 

99 

217 

21T 


Bnttemat 

ButtonlinU  Tree 

Buttonwood  (Conocarpaa  ereota) 

Buttonwno<l  (Platannaoooldentalia) . 

Bnttonwao<l  (Platanus  racemosa) 

Buttonwood,  White 

Byraonima  luoida 

C. 

OalxUUria  eoriaeea 

Cabbage  Palmetto 

Cabbage  Tree 


ii 


•  '■■-  ■'';■ 
-1   '' 


224 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'?1^ 


PnRe. 

Cactacbjb 80,00 

Cactus,  Glnnt 90 

Cii|;i|iiit 120 

CiUftba-sh  Tioo,  Black llfl 

Oiilicii  Uiisli 08 

Onliiowonil 106 

Crtliloiiiift  Bay  Tree 120 

Ciiliroriiia  Biirkeyu 44 

Crililniiiiii  ITolly 84 

C"nlifoiiiiii  Liiurcl    120 

C'nliruniin  Xutmcg  180 

CiilifmiiiaOlivo 120 

Vali'ihumtts  Call/omiea 43 

('al,\  iiti aiillioa  Cbytrooulia 88 

Ciiniula  J'liim 05 

CniicIIa  nlbiv 24 

Cunella  laiiri/uUa 24 

Caiu'lla  Winterana 24 

(Uxr.iXACE.E 24 

CaUDcniirh 180 

Caiiuc  rcilar 177 

Caniftia  luflooantha 32 

Caitaiihiack.k 24 

Oappnris  Hreynia - 24 

CappariH  cynophyllophora 24 

Viipparis  emarginata 24 

l.'apl>aii!<  JaiuuicpDsis 24 

Ccippnris  tiUiqitosa 24 

Cnpparift  lorvlosa 24 

Capparis  tnicinala 24 

Cai'Uifoi.iace^ 03,94 

CttrtUolepin  oblnm - 41 

Carolina  Poplar 175 

Carpinus  Amfricana 158 

(kirpinus  ISctiibis  yirriiniana 158 

C.irpiiius  Caroliniana 158 

Oarpinitii  (htrifa 158 

Cfirplnu^  Ostrtja,  yar.  Avierieana 158 

Carpinus  trijlora 158 

Carpiniit  Viryiniana 168 

Carya  alba 132 

Carija  alba  (Carya  tomentosa) ,..  134 

Carya  nmara 135 

Carya  amara,  var.  myrUtiea/ormit 135 

Carya  amara,  var.  porcina 134 

Carya  angiigti/olia 132 

Carva  aqiiatica 135 

Carya  cnthartiea 130 

Carya  eordi/onnis 133 

Carya  glabra 134 

Carya  Illinoeniis 132 

Carya  integri/olia 135 

Carya  mierocarpa 133 

Ciirya  iiiyriHtica^formls 185 

Carya  olivii^forniis 132 

Carya  porcina 134 

('aiya  aiilcata 133 

?  Carya  telraptera 132 

Carya  tonipntnaa 133 

Carya  fomeatona,  var.  maxima 134 

CaryolaTun  MyrUtiea 186 

Caryntaxus  taxi/olia 180 

Cas»iiila 101 

Cusspna 36 

Cagtii'iif  Caroliniana 36 

Caisine  J'eragua  86 

Catmhic  ratnttliisa   36 

Canlnxea  alniftilia 160 

Cagfaiira  Amrrieana 157 

Casta mn  rlirygnpliiilla 150 

Canlanea  chrysnphylla,  var.  minor 156 

Canl^mra  nana l!"6 

CaKtauc    pniiilla 156 

Cas*a*ira  "ewprrrirmn 160 

Coslaiiea  rttea  (CaRtanea  pnmlla) 166 


P«g«. 

Cattaneavetea  (Castanea vulgaris,  var.  Americana) 16T 

Casiunea  vetea,  var.  Amerieana 157 

Caatanra  vulgaric,  var.  Americana 16T 

CaHtaiicipNii  I'liryMipliylla 166 

Caslanopsis  chryaophylla,  var.  minor 156 

OaataiwpHis  chryaophylla,  var. pumWa 166 

Cutalpa ; 116 

Cutali'a  bi    juniuiclos — 115 

Catalpu  bigiionioidri  (Catalpa  apcoioga) 116 

Catalpa^  cnnnnuniit 116 

Calalpa  corili/iilia  (Catalpn  bip^oniolden) 116 

Calalpa  mnlij'oHa  (('atalpa  iip«cii)8a) 115 

Catalpa  Hpiciosa 116 

Catalpa  tyringir/olla  115 

Catalpa,  AVcstern  116 

Catawba  115 

Cat's  Claw  (Acacia  Grofigii) 63 

Cat's  Claw  (Acacia  Wrigbtii) 63 

Cat's  Claw  (Pilbecolobium  Ungnia-catI) 64 

Ceanoth  un  Jerrfun 39 

Ceanothits  Iwvigatug 89 

Ceanothua  reclinatus 41 

Ccanolbus  tbyrsiSurua ■ 41 

Cedar,  Bastanl 176 

Cedar,  Canoo 177 

Cedar  Elm 122 

Cedar,  Incense 176 

Cedar,  Oroson t79 

Cedar  Pino 201 

Cedar,  PortOiford 179 

C«d«r,Post 176 

Cedar,  Bed  (Juniperus  Tirginiana) 182 

Cedar,  Hed  (Tbnya  gigantea) 177 

Cedar,  Stinking  (ToireyaCalifornica) 186 

Cedar,  Stinking  (Torreya  taxifolia) 186 

Cedar,  White  (Chaniiecyparis  Lawaouiana) 179 

Cedar,  AVhito  (Chnniiicyiiarisspliioroidea) J78 

Cedar,  White  (Libocedrus  decurrens) 176 

Cedar,  White  (Thuya  ocddeitalia) 176 

Oedrus  Mahogoni 83 

CELA8THACKJ5 38,39 

CeltinaWa •- 125 

Celtit  Atidiberliana 126 

Celtit Audibi!rtiana,y»T.oblo.    its 126 

Celtis  Audibertiana,vai.ovala .■ I'M 

Cellix  lierlandieri 126 

Celtit  breviptt 126 

Celtitcanina 126 

Celti*  eordata 125 

Otltif  erattifolia  125 

Celtig  erattifolia,  var.  mtalypti/olia 12S 

Cellit  eraitifolia,\SLT.  morifolia 125 

Celtit  erattifolia,  var.  tUicefolia 126 

Cettis  Voiiglatii 126 

Cellit  Floridiana 125 

Celtii/uteata 126 

Celtit  heUrophylla 125 

CeUit  integrifolia 125 

Ctltis  Urvigala 125 

Celtit  Lindheimeri 126 

Cellii  longi/olia 125 

Celtit  marittma  (in  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  and  Crit  Kov.) 125 

Celtiii  viaritima  (in  Xow  Fl.  audBot.) 126 

Cellit  Mitsittlppierunt 126 

Celtit  morifiilia 126 

CeUit  obliqua 128 

Cell  is  ooci.Ieniftlis 125 

Celtis  ueridrnlalis,  var. enrdata 125 

CeUit  ort^itlertfaliii.vnr.  erantifolia 126 

C^Uit  oecidmlalit,  var.  grandidentata 126 

Celtic  iicculfnialit,  var.  integri/olia 126 

Cellit  nccktei.ttUit,  v;:r.  piiuiila  (('ellla  occiilentnlla) 126 

tCi-llit  orridrnlalit,  \nr. pumiln  (Celtis  occideatalis  rar. reticulata) 126 

Celtis  oeeidentalis,  enr.  reticulata 126 

Oeltii  oecideii  talis,  var.  tcabrittteula 125 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


225 


16T 
157 
167 
1S6 
156 
156 
115 
115 

lis 

116 
115 
115 
115 

lis 

115 
115 
03 
63 
64 
39 
89 
41 
41 
176 
177 
122 
176 
170 
261 
179 
176 
182 
177 
186 
186 
179 
178 
176 
176 
88 
38,39 
125 
126 
126 
126 
126 
126 
125 
123 
125 
125 
126 
125 
126 
125 
125 
126 
125 
125 
126 
125 
125 
125 
125 
126 
125 
126 
126 
126 
126 
125 
126 
126 
126 
125 


OtiHf  oer'dtiKaUf ,  Tar.  Mrmlola 

CWM(o«!<il«n(al<*,Tar.t(ii«<Aii<a 

Otitit  patuta 

Cat^  ,!mmUa 

'^Ui»  ntimilata 

VtUii  laliei/olia  

Celtit  tenuifolia 

C'ttUtTexana 

Ceranu  A'lurieana 

Ceranu  borealii  

Ceranu  OapnUin 

Ctirana  CapuK 

Ctriuui  Oaroliniana 

Cerant  Chietua 

Ctranit  demitta 

Ceriuui  emarginaia 

Ceratut  ereela 

Certuut  glandulota 

Ceranu  humalii 

Ceranu  ilicifolia 

Ceranu  moUi  I 

Ceranu  nigra 

Ceranu  PentuyWaniea 

t  Ceranu  pertie{foJia 

Ceranu  eerolina  ( F  rnnns  demlH*) 

Ceranu  eerotina  (Pi  .nan  serotink) 

Ceranu  tphaeroearpa 

Ceranu  umbellata 

Ceranu  Virginiana 

Oereiditm  /laridum 

Cercis  Canadensis 

Cerett  Canaderuit,  var.  pubtiem* 

Cerdi  oeeidentalii 

Cereie  oeeidentalit,  Tkr 

Cereie  oeeidentalit,  var.  Texeiui* 

Cerois  rcnlformis 

Cereoearpui  betulttfolitu 

Cereoearptu  beculoidee 

Cereoearpui  brev\foliui 

Oerooearpui  intrieatu* 

Curcooarpns  Icdifolius 

Ccrcocarpus  ledlfullas,  var.  iotiicatna 

Cercocnrpns  pnrvifitlins 

Cercocarpns  parTifolliis,  tar.  glaber 

Ccrcocarpns  pnrrlfulius,  var.  pauoldeDtatas. 

Cercas  gignntous 

Chapoto 


Chanuteyparit  Bourtierii  (Chamieoyparls  Lawaonlaoa) . 

Chamaeypari*  Bounierii  ( Jnntpenu  oooidentalia) 

ChamaeypariM  exeeUa 

Chamiccyparls  Lawsoniana 

Chamteoj-paris  Nntkaensis 

Chamaeyparii  Nutta«nit$,vtar.glau»a 

Ohamaeyparit  Xutkanut 

CbanuDcyparla  apbieroidea 

Chamarop*  Palmetia 

OheiranthodendroH  OiU\fomina» 

Cbarry 


•) 


Cherry  Birch 

Cherry,  Indian 

Cherry,  May 

Cherry,  Pigeon 

Cherry,  Pin  

Cherry,  Bom 

Cherry,  Wild  (Pmnni  Capnli) . 
Cherry,  Wild  (Pmnns  demla 

Cherry,  Wild  Bhwk 

Cherry,  Wild  Bed  , 

Chestnut 

(;:iestDat  Oak  (Qoeroos  denslflotm) 
Cheatnot  Oak  (Qnarona  prinoMea) . . 

Cheatnnt  Oak  (Qnereos  Priniu) 

Chestnut  Oak,  Book 

Chlokaaaw  PInm 

Chilopii*  qluHnoM 

15  FOB 


Page. 

125 
125 
123 
126 
126 
126 
125 
120 
03 


00 
00 
67 
07 
07 
OS 
70 
67 
63 
06 
6C 

en 

OR 

70 

07 

68 

60 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

71 

71 

71 

7) 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

89 

105 

178 

181 

178 

178 

178 

178 

178 

177 

217 

26 

100 

163 

40 

84 

66 

66 

68 

60 

69 

68 

66 

167 

155 

148 

142 

142 

66 

116 


Cliftonia  lignstrlna , 

Clusia  flarn 

Clutia  rotec, 

Coast  Lire  Oak 

Ceccolobn  Flortdana 

Coeeolola  Lceganenti* 

Coeeoloba  parvi/oUa 

Coccoloba  uvifera 

Coccoloha  nvifeni,  var.  Ixeganensis. 
Coccoloba  uTifera,  var.  ovalifolla  .... 

Cocltspiir  Thorn 

Cocoa  Plum 

Coffee  Nut 

ColTee  Ti-ee,  Kentucky 

Colul>rina  recliuata , 

COMnRKTACK^S 

Condiilla  ferrea 

Conilalla  olmvata 


Page. 

116 

116 

6» 

44 

166 

16* 

143 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

112 

62 

72 

64 

65 

65 

, 100 

100 

100 

, 100 

100 

100 

, 115 

05 

95 

95 

24 

24 

110 

67 

87 

66 

123 

38 

28 

26 

147 

117 

118 

117 

118 

118 

118 

76 

65 

58 

68 

41 

87 

S9 

46 

COMFRR^: 176-216 

Conoearpiii  aeutifolia 87 

ConocArpua  erects 87 

Con»earp»i  ereeta,  vox.  proeunUitnt 87 

Conoearpuf  proeumbetu 87 

Conoearput  raeemota 87 

Cornl  Rnmach 54 

Conliii  Bolsaicri  114 

Cordi'a  Floridana 114 

ICardiajuglandifolia 113 

Cordla  Sehestena 113 

Cordia  ipeeioia 113 

Cork  Elm 123 

Corkwood 117 

CORXACIA 90-93 

ComiMaitema 00 

Comus  aliemifolla 96 


OhUoptit  linearii 

Chilopais  saligna 

ChimanUiiu  amygdalimu 

China,  Wild 

Chiiuinnpln  (Caetanea  pnmila) 

Cliinqiiapiu  (Castanopsia  cbryaophylla). . 

Cliiui]uapiu  Uak 

Chionanlhvs  angtitlifuUa 

Cliioiian(hiU  hfterophylla 

C'.ioiiant/itM  tongi/olia    

Chinnanthua  marilima 

Chionanthtu  monlana 

ChionanOiut  triflda 

Chlonimthun  Vli'KlDU-n 

Chionanlhut  Yirginiea,  var.  ang\ut{foHa . 

Chionanlhue  Virginica,  xar.  lati/otia 

Oliionanthiu  Ftrgoti'ca,  var.  mariiima.... 
Chionanlhut  Tirginica,  var.  montana.... 

('lilttamwooil 

Chloromelcs  tetppervireiu 

ChrynobnlanuA  Icaco 

Chryiohalanut  lecieo,  var.  ptUoearpa 

Chryiuhalamta  ptlhearpa 

ChryKophyllum  Barbaieo 

Chrytophyllum  Caneto,  ^ 

Chrytophyllum  ferrugineum, 

Chnjiophylltim  mierophyllum 

Chrysophyltum  monopyrenum 

Chrvgophyllnm  ollvlforme 

C  iji.nr  Tree 

Cinchona  Caribcea 

Cinchona  CaroUniana 

Oinehonit  Jamaieetuit 

Ciunamon  Bark 

Cinnamon,  Wild 

Cithiirexylnro  vUlosom 

CladratHe  hitea 

Cladrastis  t  inotoria 

Clammy  lA)cust 

Cliff  Elm 


226 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


j ; 


li 


ConinR  tlortita 90 

Comutyrurida  (Cornna  Knttallll) SI 

Coruai  Miitlallil 01 

Oorypha  PalmtUo 917 

OoHnut  Anurleanui S2 

Coiinui  ooggygria fi3 

Cotton  Gum OB 

Cottonwood  (Popnlua  Fremontll) ITS 

Cottonwooil  (Populna  Freroontll,  var.  Wiallienl) 175 

Cottonwoott  (PopnliumoniUrem) 17S 

Cottonwooil,  Balsam 174 

Cottonwood,  IHk 175 

Cottonwood,  Black  (Popalaa  anguatlfolla) 174 

Cottonwood,  Black  (Popnlaa  trichocarpa) 174 

Cottonwood,  BIrer 172 

Cottonwood,  Swamp 172 

Cottonwood, 'White 175 

Cow  Oak 141 

Crab,  American 7] 

Crab  Apple,  Amnrioan 72 

Crab  Apple,  Oregon 73 

Crab  Apple,  Sontbem 72 

Crab,  Sweet-acentod 72 

Crabwao<1 121 

Cralirgna  mativalia 82 

Cnkticgiia  npiifolia 81 

Crat^giis  nrboreacena 75 

(}raUrgu$  arbul{folia 83 

CratiPgna  berberifoUa 82 

Craliruut  Boteiana 77 

Uratirgna  brachyacantha 75 

Cralayut  Caroliniana 82 

Cratwgiis  cocciuen 77 

Cratmgvt  coeeinia  (Crateegna  tomcntoaa) 70 

Cratitgxu  coceinea,ia.T.  eordala 70 

Cratagus  coceinett,\ta.moUit 78 

Crottegna  locoinrarar.  oligandra 78 

Crattcgns  coccinra,  tar.  pnpnltfolia 78 

Cratirgvt  eocHnta,  vat.typiea 78 

Cratipgus  coccinea,  rar.  vtridia 78 

/  OraUegnt  eoeeinea,  var,  viridU  (Cratffigas  tomentoea) 70 

Cratwgna  cordata 80 

Crattrgxu  eoTonaria 72 

Craiceipii  Oounetiana 76 

Cratiegna  Cmn-gnlli .' 70 

Cratfrgiu  CnugaUi  (Cratiegna coccinea) 77 

Oratagtu  Onugatti  (Cratngna  tomcntoaa,  var. punctata) 80 

Cratiegna  Cms-gallt,  rar.  linearia 76 

Crntiegua  Crus-galli,  rar.  oTalifolia 76 

Crattrgna  Cmsgalli,  var. prnnifolin 77 

Cratajgna  Crna-galll,  vor,  pyracanthifulin 76 

Crat<F!ni»  Cruigalli,  var. pyracanthifolia  (Crataigna arborescena) 75 

Crata-gtu  CrufgaUi,yhT.$alie\folia 76 

Crat(nj\i>  CniagaUi,  var.  tpUndent 76 

Ctalagui  euneifolia .*. 80 

Cratirgiia  Donglaaii 75 

Cralaguii  elliptiea  (Cratrogna  n>8tlTaUa) 82 

Cralrrgut  tUiptiea  (Cratiegaa  flara,  var.  pnbescena) 83 

Crata'giia  flava 82 

Cralirgu*  JIava  (Cratffigua  Hava,  rar.  pubcacena) 83 

Crattrgut  flava  (Crataegus  tomcntoaa) 70 

Craltrgtu  flara  (Cratffgas  tomcntoaa,  var.  punctata) 80 

Cml(fg\it  flata,vnt.U>baUi 82 

Craln>f;u8  finvn,  rar.  pubesocna 83 

.•  Oralirgut  flexuoia 80 

CraUfgui  glatululoia  (Crat«egna  cocotnea) 77 

t  Crat(rgut  glandttlota  (Cratiegna  Douglaaii) 75 

Cratirgu$  glanduUia  (Cratasgna  flava) 77 

CrattTJjut  glandulnta  (CrataDgna  flava,  rar.  pnbcacens) 83 

Crnlcrguf  glandulota,  vnr.  ma«ra<»intAa 77 

Vrata-gus  glanduloia,  VHT,  rotundyfoKa 78 

Crat<tgiu  latifoUa  (Crataegus  tomcntoaa) 70 

Crattrgtu  lat\folia  (Cratiegna  tomcntoaa,  var.  punctata) 80 

Cralcrgvt  leueoeephalui 70 

Vrata-gwi  leueephlaoi 70 


Pag«. 

Oratagui  liiuarii ? ij 

Cral<tgui  lobata  (Cratiegua  flava) 83 

Oat(Z|;iM  lotafa  (Cratcgua  tomcntoaa) 79 

Ora((ri;«(  [«e<da  (Cratapgua  natlvalla) j|t 

C^a(iri7M«  iu««da  (Cratngui  Cma-galU) n 

Oralmgut  maeraeantha 77 

Oratagui  itichaiixii 8& 

OraUrju4  miencarpa 81 

Oratagui  mottit 78 

Cratagut  obovatifolia tm 

Oratagui  opaea 82' 

Orat^tgvi  ovatifotia 78. 

Oratagui  otyacantha 81 

Oratagui  oxyamnlka,yii.T.apiiif Ma 81 

CratiFgiia  parvifolla 83 

Ora(cryu(  popult/btia  (Cratatgna  cocotnea) 78 

Oratagui  populi/olia  (Cratiegua  coidata) «» 

Oratagui  pruntllyfolia 76 

Oratagui  prunifuUa 7T 

Oratagui  punctata 80 

Oratagui  punctata,  var.  hrniipina 75 

Oa(<«i;u«punc(a(a,  var.  rubra  and  aurea 80 

Oratagui  punctata,  var.  zantAocarpa 80 

Oratagui  pyr(fotia 7ft 

Cro  lagui  raeemoia 84 

Cratiegna  rivularia 74 

Oratagui  rivularii  (Cratn^gus  Donglaaii) 75 

Oratagui  laliei/olia 76. 

Oratagui  languinta 75- 

Oratagui  laitguinca,  var.  Douglaiii  (Cratirgns  Donglaaii) 75. 

Oratagui  laitguinea,  var.  Douglaiii  (Oral  legna  rivularia) 74 

Craro^u*  <ani7iiin«(i,  vnr.  v«(o«a 78 

CratWRua  apatlmlata 81 

Oratagui  ipathulata  (Crata-gna  flava,  tar.  pubcacrna) 83 

Oratagui  ipicata 85 

Cratit'gna  aiibvillosa 78 

Oratagui  Texana 7» 

Cratiegna  toinentoaa 79 

Oratagui  tomentoia  ( Araclancliior  Canadenaia) 84 

Oratagui  tomentota,  var.  moUii 78 

Oratagui  t<jm»nloia,  var.  pKeata 80' 

Cratiegna  tomcntoaa,  var.  punctata 80 

Oratagui  tomenttiia,  var.  pyrifolia 79- 

Oratagui  turbinata 83 

Oratagui  Tirginiea 83 

Oratagui  viridii  (Cratiegna  coccinea) 78 

OmfiKirtw  vtridit  (Cratsegua  flava,  i;ar.  pubeacena) 83 

Oratagui  Wationiana 76- 

Creacentia  cnciirbitina lift 

Oreicentia  latyfulia IIS 

Creicentia  lilhiftra 116 

Oreieenlia  obovata 116. 

Ortieenlia  otata 116 

Crneentia  toxiearia 1 16 

encumber  Tree  (Magnolia  acnniioata) 20 

Cucumber  Tree  (Magnolia  cordata) 21 

Cucuniber  Tree,  Large-leaved 21 

Cucumber  Tree,  Long-leaved 22 

CuprMpi  nnafa  diitieha 183 

Ouprcnui  Americana 178 

Cuprtstui  A  rborrita 176 

Cvprfimi  A  rizonica 180 

t  Oupmiui  altenuata 178. 

/  Cupreuui  CaHfomica 179 

Oupreiiiti  Califomiea  graeilit  (Cnprcaaua  Goveniana) 170 

Oupreiiui  Califomiea  graeilii  (Cupreaana  Macnabiana) 180 

f  Oupreuui  eomuta 170 

Cupreiitu  diitieha 1 83 

Cuprtiiui  diitieha,  var.  imbricaria 183 

Cupr  •inii  d  jticha,  var.  nutani ]£3 

Ouprcitu I  diitieha,  var.  pateni 183 

Cupretiui  fragrant •  178 

Ciiprftmu  glandulota Icif 

I'lipiCHSua  Goveniana , 170 

Cnprcaaua  Ouadalnpensla   lf>.> 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


227 


IT 

n 

» 

T* 
77 

81 
78 
8» 
8» 

76. 
81 
81 
83 

78 

8fr 

78 

77 

8» 

76 

8» 

80 

79. 

8i 

74 

7S 

76. 

76 

75. 
74. 
78 
81 
83 
86 
78 
7» 
79 

e* 

78 
80' 
80 
7» 


78. 

88 

76 
116 
116 
116 

no. 

116 

116 
20 
21 
21 
22 

183 

178 
170 
180 
17H 
179 

no 

180 
170 
183 
183 
1E3 
183 
.  178 
\e<C 
17!V 
IV 


179 

179 

170 

178 

180 

179 

180 

170 

178 

178 

177 

Cui'Ui.iriiit.*  187-159 


Cuprunu  HartwtffH 

t  Cvpr^itui  IlarlwegH,  nt./iuHgMa 

Oupreuui  Lnmb4rHana 

Cupraiiu  Law4oniana 

Ciipressim  Maonnblnna 

CnpreimiiH  miicrooiirpa 

Cvpremut  macroenrpn  I  (Cnpn-niiiia  Oiiodikliipoiiaia)  . 

f  Vtipreuut  wacrocarpa,  var.  faitigiata 

Ciipnuna  S'uotkaletuU 

CHpremuii  XutkaetuU 

iUiprfMSUt  Utyoide$ . 


, 23 

184 

, 184 

184 

170 

179 

184 

178 

184 

, 178 

C'YIIII.I.ACKX  37,88 

Cijrilttt  Carotiniana 

Cyrilla  fiueala 

CyrUla  panieulala 

Cyrilla  pnrvifolia 

Cyrilla  polyilaehia 

Cyi'ilM  racrniiflorn 

Cyrilla  raeemota 


C'liBtiinl  A|ipIo 

(;\]ir<'Bi<,  Ilnlil 

CyprcHS,  Hlack 

Cyprem,  Declilnons  . 
C.vpreu,  LawBon's  .. 
Cyprifm,  Miinterey  .. 

C\  pri'98,  Kc'd 

CypiTM,  Sitka 

Cy pre«»,  White 

Cyprofla.  Yellow 


Palionn 

Dahoon  Holly 

Dnlia  apinosn 

Darling  I'Iniu 

DatUea  hirta 

PcoiduoDsCjprrBS 

PermatopliyUum  »peeio$um 

Doaort  Willow 

Serllwood 

Diamond  Willow 

Dijiger  Pine 

Dllly,  Wild 

IHQfpyrou  anguttifolia 

DicBpyrot  ealyeina 

Diorpyrot  ciliata 

Diotpyroi  concolor 

Dio$pyroi  Ouaiacana 

Diotpyro$  intermedia 

Diotpyroe  lueida 

Dioepyroe  Pereimon 

Diotpyrot  puheuene 

Dioapyrun  Texnnn, 

Dluapyros  Virciniana 

Dioipyrot  Virffiniana,  var.  coneolor 

Dioapyroi  Virginiana,  vnr.  maeroearpa 

Dioitpyrog  Tirffiniitna^  var.  microearpa 

Dioitpyroe  Virffiniana,  var.  pubetecne 

DipliollH  saliciroiia 

Doctor  Gniii  

Doj!W4>0(l    

Dogtvon^l.  Fluwci  ins  (Corniia  flnrlda) 

Do;: wood,  Flinvt-rin^  ('*omu3  Niittallii) 

Do;;woo(l,  Jamaica 

Dogwiiod,  Stripod 

I)mi;;la8  Fir 

Dnwiiwaid  Plnm 

Ilrimopliyllum  paucijlorum 

Vnipetes  iillia,  vnr.  littifolia 

DrypptcR  rrocca 

IU\  peU's  ciocoa,  far.  lutifolii> 

Dniiiptea  ernct-a.  vixr.  Imtgipcg 

/V,"j)r^»  gl:iuea  (Drypitoa  crociMi) 

J>ni:'f'etgl:iuca  (Drypeti-a  croiea,  var,  lutifolla). 


87 
37 
100 
87 
87 
37 
37 


35 

35 

65 

30 

52 

184 

57 

116 

113 

170 

195 

103 

101 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

105 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

101 

54 

90 

01 

01 

67 

46 

209 

103 

120 

121 

120 

121 

120 

120 

121 


DrypeUa  uiM\flora . 

Duck  Oak 

Dwarf  Maple 

Dwarf  Sumach 


&UR1IACKA 

JChretia  Sourreria 

Khrctia  elllplica 

A' Vctta  Uavaneruie 

Ehrelia  radula 

Ehretia  tomentoia 

Elaphrium  inlcgerrimmn 

Elder  (Saiiibucua  lilauoa) 

Elder  (Sambucua  Mexicana) 

Elder,  Ilox  ( Nogundo  aceroldes) 

Elder,  Ilox  (NegnndoCallfomiouni). 

Elder,  Poiauu 

Eleml,  Oum 

KIkwoo<I 


f*0. 

UO 
163 
4S 
68 

104,108 

114 

114 

114 

114 

114 

83 

03 

94 

51 

61 

64 


Elm,  American 

Elm,  Cedar 

Elm,  Cliff 

Elm,  Cork 

Elm,  Hickory  . . 
Elm,  Monao  . . . . 
Elm,  lle<l 


Elm,  Kook 

Elm,  Silp|>ery  (Fromontia  Califomlos) . 

Elm,  Slippery  (Ulmoa  fulva) 

Elm,  Water 

Elm,  White  (DIraua  Amerieana) 

Elm,  AVhite  (Ulmas  raeemoaa) 

Elm,  Winged 

Emttila  ramuloia 

Enceno 


21 

123 

123 

123 

123 

123 

123 

123 

123 

26 

123 

123 

128 

128 

124 

36 

147 

Endotropii  oleifolia 40 

EUICACII.X! 06-99 

Xrythrina  pitcipula 57 

Eugenia  axillarie 89 

Eugenia  Bamemit 89 

Eugenia  buxifolla 88 

Eugenia  dichotoma 88 

Eugenia  diehotoma,  vnr.  fragrant 88 

Eugenia  dicarieata 88 

Eugenia  longlpea 89 

Eugenia  montana 88 

Eugenia  nionticola 89 

Eugeyiia  myrtoidet 88 

Eugenia  palleni « , .  88 

Eugenia  procera 89 

Eugenia  pungent 88 

Eugenia  triplirierma  (Eugenia  bnxifolia) 88 

Eugenia  triplinenia  (Eugenia  monticola) 89 

Euonymna  atropnrpnroQs 38 

Euonymut  Carolinentit 38 

Euanymui  lati/oliut 38 

El'PHoniJiAce.s 120,121 


Exeaearia  lueida 

Exostcnima  Carilitcum 

Exothea  oblong\folia 

Eyeenhardtia  atnorphoidet 

Eyienhardtia  amorphoidtt,  var.  orthnearpa . 
Eysi'nhordtia  orthocarpa 


F. 


Fagara  fraxi-ifolia 

Fagara  lentieeifolia 

Fagara  Plerota 

Fngue  nlta 

Fapm  Amerieana 

Fagut  Amerieana  latifulia. 

Fagiu  Caetanea 

Fague  Cantanta  dcntata  . . . 

Fagut  Cattanea  pumilu 

Fiigua  furrngiucn 


121 
95 
45 
55 
66 
65 

30 
31 
31 
157 
157 
157 
157 
157 
156 
167 


228 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 

I- 


II 


1 

n 


i     " 


!     r|i. 


>\iyiw/nTii)|t{n<a,  vftr.  OarolMana 

Fagvi  pumUa 

fagot  pumila,  rnr.  prcreox 

Fagut  lylvatiea 

Fatnu  tylvatiea  atropuHie*a 

Fagut  tylvatica,  var.  AtntrUana 

Fagut  lyUettrit 

Fon-lvnf  Palm 

Farklubeiry 

Fetid  BKokoyo 

FicnR  nurt<» 

Ficitt  aurea,  viir,  taHfiUo 

FicuR  brevlfolia 

Fietit  eompUeala 

Ficiia  p«dunoa1at« . . . .  > 

FldiUcwood 

Fig,  Wild 

Fir.  Halm  or  OUeod 

F.    ItiUaam  (Abies  b»la»mea) 

Fir,  Balaam  (Abtea  concolor) 

Fir,  noDKlM 

Fir,  Rod  (Abloa  magnlOoa) 

Flr,Red  (Abies nobills)  

Fir,  Red  (Psendotangn  Douglull) 

Fir,  White  (Abies  concolor) 

Fir,  White  (Abiea  grandla) 

Fir,  Yellow 

Flowering  Dogwood  (Comns  florida) 

Flowering  Dogwood  (Comas  NattallU) 

Feetataxut  montana 

Faiataxut  MyritHea 

FoTcatiera  acuminata 

Forked-leaf  Black  Jack 

Foxtail  Pino 

Frangula  Cal\fomiea 

Frangula  Cal\f<)miea,yat.  tomentella 

Frangula  OaroKniana 

/  Frangula  fragilit 

Frangula  Purthiana 

Frankllnia 

Franklinia  Alatamaha 

Fraxinut  acuminata 

Fnixinnsalba 

Fraxinutalba  (Fraxinns  Americana) 

Fraxinut  albican*  (Fraxiuus  Americana,  rar.  microcnrpa) . 
Fraainut  aXbieant  (Frazlnus  Americana,  var.  Texenala)  .. 

Fmxinns  Americana 

Fraxinut  Am«r<«ana  (Fraxinna  platycarpa) 

Fraxinut  Americana,  vm.  Caroliniana 

IVaxtniu  Anxricana,  var.  juglandi/uUa 

.fVariniw  Avfuricana,  var.  latiifolia 

Frnxluiia  Americana,  rar.  iiilcrncari)a  

Fraainui  Am«rieana,  var.  ■^lubetcent   

Fraainui  Americana,  vxr.  quadrangulata 

Fraxinut  Amerieana,  var.  quadrangulata  nenota 

Fraxinut  Americana,  var.  lambuci/olia . 

Fraxinns  Americana,  var.  Texensia 

Fraxinut  Amerieana,  var.  triptera 

Fraxinns  anomala 

Fraxinut  Berlandieriana 

Fr<uinut  Oanadenti* 

I  Fraxinut  Caroliniana  (Frnxlnua  platycarpa)  

t  Fraxinut  Csnitintana  (Fraxlniia  vtridia) 

Fraxinut  Carolinentit 

Fraxinns  cinerea 

Fraxinut  coriaeea  (Fraxinns  Americana,  var.  Toxcnsis)  . . 

Fraxinut  coriaeea  (Fraxinns  piataoisfolia) 

Fraxinut  eritpa 

Fraxinut  Ourtittii 

Fraxinut  eurvideni 

Fruxinas  cuapidsta 

Fraxinna  dipetala 

Fraxinut  diteolor 

Fnudnns  eUlptlca 

Fnainut  tpiftera 


Page.  I 
157 
ifiO 
IM 
187 
157 

ir.7 

167 

217 

OH 

42 

IK 

IM 

127 

127 

127 

110 

127 

211 

211 

213 

209 

214 

214 

209 

213 

212 

209 

91 

91 

1R6 

180 

112 

151 

191 

40 

41 

40 

40 

41 

20 

25 

107 

112 

107 

108 

108 

107 

110 

110 

109 

107 

108 

108 

110 

110 

in 

108 

no 

106 
109 
107 

no 

109 
107 
112 
108 
106 
111 
108 

no 

112 
112 
107 
112 
107 


Fraxinut  ncehior IM 

Fraxinut  expatita 10( 

Frnxiniia  TiiHrn 112 

Fraxinut  graudifitlia Ill 

Fi»:iinii»()ri'(:Bii 100 

t  I'raxi nun Jvgtnitdl/oUa  (Fiaxiniis  Americana) 107 

Fraxinut  Juglanrii/otia  (I'mxlniiH  viridia) lOB 

t  Fraxinut  Juglandifotia,  vnr.  trrrala lOT 

Fraxin  u  <  Juiilandi/ulia,  \'nr.  tiilnnlfgrrrima 109 

t  Fraxinut  jinjtandi/olitt,  var.  f.ibierrata lOT 

f^axinu;!  lanern 107 

I'm.  i;  ui,  lu.iiii.oMi     108 

Frnxinua  mixta 112 

Fraxinut ««» rttita IH* 

I'lusiuiin  iii'.'ra II'.' 

Fraxiiiua  nigra  (FriixlniiB  piitiexcena) lOit 

Fraxinut  niiira  (KiiixiuiiH  Hnnibucifolln) 11 1 

Fraxinut  niijrttefnt lit* 

Fraxinut  Norte- A nglice  (Fraxinna  anmbncifolla) Ill 

fraiiw«»A'orai-.ln£jI(fc  (Fraxinna  virliils) lOn 

Fraxinut  yutlallii lli> 

Fraxinut  oblomjocarjia 108 

Frnxinim  Oi cgann  Ill 

FrnxhiraovatB 112 

Fraxinut  pallida 110 

FnixiiiiiH  piinnoaa 112 

Fraxinut  paucifl'^ra 110 

Fraxinut  I'mnnylranictt 108 

Fraxinna  piataria'fc'lin lOO 

Fraxinut  pittaeia/olia  ( Fraxluna  Americana,  »of .  Texcnala) 108 

Fraxinut  pitlaeio/olia,  var.  coriaeea 106 

Prnxiuna  platyiarpa 110 

FraxiiiUH  piibt-arona 108 

Fraxinut  puletiCrn« 110 

Fraxinut pubetCfUt,  viw Ill 

Frarinut  pubescent,  var.  lalifulia 108 

Fraxinut pubetceiui,  Tiir.  Inngifulia 108 

Fraxinut  pubeicrni,  vnr.  nibpubetcent 108 

Friixiuu,  pulvcnili'Uta 112 

Fraxinut  •^ladranijularit 110 

Fraxinna  qiindniugnlata • 110 

Fraxinut  quadrangulata,  vug.  nervota 110 

FiBxiuuH  liicbiirili 112 

I'ruxiuus  rnliii'nudn 112 

Fraxinna  rnfa 112 

FraxiuUH  mimlniciruliu Ill 

Fraxinut  tambuei/olia,  vnr.  eritpa Ill 

Fraxinut  Sehiedeana,  var.  parvi/oUa 100 

Fraxinut  tubiillosa 108 

Fraxinut  tetragona 110 

Fraxinut  lomentosa 108 

Fraxinut  trialata 109 

Fraxinut  triptrra  110 

Fraxinut  relutina l(-0 

Fraxluna  viridia 109 

Fraxiuus  viridia,  rar.  Berlandieriana 109 

Fn'Uiont  la  Callforulca 20 

Frigolilo ■'■'8 

Fringe  Tree 11* 

O. 

Gardenia  dutiafoUa DA 

OcigerTreu 113 

Gcnipa  vlusisfolla 9& 

Geor^^ia  Bark 93 

Georgia  Pine 202 

GiantCactua , 90 

Gigantabiet  taxi/olia 185 

Oiganiabiet  Wellingttmia 184 

Ginger  Pine 179 

Olamborry 28 

Gluucona  Willow 1«» 

aiediltehia  aquatiea 59 

Olediltchia  braehycarpa 50 

Gledittcltia  Carolinentit 69 

Oltdittrhia  elegant 59 


I 


INDEX  TO  catalogup:  of  forest  trees. 


229 


llf 
IM 
III 
111 

loa 
m 

108 
lOT 
lOB 
lOT 
107 
IDS 
112 

itn 
II'.* 

lUA 

111 
no 
111 

10!) 

lll> 

lOR 

111 
ll'.> 
no 

112 

no 

108 
100 
108 
10« 

no 

108 

no 
111 

108 
108 
108 
112 
110 

no 
no 

112 
112 
112 

111 

111 

100 
108 

no 

108 

ica 
no 

110 

100 

109 

20 

58 

lU 

Oft 

113 

90 

85 

202 

90 

, 185 

184 

179 

28 

189 

69 
S9 
89 
89 


Page. 

0UUI         <Mrm<i  (Qladltaokia  moiuMpanB*) 89 

Olr              i«rm<<  (OlcdltMhla  trlMuitboa,  twr.  inetmte) 88 

flbb MtmotronMa 88 

OttdUtekia  MMMa 88 

OleditaabU  moiM>i|wnna 80 

aUdiUchia  tpifuia 88 

aitdilKhUt  Macaniha 88 

Qloditwhlik  trlacmtho* '3 

OI(Hlltiicbla  triMnnthoa,  Mr.  brMhyoupoa BO 

Oli'iUlsohiK  trlaoaDtboa,  tar.  Inannli 80 

aUdiUchia  triaeanOuu,  var.  mmoiptrma 80 

Oaosefout  Maple to 

Qopher  Plnm 01 

Gopberwood 87 

aordonia  FratUMni 26 

Qordonla  Lasiantbns 28 

Gordonla  pubeioeni 28 

Oardonia  pyTamUttll* 28 

Grape,  Sea 118 

0»y  Bircb  (BetoUalba,  var.  popnlifoUa) 180 

Gray  Bireb  (Betala  latoa) 101 

OnyPlne 201 

Great  Laurel 00 

Green  A«h 100 

Green-bark  Acaela 00 

Oronnd  Asb Ill 

Chiaiaoum  angutt{foKum 20 

Ouaiacnm  aanotnm 28 

Ouaiaeum  vertiaUa 28 

GnetUtrda  elliptloa 00 

OueUarda  BtodgtttU 86 

Oiilana  Plum 121 

OuUandina  dioica 58 

Qnm,  Bbick 02 

Gam,  Cotton 03 

Gam,  Doctor 8t 

GumBbwtic 102 

Glim  Elemi 33 

Gum,  Red 86 

Gum,  Sour 82 

Gum,  Star-leaved 86 

Gam,  Sweet 86 

Gum,  Tupelo 83 

Gnrabu  Limbo > 33 

Gurgoon  Stopper : 88 

GL'TTIFIBA 23 

Oymnanlhu  lueida 121 

aymnobalanut  Catettyana 118 

OymDnvladus  Oanadensta S8 

Oymnoeladtu  dioiea 88 

H. 

Uockberry  (Celtis  ocoldentalie) 126 

Hackbriry  (Celtis  oceidentalis,  var.  retionbita) . . .  .^ 126 

Rackmalaok 215 

Halesia  dlptera 105 

Hnlesia  parviflora 106 

BaUtia  mieuUUa 105 

Haleala  tctraptera 106 

Halmia  etmifolia 80 

Balmia  flabtUata : 77 

Balmialobaia 78 

Balmia  punttata 80 

Balmia  tomtntota 70 

Hahamklacia 8^80 

Bamametit  androgyna 85 

EamamMt  eorylifolia 85 

Bamanuilit  dioiea 85 

Bumamelit  macropkyUa 85 

Bamamelit  parvifoKa 83 

Bamamtlu  Tirginiana,  vvi.  part^Ma 85 

Hamamelta  Virginloa 85 

HardUaple 43 

Hard  Pine 202 

Haw,  Apple 82 


Haw,  Blaok 94 

Haw,  Hoga' 78 

Haw,  Hay 83 

Ilaw,  Parsley 81 

Haw,  Pear 79 

Ilaw,  Purple 40 

Ilaw,  Ited  (CratsRua  ooouinea) 78 

Ifnw,  Kod  (CratvK""  flovO'  ■"■*''  pubeacens) 83 

Ilnw,  Hcai'let  (CratiCKU*  coocinna) 78 

Haw,  Scarlet  (Cratoigna  anbvllloaa) 78 

Haw,  Bmall-ft-iiited 81 

Haw,  Hnminor  iCratngua  Mara) IS 

tlaw,  Snnimrr  (OrattDgiiB  flura,  rar.  pubcacena) 86 

Ilaw,  Y<ll(iw 83 

Haapl,  Witch 85 

n«mlnck  ( I'Henilotanca  Doaglnatl,  tar.  maorooarpa) 210 

Henilock  (Tnuna  Canadcnaia)  207 

Bemlni'k  (TauKa  Caroliniana) 207 

Hemtnrk  (Tanga  Meitenaiana) 208 

Ilr  temmcica  iirbul  I  folia 8.1 

Helfromtla  Fremontiana 83 

Bryderia  deeurreni 176 

BeymatKoH  ipinoia 34 

Biekorfa,  apcclea 132 

Biekorint  amara l.'"> 

Hickory,  Big-bud  134 

Hickory,  Black  (Carj  a  porcina) 134 

Hickory,  Black  (Carya  tomentoaa) 134 

Hickory,  Brown 13* 

Hickory  BIm 123 

Hickory,  Nutmeg 135 

Hickory  Pine  ( Pinna  Balfourlana,  var.  ariatata) 101 

Hickory  Pine  (Plnua  pungcua) 189 

Hickory,  Shag-bark 133 

Hickory,  SbeU-bark 133 

Hickory,  Swamp  (Caryaamam) 185 

Hi  Uoiy,  Swamp  (Carya  aquatioa) 186 

llukory.  Switch-bud ll>4 

Hickory,  Wafer 186 

Hickory,  White-heart 134 

ifieoriu*  integrifoUa 185 

HMropAi/Uiif  Cofrin* 86 

HIppomane  Mancinella 121 

Hoary  Alder 165 

Hog  Plum  (Prunna  angnatifoUa) 66 

Hog  Plum  (Rhus  Mutopium) 54 

Hog  Plum  (XimenU  Americana) 84 

Hogs'  Haw 75 

Holly,  American 85 

BoUy,  California , 84 

Holly,  Dnlioon 35 

Honey  Locuat  (Glcditschia  triacanthoa) 89 

Honey  Locust  (Prosopiajoliflora) 62 

Honey  Pod 02 

Honey  Sbucka 5i» 

HoopAah in 

Bopta  tinetoria lO-"* 

Hop  Hornbeam 158 

Hop  Tree 81 

Hornbeam • l^O 

Hornbeam,  Hop 158 

Horse  Plum 05 

Horae  Sugar 105 

BypdaU  oUongifolia ** 

Hypelate  panicnlata ** 

Hypelute  trifoliata *^ 

Byperanthera  dioiea ^ 

Byperimm  Laiianlhut 28 

I. 

Jlexattivqlit ''^ 

Ilex  ambiguut '^ 

Ilea  anguttifoKa ^ 

Ilex  aquifolium °* 

Ilex  Catuutmuit "* 


Tffll 

1 

1    I 
1 

i 

I 

''  •'!' 


m 


;  'i'  ■'' 


:?i. 


230 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


JImOmmimi 

Ilox  CiHwInn 

iinr  (\M«<n«  (Ilex  nikhoon)  .... 

/tar  <\iuinf,  ft.  (t)  

lUx  <\tfinr.  xnr.  iing»itifolla.. 

lltx  Vaf»inf,  vnr.  lat\foUa 

if«u*  i*iij«inntilM 

llr\  PDlimin 

Ili»  l>«liiM<ii.  rnr.  niiiiiinliriilU . 
1I>'\  l>iilinim,  rnr.  myrtlfollit . .. 

i\f\  ilrt'iiliin 

lUs  riori  

Ilex  laurih  .<rt 

llrx  Mnrf -m 


ilfx  liinmtri/itlin  

i(<>.r  fi<;n«rriiiii  illox  OM*tu«)  t.. 

Iltjiiiiiiitirinii  (Ili'X  Dnlinon,  rnr.  MiKiiitllfytllH)  


live. 


V.r  »»i/i7 
11r\  opiiOii  .... 


II. 


}U~y  i^f*iniii\Mu 


lii'.r  M>mi'li^riil 

f  IIm"  IViffMittiiimi . 

iriXKK  


llllnoN  \nl   

Imri'Ki'  ('rdKr 

Inilinn  lliitn 

IriUnii  I'lii'rry    

liuli.'i  niMHT  Tn»o 

inimfi'n-r    

fnjM  ()ii>i<fiiltifx>iwit 

JmjM  mifn^phfilla  

iHtwi  n^*f(i 

Infln  VnjViit-<«H 

InkwwM 

JilTlrfdH  IvmifKrtim 

Ir\>n  nok  

iTWtwmHi  lA  lyviotilon) 

lrv»nw<>iMl  (X      ,  .nil*  Carollntium)  . 
Ir»<ii«iHx'.  i('Hn»nii>  licoKlrinn)  ... 

Iii>iiw«m1  (Cyrilli)  n»cvnilllorft) 

IrtmwiHxi  (lly|x>lAlo  iwnirnUtA)  .. 

InMtoiMKi  (Olnryu  Txfxln) 

Inmwixxl  (»>!<. ry»  Vir|iiiiio«)  

In^nwixM,  UlAok 

Tn^nwixMl.  KrtI     * 

ln«n»  tml,  V'hll* 

UXks  

itM  iyria4t 

Ivy 


Jack.  KUrk  (Qnrrrnii  OaliMiluri). 

Jark.  UUi'k  (Qtirn-iiK  nlfni)  

J«ck.  HIiio 

Jack.  Fiirkisl  Inaml  IUa«k 

J»rklVik   

Jiirk.  Ssnd 

J.ir<iniuii<  nmiilUrte 

Jw.oiioa  IVigvtxxl 

jAtwy  riiK> 

J»x»wnrtl  


P»go. 
IM 
tt« 
8S 
iM 
8S 

as 

95 

as 
US 
so 

87 
80 
80 

as 

80 
80 


80 

84 
87 

as 


80 

ao 

80 

34 

.183 

170 

IIS 
4(1 

1.7 
04 
04 
04 
04 
C4 
4S 

1S8 

i:i» 

101 

is> 

38 
87 
4S 
SO 
1.VI 
39 
39 
4S 
70 
87 
98 


151 

1«C 

153 

151 

160 

IM 

100 

57 

100 

100 

JofthnK.  Thi»  21J 

Jnohn*  Trw jig 

■liuU*  Tity     (II 

Jl.!i,A>,r*OK.« 130-130 

133 

133 

134 

185 

133 

I3S 

13t 


jHft»%t  ni>>A  <C»r\^*ih»i) 

/ii^,;m  cJ^«  (C»ry»  tomriKoM) 

Jupian*  r,lhti  nrntnin^ta 

Jv^nf  flJNi  mmimtf 

JupUnt  tilha  erata  

yii«lA«u  «m«ni 


Jugtant  anffuttiMta  (OMykoliTaformU) 139 

JugtifM  aquatiiia 18S 

Jnfflan*  Oatifomlta lai 

Jiifftant  ratharlica 180 

JiiKlitK"  rlnomk 180 

Jufflaiu  fnmprfua 133 

Jiiglnnt  mrxUfiirmit 135 

JiilllaHt  eitliiidrifa 182 

t.hi!ih)»  ••xitlMa 182 

Jujthnsiflnttni i34 

•'|||;<(|>M  1  Uiiinintniit 133 

•/«l)liin«(ii«i'nii>«fi 183 

J»ittnn»  mueronata 183 

Jii)llaii»  mniuilifir/iirmi* 135 

Jiililiiim  nlKin 131 

Juiiliint  tiij/m  iiMiiiifia 131 

JiifftttHt  iiliifiirjala 1.14 

Jiifflnnt  nbhnga 180 

Jiif?l<in«  iiMiiii|;(i  alba 180 

Jiijllnim  iilirir/ormi* 183 

Jiillhnt  iHiatui 1  ;13 

Jiijilitmorala      132 

Jiiglant  IWon 182 

Jughni  )>iin*i'nii    184 

•/mj;Iiih<  imrrina,  viir.  olvontala 184 

Jufflitnt  imrrina,  vnr.  piti/ormit 184 

Jui/ffTHjr  )}f/r(fi>rmit , 134 

Juttlaii*  rubra 182 

•tiicliuia  rniimlrlii 181 

■/  iiiitaiK  rupftlrit,  vnr.  major 131 

Juttlatt*  ii(/ti(iin(»ff(i    132 

Juglamtiilittln    J33 

Ju^latm  Uimentmhi 134 

.luiii'lwrry 84 

.TmillMT  (.liiiiipoi  UK  ('iilirnnil.xi) leo 

iliiiii|H'r  (liiiil|<«niii  ('nlifiirtiicm  i  cr.  ntuhoiinlii) 181 

<l  iiiil|i<>r  (Jiin<|H<rui<  iM<oi<lrnt«Uii) 182 

■I  iiiii|i<>r  (•!  iiiii|H<riiii  <>(<oi<l<<nt»liii,  rnr.  roiiJiiKniiiil 183 

iliiiilpcr  (.tiiiii|irriiaom<UI<iii(4iliii,  riir. niouonii-riiiii) 183 

<liinl|ii'r  (.Tuni(ii<riiN  pnrliyplilu'it) 181 

.'iini'fvniii  .4nih'>ia 181 

Junipfnit  itrbormffni 1((2 

t  J UHiprniM arttmatica 179 

Junifwrun  ItarbatUiiai* 182 

JiiiiiprriinCAliroriiU'tt 180 

jMfiiji<Ttt»  CitliforHiea,  x»T.  o*ln>tp*rma  180 

■I  iini|H'ri',i>  ( 'iili roriiioii.  mr.  0  l«lionai« 180 

Juuififni9  iMroUniana 183 

Jiin>i>fnu  rrtm>«'<tn«»  180 

Jiiniiifrvt  rtr<vl<ii    181 

jHHipfriu/<¥tuta,  vikT.  Yirtiinuina 182 

./loiifwriK  /frrmnnni  (.Iiini|H>riiH  oofliloiitalia) 181 

jHni|»ni«  lli^manni  (Jiiiilpi«iiii  VirKiiiiiinK) 182 

JiiiilporiirxH'clilciitiUiii 181 

/•mi'lifnij  (veiJf ninlit  (.Iiini|H>ru«  (.'lUlfumira) , 180 

,hinii>fni$  iwiilrnlalii  (Jiini|i<<ni«  Onlll'umirii,  ror.  Ut«h«Dali)  180 

iliinlppnin  orritli-iitAllm  iiir.  >-ni(.|iif(rnii 182 

J«nipt'ni«  lUH'iiloiitAliii.  nir.  in<tiuM)M\-(iiA 181 

Juniprryi  nfritlfHlalit,  VKr.jilriiMjwrmo 181 

JiinilxTin orntlmlalit.  v»r.  I'lahnuii 180 

Jiiiilprriia  pmliyphlii'* 181 

Junipfnin  f*lt»fhi/ilrrma 181 

Juniftfrvg  pyr\ftHrmis 181 

Juniprrtit  Snbina  fxicXi/jihUra 181 

JuHijimiM  /■nbina.  v»r.  Vi'.yiniana 182 

Ju»ii>trui  Ittriignna  (Jiinip<'ni*  ('«liri>mio«) 180 

Jutiif*fru»  Iftfrttitma.'viiT.tHtettfpfnha 160 

tliiiii|><<rui>  Vlr)t(iil.iiiik 182 

.fiini|vnif  ViryiniViim,  v«r.  Carotintana 182 

JuNiptrtii  I  inrtNiAHii.  v»r.  lirrmamti 183 

JuHtprrm  Virfimena  rulgari* 183 

■. 

KalniU  litttrolia 9< 

KamitmaHia  .fraxinifoUa W 

Kvntackj  Colfoe  Trw H 


V 


INDEX  TO  OATALOGUK  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


■  -  -  •  (• 
in 

115 

lai 

130 
1»0 
183 

185   . 
132 

i:i3 

.34 
131 
183 
133 
135 
131 
131 
134 
130 
130 
131 
1311 
133 
133 
134 
ISM 
134 
134 
132 
131 
131 
132 
133 
134 
M 
1W> 

m 

IKt 
185 

isa 

181 

181 

l<l3 

170 

183 

180 

180 

180 

183 

180 

181 

182 

181 

183 

181 

180 

180 

182 

181 

181 

180 

181 

181 

181 

181 

182 

180 

180 

182 

182 

182 

182 

M 

I* 

H 


KliiKNut 

KniiKliRWity  .... 
Kuubronol'lii*. 


L. 


iMOathra  JloriJa 

iMijiincutaria  glaln^foUa . 
I.ii|iiiui'uUrl»  raoomou . . 

I/nnrflwnm! 

Urc'li 


P»Be. 
134 
114 
IM 


25  • 

87 

87 
110 
2IS 


l,ttiiili,  lllnck 2» 

I.ft'''Kit.|i'iivril  CiiGumlier  Trao '•" 

1.ai'II«  TiijM'Id "'•' 

l.arix  A ii:i>rl('HUft 21* 

Iiarh  A  mrrieana  rubra 21  r> 

Jtarix  Amrrieana.vK.  brfv(/ot<a 210 

Iiarix  Ain»risana,\n.pendula 215 

liurix  A  mtrieana,  viir.  proli/»ra 216 

L.!ri.t  dfciilua,  Tar,  Ameriezfta 215 

LaritMormKHa 215 

LnrixLynUll 216 

Larir  mieroaarpa 215 

l.nrU  iK'oldeiitoll* 210 

Ijarix  pendtiia '!15 

iMrix  tenuifolia 215 

LAiiiuritJll 118-120 

Ijmn-l 08 


Lnuirl,  Itlft 

Laarrl,  ('alifoniU 

I.niircl,  Uront 

Lniirnl,  Moiinlitln 

I.iiiin)l  0»k  (QupiwuK  Imbrioarik) . . . 

Lanrel  Ukk  (Qnoroua  laurlfoUa) 

LhiiitI,  Hwahip 

taiii*!,  WhlUi 

Lauroceratni  OaroKnians 

Xinuroeeraiut  Uic{foUa 

Jjaunii  Itorbonia 

Laumt  OarnUnkma 

Laurut  Carulinmti* 

XauriM  €an>tintntU,m.gUAru 

Laurut  Oarolintmit,  var.  obtuia 

/<aiinM  Oarolinmtit,  vnr.p«6«feMU  . 

Laurut  CaUibaii 

Laiirut  CaUtbyana 

Jjaurui  ngta 

Zaunu  languittta 

Lannu  Stuxtfrat 

Lnwiinn'a  CypnuM 

Lvaf,  Swrot 


10 

120 

00 

120 

164 

158 

20 

20 

00 

70 

118 

, 118 

118 

118 

118 

no 

110 

110 

120 

110 

110 

179 

106 

LRaliMiNoa^R 56-04 

/.«pfa«irpa  Oaroliniana 00 

I.riu'niin  kI*""* 02 

Lriinvna  piilverulenU 03 

Lvrnrwood 158 

Liboowlnia  ilooumDi 170 

LiKBiini'Vttte 28 

LiLiicK.«  318,210 

Llmr,  Ogwoheo 01 

Llnio  Tri>o 27 

Linio,  Wild  (Xanthoxytum  Pterota) 31 

Lliutt,  Willi  (Ximenia  Amcrioana) 84 

Lia 27 


Lliidon,  Ainerican 

tiqfiidambarmaeropkytta 

Ltqulilanibar  Sty  raclfliia 

LiilHidambar  Stgrac^fiua,  rar.  Jfagricana. 

LiquManibrr 

J,irU>dH>ir<m  profra 

Llriodomlrtin  Tullplfera 

I.It«  Oak  (Querona  ohryao^.epU) 

LlvoOak  (Qaaroni  Tirana)  

LlTit  Oak  (guercoa  WlaliMol) 

LWa  Oak,  CoMt 

LubloUy  Day 


27 
86 
86 
80 
86 
23 
22 
140 
145 
147 
147 
25 


loblolly  rino 

Lo«uat  (Roblula  MeO'MexloaDa) 

lAcaat  (BoblDla  I'aeudaoaola) 

Looiiat,  Ulaok  (Olodltacbla  triaoanthoa) . 

I.oonat,  niaok  (Robinla  I'tendaosol*) 

Locuat,  Clammy 

Lmmat,  IIoDsy  (Oledltaohla  triaoanthoa) . 

I.oouHt,  Kuney  (Proaopla  Jnliflora) 

Locunt,  Hwoot 

Loouat,  Water 

TxHinat,  Yellow 

Lodgopolo  Pino 

I/Ogwood 


Irf>nK-l<iaved  Cuoumbor  Trae. 

lioog-loaved  PIna 

LyonUtarbona 

I/yun<a/*rrugint 

Lyonia  rigida 

LyiUoma  liahammtU 

T.yalloma  latlaillqna 


231 


Pago. 

107 

5« 

55 
50 
55 
60 
50 
02 
50 
00 
56 

lOS 
40 
22 

202 
08 
00 
00 
04 
04 


Maclnra  anrantiaoa 

Mailoira 

Madmlla 

Magnidia  acuminata 

Uagnolia  auritubnit 

ilagnotit  aurieulala 

Maitnolla  cordata 

ilagnnlia  De  (JandoUU 

ilngniiHa  fragrant 

Haiinalta  Fnuierl 

Magiiolla  glauoa 

Uagnolia  glmtea,  var.  UMftUa 

tHagnMa  fftouca,  var.  Umgi/oHa 

Magnolia  gnndiflora 

Uapnolia  grandifiara,  T»r.  tOipKaa  and  o6oM(a. 

Uagnolia  grandiJUtra,  var.  laiMMtoto 

UagntUaUmgifoUa 

Magnolia  maorophyll* 

Magnolia,  Hoantain 

Magnolia  pyranMata 

Uagnolia  triptUUa 

Magnolia  Umbralla 

Uagnolia  Yirginiana,  x»t.  :glavt» 

Uagnolia  V<iv<niaiia,  var.  p./mUda 

Uagnolia  Viiy<n<ana,  var.  • 

Uagnolia  Tirginiana,  vKt.  tripttala 


128 

84 

07 

20 

, 22 

, 22 

20 

20 

20 

23 

10 

20 

20 

10 

IS 

19 

20 

21 

20 

, 22 

, 21 

21 

20 

, 1» 

20 

21 

Maoromacba 10-22 

84 

162 

71 

71 

28 

28 

73 

n 

78 

7J 

78 

73 

78 

121 

54 

131 

, 87 

117 

, 87 

81 

40 

47 

18 

46 

48 

48 


Mahogany 

Mahogany  Biroh 

Mahogany,  Mountain  (Ceroooarpna  ledlfoliua) . . . 
Mahogany,  Monntain  (Ceroooarpua  parvlfoUna) . 

MAM'inniACR;i( 

Ualpighia  lueida 

Ualiu  angutHfotia 

Jfoiiw  eonmaria 

Ualu*  dittrnfoUa 

Ual%u  mterotarpa  eortmmria 

Malui  rinlari$ 

Ualut  ttmporvirtnt 

Ualui  mhoordala 

ManohluDol 

Mauchluoe),  Monntain 

UatuinMa  tonenalm 

Maugrovo 

Mangrove,  lllaok 

Mangrove,  White 

Maple,  Aah'Iraved 

Maple,  Black  Sugar 

Maple,  nroad-leaved 

Maple,  Dwarf 

Maple,  Oooaa-foot , 

Maple,  Hard 

Maple,  MooBtAln 


II 


232 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


iU. 


Page. 

Maple,  Bed BO 

Maple,  Kook - « 

Maple,  Silver , 4» 

Maple,  Suit  (Acer  daayesrpmn) 49 

Maple,  Soft  (Acermbnim) SO 

Maple,  Striped 46 

Maplp,  Sugar 48 

Maple,  Swamp 80 

Maple,  Vine 47 

Maple,  Water 50 

M»plo,  White 49 

Marlberry 100 

Maetlc 101 

Maul  Oak 146 

May  Cherry 84 

May  Haw 82 

Meadow  Pino 202 

Mkuackx 83,34 

Melieoeea  paniculaia 45 

Melitolmi  heterophytta 69 

Mapilut  aeeti/olia 80 

Metpilut  mtivalii 82 

Uetpilut  apii/olia 81 

Metpilu$  arbfirea 84 

Metpitvt  arbuti/olia 83 

Mupilvt  Azarotut 81 

Uetpiltu  berberifolia 82 

UetpUug  Boieiana 77 

Mapilu*  Calpodendron 79 

MetpilMt  Canadmtit 84 

Uapiltu  Canadentii,  var.  eordata 84 

Mapilui  Canadentit,  var.  oftotoltt 8S 

MetpiUit  Caroliniana 82 

Mapilus  coccinta 77 

tIetpUv  eordata 80 

Uetpilut  eomifolia 80 

Jltspihu  Crutgalli 76 

3Ieiipilus  Crutgalli,  vat. pyraeanth\/oUa 70 

Metpiliu  Cru$gnlU,  vnr.  taliei/ul'd 76 

Uetpilui  cuncifolia  (Cnitn>i<;<  ,  Cnisi  galli) 76 

iletpitui  eunei/olia  (Crata>Kua  tomeutosn  var.  pnnctata) .' 80 

/  MenpUui  euntiformit 76 

iletpihu  tUiptiea.  (Cratepgnii  Cma  jjalll) 76 

Jtetpihu  rUlptiea  (Cratiegus  flava,  var.  piibcsccna) 83 

Jf«t!iiiiii«/aM(a(a 77 

MttpU'U  Jtava 82 

itettpilut  fiexUpina 82 

Mmpilut  glanduloia 77 

Uetpilui  hiemalit 83 

Mctpilut  lali/olia 79 

Mctpilut  linatrii 77 

Meipilutloljta 79 

Mtj'piliit  lucida 70 

Ueiinlus  lucida,  var.  angiiul\/olia 77 

Mapilui  Michatixii 83 

Metpiltit  monogyna.  Tar.  apiyfoKa 81 

Metpil'it  nivea 84 

ilupiliu  odorala 79 

Uetpilut  oralifolia 76 

Mttpilut  Phrmopyrum 80 

ifetpiUii  popvli/olia 78 

Ueipihu  pruinota 79 

Uetpilui  jtruneUi/otia 78 

Ueipilui  pr-ini/'>lia  t 77 

Meipitu*  pnbeireni 77 

Meipiliii  punctata 80 

Metpiltu  pyri/olia  (Crata'gaa  tomeiitoaa) 79 

Meipilui jyri/vlia  (Cratn):u8  tomentoea,  var,  ponotata) 80 

Xetpilui  rotundifolia  (Craticgaa  coccinea) 77 

Ueipilui  rotundifolia  (Cratugua  Cma-galll,  var.  prnnifoUa) 77 

3Ietpil:M  lalici/olia 76 

Ueipilu*  ipathtUata 81 

Iteipilu*  tUio'/itlia 78 

UeipiluM  turbinala 82 

Uetpilui  virtdii 78 


Pace. 

Utipibit  WationiatM 7t 

tUupibt*  WmdtandU TT 

Meaqoit 61 

Meaqnlt,  Sorew-pod 62 

Uelopium  Umuri M 

Mexican  Banana '. 2U> 

Mexican  Mulberry 128 

Mexican  Peraimmon 105 

Michauxia  leitiUs 25 

Mimoia  bieepr 62 

Uimoia  frtmioia 62 

Uimota  glauea 62 

Uitnoia  Otiadaluptniii 64 

Mimoia  latiiitiqua 64 

Mimoia  leueoeephata 62 

Mimotarotea '. 64 

Mimoia  Vnguiieati (t 

Uimutopi  diueeta 103 

Mininaopa  Sieberi lOS 

Mocker  Nat 184 

Mock  Orange 70 

Monterey  Cypresa 170 

Monterey  Pise 198 

Moose  Elm 122 

Moosewood -*-.  49 

Morui  Clanodefui*  (Lamarck  and  Boflneoqae) 12T 

Moras  miorophylla 129 

Motui  Miiiourieniii 127 

Morui  parryfoUa  (Morua  microphylla) US 

Monti  parv\foUa  (Mornarnbra) 127 

Morut  reticulata 127 

Moruiriparia 127 

Moraa  rubra 187 

Morui  rubra, -vilt.  Canadeniii 127 

Moruirubra,  var.  ineiia 127 

Morut  rubra,  var.  Umuntoia 127 

Morut  leeUira 127 

Morut  tomentoia 127 

MoMy-cnpOak 14(J 

Mountain  Aab  (Pyrna  Americana) 7S 

Monntain  Aah  (Pyraa  aambncifolia) 19 

Mountain  Laurel 120 

Mouutaiu  Magnolia 20 

Mouulaln  Mahogany  (Cercoearpua  ledifolina) 71 

Monntn'n  Mahogany  (Cercoearpua  parrifoUua) ■ 71 

Mountain  Manciilneel 54 

Mount.»in  Maple 4S 

Monntiiin  Plum 8* 

Mountain  White  Oak 148 

Mulberry,  Mexican 128 

Mulberry,  Red 12« 

Mygindapallena 88 

Mylocaryum  liguilrinum 88 

Myrictt  Callfomica 187 

Myriea  Carolineniii 188 

Myrlra  corlfera 18* 

Myriea  ceri/era  humilii 188 

Myriea  eerifera  lempcnirent 188 

Myriea  eer\fera,\aT.  anguitifolia 188 

Myriea  certfira,  vai.  arbortietm 186 

Myriea  eerifera,  vat.  latyfolia U* 

Myriea  cer\f«ra,  VHT.  media '*• 

Myriea  eerifera,  var.  pitmita l** 

Myriea  Penniylvanita 1" 

t Myriea  Xalapentii 1" 

Mt:iicacr.s 186,187 

MviisiNACK* 99,100 

Myrtine  Jloribunda *'* 

Myrtini  Floridana *• 

Myraiuu  llapanea ** 

MritTACIJt *■*• 

Myrtle,  Blue *^ 

Myrtle,  Wax !*• 

Uyrtiu  axiUarii • •• 

Myrlui  buxifoUa •* 


:    n  •     V 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


23a 


77 
62 

<n 
ai» 

128 

105 

» 

M'  . 
« 

M 
M 
62 
04 
<t 
10$ 
IW 
IM 
70 
170 

Its 

122 
M 

m 

12» 
12T 
128 

m 


12T 
127 
W 
127 
127 
127 
127 
12r 
14S 
78 
7» 
120 
20 
71 
71 
B4 
48 
B4 
143 
128 
128 
88 
88 
187 
188 
188 
180 
ISO 
188 
188 
180 
188 
136 
188 
187 
186, 187 
00,100 
00 
08 

w 

.      88,80 

41 

186 

88 


Uyrtv  ChymeuUa ^ ^ 

/Myrtut  diehoU>ma 88 

Uyrtut  mentitola 80 

ilyrtut  Fointi 88 

Myrtut  yroetra 88 

W. 

Naked  Wood  (Culabrtna  TecUnatii) '2 

Naked  Wood  (Engenia  diohotoma) 88 

NaDnyberry *4 

Necklace  Poplar WS 

Xeetandra  Br»d*mei4riana 110 

Nectandra  WilldenoTiana 118 

XcgundiumfivxinifoUum * 51 

Negundo  acoroldos 80 

Negundo  aeeroidet  (Negnndo  CaUfoinicnin) M 

Negundo  Californionm    81 

JV<17un(fo  Cal{A>m<eum  (Negundo  aceniides) 31 

.V«s;und«/r<mm/oKttm 81 

JVe^ndo  (otaCutn 81 

Wegrundo  Jf«x<<anut» 81 

Segundo  tr\foUatum 51 

NewcaMle  Thorn 76 

Norway  Pine 102 

Nut,Blt«er 135 

Nat,  Bull 134 

Nut,  Coffee 58 

Nut.nUnoiB 132 

Nut,  King 134 

Nnt,  Mocker  134 

Nut,  Pig 134 

Nat  Pine  (Pinna  cembroldea) 180 

Nut  Pine  (PinuB  edulls) 100 

Nut  Pino  (Pinna  monophylla) 100 

Nut  Pine  (Pinna  Parryana) 188 

Nut,  Tallow 34 

Nutniflg,  California 1S6 

Nutmeg,  Hickory 135 

NlCTAQIMACBAC 117 

Sy»$a  aqualiea  (Ny a«a  aj-lvatica) 02 

Xyna  aqualiea  (Nysoa  uniflora) 02 

yyt$a  angulitant 03 

Xyma  anguluta 03 

\ytiabiflora 02 

.Vv».'0  Canadentit 92 

Xyeia  candicam 81 

N  yRHa  I'upitiita 01 

Xyta  eapilala,  rar.  grandidtntalt 03 

yytta  Carnliniana 02 

Xygia  coeeinea 01 

Ki/im  drnlicitlata 02 

.V.y«*o  grnndidtntala 03 

.Yi/«M  intij/r\ft,Ua 02 

.Vf/Mi  mniitana 01 

Xyima  vtultifora 02 

Xysm  mullijfora,  vBV,»yltatiea 0^ 

Xiiita  Oijeehe 01 

Xyua  paliulrit 83 

NyRsa  Hvlriitica 02 

Xyfta  tomento$a  (Nyasa  capitata) 01 

Xyua  lomenloia  (Nyooa  nnidora) 03 

XyHHU  uniflura 02 

.VyMartUora 02 

Onk,  Uui'tram's 183 

Oak,Bniiket 141 

Onk,  Black  (Qaercus  Emory!) 146 

Uak,Bl.ivk  (Qoerrua  Kelloggii) 140 

Uak,  Black  (Quercus  rubra) 148 

Oak,  Black  ((Juercna  tinotoria) 140 

Oak,  Blue 143 

•  Hik,  Burr 140 

Oak.Cheitnnt  (Qnercua  denaiUora) 185 

Oak,  Cheatnnt  (Quercua  prlDPidca) 143 


Oak,Chcatnut  (Querona  Prinna) 

Oak,ChinqDapin 

Oak,  Coaat  Live 

Oak,  Cow 

Oak.Onck 

Oak,  Iron 

Oak,  Jack 

Oak,  Lanrel  (Quercna  imbricarla) 

Oak,  Laurel  (Quprcns  laurifolia) 

Ock,  Live  (Qnerons  cbryoolepis) 

Onk,  Live  (Quercus  virens) 

Oak,  Live  (Quercus  WislUeni) 

Oak,  Maul 

Oak,  Mousy -cup 

Oak,  Mountain  White 

Oak,  Overcnp (Qucrcns lyrata) 

Oak,  Over-cup  (Quercns  macrocarpa) 

Oak,  Peach  (Quercus  denaiflora) 

Oak,  Peacb  (Quercus  Phellos) 

Oak,  Pin 

Oak,  Possum 

Oak,  Post 

Oak,  Punk 

Oak,  0  lercitron 

Oak,  Rod  (Quercus  falcata) 

Oak,  Bed  (Quercus  rubra) 

Oak,  Bed  (Qnrrcoa  rubra,  var.  Texana) 

Oak,  Bo(k  Chestnut 

Oak,  Scarlet 

Oak,  Scrub  (Quercus  Catesboi) 

Oak,  Scrub  (Quercns  undulata,  var.  QambeUi) 

Oak,  Shingle , 

OaK,  Spanish 

Oak,  Swamp  Post , 

Oak,  Swanip  Spanish 

Onk,  Swamp  White 

Oak,  Tnnbark 

Oak,  Turkey 

Onk,  Upland  Willow a 

Oak.  Vulpnraiso 

Oak,  Water  (Quercns  aquatioa) 

Oak,  Water  (Quercus  palustris) 

Oak,  AValer  White 

Oak ,  Weeping 

Oak,  White  (Quercns  alba) 

Oak.  White  (Quercns  Uarryana) 

Oak.  White  (Quercus  gvlsea) 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  lobaU) 

Oak,  White  (Quercua  ohIonitifoUa) 

Ottk,  Willow 

Oak,  Yellow  (Quercns  prinoides) 

Oak,  Yellow  (Qnerens  tinotoria) 

Ook,  Yillow-bar'i 

OMspo  Pine 

OCnoearptii  regia 

Oseeehee  Lime 

Ohio  Buckeye 

Olacinea 

Old  tleld  Birch 

OUl-fleldPine 

Old  Mao's  Beartl 

Oira  AnerUana 


Pago. 
Ui 
147 

147 
141 

152 
13» 
ISO 
154 
1S3 
146 
145 
147 
146 
140 
143 
140 
liO 
153 
1.14 
152 
152 
ISO- 
IS) 
140 
151 
148 
148 
14? 
148 
151 
130 
151 
151 
140 
152 
141 
155 
151 
is:« 
148 
152 
1.12 
140 
138 
137 
138 
144 
138 
144 
154 
143 
140 
140 
200 
218 
01 
42 
34 
150- 
107 
113 
113 


0.,KACK.« 100-113 


Olive,  (.'nlifornia 

O'ney a  Teaola 

Oi'unge,  Muck 

Orange,  Osage 

Oran,2C,  Wild  (PrunnsCaroliniana) 

Ornnce,  Wild  (Xanlhoxylum  Clava-nercnlts). 

f>>'(;Ai(faear()um  arirti'num 

Ori'gon  A  sh 

Oregon  Cedar 

Oregon  Crab  A ppla 

Oregon  I'ina 

Ortodaphn*  CaW/armian 


120 

70 
128 
70 
30 
23 
111 
170 
73 
200 
120 


m 


■   .!' 


m 

1 


•fmmmmm 


234 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


1  , 1 

;       J 


r-,  i.: 


Page. 

Oreodcxa  oUraeeat 218 

Oreodoxa  rcgia .' 218 

OsagoOraiigo 128 

OamantliiiH  Ameiicanas 113 

0»trya  Yirginiana ll>8 

Ostrya  Vlrgiuica 1S8 

Oitrya  Yirginiea,  var.  eglandulota 158 

OHrya  Yirginiea,  var.  glatululoia 158 

Over-Clip  Ouk  (Qncrcns  lyrata) 140 

Ovvrcup 0<>k  <Qaercus macTocarpa) 140 

Oxydemlmra  aiborenm 08 

P. 

Padiu  cartitnginea 08 

Padui  demitsa 60 

PadtM  wrotina 08 

Padut  Yirginiana 68 

Palm,  Fan-leaf 217 

Palm,  Royal 218 

Palma  argiMUa 218 

PArvi>c« 217.218 

Pa;"  .   '■ ,  Cabbage 217 

Palmetto,  SilMop 217 

Palmetto,  Silvor-top 218 

PuloDIani.'O  126 

Pnio  Verde 60 

Piipaw 23 

Paner  Birch 180 

Paradise  Tree 32 

Parkinfionia  aciileata 00 

Parkinfmnia  micropbylla 60 

Parkinaonia  Torreyana 60 

Parsley  Daw 81 

Patania  dtmijlora 155 

Poeia  Calif omiea 43 

I  raviacamea 42 

Pacta  discolor 43 

Patiaflava 43 

Patiagla^a 42 

Pariahybrida 43 

Pavialutca 43 

Pana  negWta 43 

Pama  pallida 42 

/Pacta  Wationiana 42 

Peach  Oak  (Qnercna  densiflora) 155 

Peach  Oak  (QaercuB  Phellos) 154 

Peach,  Wild 70 

Pear  Haw 79 

Pecan 132 

Pecan,  Bitter 136 

Fepiieridgo 02 

Popperwond SO 

Periea  Borbonia 118 

Person  Carolinensis 118 

Perua  Curolinennt,  var.  glabriiueula 118 

Feraea  Carolinenais,  tar.  palastris lit 

Pertea  Carolinentii,  rar.  piiiejMnt 110 

Pertea  Catetbyana 110 

Perua  Sa—afreu 119 

Pentimnion 104 

Persimmon.  Blar.k lOS 

Persimmon.  Mexlran 106 

PhcFiiopirmm  acerifolium 80 

Phanopi/rum  arboreieeiu 75 

Phamopunim  Carolinianum 82 

Phamipitrum  coecintum 77 

Pheennpyrum  eordalum 80 

Ph(riiitpyrum  tUiptieum 82 

phirni  pyrmn  populifolium 78 

Phimnpymm  pruirtotum 79 

Ph(rni>pyrvnnpttihulaUim 81 

Phimopiirum  luhvittoium 78 

Phcenopyrum  Yirginieum 82 

fPhimopi/rum  viride 78 

Phanopyrum  WnuUatidU * 77 


'  Page. 

Photinia  arbutifoUa.. ! 83 

Photinia  laliei/olia 83 

Piceaalba.. 204 

i%<a aiiKibi7i«  (Abies  nmabiUs) 21S 

Pieea  amabilii  (Abies  subalpina) 211 

Pieea  baltamea 211 

Pieea  baliamea,  var.  longifolia 211 

Piceabifolia 211 

Pieea  braeteata 213 

t  Pieea  Cali/o'niea 208 

Pieea  Canadentie 200 

Pieea  eeerulea 264 

Pieea  eoneolor 212 

Pieea  roneohr,  vnT.violaeea 212 

Pieea  DougUuii 200 

Pioea  Kngelmanni 205 

Pieea  Fraierl  (Abies  balsamea) 211 

Pieea  Fraieri  (Abies  Fnweri) 210 

Pieea  glauea 204 

Pieea  grandia  (Abies  eoneolor) 212 

Pieeagrandit  (Abies grandis) 212 

Pieea  laxa 204 

Pieea  Lowiana 212 

Pieea  magnifica 214 

Pieea  Memitiiii  (Pice*  pnngens) 206 

Pte«a  JfOTui«(ii  (Ficea  Sitohensis) 206 

Pieea  nigra a 202 

Pieea  nigra,  ynr.gtauea 204 

Pieea  nigra,  var.  ru6ro 203 

Pieea  nobilie 214 

Pieea  piiDgens 205 

Pieea  rubra 203 

Plcea  Sltchensia 20« 

Pieteringia  panieutata 100 

Pigeon  Cherry 66 

Pigeon  Flam 117 

Figeonwood 117 

PigKut 134 

Piloeereut  Engdmanni 80 

Pin  Cherry 68 

Pin  Oak 162 

Pinckneya  pnbens 95 

Pinckneya  pubetetni 96 

Pine,  Bastard 202 

Pine,  Bishop's 200 

Fine,  Black  (Finns  Jefflreyi) 193 

Fine,  Black  (Finns  Hnrrayana) 196 

Pine,  Bull  (Finns  JeSreyt) 103 

Pine,  Ball  (Finns  mitis) 200 

Pine,  Bull  (Finns  pogderosa) 103 

Fine,  Bull  (Finns  Sabioiana) 106 

Fine,  Cedar 201 

Fine,  Digger 196 

Fine.  Foxtail 101 

Fine,  Georgia 202 

Fine,  Ginger 170 

Fine,  Gray 201 

Fine,  Hard 202 

Fine.  Hickory  (Pinni  Balfonriana,  var.  arlstata) 191 

Pine,  Hickory  (Pious  pangens) 190 

Pine,  Jersey 199 

Pine,  Knob-cone 196 

Pino,  Ixiblolly 197 

Fine,  Lodge-pole 196 

Fine,  Long-leaved SOS 

Pine,  Meadow 202 

Pine,  Monterey 196 

Fine,  Norway 193 

Pine,  Nut  (Finos  cembroldea) .'. 190 

Fine,  Nut  (Finns  ednlis) 190 

Pine,  Nat  (Finns  moDophy Ha) 190 

Pine,  Nat  (Fiona  Farryana) 110 

Pine,  Obispo «00 

Fine,  Old-field W 

Pine,  Oregon W0 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


235 


S3 
204 

2ia 

211 
211 
211 
211 
213 
208 
200 
2tH 
212 
212 
200 
205 
211 
210 
204 
213 
212 
204 
212 
214 
205 
206 
202 
204 
203 
214 
205 
203 
20« 
100 
66 
117 
117 
134 
88 
66 
152 
S5 
95 
202 
200 
103 
105 
193 
200 
193 
195 
201 
195 
191 
202 
170 
201 
202 
191 
190 
199 
196 
197 
105 

aos 

202 
106 
193 
190 
100 
190 
186 
200 

m 


Page. 

Pine,  Pitch 198 

Pine,  Pond 198 

Pine,  Prince's 201 

Pine,  Bed 102 

Pine,  Boaemary 107 

Pine,  Sand 199 

Pine,  Scrub  (Pinus  Bankaiana) 201 

Pino,  Scn^b  (Pluoa  dania) 190 

Pino,  Scrub  (Pinus  contorta) 194 

Pine,  Scrub  (Finns  inopa) 199 

Pine,  Short-leaTcd 200 

Pine,  Slash 202 

Pine,  Southern 202 

Fine,  Spruce  (Pinus  clansa) 199 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  glabra) 201 

Pine,  Spruce  (Finns  mitis) 200 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinna  Muxrayana) 193 

Pine,  Sugar 188 

Pine,  Swamp 202 

Pine,  Table-mountain 190 

Pine,  Weymouth 187 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  floxUis) 188 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  Klabra) 201 

Pino,  White  (Pinus  monticola) 187 

Pino,  White  (Pinus  reflexa) 180 

Pine,  White  (Pinua  Strobns) 187 

Fine,  Yellow  (Finns  Arizonica) ., 192 

Pino,  Tdlow  (Pinusmitis) 200 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  palustris) 202 

Pino,  Yellow  (Finns  ponderosa) 103 

i'iDon  (Finns  odnlis) 190 

Pifion  (Pinus  mouophylla) 100 

Pilkon  (Finns  Parryana) 189 

JHnu*  Abiet  Amtrieana 206 

JHnut  AbiaBaUamta 211 

J^niu  AUet  CatMdemii 202 

Pfnuji  adunea 196 

J^nutalba 204 

Pinus  aibicaolis 189 

Finui  amabUU  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

PinutamabUii  (Abies  magniflca) 214 

Pi'niManuiMK*  (Abies  subalptna) 211 

PiniM  Anierteana  (Ficoa  nigra) 203 

Piwiu  Amtrieana  (Tsnga  Canadensis) 206 

Piniu  Amtrieana  nibra 202 

Pinxu  arittata 191 

Finns  Arlaonioa 103 

PinuiauitraUi 201 

Pinus  Baifoariana 191 

Pintu  Bal/mriana  (Finns  Balfonriana,  var.  aristata) 191 

Pinus  Balfourlana,  rar.  aristata 101 

IHimi  baUanaa 210 

rimu  baltamea,  var.  Franri 210 

Pinus  Banksiana 201 

Piniu  Banfanana  (Pinus  contorta) 194 

Pinia  Btardileyi 193 

Piinu  Benthamiana 193 

PiniK  Bolandtri 194 

Pimu  Bmtrtim 194 

PiniM  brackypUra 193 

Pitna  braeUata 213 

IPinui  CaXifomiea  (Finns  insignia) 106 

Pintii  Califomiax  (Pinna  tnberonlata) 196 

Pinut  Canadttuit  (Piceaalba) 204 

Pinuf  CanaddWM  (Tsuga  Canadenaia) 206 

Pinut  Canadttui*  (Tanga  Mertenalana) 207 

Finns  cembroidea 190 

finut  etmbroidtt  (Finns  albloanlic) 189 

P<n««  e<m6roi<lM  (Finns  ednlis) 190 

Pinna  Chihuahuana 194 

Pinna  clauaa 199 

Piniu  eommutola 294 

Pinut  eoneolor 212 

Pinna  contorta 194 

JNiMM  Miitorta  (Pinna  mnrioata) 199 


Page. 

Pimu  fontorta  (Pinna  Hnrrayana) 194 

Pi'niw  contorta,  var.  Bolandari 194 

Pinw  contorta,  var.  lat\felta 104 

Pinna  CouUeri 195 

Pin«»  CVai^ana 193 

Pinua  CnlKnala 202 

Pinut  Cubemit,  rar.  fartAroearpa 202 

Pinui  dfJUcea 103 

Pinui  Dougkuii 209 

Pi'nuf  i)ou;Ia«ti,  var.  5reei6rae(Mi(a 209 

PinujMAinota 200 

Pinut  Eo  jariana 109 

Finns  cilulis 100 

Pinni  Ettiottii 202 

PintM  fn^elmanni  (Ficea  Engelmanni) 205 

PtniM  fnffeltnanni  (Finns  ponderosa) 103 

Pinna  nexilia 188 

Pinuiflexilii  (Finns  albicauUs) 189 

Pima  JUxilit,  var.  aOrieaiUit 160 

Pinui  flexUit,  var.  tnocrocarpa 188 

Pinui  fla  Hit,  vn.rejlixa 189 

Ptnuijlexilii,  vat.ierrulala 188 

Pinui  Fraieri  (Abies  Fraaeri) 2i0 

PiniM  ^amrt  (Pinus  rigida) 107 

Pi'ntM  ^emontiana 100 

Pinui  futilii .' 100 

Pinus  glabra 200 

Pintuprandu  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

Ptnut  iTrandtt  (Abies  concolor) 212 

Pinu*  grandti  (Abies  grandis) 212 

Pinui  Oroatitri 187 

P<nti«  Hutbontea 201 

Finns  inops 198 

P>nu«  t'nopt  (Finns  contorta) 104 

Pinu«  tnojx  (Pinus  Hnrrayana) 194 

PiniMtnopf,  var.  (Finns mnricata) 109 

Pinui  inopi,  var.  ctauia 199 

Pinua  Insignia 196 

Pin««  tnti^nw  mocroearpa 106 

Pinui  iniignii,  var.  Mnata 196 

PtniM  vntertiMdta 215 

Pinua -Jefftvyi 193 

Pinna  Lambertiana 188 

PiniM  Xamiierttana,  var.  (Finns  flezilis) 188 

Pinu*  Zani6«rfiana,  var.  breti/olia 188 

PiniM  (arietna 215 

.Piniw  Xartcio,  var.  reiinoia 191 

Pinut  £an°x 216 

Piniw  £ariz  alia 215 

Pinui  Larix  nigra 215 

Pint!*  Larix  rubra 215 

Pinut  (otiotarpa  (Abica  concolor) 212 

fi*inut  (otioearpa  (Ablea  subalpina) 211 

Pinut  Xlai'cana  (Finns  combroides) 190 

Pinut  XIareana  (Finns  Parryana) 189 

Pinui  Loddigeiii 197 

Pinut  lopkotpti  ma 192 

Pinui  Lowiana 212 

Pinui  Lj/atti 216 

Pinut  Jfariana 202 

Pinut  maeroearpa 196 

Pinut  ntocrapAyUa/ 193 

Pinut  ifenziftii 206 

i>inut  Jfmtirtii,  \ar.  critpa 206 

Pinut  Jftrttntiana 207 

Pinut  tni«ro«arpo 215 

Pinna  mitis 200 

Pinut  mifit,  var.  poiiptra 200 

Finns  monophylla 100 

Pinna  monticola 187 

Pinus  mnrirata • 199 

Pinui  murieota  (Pinna  contorta) 194 

Pinus  Murrajana 194 

Pinut  nigtra 202 

Pinut  noMiit , 214 


m 


^  i*. 


WT' 


PM 


)■  ,■ 


i| 


136 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


■iwl 

fin 

;|ffl 

i 

SP^^ 

1 

ri\^ 

m: 

i  f 

II 

d^;!i 

1  ?, 

VB 

■  iS  i:s> 

i.  '1 

ih'h 

iH^i 

!. 

ilx 

11 


Fage. 

nntM  itrutteKu 21t 

Pinut  oiteotptrma 190 

PinuR  paluBtria 201 

Pinas  Parryons 1«9 

i^nu*  Parryana  (Finos  pondcroaa) 1B3 

Pinut  ratimiiana  (Tanga  Mcrtonaiona) 308 

Pinut  Pattoniana  (Tauga  Fattonlana) 208 

Pinut  ptndula 215 

Finua  ponilcroBa 192 

Pinut  ponderosa,  tut.  Senthamiana 103 

Pintu  ponderosa,  var.  Jfffrtyi 103 

Pinut  ponderota,  var.  tcopulorum 103 

Pinut  purphyroearpa It? 

Pinna  pungoiia 109 

Pinut  radiala 106 

Finns  reflexa ISO 

Finns  rcsinosn 191 

Pinut  retinota  (I'imis  pomlorosa) 103 

Finns  I'igiila 107 

Pinut  rigidat  (Finns  iusignis) ICfl 

Pinut  riffida  (Finns  mitis) 200 

Pinut  rigida,  var.  lerotina 198 

Pinut  rubra  (Ficcn  nigra) 203 

Pinut  rubra  (Piiius  rcsinosa) 101 

Pinut  rubra,  var.  violaeea 204 

Pinut  rupcttrii 201 

Finns  Snbiniann 195 

Pintu  Sabiniana  Coulteri 105 

Pimii  Sabiniana  maeroearpa 105 

IMnus  aerotina 108 

ItnutShatla If  9 

Pinut  Sinclairii 190 

Pinut  Sitehentit 200 

fPinuM  species  (Abies  subalpina) '211 

Finns  Strobna 187 

Pinut  Strobut,  var.  aJba 187 

Pinug  Strobttt,  var.  breri/olia 187 

Pinut  Strobut,  var.  eompreita 187 

Pinvt  Strobut,  vnr.  montieola 187 

J'inut  Strobut,  var.  nivea 187 

Pinut  tyUcttrit,  var.  divarieata 201 

Finns  Ta'da 197 

Pinut  Tieda,  var.  o 107 

IHnut  TmJa,  var.  alopeeuroidea - 108 

Pinut  Tirda,  var,  heterophyila '.'02 

Pinut  Ta'da,  var.  rigida 107 

Pinut  Tada,  var.  tenuifolia 107 

Pinut  T(Tda,  var.  rariabilit 2C0 

Finn*  T<rda,  var.  Virginiana 108 

Pinut  taxi/olia 2. 0 

Pinut  tetragona 201 

FiiiiiH  Torroyana 192 

Finns  luberciilata lOO 

Vinut  tubcrciilata  (Finns  insignls) IIMJ 

i  tnut  varialniit 200 

Pt  nut  vcnutta 213 

Pinut  Virginiana ; ]08 

Pinut  Virginiana,  var.  eehinata 200 

Piteidia  Carthagenintit 57 

PiHcidiu  Krytbriun 57 

IMsonia  acuieata II7 

Fisonin  obtnsata 117 

I'ialai'  ia  Mi^xicana 51 

Fitcb  Pino 108 

Pitlteeulobium/orfi  x  ot 

Pilhcaitubium  (luadalupenlit oj 

PitUcfolobium  mierophytlum 64 

Fitbt-ruloliinni  Ungniscati 04 

Flam  la  ai|nnliea 124 

Plant ra  Omellni 124 

Planera  Jilchardi 124 

Planera  utmifolia 124 

Flataxack* 120,130 

Plata  nut  CaHfomiea 1 29 

Platan  ut  hybridat 120 


Page, 

Ptatanuilobttia 139 

F<atanti«  Jfftcioana  (Platonoa  TMcmow) 129- 

Piatantw  Jfmoina  (PUtuns  WiigbtU) UO- 

PUtannsocoiilontali* 129 

FiatantM  oceidmtali*  (Platanns  raormoM) liS' 

Plat  anus  r.tuemou 129 

Pltttanut  ractmota  (Platanns  WrightU) 130' 

Platanui  vulgarit,  var,  angulota 129 

Platanns  WrigfatU ISO 

Plum,  Canada 65 

Plum,  Chickasaw 08- 

Flum,  Cocoa SS^ 

Flnm,  Darling 89 

Plum,  Downward 103- 

Flnm,  Gopher 91 

Plum.  Guiana 121 

Flum,  Ho;;  (Frnnna  angustlfoUa) (6 

Plum,  Hog  (Rhus  Metopiom) M 

Pium,  Hog  (Ximonia  Americana) M 

Plum,  Horso S5 

Flum,  Mountain 84 

Flum,  Pigeon 117 

Flum,  SaiiVon 103 

Flnui,  Wild <B 

Poison  Elder M 

Poison  Sumach M 

Poisnnwood  (Rhus  Metopiam) 54 

Poisonwood  (Sebastiania^acida) 121 

FOLVUONArF..« 117,118 

Polygonum  uvifera 118 

Pond  Apple 23 

Fond  Pine 198 

Poplar 172 

Foplar,  Carolina 175 

Poplar,  Ncolilaco 175 

Poplar,  Yellow 22 

Populut  acladeiea 173 

Populut  angnlata 75 

Populut  angulota 175 

PopuluB  angus.'ifolia 174 

Populut  anguatij  dia  (Populns  trichoearpa) 174 

PipuluK  argentea 172 

Populut  A  Ibenientit 171 

FopiiUis  lialsuniifei'a 173 

Populut  baltamifera  (Popnloa  tricbocarpa) 174 

Populut  baltamifera  laneeolata 173 

Populut  bnltami/era,  var 174 

Populut  bnltann/era,  vbt.  angvtt\folia 174 

Populus  haltamiftra,  var.  t  Califomiea 174 

Fopulus  balsamifera.  ror.  candicans 17? 

Populut  baltamifera,  vor  genuina 173 

Populut  Canadentit  (Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans) 178 

PopuluK  Canadentit  (Popnins  monilifera) 175 

Populut  Canadentit,  var,  angutti/olia 174 

/'o;ih;ii»  cnndiran* 173 

Populut  cordl/olia 172 

t  Populut  dcltolde 174 

Populns  Fremuntii 175 

Fopulus  Kremontii,  t'or.  Wislizenl 175 

Populut  glandulota 175 

Fopulus  grandidentatn 173 

Populut  grandidentata,  var,  ptndula 172 

Fopulus  betcrophjila 172 

Populut  heterophyila  (Populns  balsamifera,  var.  oandioans) 173 

Populut  heterophyila,  var.  argentea 172 

Populut  Iwiigata  (Populns  monilifera,  Ailon,  etc.) 175 

/•opi((i(«  (oTir/afa  (Populus  monilifero,  ffort.) 175 

Populut  lalifolia 173 

Populut  Lindleyana 175 

Populiu  maerophylla  (Fopulus  balsamifera,  ear.  candicans)    173 

Populut  maerophylla  (Populns  monilifera) 175 

Populut  ilarylandiea 175 

I'upuliis  monilifera 174 

Pnptilut  numitifera  (Populns  FWmontii) 178 

Populut  mmilifera  (Populns  Fremontil,  var.  WisUienl) 178 


,  1     I       •». 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


237 


t» 
120 
lU 
1» 
iH' 
12« 
130 
128 
130 
65 
» 
06 
3» 
103 
11 
121 
66 
M 
34 
65 
84 
117 
103 
05 
t« 
54 
84 

m 

117,118 
118 


196 
172 
175 
175 
22 
173 
75 
175 
174 
174 
172 
171 
173 
174 
173 
174 
174 
174 
17? 
173 
173 
175 
174 
173 
172 
174 
175 
175 
175 
173 
172 
172 
173 
172 
175 
175 
173 
175 
173 
175 
175 
174 
175 
175 


P«ge. 

Fopuliuntgltelm 175 

Populu$  OntarUntU 178 

PcftuluM  Taeamahata 173 

Ptpulut  tntmUVormii 171 

Popnius  tramuloidM 1*1 

Popnluitnptda 171 

Fopnlnn  triohooarpa 174 

Fopviiur  (ricAocaiiMi,  Tar.  eupiiiata — 174 

Popului  viminea 173 

Poputui  TirginUma 175 

Poreelia  triUba 23 

I'orktvood 117 

Forlicra  angnatifolU 29 

Port  Orfotd  Cedar 179 

PouamOak 152 

Po«t  Cedar 17U 

PostOak i:iO 

Post  Oak,  Swamp 140 

Priokly  Aab  (Xanthoxylnm  Amortoannm) 29 

Prickly  Aah  (Xanthozylnm  Clava-IIorcnliB) HO 

Priooe'aPlna 201 

Prinot  dteiduut 37 

PrUekardio  fllanuntota 217 

Privet 112 

Protoplt  Smoryi 02 

Prntopu  glandttUua 61 

I*Toiiopi»  JoUflora    < 01 

iVotopif  odoraCa  (Prosopla  jaliflora) 01 

Protopit  odorctic  (Prosopta  pobeaoens) 63 

Prosopia  pnbcROODS 62 

Vmnna  Americana    66 

Prunna  Americana,  var.  mollis 0  J 

Prunus  aogustifolia CO 

Pnmut  boretUit 06 

Pnmu*  OanadentU 68 

Prunut  OapotUn 68 

Prunna  Capall 68 

Pnmu*  Oantina 69 

Pmnns  CaroUniana 69 

Prumii  eartUaginea 68 

iVunu*  Chietua S8 

Pnmut  coeeitua 65 

Primus  demissa 60 

Pi-nnus  emarginata 07 

Pmnns  emarginal  a,  var.  mollis C7 

PntntuhimuiUi  (Prnnns  Americana) 65 

Prutnit  hiemtUit  (Pmnns  Americana,  var.  mollis)  C'l 

PranuH  ilicifolia 70 

JV«n«»  iniiiitia 06 

t  Pntnut  tanuoUtta 00 

Prumu  lAuilantea 09 

Pi'un'it  UittUiippi 05 

Prttniu  moltU  <Prunns  Americana,  tor.  mollis) o^ 

iViinia  molUi  (Prunus  emarginata,  tor.  mollis)  07 

Pruniu  nigra e.'i 

PruBus  Pennsylvanioa Oa 

t  PruHM*  ptriiiifolia 00 

Prunui  ptimila 07 

Prunut  tempervirttu 09 

Piunnaserotina 08 

Priinuftrrat\foKa Og 

Prunus  sphant>earpa 70 

iVunua  tpinota 05 

Pi  iiniis  umlMlIata  07 

Pranni  TIrginiana 08 

Prmuu  riryintona  (Pmnns  serotlna) 08 

PruniM  Tirginiana,  var.  dmtiua 09 

Puudiumeia  odorata 5  j 

PuudopeUilim  glandvXomm 30 

Pttudopttalon  triearpum 80 

Pscndotanga  Douglasll 209 

PseiidotsuKa  Donglasll,  ear.  maorooarpa 210 

PttudoUmgamagniJiea 214 

FitudaUuga  fubiUi <jl4 

Psidium  OnalTa ta 


Pago. 

PUHanoOU 81 

Ptella  trlfoliata 81 

Ptelia  trifoliatii,  var.  mollis 81 

PUlia  vilia/olia 31 

PunkOak  162 

Purple  ll»w 40 

Pyrus  Anioricana 73 

fyriu  Americana  (Pynu  sambncifolia) 74 

Pyrus  Anioricanii,  rar.  microcarpa 74 

I'yrus  nnRustifulia 72 

Pyru»  ttuntparia  (Pyras  Americana)  73 

I'yrut  anciiparin  (Pyrus  sambuuifolla) 74 

I'yrut  Itarlramiana 84 

Pl/ru$  Bolryapium 84 

Pyrus  c»ri>nnria 72 

I'yrvt  coronaria  (Pyrus  augnstifolia) 72 

Pyrus  corvnaria,  var.  anijttsHfolia 72 

J'yrui  divcrsl/olia 711 

Pynitf mea n 

Pimig  glanduloga 77 

I'ynit  microcarpa 74 

P'jrut  omlit 86 

Pynis  ilvuluria  7n 

PyruB  miinbucifulia 74 

Pyrut  tubcordala 73 

I'yrut  Wangtnheimiana W 

Quaking  Asp 171 

QiiatBia  dioica 32 

Quatnia  Simarvba 32 

Queroilron  Oak  149 

Quprcns  ar  ntidrns 156 

Qutrrut  aeutlglntidig HO 

Qui-rcns  nsrifulia 146 

Qiierciiii  tti/rifoiia,  ^ar./ruietctnt 147 

Qucri'ug  nlba 137 

Querent  alba  minor  139 

Qtierctu  alba  palutiri$ 141 

QuereuM  alba,  var.  1  Gnnnimnii 139 

Qiwrnur  alba,  r»r.  miennatpa 137 

(Jiiercuv  ttlha,  var.  pinnatifida    187 

Qiifrcui  alba,  var. pinnatifido-$inuala 137 

Qiieretit  alba,  Viir.  repanda 13" 

Qiiereut  alua,  vnr.  tinuafa 137 

Qurreut  amhigua 147 

Qiiercfiii  annvlala 145 

QurrcUH  nqimtioa I.'i2 

i  Qnercui  aquatiea  (Quercus  nigra)  LW 

Querent  aquatien,  var.  altenuala 152 

Qurrcut  aquntica,  var.  eun«a(a l.")2 

Qiirreut  aqnatiea.  yiir.  elonrjata , 152 

(furreus  aiiualica,  var.  Iielerophylla 153 

<,>i(rrcii^i  aiiiiatica,  vnr.  hybrida l.W 

Qiieri'.iui  aquatica,  var.  indivita 152 

Q.iticiiii  aquatiri,  \-»T.  laur\Mla 152 

Qhimcuh  aqual  'in,  rar.  niyrtifulia 155 

QuiTcun  1);iuUti-ri l.W 

QutTcus  berbiM  lOil'ulia 1 55 

Q«eicn.H  bicolor 141 

Qti'reiit  bieoliir,  vnr.  Sliebanxii 141 

Qurreut  hieolor,  vnr.  t/iudi'i 141 

/l^ereiu  Inenlvr,  vnr.  plalanoiden 141 

QucicUH  llniwmi  155 

Qucreut  Cali/umiea  UD 

Qi-erctu  Vattaiiea  (Quorcim  prinolilea) 142 

Qnerevt  Catlanea  (Qiierriix  Primis) 142 

Qurruui<(<'nti-gUivi 151 

Qucreut  Chiiiquajrin 143 

Qi|<  u'lin  uhrVBolipl*    146 

Qurret:!  ehrytolepii,  var.  taeeini/iilia 148 

Qnorciii  dner™ 163 

Quurous  tiiiit'i'ea,  var.  ptitnilu  166 

Quc'KMis  clneri'a,  Viir.acrii'OH  156 

QMi'niis copi-inea  14H 

Qiirrruteoeeiitea,  \ar.amh>ifua 147 


..'        1 


t?f,' 


i  :<ir 


238 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!  >  ' 


Querctii  eoceinea.var.  mierotarpa 148 

(^ereiu  eoceinea,ytiT.  rubra 147 

Quereua  coeeinea,  yai.  tinetoria 140 

Querctu  cor\ferHfolia 154 

Quereui  eratiipoeuta 140 

(fuereut  euneata 160 

Quereu$  deoipient 144 

Qiierous  deDsiflora 161 

Qiiereu*  discolor 149 

Qu4rcii§  diMoior,  var.  triloba 151 

QaercuH  Donglasii 143 

Quercui  D<mgla$U,  \aT.  Qambelii 130 

Qiiereut  Dovglatti,  vsr.  t  JTetei 138 

fQiurcut  Dntmnwndii 139 

Querous  diimoaa 155 

Quercus  diiiuosa,  V(ir.  buUnta 155 

Querciis  Dniandii , 145 

Quereua  echinac<ja 153 

Qurrcus  echinoideg 155 

Quercug  tlongata 150 

Querciis  Einoryi  140 

i  Qiierciig  Emoryi  (Qiicrctis  nDdtilnta,  tar.  Gumbelii) 130 

Quiircns  fiilcitta 150 

Querciis  fiilcata,  viir.  Ludoviciana 151 

Queretis/alcata,  \ar.  pagoda-folia 151 

•t  reus /aleala,\'ni:  triloba 151 

iiiereiis  fulveieem 146 

Quercus  Oambelii    139 

Qiiirons  Garr.vaua 138 

Querciis  Georgiana 155 

Quercus  giisen 144 

Quercus  hattata 146 

Quercus  hemisphfvrica 152 

Quercus  hemlfphttrica,  va.r.  nana 152 

Quercus  Iietcrophylla 153 

Quercus  Hindsii 138 

Quercus  Immilis 153 

Quorcua  Iiypoleuca 154 

Quercus  ilicifuUa 155 

Quercus  imbricaria 154 

Quercus  Jacobi 138 

Quercus  Kcllosjgli 149 

/  Quercus  Icevis 151 

Quercus  laurifolia 152 

Quercus  lauri/oUa  hybrida 152 

Quercus  lauri/olia,  var.  acuta 152 

Quercus  laurifolia,  var.  obtusa 152 

Quuicua  lobata 138 

Quercus  lubata,  ror.  fruticusa 155 

Quercus  lubulata 139 

Querent  lungiijlanda 188 

Quercus  lyrata 140 

Quercus  macrocarpa 140 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  var.  abbreviata 140 

Qncrciw  tnaerocarpa,  vnr.  minor 140 

Qncreus  macrocarpa,  var.  olieceformis 140 

Quercus  ^farlltandica 150 

QuerciiH  Micbauxit 141 

Quercus  nwntana 142 

Quercus  Morehus  147 

QuereUH  Huhlenbergii 143 

*^uercua  luyrtifolia. 15ri 

Qnereu't  nana 152 

Quercus  Xeai 138 

Quercus  ni^ra 150 

Quercus  nigra  (Quercus  aquatica) 152 

Quercus  nigra  (Qtieicus  tiuctoria) 140 

Quercus  nigra  aquatica 1''''2 

Quircug  ni'jradigitaia ITjO 

^>Hcrri/*  nigra  integrifotia l.'>0 

tfucrcui:  nigra  trifida 152 

Quercus  nigra,  var.  (Quercus  hetcrophyUa) 153 

Quercus  n\gru,  var.  lati/oUa 150 

Qu*  reus  fibl<>u;:ifulia 143 

/  Quercus  oMiingi/olia 140 


Qiuretts  oblongi/olia,  var.  brsvttobata 143 

Quereus  obtusa ISS 

Qusreus  obtus\foKa,  v»T.  t  brttiloba 14!^ 

Quercus  obtnsiloba 138 

Quercus  obtusiloba,  var.  dspressa UO 

Qtinreus  obtHsiloba,  var.  parvi/olia 130 

Quereut  (Erstediana 138 

Quercus  oleoides 145 

Querciis  olicce/ormii 140 

Qusreus  noctjadmia Ulf 

Quercus  paluatris 161 

Quercus  palustris  (Quercus  rubra,  ran  Texana) 148 

Quercus  pnrvlfolla 131> 

Quercus  Phellos IM 

Quercus  Phellos  angusti/olia 151 

Quercus  Phellos  X  coecinea 153 

Quercus  Phellos  latifolia 154 

Quercus  Phellus  pumlla , 155 

Quercus  Phellos  X  tinetoria ISft 

Quercus  r hellos,  var.  (Qncrcns  heterophyUa) 153 

Quercus  I'hellos,  var.  arenaria 155 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  einerea 163 

Quercus  Phellos,  \ar.  humilis 154 

Qtterctts  Phellos,  var,  imbricaria 154 

Quercus  Phellos,  var.  laurifolia 162 

Qnereus  Phellos,  \&r.  sempenirens 145 

Quercus  FlioUos,  var.  sorioea 155 

Quercus  Phellos,  xar.viridis 154 

Quercus  prinoides 142 

Quercus  Prinus 142 

Quercus  Prinus  ft,  (Quercus  cinetea) 153 

Quercus  Prinus  (Quercus  Micbanxii) 141 

Quercus  Prinus  Chinquapin 143 

Quercus  I'rinus  humilis 142 

Quercus  Prinus  palustris 141 

f  Quercus  Prinus  platanoides 141 

Quercus  Prints pumila 142 

Quercus  Prinus  tomentosa 141 

Qtiercus  Prinus,  far.  acuminata 142 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  bicolor 141 

Quercus  Prinus,  xar.  discolor 141 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  lata 142 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  iliehauxii 141 

Quercus  Prinus,  var.  motitieola 142 

Quereus  Prinus,  var.  oblongata 143 

Qfierctis  Prinus,  xar.  prinoides 143 

Queieua  pniuil.t , 165 

Quercus  pungens 141 

Quercus  Jtansom  i 138 

Quirctis  rcl  iculata 144 

t  Quercus  reticulata,  var.  Greggii •. 141 

Quercus  retusa 145 

Quercus  rubra 147 

Quercus  rubra  13.  (Quercus  coccluea) 148 

Quercus  rubra  (Quercus  Kellogjiii) 149 

Quercus  rubra  (Quercus  tiuctoria) 149 

Quercus  rubra  maxima  147 

Quercus  rubra  montan'i 150 

Quercus  rubra  ramosissima 151 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  dissccta 151 

Quercus  rubra  var.  lati/olia 147 

Quereus  rubra,  var.  montana 117 

Quereus  rubra,  var.  runcinata 147 

(Quercus  rubra,  rar.  Texana. 148 

Quercus  San-Subeaiia 145 

Quercus  senijiervirens 115 

Qu<  reus  sericea    155 

f  Quercus  Hhumardii  149 

/  Quercus  sinuaUi 137 

Qurrcus  Sduomensis 149 

Quercus  ttpieatn 144 

Quercus  steilnta 130 

Quereus  sfrlir.ta.  var.  depressa 140 

Qiercus  slelUtla.  vai.  Florldana 139 

Quercus  F'cUuta.  var.  VtaUcmis '•'(> 


I 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


239 


ige. 
143 
1S2 
145 

138 

140 

1!» 

138 

145 

140 

140 

181 

148 

130 

IM 

1&4   . 

153 

154 

155 

15S 

158 

155 

153 

154 

151 

162 

145 

155 

154 

142 

142 

153 

141 

143 

142 

141 

141 

142 

141 

142 

141 

141 

142 

141 

142 

143 

143 

155 

144 

las 

144 

m 

145 

147 

148 

14a 

140 

147 

150 

151 

151 

U7 

117 

147 

148 

145 

115 

155 

140 

137 

149 

144 

130 

140 

130 

130 


P«ge. 

Quereut  Ttxana 1*8 

Qnercii*  tInotorU HB 

Quereut  tinctoria,  v»r.  anguloea MB 

(juereun  tineloria,  var.  Cali/omiea MO 

Quereut  linetoria,  rar.  linuoia 1*0 

Queretulrihba ISO 

/  Quereut  uliginoia IBii 

QnercnB  nndnUtii 155 

Quereut  urtdulata  (Quercni)  Darandii) 145 

QuercuB  undalnta,  var.  Gambolii 180 

Quereut  undulata,  vnr.  gritea 144 

Quereut  undutata,  vnr.  oblongata 143 

Qiiereut  undulata,  var.  pungent 144 

Quereut  undulata,  rar.  WrighHi 144 

Quereut  vaeeini/olia 140 

/  Quereut  velutina 140 

/  Quereut  tUlota 130 

Qnerons  Tirena 145 

Quereut  Yirginiana 145 

QncToaa  WigUeeni 147 

B. 

Randia  elutictfolia 95 

Sapanea  Quyanentit 00 

Rattle-box 106 

Kod  Ash 109 

KcdBay 118 

Red  Birch 101 

Rod  Codar  (Juniperns  Virgioiana) 183 

Rod  Cedar  (Thuya  gigantca) 177 

Reil  Cherry,  Wild 66 

Red  Cypress 184 

Red  Elm 122 

Red  Fir  (Abies  magni6oa) 214 

Rod  Fir  (Abies  nobilis) 214 

Rod  Fir  (Paendotsnsa  Oouglaaii) 2C9 

Red  Gum 80 

Red  Ilaw  (Cratosgua  coccinea) 78 

Rod  Haw  (Crat.xgDS  flava,  rar.pnbesoens) 83 

Red  Ironwood 30 

RodMaplo 50 

Rc<lMnlborry 128 

Red  Oalc  (Qnorcns  fuIoBta) 151 

RcdOali  (Qaercua  rubra) 148 

Red  Oak  (Qnerous  rubra,  rar.  Texana) 148 

Red  Pino 102 

Red  Stopper 8D 

Re<ibud  (Ccrcia  Canadcnaia) 61 

Kedbud  (Ccrcia  rcniformiB) 61 

Redwood 185 

Reynoaia  latifoliu 3D 

f  iiAamindium  revohttum 39 

RiiAMNAC'B.f: 39-42 

Shamnut  alnifoliut 41 

Rbauinua  Califurnica 40 

Rhamnna  Califoruico,  var.  tomentella 41 

Rbaninua  Carolininna 40 

Rham  nut  elUptieut 41 

lih  ammo  ferrea 39 

/  Ilhamnut  larigatut 39 

Sham  nut  Uurif."-ia 40 

Ithamnut  oteyfol.  -Jt 40 

Rhoninua  Pnrahiana 41 

Jiliam  nut  tomentellui 41 

Sliizoph era  A merieana 60 

Rb  iznphora  Mangle 80 

Shiiophora  raeemoia 80 

RiiizoriloRACK£ 80,87 

Rhoiludi'iidron  ninximura 09 

lihodiidmdron  maximum,  var.  album 90 

Ilhododcntlron  maximum,  var. purpureum 99 

Jiliodottrndron  maiximum,  v»v.roteum 09 

Rhododendron  procerum 99 

lihododrndron  purpureum 09 

Ithododendron  Piirthii 99 

Shut  a  rhorttcent 33 


Shut  Canadente S> 

Rhus  cop'Uina S3 

Khut  eopallina,  var.  aitguttialata A3 

.'  Shut  eopallina,  rar.  anguttifolia 53 

Shut  enpallina,  var.  inlegri/olia 53 

Rbua  eopallina,  var.  lancoolata S3 

f  Rhui  eopallina,  var.  latialata   53 

t  Sltut  cojiallina,  var.  lat\folia 53 

Rhus  eopallina,  rar.  leueanlba S3 

/  Jlhui  copattina,  vnr.  terrata S3 

Rhua  cotinoidea S3 

Bhuteotinuit 52 

Rhut  glabra 53 

Rhut  hijptelodendron S3 

Rhut  leucanlha S3 

lihua  Mutopium 54 

Rhut  Toxicodendron 64 

Rhuatyphina 63 

Rhut  lyphina,  var.  Ia«tn{a(a S3 

Rhuttyphina,vuT.viridiJlora 62 

Rbua  vrnonata j>4 

Rhut  vernix Hi 

Shut  viridijlora 53 

River  Birch 161 

River  Cott>,awood 173 

Robinia  fragilit 55 

Robinia  gtutinoia 50 

Robinia  Neo-Mcxicana 50 

Robinia  Paeuducacia 55 

Robinia  viacosa SO 

Rock  Chcatunt  Oak 143 

Rock  Elm 123 

RockMnpln 48 

ROSACB-B 64-85 

RoaoBay 09 

Rosemary  Pine 197 

Royal  Palm 218 

RuuiACE^ 95,90 

Rum  Cherry 68 

RUTACB* 29-32 

8. 

Sabal  Palmetto 217 

SaffronPIum 103 

Sngiiaro 90 

Salicacr,^    165-175 

flalix f no 

}  Salix  ambigua 185 

Salix  nniygdaloidea ICO 

Salix  argophylla 108 

Salix  arguta 107 

Saiia;  arguta,  var.  latiandia 107 

Salix  Pigrlovii 170 

Salix  I>igelovii,\»T./uteior 170 

f  Salix  brachgcarpa 1C8 

Salix  brachytlachys 170 

Salix  brachynlachyt,  var.  Scouleriana 170 

iSnli'x  Cnroliniann 103. 

Salia  cklorophylla,  var.  pellita 171 

Salix  conlata 170 

Sniu;  mrdnta,  rar./aleata 10r> 

S.ilix  cordatji,r«r.  vcatita 170 

Snlix  rr n»»rt  109 

Salix  €u  nee  ta 171 

Salix  discolor 109 

S.ilix  discolor,  lar.  oriocephala 1(19 

Salix  discolor,  rrir.  prinoidea 109 

Sail  JT  crioecpliala 1 00 

Salix  exigua • 108 

Salix  falcatu 1(!5 

Salix  Fcndleriana 107 

Snlix  llavescena 160- 

Salix  flavescene  (Salix  flaveaccna,  far.  Scouleriana) 170 

Siilix  liavcsccua,  lar.  Scouleriana 170 

Salix flavo- vireni 103 

Salix  Jluriatalit 108 


1? ' 


1 

f  ^     \ 

1  ' 

!' 

f 


,•1  '  1  ■ 

'3  -r 


^1 
jj 


240 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


JMIx  Harttttgi 

Salix  Uindtlana 

Salia  Hindtiana,ru,  tmuVMm 

Salix  Jlofmanniana 

SMx  Hookerinna 

SaKx  lloxutvniana 

Saiix  humilU,  var.  Uartwtgi 

Salix  l(DTi;;ata 

Halix  liuvl);ata,  var.  nnguttlfolia 

f!alix  Iiuvigata,  var.  coDgnta 

Salix  laneifolia 

Balix  LiBiandra 

^lix  laainmlra,  var.  Femlleriana 

Kallx  lualanilia,  rar.  lancifulU 

Salix  Iii8iulcpiH 

Salix  latiolepit,  var.  angutt\/oUa 

Salix  latiotepit,  var.  Vigelovii 

SaUx  latiulepit,  vitT./aHax 

Salix  latiolepii,  var.  latifolia 

Salix  tIguHrina 

Salix  longifoli.i 

JSalix  lungi/olia,  var.  angiittiuima 

Snlix  loug:  Tolia,  var.  ar(;,vroph,vlla 

JSalix  longifoiia,  var.  argyrophyUa  angtiitiuHita. 

Salix  limji/olia,  var.  argyrophyUa  opaea 

Salix  Ianj;i  fulia,  rar.  oxigiia 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  opaea 

Salix  loHg\foUa,  var  ptdicellala 

Salix  longipet 

Salixlongipe»,\m.pubeteetit 

£alix  lucida,  var.  anguttifolia,  fonna  tatiandra. . 

Salix  lucida,  var.  maerophylla 

Salix  marginaia « 

tSalix  mcUinoptit 

Salix  nigra 


Salix  nigra,  \nr.  amygdaluide* 

Salix  nigra,  v&T.  anjuiiifolia 

Salix  nigra,  ■var.  falcata 

Salix  nigra,  var.  laVfoKa 

Salixnigra,xaT.longifolia  

Salix  ui;^.  lar.  longipcs  

<SiiIu;  nigra,  var.  longipet.  aubvar.  gongyUxmrpa 

Salix  mgra,vta.longiptt,wa\>yt,T.Tmvlota 

Salix  oigrn,  rar.  tnarginata 

SaUx  nigra,  rar.  Wardii 

Salix  iiigni,  rar  Wrigbtii 

Salix  00.  itlontalis 

Salix  pentandra 

Salix  ptntandra,\\T.  taudata 

Salix  prinoide* 

Salix  PurMana 

t  Salix  rulra  

Salue  SeouUriana 

Salix  tentitira 

Salix  sesailifolia 

Salix  aessilifolia,  rar.  Hindaiank 

Salix  iatiHfi>lia,\BT.  viltoia 

Sulli  Sitcbenaia 

Sulix  Sitcheuaia,  rar.  angiutifoUa 

Salix $peeiota 

SaHx  tnbviUota 

SaKx  Wrightii    

Samara  floribunda  

Saifara  pentaudra.  ^ 

Sambuau  OaHfomiea  

8.<inbucaB  glanra   

Sambueut  glauea  (Samboona  Hexioaiu) 

Sambncna  Mexioaoa 03 

/Samdueiw  Jf«x{eana  (Sambaoiu  gUaoa) 03 

Sambueui  velutina 03 

Sand  Jaok  153 

SandFina 100 

Soud-bar  WlUow 168 

Sapindacba 42^1 

Saplndut  aeuminaUi 44 


Page. 
171 
ICO 
IW 

187 
170 
ISS 
171 
167 
167 
107 
167 
167 
167 
167 
170 
171 
170 
170 
171 
165 
168 
168 
168 
168 
168 
168 
168 
168 
166 
166 
167 
167 
166 
106 
105 
166 
166 
165 
166 
106 
100 
166 
166 
160 
106 
166 
166 
165 
107 
160 
166 
168 
170 
160 
168 
160 
168 
171 
171 
167 
166 
166 
00 
00 
03 
08 
•8 


Bapindui  J>rmnmaiUU . 

Sapindui/idealuM 

fSapindui  inaguaOt . . . 
Sapindaa  marginatas . . 

Sapindna  Bapooaria 

Sapindu*  Saponaria  (Sapindna  muginatna) . 


44 

44 

44 

44 

48 

44 

Sapotaccs 100-101 

Sareompkalut  Oarolinianut 

Saasafraa   

Saaaafraa  ofBcinate 

Snttnwood 

Savin  (Juniperua  VirKiniana) 

Savin  (Torreya  Uxirolia) 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cratagus  coooinea) 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cr»t»gua  aubviUowi) 

ScarlutOak 

Schafferia  btue^folia 

Sehaferia  eompUta 

ScbnOi^ria  fmteaocna 

Sehirjeria  lateri/lora 

Sehou»b<ta  eommutata 

Sehttbertia  dittieha 

Sohubertia  temptrtirtni , 

SctewBean , 

Screw-pod  Meaqoit , 

Scrub  Oak  (Quercna  Catoabai) 

Scrub  Oak  (Qaerona  nndulata,  tNir.  Oambelii) 

Scrub  Pine  (Pinna  Bankaiana) , 

Scrub  Flue  (Pinna  clanaa) 

SonibFino  (Fiona  contorta) 

Scrub  Pino  (Pinna  inopa) 

Seutiaftrrea  (Condalia  ferrea) 

SeuHa/errea  (Reynoala  la.  Jblia) 

Sea  Aab 

SeaGrapo 

Scaaide  Alder 

Svbaatiania  Incida 

Sebeitena  leabra 

Srqnoia  gigantea 

Sequoia  giganlea  (Sequoia  aempeirirena) 

1 8equ4>ia  Bafinetqtui 

Sequoia  reKgiota 

Sequoia  aemporvirana 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia '. 

Service  Tree 

Seven-year  Apple 

ShadBn^h 

Shag-bark  Hickory 

She  Balaam 

Shecpberry 

Shell  bark,  Big 

Shell-bark,  Bottom 

Shell-baj";  Hickory 

Shingle  Oak 

Shittimwood  (Bnmelis  lannginoaa) 

Shittlmwood  (Shamnna  Pnrahians) 

Short-leaved  Fine 

Shrubby  Trefoil 

SideroxyUm  Oarolinentc  

Sideroxylon  ehrytophyUoidei 

Sideroxylon  emteatum 

Sideroxylon  deeandrum 

Sideroxylon  tanuginoium 

Sideroxylon  late 

Sideroxylon  lycieidte 

Sideroxylon  Maatichodendron 

Sideroxylon  pallidum 

Sideroxylon  reelinatum 

Sideroxylon  eatietfoHum 

Sideroxylon  lerieemn 

;SV(i<r(xtyI(>nl«na«(Bomeli»Iaongino«a) 

fiUaroxylon  tenate  (Bnmelia  tanaz) 

SUiquattrum  eordatum 

Silk-top  Palmetto 

Silky  WiUow 


40 

liW 

110 

>1 

183 

186 

78 

78 

148 

80 

8* 

dO 

120 

87 

188 

185 

63 

62 

151 

180 

201 

100 

104 

100 

80 

30 

80 

U8 

102 

121 

113 

184 

185 

206 

185 

184 

184 

84 

05 

84 

188 

310 

04 

183 

13S 

133 

154 

103 

41 

200 

81 

101 

101 

103 

103 

103 

103 

108 

101 

101 

103 

101 

101 

102 

101 

61 

317 

J7J 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


241 


44 
M 
44 
44 
4S 
44 
100-108 
40 
120 
119 
» 
183 
188 

n 

78 

148 

38 

38 

M 
128 

8T 
183 
18S 

81 


.,» 


151 
139 
201 

109 

194 

199 

89 
39 
80 

U8 

162 

121 

113 

184 

18S 

208 

185 

184 

184 
84 
95 
84 

183 

210 
04 
138 
I3S 
138 
154 
101 
41 
209 
81 
101 
101 
103 
108 
102 
103 
108 
101 
101 
103 
191 
101 
102 
101 
81 
217 
171 


Page. 

«lTer-bell  Tree  (HalMia  dipton) 105 

5UTrr-liell  Tree  (Haleala  tetnptan) 108 

Silver  Mnplo 49 

SilTer-lop  Pulmetto -..  218 

■Hmaruta  atmira 82 

Blmarnlia  kI'ioo* • ^ 

SHmaruba  mtdieituUii 37, 

HlMAUUUBA V,2 

MtkaC)'pn-S8 178 

Slash  Pine '202 

Slippery  Elm  (Fremontla  Callfonaoa) 26 

iiUppery  Elm  (Dlmaa  fulva) 122 

SIoo 67 

Sloe,  Ul««k.... 67 

Smallfmited  Haw 81 

Smooth  Alder Mi 

Snow-drop  Tree  (Haleala  dipters) 105 

Snowdrop Troo  (Ilaleaia  tetraptera) 108 

Soapberry  (SapluduK  •nargiDutua) 44 

Soapberry  (Sapindut  Saponaria) 45 

Soft  Maplfl  (Aocrdaaycarpnm) 40 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  mbrum) 60 

Supliorn  alllnis 58 

Sophom  aeciiudlflora 57 

Sophora  tpeeiota 57 

Sorbut  Americana 73 

Sorbus  Americana,  \ut.  mieroearpa 74 

Sorbut  atmuparia  (Pynia  Americana) 73 

Sorbtif  auciiparia  (Pyrus  aambuulfolia) 74 

iSor&»«  aucupan'a,  var.  a.  (Pyrua  Americana,  rar.  miorooarpa) 74 

Sorbui  aueuparia,  var.  ^.  (Pyms  aambaoifoUa) 74 

Sorbut  aueuparia,  vax.  Amtneana 73 

Sorbut  humi/uta 73 

Sorbut  microcarpa 74 

Sorbui  riparia 74 

Sorbut  lambueifolia 74 

Sorbut  Sitchentit 74 

Sorrel  Tree .''. 98 

Sour  Gum 92 

Sour  Tupelo 91 

Sonrwood 98 

Southern  Buckthorn 103 

Southern  Crab  Apple 72 

Southern  Pine ■!02 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Tncca  baooata) 210 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  canalioolata) 218 

Spanish  Bayouet  (Yucoaelata) 219 

SpaniHh  Buckeye 44 

Spaiiiah  Oak IBl 

Spiinish  Oak,  Swamp 182 

Spanish  Stopper 88 

Spp-kled  Alder 165 

Spice  Tree 120 

Spindle  Tree 38 

Spiraa  Califomiea 70 

Spoonwooil 98 

Spruce,  Black 203 

Spruce,  Blue .205 

Spruce  Fine  (Pinuaclanaa) 199 

Spruce  I'ine  (Pinua  K>abni) 201 

Spruce  Pino  (Pinna  mitia) 200 

Spruce  Pine  ( Pinua  Murrayana) 195 

Spruce,  Tide-land 206 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  alba) 204 

Spnicc,  White  (Picea  Engelmanni) 205 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  puuKena) 205 

Stag  Bush 94 

Staghom  Sumach B3 

Star-leaved  Gum 86 

Stbkcumacr^b 26 

Stinking  Cedar  (TorreyaCaUfomloa) 186 

Stinking  Cedar  (Torreya  taxifoUa) 186 

Stopper  (Eugenia  longipea) 80 

Stopper  (Engenia  montioola) 89 

Stopper,  Gnrgeon gg 

10  FOB 


Page. 

Stopper,  Bad gg 

Stopper,  Spaniab Rg 

Stopper,  White 89 

Striped  Uogwootl 40 

Striped  Maple 40 

Stromboearpa  odorata 62 

atrombocarpa  pubttcent 02 

Stroug  Hark 114 

Sliphnolobitim  afflne  gg 

Styiiacacr* 105,100 

Sijgarberry 126 

Sugar  Maple 4g 

Sugar  Maple,  Black 40 

•Sugar  Pine igg 

SugarTree 4g 

Sumach,  Coral 64 

Suniaub,  Dwarf 53 

Sumach,  Poison 54 

Sumach,  Staghom B3 

Summer  Uaw  (Cratiegna  flam) 83 

Summer  Ilaw  (Crataigna  flavo,  var.  pnbeaoena) 83 

Snwarrow    99 

Swamp  Cottonwoo<l , 172 

Swamp  niokory  (Carya  araara) 135 

Swamp  nickory  (Carya  aqnatlca) 136 

Swamp  Laurel 20 

Swamp  Maple BO 

Swamp  Pine 202 

Swamp  Post  Oak 149 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak 1C2 

Swamp  White  Oak 141 

Sweet  Bay 29 

Sweet  Birch 162 

Sweet  Buckeye 43 

Sweet  Gum 86 

Sweet  Leaf 105 

Sweet  Locust 60 

Sweet-scent«d  Crab 72 

Swietenia  Mahogoni 33 

Swiflenia  Senegatentii 83 

Switch-bud  THckory » 134 

Sycamore  (Platanua  occldontalis) 129 

Sycamore  (Platanua  racerooaa) 120 

Sycamore  (Platanua  Wrightii) 139 

Symplocoa  tinctoria ion 

T. 

Tablo-monntain  Pine 199 

Tacamabao 173 

Tallowberry 28 

Tallow  Nut 34 

Tamarack  (Larix  Americana) 215 

Tamarack  (Lorixoccidentalis) 216 

Tamarack  (Pinua  Murrayana) 105 

Tamarind,  Wild 64 

TanbarkOak 155 

Tan  Bay 25 

TVuKxftt  species  (Sequoia  sempervirena) 185 

Taxodium  adicendeni 183 

Taxodi  uni  dint ichum 183 

Taxodium  dittichum/attigiatum... 183 

TVizodtum  ditficAum,  var.  tni«rapAynum 183 

Taxoaium  ditUchum,  var.  nutont 183 

Taxodium  dittichum,VBT.  patent 183 

Taxodium  giganleum 184 

Taxodium  micrnphyUum 183 

lYtzndtuni  >e»?;;«rt'i'ren( 185 

Taxodium  TTathingtonianum 184 

Taxut  baccata  (Taxua  brevifolla) 185 

Taxut  baecata,yiit.  Canadtnti* 185 

Taxut  Douraierii 185 

Taxus  brovifulia 185 

Taxut  Canadentit 185 

Taxus  Floridana 188 

Taxut  Lindleyana 185 

Taxut  montana 188 


«  ! 


■  ■    'V 

I '  l.il 


:S 


I  i 


^i.k 


242 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


M 


jtj 

m 

;■'■ 

■  ■  .r ' 


i,v   1 


Til 


Pago. 

TKunmna'MiAcr.M 2^I8 

Trtranlhtra  (!al\fomica 120 

Tlmt<li,  llrlckle.v 218 

'llmtili,  Iliittlo 218 

Till' Jonhim 210 

'I'lmrii.  lUiuk 70 

Thiirii,  (.'urkHpur ^ 70 

Tlixrii,  Nuwi'HsUu 76 

'riiiiiii,  WatiliiuiJtoii 81 

Tliiirn.  White 78 

Tlin'i'i linrmiil  Acacia 60 

Tlii'iimx  iir^tiiitua 218 

Thrinax  (larberi 217 

Thriiiax  pni-villnrii 217 

Thv;in  Criiiunna 176 

Tliuyn  excrha 178 

Tlinyii  (^i"iiiitoA 177 

Th inin  itinantea  ( Lihocednia  dociiirenR) 176 

Thu'jn  J.olMi 177 

Tliuiia  Mrmir^ii 177 

Thuija  ohiiita 178 

Thuya  oo'hh-ntiliB 176 

Thvtja  oceiilenlttlif,  vnr.  jiUcata ." 177 

Thiitiit  Mli.riila 176 

Thinjn  f'.icnta 177 

Thuya  Si^iirica 176 

Thujiii  tiilKVrtiiilalit 177 

Thwia  i:phirroiilea » 177 

Thvtja  Wareana 1 70 

Th xiiiniis'in  Imrcttlit 178 

Tftiiif'yitU  I'liprtggiiitles    17fi 

'Jit Miinpaiii  Teh  ngattikoy 178 

Thviit'l'Hin  Ti-h'trjaUkoyee 178 

Thylax  fraxineu  m 20 

Tiili"  himl  Spruce 206 

TiliaaVia 27 

Tilia  Aniei-irnna 26 

I'ilia  Amrricana  (Tilia  Aniericnnii,  ear.  pnbnccos) 27 

TiUa  Amer'irnna,  vnr.  hetfrophtjlla 27 

Tilift  Aini'rlriHia,  tar.  puhi'Hreiis 27 

Tilia  Airurlcana,  vnr.  Walteri 27 

Tilia  Canatlfntiis 26 

Tilia  I'nriiliniana 27 

Tilia  ijlabra 26 

TiUa  grata 27 

Tilia  lift.rnphylla 27 

Tilia  htlfrophjiUa,  var.  alba 27 

Tilia  laliMia 26 

Tilia  laxiflnra  (Tilia  Aincrit'sna,  var.  pnbesctns) 27 

Tilia  InxiJIora  (Tilia  beterophy  11a) 27 

Tilia  neijUcta 26 

Tilia  ui'jrn 26 

Tilia  pubexcrna 27 

Tilia  puhenrens,  var.  UptophyUa 27 

t  Tilia  tininpetala 27 

Tilia  tiiiiicata 27 

TaiACK.i: 26-28 

Till 88 

Tulloii 84 

Tduiliacljt^  Tree  (Xaiitlioxyltim  Americanani) 20 

Toothailu-  Tree  (XaiithiLiylum  Clara-HorcuUa) 80 

Torch  wnnd 33 

Tnriiilla 62 

Toni-ya  ralifornica 186 

Turrrim  ifijrislica 186 

T(tri'c\n  taxi  folia 186 

Toximleniiron  arbortscent 83 

Toxylon  MacUira 128 

Toynn    84 

Tnfiiil,  Shrubby 31 

TriliipuK  tlentala 85 

Triltipvn  nigra 85 

TrilopuH  parrifolia 85 

Trilopug  rotundifolia 85 

Trilopim  Viryiniana 86 

TaDi:a  Cunadt'Dsis 200 


Vagt. 

Tnagn  CarolInlBDtt 207 

Tiiiga  Diniglarii 208 

Ttaga  lAndltyatta 200 

TRUua  MtrlvUHiaua   207 

Thuk»  I'atton  iaiia 208 

Tiilipaitrtim  A  mericanum 20 

Tulipatlrum  Americanum,  var.  lubeordatum 20 

Tuiipi/era  LiriuJtndron 23 

InllpTriu 22 

Tupelo  02 

TupidoGum 03 

Tupelo,  Larjie 08 

Tupelo,  Sour 01 

Turkey  Oak 161 

D. 

niinunalata 124 

Ulmutalba 123 

niniuH  Anierlcann 123 

Vhnui  Americana  (ITImuaracemOM) 123 

Vlmiit  Americana,  rar.  alata 124 

Ul)mta  AmericatM,  var.  alba 123 

Vlmue  Americana,  var.  latpera 123 

I7(mMf  Americana,  var.  ISartramii 123 

Vlmui  Americana,  \w.pendula 123 

Vlmui  Ainericana,  var.  rubra 123 

XTlmvi  Americana,  var.  eeabra 123 

Ulmvi  aqualiea 124 

UIinUH  rrnanirolia 122 

tmmuieritpa 122 

T7li„ut  Floridana 123 

L"Iniu«fulva 122 

Vtmut  mnlUfolia 123 

t  Ulmui  nemoralit 124 

Ulmut  opaca ~ ~ 122 

ITlmut  pendttla 123 

Ulmut  pubeieent 122 

Ulmuipumila 124 

UlmuB  racemoaa 123 

rimiM  rubra 122 

TTmbellularia  Californlca 120 

TJiubrelUk  Tree 21 

Ungnadia  h»ptaphyUa 44 

Ungnadia  helerophylla 44 

TTnguadia  apeciona 44 

Upland  Willow  Oak - 153 

Urottigmet  pedutteulatum 127 

Ubticace.* 122-128 

rnirta  frtlota 23 

T. 

Vaccinium  arbnrenm 06 

Yaeeininm  diffuium 08 

Vaeeinium  mueronatum OS 

Valparaiao  Oak 146 

Tauquelinia  eorymboia 70 

Vauqualiula  Torreyl 70 

yaRBK!(ACE.S 116,117 

Tibuniam  Lentago   04 

Viburnum  prunifolliun 04 

Tibumum  prunifolium,  yai. /errugintym 04 

Tibumvm  pyrifolium 04 

Vine  Maple 47 

Tirgilia  lutea 57 

Tirgilia  seeundijlora 67 

W. 

Wafer  Ash .,. 81 

Wahon  ( Kuony mna  atroparparens) 88 

Wahoo  (Tilia  heteropbylU) 28 

Wahuo  (ITIniua  alata) 124 

WalUa  einerea 130 

iraUtanij/ra 131 

Walnut  131 

Walnut,  Black 131 

Walnut,  White 130 

Waahlngtonla  Blifera 317 

Waahingtoii  Ihom 81 


P*ga. 

aoT 

209 

200 

207 

208 

20 

20 

23 

22 

92 

92 

OS 

91 

161 


124 
123 
123 
123 
124 
128 
123 
123 
123 
123 
123 
124 
122 
122 
123 
122 
123 
124 
122 
123 
122 
124 
123 
122 
120 
21 
44 
44 
44 
153 
127 
122-128 
23 

08 

96 

0« 

140 

70 

70 

.  118,117 

04 

94 

04 

04 

47 

57 

57 

81 
38 
28 
124 
130 
131 
131 
131 
130 
317 
81 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


Wkter  Aih 

Water  D«eob  (Csrplona  CaroltDlu*) 

Wator  Hmoh  (PlaUnut  oooldanUlU) < 

Water  Elm 

Water  Hickory , 

Water  Locnat 

Water  Maple 

Water  Onk  (Qiiercna  aqnatloa) 

AVaterOiik  (Qiieroui  paluatrli) ■ 

Water  White  Oak ,., 

Wax  Myrtle 

WeepinKOak , 

Wellingtimia  Oali/omiem 

Wellingtnnia  ffigantta 

WeMern  Ciitalpa 

Went-Imllan  Birch 

Weymouth  Pine 

WhlHtlevood 

White  Aiih 

White  niiMwood 

White  Bay 

White  Uin^h  (Bntnla  alba,  var.  pnpulifolla) .... 

White  Hirch  (Bettila  papyrlfera) 

White  nuttonwood 

White  CtMliir  (Chamascyparia  Lawaonlana)  .... 

While  C'l'ilai'  (ChniniccypariR  apliieroidea) 

Whltt<  Cedar  ( Libocedrua  deonrrena) 

White  Cedur  (Thuya  ocddentalia) 

White  Cottonwood : 

White  Cypreaa 

^hlto  Elm  (Ulmna  Americana) 

White  Elm  (Ulmua  racemnaa) 

White  Fir  (Abioa  concolor) 

White  Fir  (Abica  grandia) 

While  Iriinwood 

White  Laurel  

White  MauKrove 

White  Miiple 

White  Oak  (Qnercna  alba) 

White  Oak  (QuercnaGarryana) 

White  Oak  (Quercna  i;riaca) 

White  Oak  (Quercns  lobaU) , 

White  Oak  (Quercua  oblongifolla) 

White  Oak,  MouDlain 

White  Oak,  Swamp 

White  Oak,  Water 

White  Pine  (Pinua  flex  ilia) 

White  Pine  ( Pinna  glabra) 

While  Piue  (Pinua  monticola) 

White  Pino  (Pinna  reBeza) 

White  Pine  (Pinua  Strobne) 

While  Spruce  (PIcea  alba) 

White  Spnice  (Pioea  Engelmanni) 

White  Spruce  (Picea  pnngena) 

White  Stopper 

While  Thorn 

White  Walnut 

White-heart  Hickory 

Whitewood  (Canella  alba) 

Wbitewood  (Drypetea  orocea) 

Whitewoml  (Liriodendron  Tnlipifera) 

Wild  Black  Cherry 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunna  CapuU) 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunna  domiaaa) 

Wild  China 

Wild  Cinnamon 

WildDllly 

Wild  Fig 

Wild  Lime  (Xanthozylum  Pterota) 

Wild  Ume  (Xinirnia  Americana) 

Wild  Orange  (Pmnua  Caroliniana) 

Wild  Orange  (Xanthoxylnm  ClaTa-Heroolla) . 

Wild  Peach 

WlldPlnm 

Wild  Red  Cherry 

WrUd  Tamarind 


Page. 

110 
ISO 
120 
133 
13< 
60 
SO 
153 
152 
140 
136 
188 
184 
184 
115 
83 
187 
46 
107 
28 
20 
150 
160 
87 
170 
178 
17 
170 
175 
184 
123 
123 
213 
212 
4.'> 
20 
87 
40 
137 
138 
144 
138 
144 
143 
141 
140 
188 
201 
187 
180 
187 
204 
205 
205 
80 
78 
130 
134 
24 
121 
22 
68 


44 

24 
103 
127 
31 
84 
70 
30 
70 
65 
66 
64 


Willow  (Sallz  amy(dalold«a) 

Willow  (Sallx  liDvlgata) 

Willow  (Sullx  laalandra) 

Willow  (Halix  loalolepla) 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  flaToaconi,  var.  Scoulerlana) . 

Willow,  Black  (Salix  nigra) 

Willow,  Deaert 

Willow,  riamond 

Willow,  Olaucona 

Willow  Oak 

Willow  Oak,  Upland 

Willow,  Sandbar 

WiUow,  Silky 

WinftiilElm 

Wintera  Canttta 

Witch  Hazel 


Xautlioxylum  Aroerioannm 

JCanlhozli/iim  aromaticum 

Xnnthoxylum  Curibtenm 

Xanlhniyltim  Carolinianum 

Xanlhozylum  Catetbianum 

Xant hox\l urn  Clara- Ilerculla 

Xanthiixytum  Ctava-IIerffulit  (Xanthoxylnm  Amerloanam) ... 

Xanthoxjilum  Clava-llereulii  (Xanthoxylnm  CaribiBiuu) 

Xiinr/4o.ri/fiim  Clava-Iferculit,  Tar 

Xanthoxylimi  Clavu-IIerrulia,  var.  fruticoanm 

Xanlhorylum  Flnridanum 

Xanlhnxiilum  franntum 

Xanthnoryjlum  /raxini/olium  (Xanthoxylnm  Ameriranum) . . . 
Xanthoxylnm  /raxini/olium  (Xantboxyluin  Clura-Ilerculia) . 

Xanlhoxylum  hirtulum 

Xanthoxtflinn  lanceolatum 

Xanlhoxijlum  maerophyUum 

XanllwTylum  mite '.. 

Xanthoxylnm  Pterota     

Xanthtixijlum  ramiJtontTn 

Xanthnnjlum  tricarpum  (Xnnthoxylum  Amerjcanum) 

Xanthoxijlnm  Iriearpum  (Xanthoxylnm  ClaTO-Uercniia) 

Xinienia  Americana 

Ximenia  vionlana 

Xtm«iii(i  multijlora 


T. 


Taupon 

Tellow  Aah 

Yellow-bark  Oak 

Yellow  Birch 

Yellow  Cypreaa 

Yellow  Fir 

Yellow  Haw 

Yellow  Lociiat 

Yellow  Oak  (Qnercna  prinoidea) 

Yellow  Ouk  (Quercna  tinctoria) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinna  Ari^onica) 

Yellow  Pino  (Pinua  mitia) 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinna  puluatria) 

Yellow  Pine  (Piuua  ponderoaa) 

Yellow  Poplar 

Yollowwood  (Cladraatia  tmctoria)  ... 
Ycllowwood  (Schiefferia  frnteacena) . 

Yew  (Taxua  brevifolia) 

Yew  (Taxua  Floridona) 


Yopon 

Tueea  angutti/olia,  var.  elata 

Tueca  angusl\/olia,  rnr.  radtoia.... 

Yucca  bttcrata 

Yucca  breTifoliii 

Yucca  canaliculata 

Yucca  Draeonit,  f  var.  arboretcetu  . 

Yucca  data 

Tueca  filammtotat 

i'ueca  TreeuUana 


243 


Page. 

106 
167 
167 
171 
170 
106 
116 
170 
169 
154 
IDS 
108 
171 
124 
24 
85 

20 

80 
SO 
80 
80 
80 
29 
30 


29 
20 


29 
81 
29 
29 
30 
84 
34 
34 

36 

57 

149 

161 

178 

200 

83 

55 

143 

140 

102 

200 

203 

103 

22 

57 

SO 

185 

186 

36 

210 

210 

210 

218 

218 

218 

210 

210 

218 


;■ 


i! 


X. 

Zizyphun  Dominigensis 41 

Zizyphui  emarginatui 39 

ZYaoniVLLACS^ 28,29 


imtfKftmmnam 


asn 


i 

I    I 


Y1 

,■-* 


itjja^fl 


i  '(■Mi 


^ 


y^l- 


m     f' 


H. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


A  critical  examination  of  the  wood  produced  by  the  indigenons  trees  of  North  America,  exclusive  of  Mexico, 
has  been  made  in  connection  with  the  ir  'estigation  of  the  forest  wealth  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  S.  P.  Sharpies,  special  agent  in  charge  of  this  department  of  the  investigation,  has  had  general  direction 
of  such  experiments,  and  suggested  the  methods  adopted  for  their  execution. 

The  object  of  thir  examination  has  been  to  determine,  first,  tlie  fuel  value  of  tlie  woods  of  the  United  States ; 
second,  the  value  as  material  for  construction  of  the  wood  of  the  principal  timber  trees  of  tlie  country.  Tlie 
results  thus  obtained  are  highly  suggestive;  they  must  not.  however,  be  <!oiisidered  conclusive,  but  rather  valuable 
as  indicating  what  lines  of  research  should  be  followed  in  a  more  thorough  study  of  this  subject. 

Tlie  fuel  value  has  been  obtained  by  a  determination  of  the  specific  gravity  and  the  ash  of  the  absolut(.'ly  dry 
wood,  supplemented  by  a  determination  of  the  actual  chemical  composition  of  the  wood  of  some  of  the  ir.ost 
important  trees;  the  value  of  our  woods  for  construction  has  been  obtained  by  expcrimotits  made  with  the  rinitod 
States  testing-machine  at  the  Watertown  arsenal.  Each  specimen  as  received  was  at  once  numbered,  and  litis 
number,  designated  in  the  following  tables  as  "OfDce  number",  was  carefully  repeated  on  every  fragment  cut  from 
the  original  tree,  and  always  refers  to  the  same  specimen.  In  a  few  cases  in  the  early  part  of  the  work  a 
sub-number  was  used  to  designate  a  spe^  •men  from  another  tree  of  the  same  species  received  from  the  saino 
collector.  In  most  cases  the  specimens  were  taken  from  the  butt-cut  of  the  tree,  and  unless  it  is  otlierwiso 
mentioned  in  the  remarks,  were  free  from  sap  and  knots;  they  may  be  regarded  as  representing  the  best  wood 
that  could  be  obtained  from  the  tree. 

The  specimens  used  in  the  diflerent  series  of  experiments  are  deposited  in  the  National  Museum  at  Washington 
and  in  the  museum  of  the  Arboretum  of  Ilarvard  College.  It  was  found  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  iirojier 
material  upon  which  to  carry  out  the  various  experiments,  to  obtain  a  much  larger  ainonntof  wood  of  tlie  dilTcreiit 
species  than  was  actually  consumed  in  the  experimt'iits.  This  surplus  material  has  been  worked  into  ll'.JlOl 
museum  specimens,  of  convenient  size,  showing  as  far  as  possible  the  btark,  sap-,  and  heart-wood  of  each  species. 
These  have  been  made  into  sixty  sets,  more  or  less  complete,  and  distributed  to  the  following  educational 
Institutions  in  the  United  States  and  Europe: 

Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  ' 

United  States  Military  Academy,  West  I   >iiit.  New  York. 

Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

United  States  Naval  Academj-,  Annapolis,  Maryland. 

Sheflield  Scieiititie  School,  Vew  Ilaven,  Connecticut. 

School  of  Mines,  Columbia     ollege,  New  York,  New  York. 

National  School  of  Forestry,  Nancy,  Trance. 

Museuni  of  Science  and  Art,    .dinbnrgh,  Bctitland. 

Agri(!ultural  Museum,  Koine,  Italy. 

lirown  University,  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

liensseJaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  New  York. 

LawreiKH'  Scieiititie  School,  Cambridge,  IMassachusettS. 

Iowa  Agri<;ultural  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Adiiiinistration  of  National  Forests,  liisbon,  Portugal. 

National  Torest  Ailministratioii,  Paris,  France. 

McGill  University,  Moiitival,  Canada. 

Royal  Botani(5  Ganlens,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

State  Agiieultural  College,  Lansing,  Michigan. 

2t7 


1.1  :« 


f!i: 


\%    \ 


M 


mw 
I* 


248 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


!■    i 


Peabody  Academy  of  Science,  Salem,  Masaachusetts. 

Arkansas  Industrial  University,  Fayetteville,  Arkansas. 

Imperial  Botanic  Gardens,  St.  Petersburg,  Ilussia. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  New  York,  New  York. 

Portland  Society  of  Natural  History,  Portland,  Maine. 

New  Jersey  Agricultural  College,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Burlington,  Vermont. 

State  Agricultural  College,  College  Station,  Maryland. 

Union  College  Engineering  Scbool,  Sclienectady,  New  York. 

Cornell  University,  Itbaca,  New  York, 

Hampton  Agricultural  and  Normal  Institute,  Hampton,  Yirgima. 

Pennsylvania  State  College,  State  College,  Pennsylvania. 

Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Agricultural  College  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Missouri. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

State  Agricultural  and  Mecbanical  College,  Auburn,  Alabama. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

North  Carolina  Agricultural  College,  Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

West  Virginia  University,  Morgautown,  West  Virginia. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Orono,  Maine. 

Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Athens,  Georgia. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Massacbnsetts. 

Tennessee  Agricultural  College,  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 

New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture,  Hanover,  New  Hampshire. 

Illinois  Industrial  University,  Champaign,  Illinois. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis,  Oregon. 

State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kansas. 

Agricultural  College  of  Mississippi,  Starkville,  Mississippi. 

Kentucky  Agricultural  College,  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Claflin  University,  Orangeville,  South  Carolina. 

Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

Botanic  Garden,  Konigsberg,  Germany. 

Engineer's  office.  Water-works,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Franklin  Society,  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Madison  University,  Hamilton,  New  York. 

Kochester  University,  Kochester,  New  York. 

Colby  Academy,  New  London,  New  Hampshire. 


SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  AND  ASH. 

Tlie  specific  gravity  and  the  ash  of  every  tree  of  the  United  States  have  been  determined  (Table  I)  by  Mi. 
Sharpies,  with  the  exception  of  the  following :  Clmia  Jtava,  once  detected  upon  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  but 
not  ri'iliscovorod ;  Oordonia  pitbencens,  a  rare  and  local  species  discovered  in  the  last  century  upon  the  banks  ol  the 
Altaiiiiiha  river  of  Georgia  and  never  rediscovered;  Phiacia  M.ejcicana  and  Acacia  Berlandieri,  economically 
niiiinpoitant  .si)eci('s  of  (lie  valley  of  the  lower  Eio  Grande;  Cratcrgus  berherifoUa,  a  little  known  species  of  the 
Red  River  valley;  Ciqyresitus  Macnabiana,  a  rare  and  local  species  of  California  of  little  economic  importance,  and 
LarLv  Li/iillii,  a  rare  and  local  species  of  the  northern  Rocky  mountains. 

At  least  two  determinations  of  specific  gravity  have  been  made  for  each  species  studied,  and,  in  the  laseof 
woods  of  coiiinuTcial  importance,  specimens  were  taken  from  many  trees  growing  iu  widely  difl'erpnt  parts  of  the 
coiinlr.v,  and  under  <liflerent  conditions  of  soil  and  climate. 

The  speiiniena  used  for  specific  gravity  determinations  were  made  100  millimeters  long  and  about  35  milhmeters 
square,  and  were  dried  at  100°  centigrade  until  they  ceased  to  lose  weight.  The  specific  gravity  was  then  obtained 
by  nioasureinent  with  micrometer  calipers  and  calculation  from  the  weights  of  the  blocks. 

Two  determinations  of  ash  were  made  from  eacih  specimen  studied  by  burning  small,  dried  blocks  in  a  mufiBo 
furnace  at  a  low  tem[)erature. 

All  average  of  the  specific  gravity  and  of  the  ash  of  all  the  specimens  taken  from  the  same  tree  was  made,  and 
the  average  of  these  averages  is  given  as  the  final  result  for  the  species ;  equal  weight  is  thus  given  to  each  tree  in 
the  calcidations  without  regard  to  the  number  of  specimens  re|)resenting  it. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


249 


lu  the  following  tatle  tbe  trees  of  the  United  States  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  weight  of  the  dry  wood : 


i 


43 
44 

140 
20 
114 
147 
21 
220 
183 
115 

4a 

80 

30 
102 
170 
261 
141 

12 

83 
213 
113 
214 

50 
260 
207 
2U5 
HB 
203 

97 
110 
144 
175 
210 
130 
177 
100 
260 

9J 
210 

32 
140 
211 

67 
272 
101 

40 

24 
112 
143 
145 
202 

73 

81 
210 
111 
127 
201 
173 

08 

84 
208 
185 
255 
24'J 

55 
254 
172 


Couilolin  fctTKa 

Condaliu  obovata 

Kbizupbora  Munglo 

G  imiaciiiii  sanctum 

Vamiiielliila  Toireyi  

Eiij;(>iiia  lonpipea 

Pol  liora  uupiRlifnlia 

SibaHlinnia  lucida 

il  iinumps  Sioberi 

GercociirpiiH  ledifoUns ■•■ 

ReynoBia  latlfuUa. 

Oliioja  Tcaota r. 

Aniyris  sylvath'a 

Geiiipa  cliisiicfolia 

Sideroxylon  Uastichodendrun  .... 

I  Qiicrcus  pi  isca 

j  C^oiiocarpiifl  erccta 

I  Canrlln  nUm , 

I  tSophon  BPCtiudidura 

I  CotcolDba  riiiridana 

rruuiiB  iliiifiili;i 

(.Njfi'oloba  itvii'ora 

Flypoliite  paiiiriilata 

Qiu>rcii8  Dniaiidii 

QiH'H-u8  viri'ns 

Qiificua  rctii'iiliita 

Ku^^cniaprocora- 

QiicrcuH  olilou.uifolia 

Aiiiiia  Wiifjlitii 

C'tTCiicarpus  parvif<iHuft 

JOiiLHiuiii  biixit'i'lia 

Cbrvs()])b,vlluiii  oliviformo 

Drypctt-a  croci-:i,  car.  lutifulia 

Ilcti'i'diueU's  iiibutifolia 

DipbolU  aaliclfulia 

KsosttMiiina  Caribiotiiu 

(Jutriua  Einoryi 

I.i'uca'iia  ;:Ianca 

Diypctoa  ciocca 

Xiiiii'iiiu  Anioricana 

Eii;;riua  inonticola 

.Vvicriiniaiii'ida 

lly  piliitc  ti  ituliata 

Qnt'H-!iM  rubra,  v(ir.  Ti'xaua 

Pitbi  riilnhiuiii  iri);;uU.cati 

My^iuda  piilb'iia 

Xaiitb(>x\Uuii  (laribajura 

I'l UI1I18  apbaroiarpa 

C'alyptraiithis  Cb> liaciilia 

V.\\ii,i  Ilia  tlu-botmiia 

QiiCM'UH  DmifrlaHii 

K> H(  iibarilt ia  utlbucurpa 

riHfui'iia  Kry till  ilia 

''ilbaiixUiim  villiiRiiiii 

riiiiiiis  rami  ill  iaiia 

fratn-fiUH  rncciiioa 

(JiiLTCiirt  ]iiiiioiib>.s 

Anliaia  ricKoriii^hi 

Ai  aila  li  1  cjji;!! 

Sopliora  albllia 

Qurrnia  clii  yxoU'pla 

Dinapyntrt  Ti  xana 

(jiii'i I'lia  iindiilata,  var.  GaiubolU. 

I'aryi'  ullia 

1  Stipiiidtia  Sapouaria 

(jiii  ITIIB  (ibhiaibiba 

I  Myraiup  Uapauea 


SO'JO 

lODD 

1017 

1432 

1374 

12S5 

1101 

0905 

06,18 

0731 

0715 

0602 

0459 

0310 

U109 

0092 

9000 

9803 

9842 

9835 

08O3  I 

9635  ■ 

9533 

9507 

9301 

947Q 

0453 

9441 

0392 

9305 

9300 

9301) 

9340 

!)3:'ti 

9310 

9310 

9203 

9235 

9200 

9100 

9150 

9138 

0102 

9U80 

004'J 

901 S 

9002 

8008 

6992 

8983 

8928 

8740 

8734 

8710 

8088 

8018  ' 

8005 

80U2 

8550 

85«!i 

8493 

8400  I 

8407 

8372 

I.  8307 
8307 

I.  8341  i 


163 
150 

20 
119 
2r.7 
292 
270 
244 
245 

40 
100 
151 

54 
201 
243 

78 
204 
259 

79 
247 
284 
182 
128 
372 

73 
184 
189 
109 
271 
137 
135 

41 
234 
233 
102 

l:'2 

2b! 
135 
281 
258 

93 
192 
129 
200 
101 

91 
240 
285 

92 
3i^l 
108 
105 
200 
220 
152 
280 
251 
181 
109 
131 
253 
230 

80 

30 
252 
248 


Gni^ttanla  elliptlca 

Viburnum  pruuifolinm 

IHclia  trifoUuta 

ryrua  rivnlarie 

Quprcua  ly  rata 

Oatrya  Virginlca 

Querciia  agrifolia 

Cai  ya  tomentoaa 

Gary :i  porcina 

Colubrina  rcclinata 

Pniniia  nmbcUata 

Cornus  florlda 

SapiuduB  marginatus , .  ■  ■ 

Oaniaiithiis  Aniericauua 

Carya  sulcata 

Eobinia  viacosa 

liourreria  Ilavancnsis 

Quorcua  Michanxii 

Kobinia  Kco-McxicaDa 

Carya  my  rial  icoiformia 

QiU'icna  hypolenca 

liiiuiclia  cuiiuata 

Crataegus  snbTillosa 

PinuB  siTotiua 

KbiiB  Mctiipium 

IMoapyroB  Yir^^iniana 

Fraximia  Greggil 

Prunus  Capnll 

Quercua  Wializenl 

.Viiii'laui  hior  Canadonals 

Cratii'jiua  Uava 

Scbalbiia  t'nitcacena 

Macliu  .1  aui  aiitiaca 

ilmiia  tiiicriipliylla 

ClirysnbaUiima  Icaco 

Ciata'jiin  rivulari.s 

Xectnndra  Willdonoviana 

Crat»iiua  llava,  var.  piibeacena 

QiUTcua  laurituUa 

(Jiieri'iis  bii'olor 

ProsopiH  jiilillora 

riaxiniia  Anierirniia,  car.  Texonaia . . 

Ci'ata';;u3  tomeiUiiaa 

lietula  li'Uta 

Vaocimnin  arbnroiiiu 

Pt  0!i(ipia  pitbeaecna 

Caiya  aiiiura, 

Qui'icua  iiiilii'icaria 

Citrcia  reiiil'oi'iiiia 

Pinna  Ciibriisla 

Arbnlua  Tcxana 

Andt-oiiu'da  fi-rru^iuea 

Qiicrciia  I'riuiu) 

riiniia  alata 

Coiniia  Xiittatlii 

QutiTiia  I'liclbia 

(jiicmia  alba 

Ibiint-lia  lyi-itilib'a  

Ox>dciuiruiii  arbnroiim 

Cralii'mia  apiil'iilia 

Qiii'riiiaGanyaiia 

()U('M'ua  nia(!ro(>arpa 

I'arkiuaiinia  iiiicnipliylla 

.Kaiilboxv liiin  rtiriita 

Hex  dt'i'ldua 

Querciia  loliata 

Carya  aiiuatica 


9 

ll 

■9 

a 

1 
1 

0.  6337 

402 

0.8332 

273 

0.8319 

87 

0. 8316 

77 

0. 8313 

276 

0. 8284 

VA 

0.8253 

278 

0.8218 

178 

0. 8217 

130 

0. 8208 

228 

0. 8202 

293 

0. 8153 

31 

0.  8126 

228 

0.8111 

35 

0. 8108 

225 

0.8094 

222 

0.  8073 

280 

0. 8039 

103 

0.  8034 

120 

0.  8010 

190 

0.  8009  1 

241 

0.  7959 

407 

0.  7933 

170 

0. 7942 

132 

0.  7917 

10 

0. 7008 

112 

0. 7904 

338 

0.7879 

194 

0. 7855 

202 

0. 7838 

167 

0. 7809 

100 

0. 7745 

117 

0. 7730 

274 

0.7715 

380 

0.7709 

11 

0. 7703 

223 

0. 7093 

110 

0.  70!i3 

123 

0. 7073 

174 

0.  7UG2 

279 

0. 7052 

63 

0. 7030 

277 

U.  7033 

64 

0. 7017 

04 

0. 701U 

338 

0.  7009 

03 

0.  7552 

118 

0.7329 

27 

0.7513 

104 

0.  7.'04 

201 

0.  7500 

138 

0. 7500 

282 

0. 74011 

287 

0.7101 

101 

0.  7481 

124 

0.7472 

203 

0.  7470 

37 

0.  7407 

397 

0. 7458 

80 

0. 7453 

90 

0. 7440 

250 

0.  7453 

150 

0.  7453 

4110 

0.  7444 

01 

0. 7420 

180 

0. 7409 

190 

0.7407 

39 

larlx  occidentali* 

Quercns  coccinea 

Gleditachia  mouospenna 

Kobinia  Pstiadacaoia 

Quorcus  nigra 

Vibnrnam  Lrntago 

Qnorcus  Catesbioi 

Bamelia  tenax 

CratffiguB  cordata 

Ccltia  occidontaliB 

CarpinuB  Caroliniana 

Swietenia  Mahogoni 

Coltia  oi^cidentalis,  var.  reticnlata... 

Ilex  Caaslne 

ClmuB  raoemosa 

ITlnina  crassifolia 

Qucrcus  aquatioa 

Prniius  Americana 

CratTgiiB  Crus-galli 

Fraxinua  qnadrangulata 

Carya  oliva'formia 

Tbrinax  ar!:entea 

Kalniia  latifolia 

Crataegus  spatbulata 

Fremuntia  Californica 

Lagiineiilaria  racemosa 

>Tuuiperuaoccit*outali8,rar.monoBpenna 

Fraxinua  viridis 

Cordia  Sebeatena 

Arbutus  Xalapenais 

Arbiitua  Menzieaii 

Pyrua  coronaria 

Qnercua  tinctoria 

Pinus  paluBtria 

Capparia  Jamaicenaia 

Ulmua  fill va 

Prunus  demisaa 

Cratiegua  Doaglaaii 

Jncquinia  armillaris 

Quereua  paluatris 

G  y  lunocladua  Canadensis 

Qiieriiis  falcata 

Acer  aaccbariunm,  tiar.  nigrum 

Acer  Biiccbariuum 

J  iiuipei  iia  oeeideiitatia,  var.  coi^ugens 

A oer  ;;i  audidi'iitnt um 

Pyrua  augiiatifolla  

Canntia  liiiloeantba 

Pruuiia  uu<;uatil'olia 

FaguH  feiiii),'ini'a 

ITamanii-lis  Virgiiiica 

Quel cua  lietiropbylla 

Qnercua  ileuaillora 

Fraxinua  pialai  iiufolia 

('r:itiey:iia  bracb\aeaiilha 

Cordia  lluiaaierl     

('yi'ilia  racuiuiflora  

Abiea  braitoata 

(ih'ditHeliia  ti  iaeantliua 

Lciieneua  pnlvuruleuta 

Myriea(*a1ituniica 

Cuinua  ultemiloUa 

Yncea  caualiculata 

Acer  cireinatiini 

Buiiielia  Npiuosa 

Frar  inua  auumala 

£uonymus  atropurpureus 


0.7407 

0.  f405 

0.7342 

0. 7333 

0.7324 

0.7303 

0.7294 

0.7293 

0  7293 

0. 7287 

0.7286 

0.7282 

0.7275 

0. 7270 

0.7263 

0. 7245 

0.7244 

0.7215 

0.7194 

0.7184 

0.7180 

0. 7172 

0.7160 

0. 7159 

0. 7142 

0. 7137 

0.7118 

0. 7117 

0. 7108 

0.7090 

0.  7062 

0. 7048 

0.7045 

0.6900 

0. 6971 

0.6966 

0. 0951 

0.6950 

0.6948 

0.6938 

0. 6034 

0. 6928 

0.  G915 

0.  6012 

0.  6907 

0.  6002 

0.  0895 

0.  0885 

0.6884 

0. 6883 

0.  0856 

0.0834 

0.0827 

0.6810 

0.  0793 

0.0700 

0.0784 

0.0783 

0. 6710 

0.6732 

0.  6703 

0.6600 

(I.  6077 

0.6060 

0.6603 

0.6507 

0. 0502 


\M 


[ll 
f'li 


V 


' ,  (■ 


fTf 


250 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


I 


'K'l' 


1 

IM 

240 
297 
I7D 
102 
272 

88 
212 
218 
354 
224 
125 
205 
275 
215 

GO 
283 
100 
230 
21-'> 
34.1 
355 
200 

01 
1 

n4 

100 
344 

53 
209 
108  I 
171  I 
330 

82 
332 
103 

38  , 
401  j 

00  I 
230 
377  , 
315  ' 
408  I 
200  ' 

«2 

40  I 
400  j 

23  ' 

i 
295  j 
121 
139 
208  I 
23  J 

19 ; 

280 

34  ! 
837  ' 
108 

33  I 
304 
194 
221 
338 
2!)H 
204 

48  , 
1D7 


Spade*. 


CratKRas  leativaUa 

Jnglans  mpeatrig 

Itfltnla  liitoa 

Bunuilia  Inniiginou . . 

FraxinuB  Americana 

Quercua  nibra 

Park  insonia  Torrcyana 

Piaouia  nbtuaata 

Urabpllularia  Califomica 

lMnu8  cembroidea 

rimiiB  Americana 

('rala'gHsarboreacena 

Eliretia  elliptii-a 

Qui  11H8  Kellogcii 

Poraia  Caiolimnsis  

Kliiisiuliiinlili's  

Querins  ciueria 

LvRilomii  latiniliqiia    

I'iiMW  brevifiilia 

I'erseii  l^aroliuiimis,  var.  palustria. .. 

Taxua  lireviiiilia  

I'inUH  edulis 

Cliiouanthus  Virginica 

Cercis  Caiiaileiiais 

lIuKiKilia  >:ranililti)ra 

XysMU  sylvatica  

FormI  iera  nc.miiinata 

T.ixiia  I'loriilana 

I'licniui  ia  Hiii-eiosa  

I'risioiitia  iiicurliitina  , 

KraxituiH  Ranilmcifolia 

ItlKxlmleixiinn  niaxinuim 

Jiiuipi'niH  (lalifoniica — 

<'l;i(lra?*tis  tiiictoria , 

i  'njiri  S!*urt  iiiaorocurpa 

I'raxiniis  piilii'aeena 

t  liltonia  linuntrina 

Larix  Americana 

Acer  niliriini  

I'urkiiiHonia  aciilcata , 

.1  nplamt  nigra     

l*iuus  mil  ia 

Siilix  corilata.  var.  vestita 

Oroodoxa  re;!ia 

llctula  ncciilentulis 

Acer  plal)ram     

Itliamnna  Califnrnira 

TlirinaiL  |iarvillora 

Xunilioxylnm  Clava-Uorcnlia,  var.  (to- 
liccmuni. 

I!i  lula  pa p V ril'era 

I'vriirt  Bain)>ncitulia 

Lii|iii(laniliar  St \  racitliia — 

CliiliipsiH  saligna j 

MoniH  rultra I 

ByrMtnima  luciila j 

CaKtanea  pninila ..   ' 

Ilex  Daliiinn.  I'or.  niyrtifolia i 

•Iiinipcnia  paeh,vplil(ca ; 

Prtiuua  Mi'iutina ■ 

Ilcxopaea    

INinta  cnntorta     

Iiaxinim  viiiilia,  var.  Berlandieriana  . . ' 

llipponniTic  Manniiclla i 

JiiiiiprruM  uet'idcutalia 

I'ctirlii  ni;:ra    

Il.'l Ilia  alliu.  rar.  pnpiillfolia   I 

reanotliuH  tb.\  ri^illonia 

I'laxIniiH  Uregana i 


187 
235 
353 

I  *^ 

[  350 
1  22 
I  240 
j  1E8 
!  316 
1  374 
I  288 
!  357 
!  76 


0.6564 

0.65S4 
..6563 
0.6544 
0.6S43 
0.6540 
0. 6.'S31 
0.0529 
0. 0517 
0.6512 
0. 6506 
0.6401 
0.6440 
0.6435  ji  336 
0.C420  :  45 
0.6425  " 
tl.  6420 
0.  6418 
0.  6308 
0.  (IIIOO 

0.  c:i9i 

0. 6:188 
0.  U3T2 
0.  0303 
0.  03(10 
0.  03.16 
0.  0.345 
0.  03411 
0.  0332 
0.0319 
0.6318 
0.  ('303 


Spaclea. 


00 
303 
120 
370 
3.')7 
313 
101 
314 
310 

59 

186 

5 

373 

58 
„  I 


22 
71 
65 


302 


0. 0282 
0.  0278 
0. 6261 

0.  0251  I  369 
0. 6249  !  405 
0.0230  j  391 
0. 0178  371 
0.0116  "  345 
0.0115  il  laO 
0.01114  :j  317 
0.001)9  '  23 
0.6034  !|  10 
0.6030  i  217 
0.6028  il  360 
0.0000  'I      2 

o.iiuni 

0.  .1967 


I  . 


0.5953 
0.  5028 
0.  5000 
0.  5002 
0.  5898 
0.  5888 
0.  !-.887 
0.  .1873 
0.  5820 
0.  5822 
0.  5818 
0..1815 
0.  .17K0 
0.  5772 
0.  ,-i7(i5 
0. 5762 
0.  ,5700 
0.  5750 
0. 5731 


Haleala  diptera 

Plataniin  neeldentalla 

IMnuH  Parryana 

Rhamnna  Purahiank 

Pinna  nionnphylla    

Xanthoxylnm  Anierlcannm 

Myriea  cerifera 

Ilaleaia  tctraptcra 

Salix  laainlepia 

Pioiia  clausa 

Caatinopaia  ebrysophylla 

Pinna  nalfouriaua,  var.  anatata 

Dalea  apiunaa 

JnnipcriiH  (.'atifornica,  var.  ntabenaia. . 

KbuinnuH  Carol intuna 

Acf  r  1  iitiinin,  rar.  Drumnmndii 

Pinna  (/liilinaltnana 

Pyrua  Americana 

Piuus  Ta'da  

Pinna  Halfunriana 

Salix  flaveaccnR,  var.  Sconletiana 

Pinckneya  pnbcna 

Salix  Ilonkeriana 

Salix  Inngit'olia.  var.  exigna 

Acer  apical nni  

SyiiiplocdB  tinctoria    

Magnolia  macropbylla 

Pinna  inopa 

Aii'v  Pcnnsvlvanicum 

F!aneiaa<|natica 

Kbna  copnllina 

Acer  (laaycarpnm 

Pinna  .J.  iiVcyi 

155  i  Kyaaa  nnillora  

71  ,  llhiia  copallina,  rar.  lancoolata 

Tanga  Mciten  liana 

Wiiabingtonia  Otifera 

l^aeiiilolHiiga  Uuuglaaii 

Pinna  rigida    

Tnrieya  taxifolia 

Samlincna  glauea 

Salix  Sitcbensla . . 

Xaiitlioxyhnn  Clpva-Horculis 

Anona  lanri folia 

Saaaafraa  ullieinala 

Piuua  Ariznniea 

!  Mngunlia  glanca 

105     I'rnnna  Pcnuaylvaniea 

Magnolia  Fiaaori , 

Alnna  niaril  ima 

.^acnlua  Californica 

Salix  rtavcHccna , 

Pinna  ninricata 

Pinna  pnngeua , 

Salix  longifulia 

Juniperiia  Virginiana 

Pnpnliia  Freniiintii , 

AciT  niaeropbyllnni 

PlatainiH  raccnniaa 

I'iiiua  'run  e>  ana 

Piiin.1  n  llixa    

Salix  hevigala    

Piima  i-et*inuMa  

Cnpieaana  (iiiailalnpenaia 

Pintiri  Saliiniana 

Negiinilo  Califiirnlcnni 

A I  una  iiilita 

Ilex  Dabnon 


t 


7  i 
300  ! 


313 
376 
375 
310 
339 
32."i 
60 
236 
359 
352 
3118 

;;,58 

335 
306 

68 
3111 

34 


0. 5705 
0. 5078 
0. 1)675 
0.5672 

0.  sew 

0. 50.'>4 
0.  56.37 
0.  m-2» 
0. 5.587 
0. 5576 
0.  .5.174 
0. 5.172 
0.  5.130 
0. 5522 
0.  5402 
0.  5459 
0.  34.17 
0.  .5451 
0.  .1441 
0.  .1434 
0.5412 
0.5350 
0. 5350 
0. 5342 
0.  6330 
0.  5325 
0.  5.109 
0.  .5300 
0.  521)0 
0. 6294 
0.  5273 
0.  520U 
0.  6200 
0.5104 
0. 5184 
0.5IS2 
0. 5173 
0.  51.17 
0.  .1151 
0.  ,1145 
0.  50S7 
0.  5072 
0.  5056 
0.  5053 
0.  .1042 
0.  5038 
0.  .1035 
0.  5023 
0.  .1003 
0.4006 
0. 4980 
0. 4909 
0. 4042 
0. 4035 
0. 4U30 
0. 4026 
0.  4914 
0. 40(10 
0. 4880 
0. 4HT9 
0. 4H77 
0.  4872 
0.  4S,14 
0.  4843 
I).  4S<0 
0.4821 
0.4813 
0.  4806 


330  i  Cliaiuacyparia  Nutkaeuata '    0,4782 


1 

u 

379 
346 
309 
231 
237 
14 
301 
400 
3 
333 
304 
319 
325 
331 
157 
1,13 
305 
309 
382 
308 
391 

309 
309 
340 

60 

17 
290 
107 
307 

6  ! 
206 
411 
306 
390 
464 
311 

72 
3.10 

70 

67 
386 
388 

51 
312 

18 
387 
8 
3U8 
342 
207  , 
351  ; 
321  i 

*  i 

28  I 

307  ' 

302  ' 
365  ' 
320  I 
238  , 

.383  I 
318  I 
326 

303  ' 

378  ' 
322, 
348 


Spaotaa. 


Pinna  Bankala>.» 

Torreya  Callfomloa 

Salix  laaiandra 

Ficus  pednue.nlata 

Platauna  Wrightii 

Gordouia  Laaianthna 

Pinna  pondemea 

Abiea  magn'Aca 

Magnolia  acuminata 

Cnpreaaua  Gorenlana 

Alnna  aerrulata 

Populna  grandldentata 

Popnlna  Frmnontil,  tar.  Wializenli . . . 

Cbaina>cyparia  Lawaoniana 

Sainbuciia  Mexioana 

Xyasa  capifata    

Alnna  incana 

Salix  laaiandra,  var.  Feudloriuia 

Picoa  nigra 

Pinna  inaignia    .,, 

Paciidolauga  Douglaaii,  var.    macro 
carpa. 

Allies  nnliilia 

Salix  laoiuudra,  var.  laucifuUa 

Taxi  lioni  diaticbuni 

Jilaculna  glabia 

Tilia  Ainericaua 

Caatauea  vnlgaria,  var.  Ameiicana 

1'rnniiH  einarginata 

Salix  aniygdaloiiles 

Magnolia  Umbrella 

Catalpa  bignnuioldca 

Yucca  elala 

Salix  nigra 

Tanga  Pattoniana 

Sabal  Palmetto 

Salix  aeaailifolia 

Uliiia  vencnala 

Pinna  flex  ilia 

Hhna  typbina 

Kcgunilo  aceroidca 

Picea  Sitebenain 

Tanga  (^iiToliniana  

^acnlna  (lava 

Salix  diacolor 

Xilia  beteropbylla 

Tanga  CauailcnaiH 

I.iiiodendron  Tulipifera 

Abiea  }imal)ilia  

Seipioia  acmpervirena 

Catalpa  apecioaa 

I'iuiia  nlbieaulia I 

Piipnliia iialaaniirora, tar. candicana  . ..i 

&lagnoli-i  cordata 

Siniarulia  glauea 

IMiiua  Coulleii    i 

Alnna  rlionibiriilia ' 

Pinna  MiiiTayana  

Po|iulna  beteropbylla  

.Tugluna  cineri'a ' 

Tilia  Aiiieiicnna.'var,  pubcscena ! 

I'ieea  alba I 

Popnlna  tremnloidoa I 

Lilioceilrus  decuri  ena i 

Alnna  otiloiigifiilju 

Aaiinina  (riliiba  

Pinna  iilabra  I 

PopiiliiH  iinguatil'olia 

Pinuii  inoutiuula I 


•P 


0.  4761 
0,4700 
0.4756 
0. 4735 
0.4736 
0, 4728 
0.  4715 
0.4701 
0.4090 
0.4680 
0.4666 
0.4632 
0, 4621 
0.4021 
0.4614 
0. 4613 
0. 4007 
0. 4598 
0.4584 
0.4574 
0.4.163 

0.4561 
0.43)7 
0.4543 
0.4542 
0.  452.1 
0. 4504 
0. 4502 
0.4502 
0.  4487 
0. 4474 
0. 4470 
0.4456 
0.4464 
0.4404 
0. 4397 
0. 4382 
0.  4338 
0. 43.57 
0. 4328 
0. 4287 
0. 4275 
0.4274 
0.4281 
0,  42,1,1 
0. 4239 
0.  42.30 
0,  4228 
0, 4208 
0, 4103 
0.4165 
0. 4101 
0, 41,30 
0.4136 
0.4133 
0.4127 
0.4096 
0.  4089 
0. 40i<0 
0. 4074 
0. 4031 
0. 4032 
0.  4017 

(I.  ::!i8i 

(1.  3'.ifi9 
0.  31131 
(I.  31112 
0.3IHI6 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


251 


824 
847 
893 
823 
828 
885 
410 
849 


BpMlM. 


Popnlus  monlllfei* . 

Pinaa  Strobaa 

Allies  baluniea 

Popalus  trichocarpa 

Tbuyit  giptnlea 

Picea  pnngenH 

Tucca  lirovifolin 

Pinns  Lambertiana. 


1 

1 

h 

> 

l£ 

^ 

^ 

w 

O 

0.3889 

1 
;  306 

0.3854 

321 

0.8819 

302 

0.3814 

305 

0.3796 

105 

0.3740 

300 

0.3737 

'  394 

0.3684 

384 

Speolet. 


Abies  concolor 

Popnlus  balsamlfera 

Abies  Fraserl 

Abies  Rrandis 

Fraxiiius  platyoarpa 
PIniis  tuberctilata  .  ■ 

Abies  snbalpina 

Picca  Kngelroanni . . 


1 

i 

1^ 

i 

■c 

H 

1 

1 

i 

0.3638 

320 

0.303S 

149 

0.3565 

327 

0.3545 

29 

0.  3541 

341 

0. 34n» 

412 

0. 3470 

229 

0. 3449 

Species. 


ChamBcyparis  spbcroidea, 

Ccrcna  gignntous 

Thuya  occiilentalis 

Bursera  guniinifvra 

Sequoia  gijiantea 

Yucca  b.ico.ittit  

FicuB  aunuk 


3322 
3188 
3164 
3003 
2883 
2724 
2610 


It  will  be  noticed  that  all  species  in  which  the  wood  is  heavier  than  water  belunp  to  the  semi-tropical  region 
of  Florida  or  to  the  arid  Mexican  and  interior  Paciilc  regions.  There  seems  to  be  a  certain,  but  by  no  means  constant 
.relation,  as  shown  in  this  table,  between  aridity  of  climate  and  the  weight  of  the  wood  liroduced  by  closely  allied 
species  or  by  individnals  of  the  same  si»ecie8.  The  wood  of  the  form  of  Qitercns  rxihra  i)e('.uliar  to  western  Texiis  is 
nearly  .'JO  per  cent,  heavier  than  the  average  of  all  the  specimens  of  the  typical  speci  es  grown  in  the  nortliern 
states.  Among  the  white  oaks  the  wood  of  species  belonging  to  regions  of  little  rainfall,  Quercitu  grisca,  ohlonfjijolia, 
Durandii,  and  Douglmii,  is  heavier  than  that  of  allied  species  peculiar  to  regions  more  favorable  for  the  growth  of 
trees.  The  average  of  two  specimens  of  Quercus  iwinoi<lea  grown  in  western  Texas  is  I!)  pei  cent,  heavier  than 
the  average  of  all  the  other  specimens  of  this  species  grown  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  In  Frarinnn,  the  wood 
oi  F.  Oreggii  of  the  Eio  Grande  valley  is  heavier  than  that  of  any  other  species  ;  it  only  just  surpa>5ses  in  weigiit, 
however,  the  wood  of  the  western  Texas  form  of  F.  Amciicann,  which  is  20  i)er  cent,  heavier  than  the  average  of 
all  specimens  of  the  typical  species  grown  north  of  Texas.  On  theotherhaud,  the  wood  of  Texas  forms  of  Fnuiniis 
viridis  is  constantly  lighter  than  that  of  northern  specimens,  and  the  wood  of  CcUia  grown  in  Arizona  is  lighter 
than  that  of  the  average  of  all  the  other  specimens  of  tills  species.  In  Juglans,  the  hoavie  st  wood  is  that  of  J,  riq>estris, 
a  species  belonging  to  a  region  of  little  rainfall,  and  a  specimen  of  J.  nigra  from  western  Texas  is  33  per  cent, 
heavier  than  the  average  of  all  specimens  grown  in  the  Mississippi  basin.  In  the  case  of  P/«^ajiws,  the  heaviest 
wood  is  that  of  the  Atlantic  s])e(!ies,  but  wood  of  the  species  jiecnliar  to  the  comparatively  moist  climate  of 
southwestern  Arizona  is,  however,  considerably  lighter  than  that  of  the  drier  climate  of  southern  California. 

FUEL  VALUE. 

The  relative  fuel  values  are  obtained  by  deducting  the  jiercentago  of  ash  from  the  speci  flc  graN  ity-  and  are 
based  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  real  value  of  the  combustible  material  in  all  woods  is  the  same. 

A  number  of  analyses  was  also  made  of  the  wood  of  several  of  the  principal  trees  of  the  United  States  (Table 
II)  and  their  absolute  fuel  value  calculated.  Mr.  Sharpies  describes  the  methods  adopted  by  him  to  obtain  these 
results,  as  follows : 

The  carbon  .and  hydrogou  dotonniiiatioiiR  wore  made  by  the  ordinary  prooosHcs  of  organic  analysis,  by  bnrning  tbo  wood  in  ii  cnrrcnt 
of  oxygon.  Tlio  nuiistnri;  was  dctonnincd  by  drying  tlio  wood  at  100°  cent igrado  until  its  woiglit  ticcanio  sensibly  constant.  Tbo 
calculations  wore  then  niad('  on  the  dry  wood.  Tbc  results  contain  a  slight  constant  crroi-,  arising  IVoui  !I:^'  iacr  that  the  nitrogi-n  iu  the 
wood  was  not  dctcrinlncd.  This  error  is,  however,  very  .'iltght,  the  nitrogen,  which  is  iueliuled  in  the  pircentage  of  oxygen,  rarely 
ainoiniting,  iu  any  wooil,  to  one  per  cent.  The  eoluinn  headed  "  Hydrogen  combined  with  oxygen  ",  Is  found  by  dividing  the  amount  in 
the  column  headed  "Oxygcu"  by  eight,  and  represents  the  hydrogen  that  may  bo  considered  as  already  eoinbin,>d  with  oxygen  in  the  I'orni 
of  water,  and  is  therefore  useless  for  fuel.  The  fnel  valne  per  kilogram  is  found  by  mnltiplying  the  percentage  of  carbon  by  H,Or'(),  and 
that  of  excess  of  Iiydrogen  by:i4,4(i'J  (these  being  the  values  oblalned  by  Favrc  and  SUbcrman),  adding  these  together  and  deducting  from 
the  sum  the  prodm^t  of  the  total  hydrogen  multiplied  by  4,Ki;t,  which  represents  the  heat  re()uired  to  cvaiiorate  the  water  iirodueed  by 
burning  the  hydrogen.  The  conslauls  used  above  i'e])rcsent  the  nunilicr  of  kilograms  of  water  raised  one  degree  cenfigi'ade,  by  burning 
one  kilogram  of  carbon  or  hydrogen.  The  fnel  value  per  cubic  decinu'ter  is  fcmud  by  mnltiidying  th<(  value  ]H'r  kilogi-am  by  the  siieeilio 
gravity.  It  need  hardly  be  said  that  this  fnel  value  is  rarely  attained  in  practice,  and  that  it  is  never  ulilized.  There  are  too  many 
sources  of  loss;  (he  calculation  supjioses  that  the  combustion  is  perfect,  that  no  smoke  is  given  otV,  ami  that  the  heat  of  the  products  of 
combustion,  with  the  exception  of  that  neeessai'y  to  convert  the  water  into  vapoi',  is  all  utilized. 

It  appears  from  Mr.  Sharpies'  experiments  that  resinous  woods  give  upward  of  I'J  \wi'  cent,  more  heat  from 
equal  weights  burned  than  non-resinous  woods;  the  hciit  produced  by  burning  a  kilogram  of  dry  nonresiiious 
wootl  being  about  4,000  units,  while  the  heat  prodiuied  by  burning  ii  kilogriiin  of  dry  resinous  wood  is  about  4,500 
units,  ii  unit  being  the  (piantity  of  heat  iviiiiired  to  laiso  I  kilogiam  of  water  1  degree  cvntigiade. 

Count  Iluinford  first  propounded  thi-  theory  that  the  value  of  ecjiial  weights  of  wood  lor  tuel  was  the  same 
without  reference  to  specific  distin<!tions;  that  is,  that  a  pound  of  wood,  whatever  the  variety,  would  always 
produce  the  same  amount  of  heat  {Count  Ruwford's  Woris,  Ho.stoii,  1873,  vol.  ii).  IMaicus  Hull,  exiierimeiiting 
in  IS'M  upon  the  fuel  value  of  diB'erent  woods  (IVann.  Am.  I'ltil.  Soc,  new  ser.,  iii,  1),  r»nind  a  variation  of  only  11 
per  cent,  between  the  different  species  tested.     Kumford's  theory  must  be  regarded  as  nearly  correct,  if  woods  are 


'    t: 


!  m 

!  w 


ym 


■1  '■'  ■; ' 


^  m\ 


■!<;'! 


IT*  HI 

1 1  -' Je  1 

w^^ — 

mmk 

'■..   " 

iC 

f 

1  i :»  nW 

1 

i'' . 

2.-32 

FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

separated  into  resinous  and  non-resinons  classes.  Tlie  specific  gravity  gives  a  direct  means  of  comparin'g  beat 
values  of  equal  volumes  of  wood  of  different  resinous  and  non  rcsiuous  species.  In  burning  wood,  bowever,  varioas 
circumstances  affect  its  value;  few  fireplaces  are  constructed  t(»  fully  utilize  tbo  fuelvaluo  of  resinous  wood,  and 
carbon  escapes  uuconsumed  in  the  form  of  smoke.  Pine,  therefore,  which,  although  cai)able  of  yielding  more  beat 
than  oak  or  hickory,  miiy  in  i)r:U'ti<'e  yield  considerably  less,  the  pine  losing  both  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  form 
of  smoke,  while  hickory  or  uak,  burning  with  a  smokeless  dame,  is  practically  entirely  consumed.  The  asb  in  a 
wood,  being  non  combustible,  influences  its  fuel  value  in  jtroportion  to  its  amount.  The  state  of  dryness  of  wood 
also  has  much  inUu':iJ>"»'  upon  its  fuel  value,  though  to  a  less  degree  than  is  generally  supposed.  The  water  in 
gre»>n  wood  prevents  its  rapid  combus*'on,  evaporation  reducing  the  temi)eriitnre  below  the  point  of  ignition. 
Gretn  wood  r  lay  often  contain  as  much  as  50  per  cent,  of  water,  and  this  water  must  evaporate  during  combustion  ; 
but  as  hiilfa  kilogram  of  ordinary  wood  will  give  1*,00()  units  of  heat,  while  half  a  kilogram  of  water  requires  only 
268.5  units  to  evaporate  it,  1731.5  units  remain  available  for  generating  beat  in  wood  containing  even  a  maximum 
amount  of  water.  In  eases  when-  tin  prtssurc  was  p('r])endienliir  to  the  grain  of  the  wood  it  was  applied  on  the 
side  of  the  specimen  nearest  to  the  lienrt  of  the  tree. 

A  factor  in  the  general  value  of  wood  as  fuel  is  the  ease  with  which  it  can  be  seasoned;  beech,  for  example,  a 
very  dense  wood  of  high  fuel  value  when  dried,  is  generally  considered  of  little  value  as  fuel,  on  account  of  the 
rapidity  with  which  it  decays  when  cut  and  the  consequent  loss  of  carbon  by  decomposition. 


I   •"A 


^  ^^-ii^iil 


■:.i; 


THE  STEENGTH  OF  WOOD. 

The  specimens  tested  for  the  pnrpose  of  determining  the  strength  of  the  wood  produced  by  the  different  trees 
of  the  United  States  were  cut,  with  few  exceptions,  before  March,  1881,  and  were  slowly  and  carefully  seasoned. 

Those  used  in  determining  the  resistance  to  transverse  strain  were  made  4  centimeters  square  and  long  enough 
to  give  the  necessary  bearing  upon  the  supports.  These  were  shod  with  flat  iron  plates,  slightly  rounded  on  the 
edges  and  were  set  exactJy  1  meter  apart;  they  remained  perfectly  rigid  under  the  pressure  applied.  Each  specimen 
was  weighed,  measured,  and  its  specific  gravity  calculated  before  it  was  tested.  The  result  thus  obtained  represents 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  air-dried  wood. 

To  eliminate  the  action  of  their  weight  the  specimens  were  placed  upright,  and  hydraulic  pressure  was  applied 
by  means  of  an  iron  rod  12  millimeters  in  radius,  acting  midway  between  the  supports,  the  deflections  being  read 
at  this  point. 

The  direction  of  the  grain  of  the  wood  is  shown  by  diagrams  in  the  table  (Table  III),  the  pressure  acting  upon 
it  horizontally  from  the  left. 

The  pressure  was  applicl  slowly  and  uniformly,  a  reading  of  the  deflections  being  taken  for  every  50  kilograms. 
When  a  load  of  '200  kilograms  had  been  ai)plied  it  was  removed  and  the  set  read.  Pressure  was  again  applied  in 
*he  same  way,  and  the  readings  of  deflections  were  resumed  when  200  kilograms  was  again  reached. 

The  formula  used  in  calcidatiug  the  coeflicient  of  elasticity  was  E  =i~7r/ida5  h  ^»  ^^  being  taken  in  millimeters; 

S  V  I 
that  of  the  modulus  of  rupture,  R  ==  .,  .- >j,  I,  b,  d  being  in  ceutimeters,  P,  in  both  formulas,  in  kilograms. 

A  few  experiments  were  also  made  in  the  same  manner,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  to  determine  the  transverse 
strength  of  specimens  1  meter  long  between  the  bearings  and  8  centimeters  square  (Table  IV). 

The  si)ecimens  tested  by  longitudiiuil  (!ompression  were  4  centimeters  square  and  32  centimeters  (8  diameters) 
long.  They  were  placed  between  the  platforms  of  the  machine,  and  pressure  was  gradually  applied  until  they 
failed.    The  figures  given  rei)re.sent  the  number  of  kilograms  required  to  cause  failure. 

The  specimens  tested  under  pressure  ai»i)lied  ])erpeudicularly  to  the  fibers  were  4  centimeters  square  and  16 
centimeters  long.  They  w  re  placed  upon  the  i)latform  of  the  machine  and  indented  with  an  iron  punch  4 
centimeters  square  on  its  / ace,  covering  the  entire  width  of  the  specimen  and  one-quarter  of  its  length  at  the 
ceiit«'r.  In  this  series  of  experiments  the  direction  of  the  annual  rings  was  noted,  horizontal  pressure  being  also 
apjdicd  from  the  left.  Iteadings  were  taken  «)f  the  pressure  necessary  to  produce  each  successive  indentation  of 
0.254  up  to  2.54  millimeters,  and  in  the  case  of  specimens  whieh  did  not  fail  with  this  pressure  a  further  test  was 
made  of  the  weight  recpiired  to  produce  indentations  of  3.81  and  5.08.  The  remarks  (Table  V)  upon  the  behavior 
of  the  wood  of  the  different  species  under  compression  were  furnished  by  Mr.  James  E.  Howard,  in  charge  of  the 
testing  machine. 

COMPARATIVE  VALUES. 

In  the  following  table  the  number  standing:  opposite  each  species  represents  its  relative  value  in  the  column  in 
which  it  iippears. 

This  table  is  purely  an  arbitrary  one,  sincf  the  introdiu'tion  of  one  or  more  species  would  of  course  change  the 
value  of  iill  species  standing  lower  in  value,  os  results  base«l  on  an  examination  of  a  larger  number  of  specimens 
of  any  s])ecies  may  change  the  relative  numbers  in  regard  to  it  very  considerably.  In  other  words,  any  twenty  or 
thirty  species  bearing  consecutive  numbers  may  change  i)laees  with  each  other.  This  arises  partly  from  the  want 
of  uniformity  of  the  wood  of  any  species,  and  partly  from  the  fact  that  where  so  many  determinations  fall  between 
comparatively  narrow  limits  the  mere  order  of  sequence  must  be  largely  accidental. 


leters; 


isverse 


uiid  16 

|uuch  4 

at  the 

|ii<;  also 

itiou  of 

>8t  waa 

shavior 

of  the 


luinn  in 

ige  the 

Iciniena 

anty  or 

le  want 

atweeu 


12 


14 


10 


20 


28 


31 


42 
43 
4S 
47 

50 
62 
M 
00 
01 
C4 
64 
05 

m 

67 
6S 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


TABLE  OF  RELATIVE  VALUES. 


253 


BpedM. 


MAONOLIACBiB. 

Magnolia  grandiflora 

Mapnoll^t  islooca 

Mngnolin  aoiiniinata 

Maguolin  conlata 

Maenolia  nincrnphylla 

Magiiollii  Unibralla .... 

Maguolia  Frasert 

Liriudi'Ddron  Tuliplfcra 

ANONACE^. 

ABinilnn  triloba 

AnoQB  latinfulia 

CAMELLACE.S:. 

CancUaalba 

TERNSTKCEMIACE^. 

Gordonta  Lasiaiitlius 

TILIACEJE. 

Tilla  Anioricnna 

Tilia  AmoiicHiia,  nar.  pnbeacens  .. 
Tilla  Iietcr(iph.vlla 

MALEIGHIACE^. 

Bynonima  liiolda 

ZYGOPnYi:-LACE.ffi!. 

Guaiacnm  uanetnm  

llDTACEiE. 

Xantlioxyliini  Clava-Uerciills 

X  anthoxy hint  Curibsum 

SUIABDBE^. 

Siniarulia  glaiica 

IiUKS£RACE.a:. 

Dnraera  giiniraifera 

Aniyria  aylvatloa 

MELIACK£. 
Swietenia  Maliogonl 

ILICINEiE. 

Ilox  opaca 

Ilex  Daboon 

CYRILLACEiE. 
Cliftonia  ligiistriiia 

EUAMNACE*). 

Reyiiosla  lat ifollu 

Comlalia  I'errra 

libanuiuH  Caioliiilana 

liliamiuia  riiritliiana 

SAPINDACEiE. 

^Hriilna  glabra 

^H<'iiliiHCulirornic-a 

SHpliidiig  marginatua    

A  cei'  inucrapbylliira 

^.ctM  I'irt^inaluin 

Acer  Hacri:'<i-iiiuDi 

Acer  aai'cliariiuiiii,  far.  nigruoi  .. 

Acer  tliiH,>carpiim 

Acerriibriim    

Negniido  accrnidea 

Negundo  Calil'nmicum 


S 

ai 

J 

I 
■"1 


145 

205 
230 

aoc 

180 
249 
207 
200 


277 
220 


11 

228 

246 

272 
257 


204 

27 


208 


208 
6 


06 


167 
224 


152 


1 
184 
176 

245 
208 
47 
213 
126 
117 
118 
192 
154 
256 
221 


.§> 

1 

^ 

B 

183 

135 

127 

16.1 

12-J 

201 

119 

236 

41 

184 

207 

245 

114 

170 

124 

208 

281 

293 

278 

234 

56 

60 

187 

201 

101 

241' 

183 

256 

158 

248 

272 

288 

147 

1S7 

217 

219 

143 

150 

121 

252 

202 

800 

66 

2 

71 

66 

244 

188 

246 

250 

101 

262 

74 

116 

45 

85 

208 

251 

129 

152 

243 

271 

282 

222 

165 

112 

194 

IBO 

221 

147 

9 

18 

88 

68 

69 

53 

117 

121 

260 

203 

113 

132 

3 

5 

154 

28 

273 
246  i 
122 
223 
136 

SO 

57 
113 
133 
270 
155 


o  . 

if/ 

II 

■S3 

.S'm 

»  a 

5-s 

Is  '■ 

£S 

So 

|.i 

w-  1 

lis 

124 

173 

234 

189 

220 

IDl 

248 

104 

247 

234 

257 

182 

202  i 

220 

262  1 

298 

285 

277 

198 

0 

1 

6  i 

i 

214 

240  , 

240 

200 

105 

208 

202 

203 

206 

100 

10 

1 

148 

165 

15 

IB 

171 

251 

1 

SCO 

j 
300 

9 

6  1 

20 

I 
36  I 

i 

180 

140 

262 

214 

231 

1 
177, 

4 

3 
187 
131 

282 

2'JO 

58 

159 

lie 

73 
«6 
145 
151 
216 
221 


189 


140 


141 
142 


144 
140 
148 


151 
152 
153 
154 
155 


150 
169 


Rbua  copallina 
Rhus  Metopiiiin 

LEGUMINOS^. 

Rubinla  Paeiulacaola 

Robinin  Neollexlcana 

Oluoya  'i'eattta 

riniUliii  Ery I Iiri III! 

Chulraat  iih  tiiKl  iirin 

Sopliurn  ntliHiM 

Gyiininuladu.s  Canndeunia' 

GliMlitacliia  tiiiu-aiitltuH 

<jU'(litrtt;liia  nioiioMperma 

Pavkiii.sdiiia  Torreyaua 

Cereirt  Cainulcii.sis 

ProHiipirt  jiilillora 

ProBopis  pube.Hceua 

KOSACE.a!. 


210 

74 


Prnnua  A  innrieaim 

I^runuR  angiiHtit'olia 

PruniiH  enKir;;inata 

PnmuH  Hcrotiiiii 

Prnmi«  demissa .. 

I'niiiiiaCariiliiiiaua     ..   . 

rrnniis  ilicilVilia 

I'ynia  coronaria 

Pyriiaaamlmrifolia 

Crata'gUH ailioi-e^i'cua  ... 

CiatiegUrtC'iUH-jiiilU 

Crata'giiH  Biilivillosa 

CratiepuR  toinftiito.«fa 

Crata'gna  »patlmlata 

C  raticKUH  leHt  i  valia 

CraUcgua  tiava 

Ainelaiicbier  Canadouaia. 


IIAMAMKLACE.*!. 
Llquidaiiibar  Styratattiia 

iniizoi'nouACEJ!. 

Rhiaophora  Mauglu 

COUUUETACE^. 

CoDocarpuH  ercita 

Lagiincidaria  ruci'iuima 

MYRTACE.*. 

Eugenia  biixifolia 

Eugenia  nionlieola 

Engeiiia  proeera 

COKNACEil':. 

ConiUH  llorida 

CnmiiH  Niittallii 

X.NHHa  eapitata 

Nyasa  »\lvatiea    . 

Nyaaa  nnitlora 

CAPKIFOLIACE^. 

Sanibncns  glancn ' 

Viburnum  pruiiitnliiim 

RUUIACEa;. 


87 

51 
7 

35 
150 

34 
114 
124 

88 

i:!4 

140 
61) 
67 


07  ' 
110  ' 
248  ; 
164  ; 
112 

29  I 

10  ! 
109  ; 

105  ] 
135  I 

100  ! 

52  I 

65 
102  I 
128  : 

61  ' 

57  ' 


u 


206 
208 


162       167       214 


10 


0 

108 

18 
24 
10 


210 


44  170 

74  I  85 

235  ;  234 

141  '  178 

105  ■  275 


100  !  Exnsteraina  Carlbaiuin 

101  '  Piuokneya  pubena   


206  I 

I 
88  I 


16  I 
187  i 


200 
131 


36 
231 


e  . 

5? 


u- 


227 
73 


10 
43 
143 

154 

05 
102 

77 

64 

40 
264 
2L'8 
250 

172  ! 

I 

101  ' 

253  : 
140 
153  I 
109 
120  ' 

212  ! 
245  ' 

248 ; 

180  ; 
240  ; 
135  ' 

213  ! 
237  j 
250  ' 
225  ! 

34  I 

i 


8  : 

81  ! 
153  I 
151  I 

88 

121  ! 
144 

77 

40 
250 
105 
273 

01 


103 
270 
IM 
115 
180 

70 
138 
273 
284 
228 
210 
102 
177 
208 
170 
107 

24 


72 
264 

S? 
16 

14  I 

85' 

60 
104 
112 
210 


205 
60 


55  j 
291  ' 


12 
16 

235 
34 
71 
48 

200 
93 
41 

184 

123 
40 
18 


30 

107 

124 

61 

84 

60 

03 

181 

220 

05 

100 

68 

L-a 

139 

152 

76 

10 


128 


32 
147 


00 

22 

107 

125 

237 


^1 
^3 


210 
109 


71 

62 

3 

24 

141 
27 

163 

•166 

68 

90 

142 
26 
28 


104 

190 

266 

114 

76 

32 

39 

74 

226 

MO 

107 

63 

80 

89 

94 

31 

48 


192 


19 
174 


20 
12 
0 


40 

77 


127 
101 


287 
37 


8 
288 


184 
35 


T 
230 


i 


.1 

1 

, 

nl] 

i  i 

i 

[ii 


i;?i 


ill' 
1 


1  i 


m 


254 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


If 


TABLE  OF  KELATIVK  VALUES-Continiicd. 


l'   I 


1/    '*; 


ERICACEa;, 


les 
loa 

107 
]G» 
170 
171 

175 

170  I 

177  I 

178  I 
170  i 
ISl  I 
182  I 
183 


184 


180 
187 


ini 

IK 
lO-J 
103 
IM 

iuj 

1U6 
1»7 
]»8 
190 
201 


204 
205 


200 
2u7 
208 


210 
212 
213 

215 

215 
217 
218 


219 
219 


222 
223 


A  iidronu'du  fi'ri'iiciin'ft 

Vi'biituR  Mrnzicflii 

Arbiitim  X:ilup<>nsli4 

Oxydciu*  lum  nrborcum 

Kiiliiiii*  intit'oliik 

Klioiloiloudrnn  niusiinum 

sai'Otacea:. 

Clirj^flophyUuni  olivil'r>rni© 

SiiloruxNlon  Maxtii hiMlimlron 

DipholiH  flulicifolia 

ItiiiiM^lia  ti-nux 

Itiiiiit'lin  luiinuiiiciBa 

liiiiiiilin  Ivciuidt'H 

Bitiiu'liu  cuiieata 

Aliuiusupfl  Sieberl 

EltENACEiE. 

DiospyroH  Vir;;iniana 

STYKACACiE. 

SyniplopoH  tinctoria 

UuliMut  diplcra 

OLEACE^. 

FnixiuiiR  jiiBtiiciie folia 

FiHiiiiuH  Aincrirana 

I^ruxiiHiH  Aiiiei'irana,  car.  Tozeosia. 

FraxiniiH  pubfHCPiis 

Fi-HXiiiun  viridis 

Kriixiiius  platycaf'pa 

Kiiixiiiii8  c|uadraii;rilata 

FraxiiiUb  Oipmiiia 

Kraiiutis  Baiiibnci folia 

Fori'Rtiera  aftiminata 

Ositiaiittius  Amfricaona 


72  ' 
107 
104 

78 
101 
148 


17  i 

12  1 
16 

00  I 

133  I 

81  i 

50  : 

4 


170 
104 
251 
137 
258 
242 


64 
61 
16 

204 
2fO 
103 
252 
115 


65       102 


BORRAGINACEiB. 

Boiimria  IlaTanensis 

ElurliatUiptlia , 

BIGXONIACEJC. 

Tn  1 11  Ipa  bi^inonioidcs 

Ciitalpa  npt'ciona 

C  |]  ilcipsiH  Halfiiia 


TERBENACEiE. 
Cithnrexvlurii  villosiim 


NYCTAUIXACEa:. 

Flaoiiia  ubtiisuta 

POLTGOXACEiE. 

Coccoluba  Kluridat  a 

LAUllACEa;. 

Persea  CaroUnenRiH 

PcrRca  CnrolinciiHi^»,  var.  palnstrla  . 

SaHHiitraR  officinale 

Uuibellulai  in  Oai  iforiiica 


EtJPHOniSrACE/E. 

Drypetes  cnieea 

Drypetes  erucca,  var. ktifulia... 

URTICACE^. 


UlmiiB  crasRifolia. 
Ulmiia  fulva 


IflO 
172 


122 
1.  J 
CO 
151 
105 
291 

T3 
171 
149 
147 

45 


53 
142 


250 
203 
ICl 


250 
220 

254 

01 

60 
182 
133 
283 
106  I 
156 
142 
227 

28  '■ 


07  I 
296 


233 
175 
267 


28    26 


14    49 


138 

102 

140 

162 

202 

273 

131 

70 

30 

70 

25 

108 

90 

226 

111 

110 

Si 

»  — 

£3 


ll 

■:l 

-1 


104 
81 
230 
104 
210 
205 

107 

67 

18 
200 
204' 
254 
265  ! 


y^ 

c  — 

-  9 

•fS 

B^ 

<Sa 

107 

92 

i   80 

110 

108 

75 

230 
107 


220 
106 

27 
101 

01 
201 
121 
203 
125 
175 

40 


71 
160 


241 

224 
247 


73 


157   284  I  296 


78 


88 

47 

,  116 

232 

235 

221 

127 

40 

182 
178 


142 
101 


00 
168 
i:)6 


217 
121 

C5 
102 
114 
206 

04 

80 
175 
100 

61 


45 
215 


238 
104 

278 


274 


142 


05 
05 
133 


I 


83 

23  ': 

11 
143 
230 

ion 
117  : 
135  i 


218 
100 


15 
25 
40 
140 
162 
07 
47 
16 

20 

139 
123 


1(18 
l.VI 
121 
113 

08 
185 
111 
157 
130 
IM 

64 


273 
■254 
181 


37 


218 


128 
132 
188 
120 

23 
13 


68  I 
172  i! 


226 
227 

228 


2JU 
231 

232 
234 


^30 
237 


238 
230 
240 
241 
"42 
213 
244 
245 
240 
247 
248 


249 
250 


251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
256 
2:)7 
258 
250 
260 
201 
202 
2C.I 
261 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
270 
280 
281 


UlmiiR  AmerlcaiiA 

riiitiiH  rucciiHiRa 

UliniiR  ulutn 

Plitni  taiuiiiatica 

Ci'lliR  occidrutulia 

(.'litis  (uridcDtaliR,  rar. roticalata. 

FicUH  imrt'ft 

FieiiH  pt'iliinciilatn  

MtiruR  rubra 

Mai: Una  aiirantiava 


PI,ATANACEa;. 


Platanim  ucriilfntaliH. 


PliitaiiiiH  rnciiuoMrt 

PlatanuR  WriKbtii 

JtJGLANDACE^. 


J(i;:l!iiiH  riiierea 

JiiuluTiM  nrgm 

JiiulaiiH  ni]i('Ati'iR 

Carya  i iliva'fomiia 

Ca?ya  alfia 

Carya  Rub-ata 

Carya  tnnii*ntnBa 

Carya  poi  rina 

Caiya  aninra 

Carya  iiiyriHtica'formis  . 
Carya  aquatiea 


MYRICACE^fi. 


Myrica  ccrifcra 

Myiica  Ca'.ifomica. 


('OPULIEERa!. 


QiHTcnR  alba 

QiicrruH  lubata 

Qucri'UR  Garryana 

Qiiert-iiH  olituRiloba 

QiiiTriiR  nudiilata,  car.  Oambolit. 

Qiif  ri-DH  niacrocarpa 

Qhitiuh  lyrata 

Qui'rt-UH  bicob)r 

<jiii'ri:uH  Micbaaxii 

QiieriruR  I'rinus 

QiieriMiH  priuoidus 

QlltTCUR  Doii^luRil 

Qtit*rcuH  ublougifolia 

QucrriiR  griHca 

(^noTi'iiM  l>iirandil 

Qiii'icuH  virtus 

QuDriim  ibryHoIepis 

Qum-ua  Kmoryi 

QiifrruH  a,::iifolia 

Qupnut  Wislizeni 

Queri'UM  rubra   

(^uri'cii.-i  rultra,  tar.Texana 

Qiii^ri  tin  (iiiu'inua 

Quercns  tinctoria 

QucrruH  Kfllo^gii    

QufrcUM  iiicra 

QuercuR  faicata 

QucrciiH  C^at  cRbiei 

Qucrcus  pahiRtria  

QuercUR  Dqiiaiica 

Qiivruua  luui'il'ulia 


S 


130 

03 

80 

191 

04 

08 

300 

244 

163 

63 


173 
218 
231 


270 
155 
132 
103 
36 
46 
43 
42 
71 


177 
125 


76 
85 
70 
37 
32 
82 
30 
60 
48 
75 
31 
26 
20 
8 
21 
:3 
33 
22 
41 
68 

120 
23 
84 

106 

137 
80 

113 
91 

115 
05 
62 


^ 

Stl 

1 

p 

1 

n 
It 

205 

110 

146 

62 

36 

38 

273 

!07 

158 

260 

228 

203 

220 

135 

178 

143 

127 

160 

800 

208 

200 

202 

290 

284 

173 

141 

170 

114 

25 

4 

146 

222 

144 

240 

254 

200 

286 

285 

207 

181 

238 

205 

63 

100 

40 

218 

238 

169 

239 

240 

164 

12 

11 

27 

78 

33 

52 

42 

26 

36 

02 

31 

43 

86 

30 

78 

i   8 

I 

25 

93 

06 

110 

137 

119 

151 

00 

46 

74 

104 

Si 

82 

222 

103 

172 

183 

00 

07 

160 

100 

108 

262 

194 

186 

122 

65 

103 

17 

50 

100 

]  131 

81 

102 

106 

28 

112 

27 

48 

67 

63 

8 

44 

m 

67 

53 

150 

175 

105 

200 

73 

116 

165 

57 

70 

40 

54 

50 

33 

4 

02 

247 

180 

176 

110 

75 

131 

148 

118 

72 

48 

03 

83 

83 

62 

42 

65 

38 

87 

81 

44 

02 

206 

145 

149 

102 

43 

08 

11 

12 

35 

80 

42 

137 

55 

32 

101 

29 

40 

91 

25 

13 

77 

'J 

.9.1 


138 
112 

or 

170 

lul 
56 
206 
207 
148 
22 


158 
245 
211 


244 
126 
143 
84 
00 
45 
61 
41 
78 
34 
66 


182 
135 


105 

130 

70 

54 


72 

06 

83 

86 

01 

17 

10 

21 

38 

30 

33 

11 

81 

57 

150 

44 

116 

115 

162 

46 

117 

88 

134 

123 

70 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


255 


TAULE  OF  KELATIVE  VALUES  -Continued. 


•13 


138 

112 

07 

170 

lul 

56 

20fl 

207 

148 

22 


158 
245 
211 


244 

12(1 
143 
84 
00 
45 
Bl 
41 
78 
34 
55 


182 
135 


105 

136 

79 

54 


72 
06 
83 
86 
01 
17 
10 
21 
38 
30 


176  I 


72  I 
83 


87 
I  02 

u 

08 

135  I 

kn7 
noi 
loi  1 

77 


81 
57 


44 

116 


115 


411 


122 
70 


•3 
.1 

282 

28.) 
284 
285 
280 
287 
288 
280 
2illl 
201 
20J 

2n;i 


201 

20.'. 
2W1 
207 
288 
:00 
301 
3112 
3(j:i 


3U7 
308 
300 
300 
313 
313 
310 
318 
310 
320 
321 
321 
3'.''.' 
323 
321 
325 
325 


BpuoU'H. 


Qnoii'iiit  liotoropliylla 

yiU'iTiistluricii 

Qiiei'CUH  liypntourik 
Qiii'ioufi  liulii'ioiirilt 
(^tU'rcuH  riicLlort 

(jiioiciin  lU'iisiUiira 

('HHtiiiKtpHiH  I'lirywopliyllft 

i'liHtaneu  puiitila 

CuHtaiKVi  viil^ui'is,  rar.  AmuricHna. . 

Kiu!ii8  ruiriiiciiirit    

OHtrvu  Virf£iuii'a. 
vlHipiiiUH  Ciiruliniunik 


BETULACKiE. 


320 
327 
328 
320 
330 
331 
3.13 
338 
330 
310 
341 
342 
343 
345 
846 


Ootulii  ulbii,  ear.  |>oimliful!a 

liiiiilu  ]ia]>j  rifi  rii 

ISutuIaiiix'idciitulii 

liilulii  111  ten 

llil  iilii  nifsra 

Dviiilnltuita 

AIiiiiB  rubra 

Aliiuailionibifolia * 

Aliiiia  abloii).'lfiiUa 

SAUCACE^S. 

Siilix  amygdaloiiles 

Sjlix  Iiivlfjata 

Salik  iKHJuiulra,  var.  laiicifolla 
Sitlix  laxiiiiKliu,  var.  I'Vudliriana 
Salix  llavcsceus 

tialix  llavencpDH,  var.  Scouluriana 
Salix  likxiolt-piii 
roimlug  tieniiilnUles 
ropuliis  );randiilt>nuta 
ruimliia  het«ri>pb,vlla 
Popiilus  balsam 

PoptiUiH  balaaniifiTa,  var.  candicaus 

PcipuliiB  anguatifiilia 

ropuliis  triebocai-pa 

riipiiliis  nmiiiUror.k 

Popiiliin  Freiiiontii 

Piipubis  Freniontii,  Mr.  AViidlzciil 

CONIFERJE. 

Lilioccdrus  decurrens. 
Tliiij'a  (H'l'idcittaliH    ,. 
Thuya  Ki;;aatca. 
('liaiiiu'cyparia  apbu^roidea.. . 
Cliaraiei'yparis  Nutkacusis... 
CbauiaxyparlM  Lawaimiaiia 

CnprcsaUfi  ("ittvfniaua 

iluniprnia  iKciilcntuUa,  far.  conjagena.. 

ilunipiTUs  Vir^iiiiana 

Taxddiuin  distii'liuni  . 

Sicpioia  Ki^nntca 

Sequoia  acmprrvircns . 
TaxuB  brevifolia. 
Torreya  taxiTolia. 
Torreya  Callfuniica. 


i    'I 


'■'■  ''ii 


t  a. 


V    I 


:i.  ■  m 


i   i 


250 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  A^IERIOA. 


■'J: 


B  ':U^ 


The  followiiiR  table  gives  tlio  figures  from  wliicli  the  table  of  relative  values  was  computed,  and  includes  all 
species  npon  which  C()ini)lete  tests  have  been  made. 

Tlie  coefficient  of  elasticity  is  derived  from  the  second  deflection,  the  measurements  being  taken  in  millimeters 
and  the  weight  in  kilograms.  ■ 

The  ultimate  transverse  strength  is  tlie  force,  applied  at  the  middle  of  the  stick,  required  to  break  a  stick  4 
centimeters  square  and  1  meter  between  the  supi>orts. 

In  the  compression  tests  the  surface  exposed  to  pressure  was  4  centimeters  square.  To  give  the  pressure 
on  a  sqnare  centimeter  these  results  must  be  divided  by  10. 

The  indentation  to  1.27  millimeters,  or  the  fifth  in  the  series,  is  the  one  selected  for  comi)arisoii. 

TAULE  OF  AVEKAGE8. 


12 


14 


10 


20 


28 


31 


38 


MAONOLIACE^. 

Magnolia  frrnncUflora 

MnjnioK''  ):laui'ii 

Mnpiitlia  nciiininata 

Magnolia  conliita 

Mai.'Ui>lii\  nniiropliYlla 

Mnguolia  Uiulirolla 

Thiaguolia  FraHeii 

Liiiodoudion  Tiiliiiifera 

ANONACEa:. 

Aainiina  triloba 

Anoua  lautlfolia 

CANELLACEiE. 

Canclla  alba 

TEKNSTKCEMIACEiE. 

Gor'ionia  Lusiantbiis 

TILIACE^. 

Tilia  Americana 

Tilia  Anioricaua,  var.  pabesceua 
Tilia  boterophjlla 

MALl'IOniACEa:.  . 

BjTBoninia  lucida 

ZYGt)PHYLLACE^. 

Guaiacum  sanctuni 

KUTACE^. 

Xanthoxyliim  Clara-Hcrculia... 
Xanthoxy luui  CaribEeum 

SIMARTJBE^. 

Simaruba  glaiica 

BUESERACEa:. 

Burseia  gii mmifora 

Amyria  aylTatica 

MELIACE^. 

SwlL-tenia  Mahogoni 

ILICINE^. 

Ilex  opaca 

Ili'X  Uuboon 

CYRILLACEa:. 

Cliftonia  liguetrina 

EHAMNACEa:. 

Roynosia  latifolia 

Comlalia  fiTrea    

Rlianinus  Caixiliniana 

Khamnus  I'unbiana 


63.20 
CO.  11 
40.70 
41.20 
62.00 
44.78 
40.80 
42.20 


30.61 
48.11 


07.20 

40.02 

45.  OU 
40.47 
42.27 

S7.43 

113.38 


60.15 
88.20 


40.08 


29.41 
103.07 


72.03 


57.74 
47.62 


62.23 

103. 72 
110.38 
B4.27 
50.34 


003 
014 
S20 
041 
,169 
744 
044 
920 


482 
501 


1,117 


794 


840 
811 
840 


62S 


726 


417 
1,085 


1062 


643 
642 


783 

1,050 

1,143 

741 

913 


313 
286 
256 
207 
240 
302 
280 


107 
259 


7,705 
0,700 
6,633 
6,652 
7, 829 
5,861 
6,  601 

6,  ess 


3,395 
4,829 


438  12, 519 


286  '  6,  IDS 

I 

I 
252  j  6,768 
239  I  6, 487 
246   6,3U7 

I 


181   6, 260 
836  I  11, 789 


273 


7,189 


822  I  10,955 


241 


6,816 


63   2,473 

657  i  11,976 

I 

i 
428  10,660 


293   6, 709 
244   6,682 


225  ,  6,938 


350 
386 
242 


i:i,  426 
12,  848 
7,112 
9,904 


8,156 
1,027 
1,709 
1,427 
1, 427 
1,3411 

i,nuo 

1,290 


1,008 
2,037 

9,163 

1,591 

1,044 

950 

1,206 

3,47J 

12, 689 

2,648 
6,964 

1,383 

I 

749  I 
8,795 

4,931 


2, 826 
1,808 


2,366 

9,753 
10,388 
2,195 
3,075 


60 
.'>2 
64 
60 
01 
64 
64 
65 
C6 
67 
68 


77 
79 
80 

81  : 

82  ; 

84  ' 

85 

80 

87  : 

88 
91 
93  ' 
04 


103 
104 
107 
108 
110 
111 
113 
117 
121 
125 
126 
128 
120 
132 
134 
135 
137 


139 


.^Bciiliia  glabra 

.^MCuliiH  CallfiirnU'a 

SaplnduH  inni'giniitUH 

A<-4'r  niaci-opliylliini 

Aoor  I'll  rinaliiin 

Acer  Hiicrtuii-iiiuiii 

Aier  Haccliariinini,  var. nigrnm  . 

Acrr  (liiByi'arpum ^. 

A  cvv  nibruiii 

Ncguiido  ai-ei  oiiicd 

Neguudu  Callfori)  icuiu 


ANACARDIACEiE. 


Rbiia  copalllna  . . 
Kbua  Mettipium  . 


I.EGUMINOS.a. 

Robiuia  rscndacacia 

Roblnia  NcoMuxicaua 

Olueya  Tiaota 

FiHcidia  Erytbrlna 

Cladrastia  tliictoria .' . 

Sopbora  aflinin 

GyninncladuH  Cauadcnsla . 
GlcditHL'liia  ti iacaiitboa. . . 
Gloditsrhia  moiiiiapcrraa.. 
Farkinnonla  Tmreyaua . . . 

CuicIh  Ciiuadeusia 

ProHopia.luliQora 

ProRopis  pubcsccus 


46.03 
49.45 
80.05 
48.83 
00.34 
08.73 
08.66 
62.52 
01.65 
42.82 
47.95 


52.42 
77.28 


72.96 
70.80 
103.50 
84.30 
02.61 
84.46 
68.88 
66.86 
72.89 
64.68 
63.18 
74.86 
75.37 


'  ROSACEiE. 

Pnimis  Ami'ricana ' 

PiiimiHauguatifolia j 

I'ruuuB  eniarginata,  var.  mollis ' 

Pruniii  Hcnitina I 

PriinuH  dcinisHa 

PruiiUB  C.iroliiiiana 

Pruniia  illcifolia 

Pyrus  corouiiria 

Pyitis  sanibuc'ifulia 

,  Ciat£DgiiH  ai'borescrna 

'  Crata^guH  Cru&.galli 

I  Cratoigua  aubvilloHa 

Crataegus  tomcnfo.sa 

Crata;giiH  apittbul.ita 

Crattegus  n?8tivaliH I 

Craliegns  (lava,  far.  pubeBcens — ' 

Anielauubicr  CanadeuHiB ' 

i 

HAMAMELACEiE.  '■ 

Liqnidambar  Styraciflna I 


72.02 
08.05 
44.93 
68.14 
09.16 
86.62 
97.27 
70.11 
58.08 
64.55 
71.54 
78.98 
75.96 
71.12 
65.27 
76. 13 
77.06 

68.78 


644 

683 

637 

780 

718 

1,465 

1,027 

1,110 

043 

682 

945 


736 
1,050 


1,301 

1,149 

868 

861 

1,002 

977 

1,048 

1,086 

1,170 

568 

688 

683 

824 


827 
603 
801 
8.'J2 
769 
937 
732 
642 
026 
788 
604 
901 
732 
073 
692 
708 
1,197 

837 


1-3 

p 

III 

li 
1-^ 

211 

6,017 

1,132 

271 

.5,  686 

1,  722 

360 

7,523 

4,350 

292 

(1,100 

2, 307 

327 

7,349 

3,2U5 

400 

n,  i)(i7 

4,  nio 

410 

8,  M3 

4,149 

435 

7,711 

2,899 

340 

7, 402 

2, 795 

220 

.'■.,  l.-il 

1,781 

340 

7,072 

1,719 

2t3 

0,033 

1,744 

280 

8,523 

3,348 

543 

11,272 

4,038 

388 

10,  031 

4,427 

320 

6,  8.-)l 

10, 478 

321 

9,  548 

6,698 

385 

8,630 

2, 937 

346 

9,129 

5,348 

320 

0,406 

2,500 

394 

8,001 

2,697 

439 

9,344 

4,420 

233 

0,079 

3,020 

310 

7,510 

2,017 

207 

9,412 

6,484 

382 

10, 732 

5,267 

369 

9,419 

3,405 

200 

6,441 

2.132 

290 

7,507 

1,280 

364 

8,746 

3,  269 

295 

8,105 

3,937 

396 

8,  !:89 

5,090 

334 

8,  70!) 

4,888 

207 

6,706 

3,999 

190 

6,123 

1,715 

265 

7,  900 

2, 931 

279 

0,884 

3,308 

313 

8,612 

4,  2(j7 

303 

7,117 

3,844 

216 

7  280 

3,484 

304 

7, 122 

3,  583 

309 

8,437 

5, 103 

483 

10,712 

4,4a3 

278 

7,462 

2,123 

^  \        r 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TABLE  OF  AVERAQES— Continued. 


257 


1,132 

1, 722 

4,880 

2,097 

:i,  2U5 

4, 1110 

4,U9 

2,809 

2,705 

1,781 

1,719 


1,744 
U,348 


4,038 
4,427 
10,478 
5,008 
2, 037 
5,348 

2,  6G0 
2,097 
4,420 

3,  (i20 
2,017 
5,484 
5,267 


3, 405 

2,132 

1,280 

3, 269 

3,037 

5,000 

4,888 

3,000 

1,715 

2,031 

3,368 

4.207 

3,844 

3,484 

3,  583 

5, 103 

4,483 


05  ; 
89  ' 

00 : 

no  ; 
23 

ino  1 

184  ; 

112  1 

iHO    : 

1 

•■2  1 
137  I 
fl2 


k62 


2,122 


ItO 


111 
143 


144 

14fl 
148 


lU 
163 
168 
164 
166 


164 
168 


IbO 
101 


1«6 
1(6 
1«7 
169 
170 
171 


176 
17« 
177 
178 
170 
181 
183 
183 


184 


186 


<91 
102 
193 
193 
194 
196 
196 
197 
108 
190 
201 


204 
206 


SpaolM. 


BHIZOPHOBAOBJB. 

Rhiiophon  Mangle 

COUBRBTACXA 

Oonooaipoa  sraota 

LagnnooUrU  noemom 

UTBTACKJB. 

EagCDto  bozifolte 

Eugeni*  montloola 

ZngenU  procets 

OOBNAOEiB. 

CoTna(floridB 

CornoiNatUUU 

M  jua  okplUta 

N  yasa  «ylTaUo» 

NysMnniflon 

CAPBIFOUACE.S. 

SMnboona  gtenoa 

Vlbuninm  prnnifoUam 

BUBIACE,8. 

Exoatenima  Caribanm 

Pinckneya  pubens 

ERIOACEIB. 

Andromeda  farragines 

Arbntoa  Uenileali 

Arbutua  Zalapenila 

Oxydendrum  arboreiim 

Kalniln  latifoUa 

Bhodndendron  mazimom 

SAFOTACE.S. 

Chryaophyllam  ollTiforroe 

8ldennyb>n  Maatiohodendron 

DiphoIlaaaliclfoUa 

Bnmelia  tenaz 

Bamella  lannglnoaa 

Bomella  lyololdea 

Bnmelia  onneata 

Uimnaopa  Bieberl 

EBENACEJC. 

Dioapyroa  Virglniana 

STTBACE^S. 

Symplocoa  tlnotoria 

Haleaia  dlptera 

OLBACB,a;. 

Fraxinna  plataolnfoUa 

Fraxinaa  Americana 

Fraztnna  Americana,  var.Texenala 

Fraxinaa  pubescent 

Fraxinaa  Tiridia 

Fraxinaa  platyoarpa 

Fraxinaa  qaadrangalata 

Fraxinaa  Oregaoa 

Fraxinaa  aambucifoUa 

Foreatiera  acuminata 

Oamanthoa  Americanns 

BOBBAGINACBiE. 

Bourrerla  Bavanenaii 

Bbretia  eliiptioa 

17  FOB 


114,06 


98.68 
70.31 


92.20 
89.88 
81.06 


80.98 
74.44 
46.97 
63.66 
6L68 


60.07 


92.8 
63.: 


74.66 
70.24 
70.81 
74.80 
71.31 
62.80 


93.44 
06.89 
92.86 
72.39 
64.64 
74.07 
78.08 
106.66 


78.32 


B6.81 


67.68 
66.16 
7&83 
62.86 
70.71 
85.16 
74.50 
67.13 
62.73 
68.00 
8a  74 


78.48 
63.66 


1,666 


1,026 
734 


1,676 
1,086 
1,191 


821 
1,081 
681 
818 
618 


806 
907 


1,194 
688 

814 
838 
616 
880 
685 
646 


1,124 

1,009 

1,886 

761 

488 

781 

603 

1,002 


782 


601 

1,015 

1,082 

812 

903 

476 

774 

848 

872 

703 

1,231 

996 
897 


615 


403 
221 


450 
500 
603 


886 
433 
290 
860 
370 


168 
400 


429 
173 


290 
387 
264 
811 
273 
283 


366 
414 
400 
287 
165 
240 


876 


264 


367 
480 
371 
382 
239 
846 
284 
345 
806 
449 


808 


13,767 


9;  608 

7,100 


14,198 
8,846 
10,790 


6,653 
10,603 
6,896 
7,497 
6,848 


4,400 
0,474 


12,020 
4,366 


7,802 
8,084 
6,419 
8,025 
6,890 
7,030 


0,671 
10,410 
11,680 
7,235 
5,78» 
7,825 
7,648 
7,360 


8,045 


6,146 
6.940 


6,168 
7,635 
8,664 
6,960 
7,711 
4,014 
7,S80 
8,320 
6,766 
6,418 
8,966 

0,197 
6,102 


7,394 


^026 
3,386 


6,861 
6,682 
7,090 


41,875 
8,888 
2,484 
8,131 
3,675 


2,218 
6,000 


7,707 
1,678 


8,611 
8,832 
3,947 
8,550 
4,196 
8,066 


6,108 
6,683 
4,480 
2,804 
2,664 
8,629 
4,681 
6,001 


6,192 


2,967 
8,153 


2,745 
3,177 
3,272 
3,521 
2,209 
8,322 
2,653 
3,106 
2,717 
4,206 


4,702 
8,663 


210 


313 


218 


216 
316 
217 
318 


235 
236 
237 


351 
252 
253 
254 
255 
266 
257 
258 


Speolaa. 


BIOMOKIACEiB. 

Oatalpa  blgnonioidea 

Catalpa  apecioaa 

ChUopaia  lallgna 

TERBBNACBJt. 

Citharexylum  Tilloaum 

1IYCTAOIMACE.S. 

Pltonla  obtuaata 

POLTOONACEA. 
Coocoloba  Floridana 


LAUBACB.S. 


Penea  Carolinenala 

Peraea  Carolinenais,  var.  palaatria 

Saaaafhia  officinale 

TTmbellularla  Califomica 


EUPBOBBIACEJC. 


Drypetea  crorea 

DrypetcR  crocea,  var.  latlfoUa .... 

UBTICACE.S. 

Ulmna  craaaifoUa 

Ulmaafulva 

TJlmua  Americana 

TJlmna  racemosa 

Ulmuaalata 

Planeraaquatica 

Cellls  occidentalla 

Celtia  oocidentalia,  var.  retioalata 

Ficaaanrea 

Fioas  pedanoulata 

Moras  rubra 

Madura  aurantiaca 


FLATAKACE.S. 


Platanoa  occidentalis 

Flatanns  racemosa 

Flatanna  Wrightii 

JUGLANDACEA. 

Juglans  cinerea 

Jnglana  nigra 

Jaglans  mpestria 

Carya  oliTnformia 

Carj'aalba 

Carya  sulcata 

Carya  tomentoaa 

Carya  porcina 

Carya  amara 

Carya  my riaticeformia 

Carya  aquatica 

MYBICACEiE. 

Myrica  oerifera 

Myrioa  Califomica 

CUPTTLIFEBiE. 

QQercusalba 

Qnercas  lobata 

Quercus  Garryana 

Quercus  obtusiloba 

Qnercus  undnlata,  var.  Qambelii. 

Quercus  macrocarpa 

Quercus  lyrata 

Quercus  bicoloT 


44.57 
41.48 
58.79 

8&76 

60.81 

93.40 


68.81 
68.73 
60.88 
64.93 


86.44 
88.65 


71.69 
69.77 
64.54 
72.20 
74.17 
52.71 
72.08 
71.86 
24.84 
45.07 
68.66 
76.01 


6&52 
4a  26 
46.73 


40.66 
60.01 
64.89 
70.00 
83.11 
80.35 
81.29 
81.36 
74.74 
79.31 
73.13 


56.08 
66.81 


74.89 
78.87 
74.24 
83.01 
85.88 
74.06 
82.68 
76.18 


683 
822 
644 


1,257 


466 


1,186 


839 
849 
518 


1,080 
836 


704 
963 
747 
1,006 
623 
652 
685 
868 
267 
407 
824 
044 


864 
624 
467 


812 
1,002 
727 
666 
1,390 
1,080 
1,150 
1,014 
1,030 
1,465 
1,013 

888 


071 
717 
811 
833 
671 
929 
1,834 
96« 


353 
270 
247 


400 


127 


893 


886 

350 
267 
344 


340 


330 
871 
364 
466 
809 
265 
337 
344 
102 
98 
831 
483 


271 
240 
183 


255 
365 
256 
247 
512 
464 
482 
466 
470 
505 
876 


348 
443 


369 
876 
872 
200 
410 
438 
388 


5,881 
6,631 
4,768 


11,034 

4,962 

12,837 

9,173 
5,874 
6,110 
0,095 


10,410 
8,824 

7,248 
8,628 
7,191 
9,474 
7,001 
6,806 
6,739 
6,986 
2,607 
4,491 
6,721 
12,939 

7,207 
5,100 
5,228 


6,270 
0,178 
6,097 
6,951 

10,007 
8,030 
9,485 
0,232 
8,357 

10,206 
7,776 

7,122 
8,516 

8,188 
6,703 
7,967 
7,700 
6,668 
7,843 
7,864 
7,860 


1,230 
1,377 
2,304 

4,037 

1,787 

0,310 


8,128 
8,073 
2,144 
8,106 


6,797 
6,610 


4,060 
2,890 
2,970 
3,281 
4,096 
2,384 
3, 472 
4,873 
080 
1,905 
2,805 
5,806 

2,645 
1,486 
1,807 

1,488 
3,140 
2,009 
8,714 
4,344 
4,609 
4,429 
4,822 
3,878 
5,042 
4,307 

2,304 
3,017 

8,888 
3,014 
3,846 
4,415 
4,072 
3,730 
4,033 
3,634 


I     '<i 


258 


FORESl  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TABLE  OF  AVERAGES— Continued. 


.UM 


9' 


HI  r  11 
i?  1     ill 


Spcdca. 


2i» 

MO. 

2C1 

262 

263 

264 

2C6 

267 

338 

269 

270 

271 

273 

272 

278 

274 

276 

276 

277 

278 

27e  j 

280  : 

281 

2«2 

283 

284  i 

286 

286 

287 

288 

289 

no 

291 
292 
203 


Qneroiu  Micl"  uxii 

Qucrcns  I'ricns 

Querona  priooidog 

Qucrons  DouKlasU 

Qncrctis  oblongifol  ia 

Qaercus  grisett 

Quercus  Dmandii 

Quercu  B  V  Ireiis 

Qaeri.n8  cbrysolepis 

Qnercoa  Buiorj'i 

QuiToua  a,-;!  iioUa 

QuerciM  Wieliieni 

Quercns  nibra 

Qnerons  rabm,  cur.  Toxona 

Qoercns  coccinca 

Qaerrup  tiactoriu 

Quercng  Kelloggii 

Qnerciu  nigra 

Qnerc^s  falcata 

Qnercua  Cate8ba:i 

Quercua  paluatria 

Qnf'rcaa  aquatica 

Quercna  lanrifoUa. 

Quorctu  hotcropb ylla 

Quercua  cinerea 

Quercua  hypoleucn 

Querons  inbricaria 

QacroDS  PhcUoa 

Qnercna  ^i'ttsiflora 

Cdet&nopaiB  cbryaophylla 

Caatanea  pumila 

CaataneaTolgariB,  tar.  Americana 

Fagu^  fomiginea 

Oati-ya  Virginica 

Carpinna  Caroliiiana 


I. 

11 


s 


BETULACE.a:. 

Botnla  alba,  var.  popnlifoUa . 

Bctula  papyrlfera 

Betola  ocoidentilia 


294 
296 
296 
297  i  Betnia  Intea  . 


298 
290 
301 
301 

808 


307 
308 

sot 

309 
313 
813 
816 
318 
319 
820 
SU 
821 

322 
313 


Betnla  nigra 

Betola  lent* 

AInuB  rubra 

Alnns  rhomblfoUa . 
AlnnB  (iblongifoUa . 


SALICACEiE. 


Salix  aniygdaloidea 

SaUx  lasTigata 

SaliT  losirsdra,  var.  lanoifoUa 

Ballx  lasiandra,  tar.  Fendleriina. . 

Salix  flnTeaccna 

Salix  flaveacena,  var.  Eoonlpriana , 

Salix  huiolupia 

Popalua  tremnloldes 

Popnloa  grandidentata 

Prpnlna  heteropbylla 

PopuloB  balsamifcra 

Popp!uB  balBaniifcra,  var.  oandi- 
cona. 

Popolaa  angnatifulia 

PopnluB  i  ricbovarpa , 


80.03 
74.43 
86.08 
88.  S3 
97.60 
09.10 
01.00 
03.93 
84.43 
90.44 
81.47 
77.75 
6S.28 
90.08 
73.81 
70.10 
64.18 
72.39 
68.11 
72.31 
G8.82 
72.07 
7a  10 
08.22 
63.4" 
78.41 
74.07 
74.35 
67.25 
55.65 
58.80 
44.95 
(18.48 
82.42 
72.1:6 


67.43 
60.40 
60.12 
65.34 
67.42 
76.97 
47.98 
4^  14 
89.65 


44.68 
4^44 
45.73 
46.12 
58.81 
49.88 
56.82 
40.10 
46.11 
iO.57 
36.11 
41.42 

88.81 
87.66 


964 

1,255 

1,125 

771 

867 

740 

837 

1,130 

1,108 

638 

953 

861 

1,137 

1,023 

1,065 

1,034 

745 

977 

1,^02 

i.cat 

1,123 

:,227 

l,.i58 

1,225 

751 

944 

1,198 

784 

864 

1,012 

1,141 

85e 

1,210 
1,873 
1,149 


780 
1,30C 

924 
1,618 
1,113 
1,432 
1,060 

846 

769 


501 
488 
806 
878 
1,262 
1,086 
888 
814 
063 
723 
867 
780 

458 
1,117 


r 
I" 

ill 


m 

440 
628 
424 
807 
400 
424 
434 
641 
300 
398 
349 
422 
-S7 
450 
'i44 
328 
445 
609 
447 
465 
449 
604 
458 
42f 
475 
620 
422 
404 
316 
423 
297 
490 
484 
400 


464 
344 

533  I 

;l^ 

510 

«4e 

291 
283 


235 
275  ! 
200  ! 


845 
347 
289 
308 
274 
235 
260 

171 
284 


&4^ 

*  **  2 

0 

•  2-9 

II' 

1 

7,715 

3,725 

824 

8,615 

3,686 

326 

9,204 

4,224 

325 

8,013 

^988 

6,941 

7,031 

7,066 

6,828 

320 

8,650 

4,922 

327 

8,748 
8,721 

5,165 
6,070 

1  328 
1  328 

0,769 

6,646 

1  330 

7,410 

3,770 

{  331  I 

8,527 

4,362 

333 

8,172 

2.8'!5 

\  338 

1    9,310 

4,666 

8,074 

3,224 

i  338 

8,012 

3,243 

1  340 

7,184 
7,054 
0,532 

2,783 
4,582 
3,223 

341 
342 
343 

7,316 

3,646 

^345 

7,862 
8,023 

3,040 
3,169 

;  340 

347 

8,424 

4,056 

848 

6,600 
7,167 

2,008 
3,221 

349 
350 

4,605 

4,348 

361 

8,8aD 

3,623 

352 

6,236 

3,452 

■  353 

7,609 
6,959 

3,593 
1,912 

356 
356 

7,023 
0,106 
7,550 
8,060 

1,887 
1,688 
3,145 
3,696 

367 
367 
358 
359 

7,069 

3,405 

360 
361 
362 

6,664 
7,781 

2,073 
2,083 

363 
3M 

6,260 

2,459 

'!,007 
7,007 

2,581 
2,117 

366 

367 

t,'X)7 

3,615 

868 

6,644 
6,606 
4,462 

1,870 
1,267 
1,188 

868 
370 
371 
372 
378 
374 

4,224 

1,284 

876 

5,114 

1,884 

376 

4,581 

1,311 

377 

6,467 

1,400 

378 

7,484 

3,018 

870 

6,632 

1,681 

880  I 

6,160 

2,241 

381 

1    5,286 

1,281 

382 

6,727 

804 

888 

4,627 

1,384 

884 

6,126 

1,202 

386 

4,418 

1,030 

386 
887 

4,332 

1  228 

888 

6,348 

1,018 

880 

Speoiea. 


Popnloa  monilifera 

Popnloa  Fremontii 

Fopniua  Fremontii,  var.  Wiallzeni 

CONIFEB.S;. 

LiboccdruB  decorrens 

Tfanya  occidontoUs 

Tbnya  gigantea 

Cbuninoyparia  apbieroidea 

Cbanueoyparis  Nutliaenaia 

Chamiecypnrla  Lavaonianft 

Cupreaaua  Goveniana 

JoniperuB  occidcntaUa,  var.  ooi\Ja- 
gens. 

Juniporua  Tirginiana .. 

Taxodium  diaticbum 

Sequoia  gigantea 

Sequoia  aemperrirena 

ToxuB  brevifolia 

Tori'oya  tnxifolia 

Torroya  Oalifornica 

Pinua  Strobus 

Pinna  OKnticola 

Pinua  Lamljcrtiana 

Pinua  flexilia 

Pinua  albicaoUa 

Pinua  reflexa 

PinnaParrvuia 

PinoB  edulia 

Pinna  raonopbylla 

Pinna  Balfouriaua 

Pinua  Balfonriana,  var.  arietata. .. 

Pinua  reaiuoBa 

Pinua  Torr«yana 

Pinua  Arizonica 

Pinua  pocderoan 

Pinna  Jeffrey  i 

Finns  Chibuabuana 

Pinna  oontorta 

Pinna  Murrayaua 

Pinna  Sabiniana 

Pinna  Coolteri 

Pinua  iuBienia 

Pinua  tnberciilata 

Pinna  Tnda 

Pinua  rigidn 

Pinua  acrotina 

Pinua  iuopa 

Pinna  clanaa , . . 

PlnuB  pnngena 

Pinna  muricatn 

Pinosmltia 

Pinna  glabra 

PlnoB  Banksiaua 

Pinna  palustria 

Pinna  Cubeuaia 

Picea  nlgm 

Plcenalbtt 

Picea  SngelmannI 

Pioca  pungena 

Picea  Sltcbenaia 

Tauga  Canadeuati 

Tauga  Carolininna 

'£aaga  Uertenaiana 


88.63 
48.77 
46.68 


40.14 
31.53 
87.80 
88.12 
47.66 
46.16 
46.68 
68.76 

49.11 
45.24 
2&67 
42.02 
63.78 
61.08 
46.96 
88.47 

86.76 
48.42 
41.54 
48.65 
56.44 
63.49 
66.20 
54.17 
55.56 
48.41 
60.62 
60.28 
46.90 
50.58 
54.87 
68.04 
40.88 
4a  18 
41.18 
45.60 
34.88 
54.27 
61.30 
79.29 
53.93 
66.00 
49.22 
49.28 
60.86 
88.13 
47.60 
68.82 
74.88 
46.71 
40.88 
83.88 
37.26 
42.80 
41.20 
42.68 
61.61 


847 

533 

1,084 

404 

1,028 

1,217 

489 

734 

670 

1,032 

451 

670 

761 

821 

401 

861 

850 

784 

676 

512 

913 

37, 

421 

435 

594 

715 

1,132 

542 

824 

887 

925 

726 

1,585 

771 

585 

1,141 

979 

429 

1,128 

681 

1,170 

543 

648 

803 

1,194 

1,876 

448 

94*! 

1,488 

1,677 

1,100 

1,023 

808 

658 

990 

900 

713 

1,875 


281 
210 
318 
194 
842 
379 
230 
200 

816 

291 

196 

255 

460 

378 

249 

267 

260 

255 

266 

249 

829 

182 

191 

123 

181 

270 

341 

323 

279 

807 

318 

355 

423  j 

241  I 

333 

325  , 

316  : 

176  I 

377  I 

818 

497  i 

281 

214 

31» 

441 

44;> 

212 
278 
490 
600 
818 
319 
245 
184 
277 
807 
187 


5,661 
6,055 
6.850 


7,446 
4,003 
;,  187 
4,148 

7,281 
7,454 
5,742 
8,605 

6,760 
6,771 
6,210 
6,650 
7,734 
7,364 
5,625 
6,210 
5,340 
5,382 
5,501 
5,286 
7,825 
6,420 
6,678 
4,388 
6,398 
5,209 
7,274 
4,548 
0,292 
6,037 
6,679 
5,388 
8,868 
5,328 
6,387 
6,874 
6,080 
4,207 

e,oJ4 

6,687 
8,078 
6,786 
6,038 
6,670 
8,142 
7,628 
4,604 
6,829 
10,074 
10,626 
6,620 
5,488 
4,271 
4,128 
6,663 
6,142 
6,450 
8,747 


^B 


1,561 
857 
1,114 
1,074 
1,618 
1,317 
2, 852 
4,404 

2,376 
1,106 
1,091 
1,242 
4,223 
2,523 
1,002 
1,194 
1,071 
1,244 
1,727 
1.716 
2,002 
3,126 
3,388 
2,713 
2,350 
2,140 
1,353 
2,309 
1,740 
1,718 
1,860 
2,470 
2,382 
1,378 
2,202 
1,475 
1,687 
1,372 
1,710 
2,123 
4,740 
2,40« 
2,100 
1,842 
1,950 
2,064 
1,604 
1,600 

2,885 
1,240 
1,117 
1,217 
1,267 
1,160 
1.814 
1,996 
1,622 


III 
III 


1,827 
1,882 
1,607 


1,861 
957 
1,114 
1,074 
1,618 
1,317 
2,852 
4,404 


42 


74  ' 
126! 
120  I 

ha 
I71 

liB 

ls3 
I42 

Iso 
I47 


2,37» 
1,166 
1,091 
1,242 
4,223 
2,529 
1,962 
1,194 
1,071 
1,244 
1,727 
1,716 
2,002 
3,120 
3,388 
2,71i 
2, 850 
2,140 
1,353 
2,309 
1,740 
1,719 
1,850 
2,470 
2,382 
1,379 
2,202 
1,475 
1,687 
1,372 
1,719 
\      2,129 
1      4,740 
j      2,406 
i      2,100 
1,842 
1,050 
2,064 
1,694 
1,609 

2,985 
1,240 
1,117 
1,217 
1,207 
1,160 
1.314 
1,996 
1,622 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


TABLE  OP  AVERAGES— Contiuned, 


259 


390 
391 
391 

392 
393 
394 
395 
396 


Species. 


Tenga  Fattoniana 

PscadotsagaDouglasii 

Psoudotsuga  Songlosii,  rar,  mn- 
crocarpa. 

Abies  Fraseri 

Abies  balaamea 

Abies  subalpina 

Abies  graudis 

Abies  ooDColor 


44.36 
51.53 
46.59 

8S.46  072  273 

88.02  819  220 

34. 61  762  I  202 

36.08  058  211 

80.07  009  I  300 


6,567 
5,861 
4,829 
6,255 
6,237 


t-A'B 

1 

1S£ 

i  ^ 

SS-9 

1   » 

|o| 

i  ? 

pi 

5 

Species. 


1,664 

1,608  { 
1,642 

1,048 
1,202 
1,015 
810 
1,248 


400 
401 
402 


405 


Abies  amabilis 

AbioHnobilis 

Abii'S  niagniflcn 

Larix  Americana 

Larix  ocoldentalls 

PALMACE£. 
Washingtouia  fllifera 


i  a" 


u 


1:^ 


Sti,a 


.5  •a  a 
pas 

tl--  S 

§^ 

«j  o  a 


§38 
ss.a 

3  o  « 


42.18  1200  i  838 

45.46  1277  j  868 

46.87    662  I  299 

62. 18  1261  I  364 

74. 00  1658  624 


60.76 


663 


163 


5a 


7, 480  1, 029 

7,256'  1,917 

6,903  I  1,545 

8,763  '  1,875 

11,023  I  2,895 


8,638       2,SJ0 


The  followiug  tabic  illustrates  the  relation  between  the  ,speciflc  gravity  and  the  transverse  strength  of  the 
wood  of  species  upon  which  a  sufficient  number  of  tests  has  been  made  to  render  such  a  comparison  valuable.  The 
determinations  of  the  specific  gravity  and  transverse  strength  were,  in  every  case,  made  upon  the  same  specimen, 
at  the  same  time.    The  table  is  arranged  according  to  the  specific  gravity  of  the  Rpecimens. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  strength  of  the  diffr  i  "it  specimens  closely  but  not  invariably  follows  their  specific 
gravity.  An  examination  of  Table  III  will  show,  however,  tliat  in  nearly  every  case  where  any  wide  difterence 
occnrs  it  is  due  to  imperfections  in  tlie  stick  disproportionately  affecting  its  strength.  Moreover,  in  the  case  ot 
species  where  the  specific  gravity  and  strength  of  diflerent  specimens  are  nearly  identical,  their  order  of  arrangement 
becomes  largely  accidental.  A  slight  difference  in  the  time  occiijiied  in  the  strength  tests,  or  slight  variations  in 
the  direction  of  the  grain  of  the  wood,  may  considerably  affect  the  sequence  in  such  a  table : 

TABLE  ILLUSTRATING  THE   RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE   STRENGTH   AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY  IN  THE  WOOD 

OF  CERTAIN   SPECIES. 


1 

SpOOlM. 

1 

s 

S 

0 

k 

Catalogue  ntunber. 

f 

1 

Belative       speeiflo 

gravity. 

Belative  transverse 

strength. 

8 

534 

1 

1 

66 

20 

1 

584 

2 

2 

878 

246 

8 

3 

878 

261 

4 

5 

1048 

246 

5 

4 

1948 

261 

6 

6 

SSO 

8 

Ltiiodeodmn  TuUpTorft     •■- •>........• 

818 

1 

1 

530 

818 

2 

6 

743 

1231 

3 

2 

743 

1230 
1286 

4 

5 

6 
4 

77 

1248 
40.: 

2            2 

1232 

6 

3 

1248 

8            5 

1232 

7 

8 

1247 

895 

8 

7 

1247 

6            4 

00 

Acer  mAcrophyllam •.....•••...••.... 

982 

1 

1 

815 

6            6 

082 

2 

2 

815 

7            7 

'• 

1023 
1023 

3 

4 

4 

a 

1(M 

15 
IS 

1            1 

2:        2 

M 

290 
1288 

1 
2 

2 

1 

IIT 
1053 

ll        4 

128S 

8 

7 

1053 

1284 

4 

• 

m 

■ 

1231 

B 

5 

761 

1234 

6 

4 

768 

g 

1233 

7 

3 

i«a 

0 

876 

8 

8 

317 

10 

409 

9 

9 

817 

11 

64 

Acer  sMohAiinnm,  var.  ntgnun 

274 

1 

1 

1151 

12  1        18 

218 

3 

2 

406 

12 

757 

3 

3 

117 

1068 

1 

76T 

4 

4 

7108 

3 

S 

■I 


in 

■ 

11 

11  ■ 


¥i 


:  '■  ! 


I 


1^ 


fiflf- 


260 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


RELATION  BETWEEN  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


1 

Species. 

1 

a 

1  i 

u 

n 

1 

a 

u 

SpeciM. 

1 
a 
§ 

i 

o  s 

1 

U7 

FyroB  coronaria— contliined 

1088 

8 

2 

184 

Fnudaiu  viridis— contlnned 

848 

2 

4 

1087 

4 

4 

857 

3 

1 

188 

Llquidambor  Styraciflaa 

117.S 

1 

2 

438 

4 

3 

1182 

2 

8 

67 

6 

7 

1182 

8 

5 

837- 

6 

5 

* 

1183 

4 

8 

308 

7 

6 

1173 

5 

1 

308 

8 

8 

1005 
1181 

Q 

3 

186 

Fraxinus  quadrangnlata 

66 
66 

1 
2 

3 
2 

■ 

7 

11 

1181 

8 

10 

286> 

a 

1 

646 

8 

e 

518 

4 

S 

1085 

10 

4 

286* 

6 

6 

646 

11 

12 

281 

6 

4 

1J83 

12 

7 

125 

7 

8 

IBl 

Comiu  florldii    . 

1077 
1077 
1082 

3 
4 

5 

1 

3 
8 

217 

Saaaaflaa  offloinale 

125 
814 

814 

8 
1 
3 

7 

^f^TA  *#iag   «A^/«  l\i«llB   •   ••««««  ■*a*«B*a*a«4*a****««Bsa«*»«*>*»«< 

6 

4 

812 

6 

4 

71 

3 

1 

812 

7 

5 

854 

4 

7 

761 

8 

7 

864 

5 

8 

67 

8 

6 

446 

6 

5 

67 

10 

4 

387 

7 

8 

164 

NvSfia  STlT&tiOtt   .................................a... 

7)0 

I 

2 

71 

8 

2 

^^  J  ■*«»•«      J         ■•w»*/^»   ■■■■«•  ■*•«««■  ■•t«*a«»a4a*s**  ■  •••  •••■  •  • 

t» 

i 

8 

887 

8 

8 

75v^ 
883 

3 
4 

1 
6 

223 

nimua  fiilva ,.,. 

131 

131 

1 

2 

1 

2 

833 
834 

6 

0 

4 

7 

224 

TTlsnus  Americana 

533 
533 

1 
2 

6 
4 

834 

7 

3 

1048 

3 

2 

813 

8 

5 

18 

4 

I 

813 

8 

8 

8 

5 

3 

165 

Nyssa  oniflora 

128 

1 

2 

V.-M 

6 

11 

128 

2 

1 

1038 

7 

10 

604 

3 

6 

858 

8 

7 

604 

4 

4 

281 

8 

8 

556 

5 

6 

281 

10 

8 

^ 

550 

6 

3 

U68 

U 

5 

184 

DicMDvroB  VirfFininnft 

425 

1 

1 

226 

Ulmaa  racemoaa . 

116 

J 

I 

Jk^Mi^fmW^j  ft  VQ       V     LI  ICiAJUt^VB  •*■«•*••«■«■••■■■«•■•■*■•**»■»«*• 

1084 

2 

6 

314 

2 

2 

1162 

3 

4 

314 

3 

5 

811 

4 

3 

116« 

4 

3 

1084 

5 

2 

428 

5 

7 

811 

6 

6 

116« 

6 

4 

■ 

81 

7 

8 

116 

7 

6 

61 
1045 
1045 

8 
3 
2 

7 
1 
4 

228 

Coltis  occidentalii 

873 
878 

nil 

1 
2 
3 

6 
4 

in 

Fraxinufl  Americana 

1 

114> 

3 

3 

306 

4 

6 

837 

4 

18 

806 

6 

7 

227» 

5 

2 

1111 

6 

a 

130 

6 

7 

75 

7 

3 

431 

7 

6 

75 

8 

8 

114« 

2271 

8 
B 

5 
10 

232 

Momi  rubra 

132 
1266 

1 
2 

1 
4 

38t 

10 

8 

183 

8 

3 

212 

11 

11 

im 

4 

6 

212 

12 

8 

U44 

6 

3 

747 

13 

21 

1245 

6 

6 

. 

351 

14 

14 

1246 

7 

7 

227 
267 

15 
16 

13 
12 

236 

Juglaivfl  cinerea 

1057 
76« 

1 
2 

1 
2 

747    : 

17 

17 

16 

8 

7 

651    , 

18 

16 

• 

16 

4 

4 

114» 

18 

16 

76 

6 

6 

114 

20 

18 

76 

6 

S 

114 

ai 

20 

128 

7 

6 

IM 

Frazioiu  «iridlt 

•48 

1 

a 

S8« 

8 

8 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  TBANBVEESE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


261 


242 


248 


245 


248 


BpsdM. 


Jnglans  nigrw. . 


OarjmaUM.. 


Carys  mdoaU. 


Caryk  poroln* . 


Caryn  aqantloa  . 


251     Qnerons  alba  . 


051 

951 

768 

786 

818 

325 

407 

117 

117 

2e> 

530 

531 

531 

1056 

1058 

3 

1007 

240 

118 

240 

118 

8 

816 

888 

81S 

388 

1082 

8S1 

1168 

8(1 

1082 

1184 

1170 

1186 

88 

88 

1168 

U68 

442 

588 

6 

6 

121 

740 

740 

368 

862 

120 

017 

1257 

748 

547 

M7 

1SS7 

8 

1050 

740 

258 

288 

748 

83 

1050 

40 

850 

895 

238 

2(0 


ft 

I 


251 


253 


254 


256 


257 


Sp«eiea. 


QaoToaa  alba — continued  . 


Qaerona  Qanyans. 


Qneroua  obtnatloba . 


Qnereiu  maoroeaqNl. . 


Qnerons  lyrata. . 


258     Querong  bicolor. 


250 


Qaercna  MlohanxU  . 


280 


861 


QneiMni  Prinni . 


Querciia  prinoidn 


I 


1087 

1020 

988 

1020 

771 

771 

256 

161 

151 

851 

851 

137 

310 

1071 

810 

143 

033 

1073 

1072 

B3S 

70 
432 
831 

70 
645 
762 
762 
646 

64 
846 
840 

54> 

54 
755 
755 
240 
340 
624 
524 

85 
026 

81 
•16 

81 
434 
278 
387 


2 
7 
4 
5 
8 
5 
7 
3 
1 
2 
4 
4 
1 

e 

6 
10 
13 
12 
6 
7 
11 
3 
0 
4 
2 
1 
2 
3 
4 
1 
5 
4 
2 
8 
8 
1 
6 
« 
4 
2 
1 
8 
5 
4 
•i 
8 
2 
4 


w 


fi 


mm 


262  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  TEAN8VEB8E  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


1 

! 

f 

1 

1 

i 
1 

! 

Speoiei. 

1 

t 

|| 

i 

Species. 

1 

t 

if 

f 

1 

1 

1 

f 

1 

1 

1 

261 

OaArcna  nrinoldoii    oontimuid 

614 

3 

3 

291 

786 

7 

9 

^M  UVa  V**^   MT^  mMA%fm%m%Mr~      ^f^fmmw*MMmmMt^m  ••■••••••■■•••••••*••■■•• 

84« 

4 

1 

785 

8 

7 

514 

(  5 

6 

443 

0  1 

10 

• 

34 

6 

6 

44» 

10 

8 

287 

OnercoB  TlreiiB  .....■.■............■.■•■■.■-■■........ 

404 

1 

3 

296 

Betula  papyiifera 

886 

1 

^P  tM%f^ »/  *•**       T   «*  ^/B*^     ■■■••■    »■■■•■■**«*■    ■«■«■«■    ■««■■■■**•          B*    . 

964 

2 

7 

1065 

2 

954 

3 

6 

1066 

4 

799 

4 

2 

1087 

8 

919 

5 

4 

722 

5 

799 

6 

1 

990 

9 

919 

7 

5 

1086 

8 

273 

QnerciiB  mbitt  •.•■>•■>•••■■■■>•>  ■•>•■•••>>•••• 

1048 
146 

1 
2 

1 

10 

1066 
990 

7 

^QIAVA^JIAV    ■  ■•■#*•■  ■■•■■■*  •■•■•■  *■■■*■  ■■VW*VWB«*««  ■  •  •••  •  • 

11 

1043 

8 

4 

166T 

10 

10 

217 

4 

6 

722 

11 

8 

215 
218 

6 
6 

7 
3 

297 

BetinlAlate* 

843 
843 

2 

8 

7 

7 

2 

1068 

7 

7 

8 

5 

1069 

6 

140 

9 

8 

1070 

4 

215 

10 

11 

1068 

6 

92 

11 

1? 

1069 

1 

45« 

12 

9 

1070 

3 

:4i 

13 

16 

298 

Betnla  Diirra .....          ................................ 

842 

5 

920 

14 

6 

*^*J^vt  ■—  l.A«^%i«  .«..*..a*v4. ■«««•«••■«••■••*>>*■«■*■■■■■** 

841 

4 

920 

16 

7 

., 

841 

2 

451 

16 

12 

842 

6 

451 

17 

14 

136 

1 

274 

r^aerciu  dnotorlft 

74 

1 

4 

136 

3 

• 

3fl> 
361 

2 
3 

9 
2 

301 

Alnns rubra  .....•..•.•....•.•■■■•.••••■■••.•• 

991 
991 

4 

3 

86 

4 

6 

1025 

1 

36 

6 

8 

967 

5 

247 

6 

1 

967 

6 

17 

7 

5 

1036 

A* 

2 

247 
437 

8 
9 

3 
10 

324 

Populofl  moulUfora ..••■ 

809 

764 

2 

3 

2 

17 

10 

7 

754 

3 

1 

24t 

11 

11 

800 

* 

8 

444 

12 

12 

804 

6 

5 

277 

QnerooB  foloftte ,.... ••..•.....'.. 

648 

1 

3 

804 

6 

8 

^Q«AV4  **■*■*     A*W«1^^V^V  •    •    •    •    *«■■»■■>■«■■    VPHB«««B«BarBVB«H          ■    *«    . 

265 

2 

1 

326 

Popalua  FremontU,  var.  WlaUieiit ^ 

913 

1 

6 

t 

648 

3 

a 

046 

2 

2 

131 

4 

6 

640 

8 

4 

181 

6 

7 

009 

4 

1 

206 

6 

4 

912 

6 

6 

I 

C46 

7 

6 

900 

6 

3 

Qnorcus  aqnatiea ......•.....•• 

245 

742 

8 

1 

8 

1 

327 

Thnvaoooldmtatia •••>••••••...•• 

1099 
874 

1 
2 

2 

280 

^  A.  ■«  J  ^  ^r^^^^w^^rmm^^^m^^  «  *sv  *"  ■■  ■  —  .»  vh.v.hhvv  ••■■«■  •••*■* 

1 

511 

2 

8 

874 

8 

5 

742 

3 

» 

TSI 

4 

7 

511 

4 

2 

lOM 

8 

8 

84» 

6 

4 

788 

8 

8 

349 

6 

8 

788 

', 

lii 

264> 

7 

8 

790 

8 

4 

364» 

8 

6 

790 

B 

8 

2641 

9 

7 

879 

10 

0 

2M 

CftatMSAft  Ttilnkris.  mm*.  AnmlaABA.. ■■■•.. •.■•■■■.. ... 

IB 

1 

2 

879 

11 

11 

^^■wwmi^^H    w  %«t^^p&  ^^1   wi»w  ■  .^.■■■vi.^wvB^HBv  A'.'.vvvv'voa.flat  •.. 

268 

2 

1 

792 

13 

12 

516 

8 

8 

788 

13 

18 

18 

{ 

4 

329      *^'Tam«nrnaH«  mv.1i«i«Ij1«» 

360 

1 

7 

a>i 

Vurnfl fpmurtnAA        ....i....  ....■••»■•■■>..  ..... 

119 

1 

3 

— — ™— — rf  J-——'  —»•——-"——----"-•-"-••  -------------  -- 

8u0 

2 

3 

A  "B  ua  BL  ft  A  u^ABfl^HV  »...*«>«i*wsv»va««vaiia«.****      .■■■!.•• 

9 

2 

1 

860 

8 

1 

U3 

S 

4 

861 

4 

4 

0 

4 

8 

881 

6 

:: 

863 

6 

• 

882 

8 

J; 

US 

0 

i 

• 

(M 

T 

8 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  TEAN8VER8E  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continued. 


263 


Species. 

0 

1* 

1- 

1 

Speotefl. 

a 

s 

! 

if 

1 

830    CluuDiBoypariB Xutluoiisis •....■.......-■*. 

069 

1 

5 

378 

Pinna  glabra— continned.... 

704 

2 

2 

083 

2 

1 

142 

3 

4 

1000 

3 

8 

142 

4 

8 

»83 

3 

644 

6 

6 

1000 

6 

544 

6 

6 

i 

094 

4 

370 

Pious  Bankaiana 

780 

1 

1 

094 

2 

870 

2 

2 

008 

7 

304 

3 

8 

830 

Jnnlpenu  VirgiiilftnA 

1240 

5 

304 

4 

4 

1280 

7 

870 

6 

a 

784 

1 

780 

6 

s 

800 

4 

880 

Pinna  Daltutiia.....  •■•■.■.••-•••..... ................ 

81 

1 

1 

800 

3 

^    ■■■  **q    ^VHVB^VAW  ■■••••■•••■•••"•»■•••••••••■■••■••••••• 

358 

2 

7 

327 

2 

550 

3 

2 

327 

6 

358 

4 

8 

842 

Sequoia  semperrlrenfi 

711 

5 

357 

5 

1 

710 

1 

81 

6 

10 

711 

8 

859 

7 

11 

713 

6 

360 

8 

4 

713 

8 

361 

9 

8 

712 

4 

361 

10 

5 

712 

7 

800 

11 

13 

847 

Pinna  Stiobni 

222 
1044 

2 
7 

24S 
243 

12 
18 

0 

0 

- 

707 

1 

385 

U 

18 

1 

4 

3D0 

16 

15 

788 

8 

357 

10 

12 

788 

5 

86 

17 

16 

707 

6 

384 

18 

18 

1044 

11 

390 

19 

17 

789 

8 

• 

85 

20 

20 

789 

9 

384 

21 

21 

Pinni  resinoM » 

777 
315 

10 

1 

381 

Flnoa  Cabendfl 

403 
408 

1 
2 

6 

858 

4 

315 

2 

868 

8 

2 

1078 

3 

366 

4 

1 

1078 

6 

84 

5 

S 

785 

4 

8t 

6 

5 

1074 

e 

383 

Picea  nigra 

231 

1 

1 

1075 

^ 

7 

2R1 

2 

2 

786 

8 

776 

3 

3 

301 

632 

3 

880 

4 

4 

910 

10 

770 

6 

0 

907 

• 

11 

373 

6 

7 

680 

1 

880 

■     T 

8 

610 

4 

704 

8 

5 

130 

0 

704 

8 

•0 

731 
626 

6 

3 

888 

Picoaalba 

513 

773 

1 
2 

6 

3 

718 

5 

77!i 

'     3 

1 

030 

13 

i 

784 

4 

5 

•     718 

8 

618 

5 

4 

636 

7 

784 

6 

8 

370 

Finns  XedA ...••.••..••••..... 

82 
365 
365 

I 
4 
6 

386 

PIcea  8itoh«n^ 

791 
070 
070 

7 
2 

2 

3 

M^   SVI^W  ^JmwVuA^-^ut^^V  ■*#....#•■.  -  ■..«■■.•...■«■   ««•'*««•**** 

2 

388 

2 

1016 

3 

1 

389 

3 

877 

4 

4 

388 

7 

1026 

•     5 

8 

389 

5 

977 

6 

5 

m 

Pinna  Inopa 

1172 

4 

1?M 

7 

0 

1172 

* 

2 

1010 

8 

6 

1160 

« 

10)0 

0 

7 

1160 

1 

387 

Tanira Canadenaia • 

780 

1 

8 

822 

8 

^  v«*^^   *^^*mm^r^r^  .WW    »**....*.....w.. ...•..♦...  ......■••• 

793 

2 

2 

621 

8 

772 

8 

1 

378 

Pinna  £lab» 

764 

1 

77J 

4 

3 

'  '^MPMHriH 


'I! 


264 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  TRAN8VEESE  STRENGTH  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ETC.— Continnod. 


i 

Species. 

1 

a 

1 

i.. 

Belatlve  transrerse 
strength. 

1 

i 

a 

891 

Species. 

1 

887 

Tsuga  Canftdensl^— coDtinned 

1040 

5 

1         4 

Pseadotsnga  Doaglasil— continued 

1022 

iiO 

1040 

A 

6 

j  a»l 

1008 

■JO 

2<l 

775 

7 

13 

. 

271« 

21 

'.'4 

787 

8 

9 

1 
1 

1020 

28 

VI 

787 

9 

8 

i 

1022 

29 

U 

5 

10 

10 

980 

80 

3 

210 

11 

7 

1020 

3; 

4 

1      775 

12 

15 

702 

32 

M 

1042 

IS 

11 

709 

sa 

22 

1042 

14 

12 

709 

84 

27 

5 

15 

17 

894  ■  Abies subalpina 

449 

i 

2 

817 

16 

14 

449> 

2 

6 

219 

17 

16 

449> 

8 

5 

817 

18 

18 

449< 

■' 

1 

778 

19 

20 

820 

6 

3 

T78 

20 

19 

820 

6 

4 

891 

Pseadotsnga  DonglMii 

708 

1 

1 

396 

Abies  concolor 

733 

1 

1 

708 

2 

2 

639 

2 

i 

704 

3 

3 

733 

3 

2 

1018 

4 

8 

639 

4 

4 

1018 

5 

10  j 

529 

5 

6 

lOlfl 

6 

33 

529 

6 

5 

989 
1010 

7 
8 

7 
18 

401 

I«arix  Americana 

226« 
226 

1 
2 

1 

a 

705 

9 

"1 

774 

3 

10 

627 

10 

5l 

840 

4 

8 

881 

11 

9  ' 

786 

5 

2 

881 

12 

13 

795 

6 

4 

1008 

13 

19 

" 

774 

7 

5 

706 

14 

11 

795 

8 

7 

720 

16 

'*! 

8-10 

9 

0 

1011 

16 

17 ! 

781 

10 

12 

627 

"   ': 

12  ' 
30 

786 

11 

6 

720 

18 

781 

12 

U 

1011 
974 

19 
20 

32 
16 

402 

Larix  occideotAliB - 

1006 
1006 

1 
2 

.1 

j 

4 

782 

21 

21 

984 

3 

1 

1 

782    ! 

22 

29 

984 

4 

2 

■      973 

23  ' 

25 

719 

6 

5 

■      973 

24 

20 

1 

i 

719 

6 

0 

M 


GENEEAL  EEMAEKS. 

An  examination  of  the  res'ilts  obtained  from  the  various  tests  made  upon  the  woods  of  North  America  indicate 
at  least  the  important  fact  that  within  the  limits  of  any  species  the  weight  and  strength  of  any  specimen  of  wood 
depends  upon  the  actual  proportion  of  the  space  occupied  in  the  layers  of  annual  growth  with  open  ducts  to  the 
space  occupied  with  compact,  woody  tissue,  and  to  the  size  of  these  ducts;  or  in  the  case  of  the  wood  of 
Coniferae,  the  proportion  of  space  occupied  with  cells  formed  early  in  the  season  to  that  occupied  with  the  smaller 
cells  of  the  summer  growth.  The  proportion  between  these  t-./o  kinds  of  growth  varies  not  only  in  every  individual 
tree,  but  in  different  parts  of  the  same  tree.  The  causes  which  thus  aflfect  the  growth  of  wood  are  not  very 
apparent.  It  is  not  soil,  nor  age,  nor  general  climatic  conditions,  it  ai)pear8,  which  produce  the  different  proiwrtion 
between  the  solid  and  the  light  portions  of  the  annual  growth  in  any  spo'-iea,  because  in  the  same  individual  this 
proportion  is  found  to  vary  from  year  to  year.  It  varies  very  irreguliirly ,  )i.)r  does  the  rapidity  of  growth,  as  has 
been  supposed,  greatly  affect  the  strength  of  wood,  because  the  proportion  of  oi)en  to  compact  growth  i«  little 
affected  by  rapid  or  slow  increase  of  the  tree's  diameter.  How  far  annual  climatic  variations  affect  the  nature  of 
the  annual  layers  of  growth  has  not  been  demonstrated,  although  it  is  not  impossible  thiit  In  years  in  which 
conditions  favorable  to  rapid  growth  are  extended  late  into  the  season,  the  proportion  of  the  auiuial  layer  occupied 
by  open,  weak  growth  to  the  growth  of  the  whole  year  would  be  greater  than  that  formed  in  a  yetU"  during  which 
the  season  favorable  for  rapid  growth  was  less  extended. 

It  follows  that  while  such  experiments  as  those  conducted  by  Mr.  Sharpies  arr  -lecessary  to  establish 
maximum  and  relative  values  for  any  species,  these  being  established,  actual  values  of  any  given  specimen  of 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


265 


wood  may  be  determined  by  microscopio  examination  of  its  stractnre ;  that  is,  two  specimens  of  the  wood  of  any 
species  to  which  the  census  tests  have  been  applied  being  given,  their  relative  values  can  be  determined  by  an 
examination  of  their  structure  as  well  as  or  better  than  by  any  elaborate  experiments. 

TANKIN  VALUES. 

The  amount  of  tannin  contained  in  the  bark  of  various  trees  of  the  United  States  has  been  determined. 

These  determinations  give  the  proportion  of  tannin.  They  do  not  indicate  the  real  value  of  the  bark  of  the 
species  for  tanning,  which  can  only  be  obtained  by  actual  experiments  made  on  a  large  scale,  other  properties  in 
the  bark,  beside  the  percentage  of  tannin,  affecting  the  value  of  the  leather  prepared  with  it. 

These  determinations  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  approximations,  which  will  serve,  in  some  cases,  to 
indicate  species  not  now  in  general  use  for  this  purpose,  which  may  be  looked  to  as  possible  sources  of  tannin 
supply. 

The  methods  adopted  by  Mr.  Sharpies  in  making  these  determinations  are  described  by  him  as  follows : 

The  tannin  in  each  case  was  determined  in  the  roased  bark;  that  is,  bark  deprived  of  the  main  part  of  the  outside  coating.  The 
method  employed  was  that  devised  by  Lowenthal,  which  may  be  thus  briefly  described:  A  standard  decoction  of  the  bark  is  titrated 
with  permanganate  of  potash,  a  quantity  of  indigo  l>eing  first  added  to  it.  In  a  second  portion  the  tannin  is  precipitated  by  means  of 
gelatine,  and  the  gallic  ooid  in  the  liquid  again  determined  by  permanganate  and  indigo.  The  difference  between  these  two  readings 
gives  the  amount  of  tannin  in  the  bark,  the  value  of  the  permanganate  having  previously  been  determined  by  pure  tannic  acid,  or  by 
oxalic  acid  and  calculation. 

The  bark  of  the  following  species  has  been  examined : 


14 
»3 

140 
160 
251 
2S6 

2«0 

Ml 

261 
267 
269 
272 
274 


BotanloiU  name. 


OoTdonia  Lasianthiu  . 
ProaoplBjaliflora 


Rhliopbom  Mangle — 
Exostemma  Caribsiim . 

QoeroDsalba 

Qnerona  maorooarpa.... 


Qnerona  Piinns 

QaercDS  prinotdes  (old  tree) . 

Qnercns  prinoides  (yonng  tree) 

Qaerona  virens 

Qaeroag  Emoryi 

Queronerabra 

Qaaroos  tinotorta 


Common  name. 


Loblolly  Bay.    Tan  Bay 

Heeqait.    Algaroba.    Honey 

Loonat.    Honey  Pod. 
Mangrove 


White  Oak 

Bnrr  Onk.    Moesy-onp  Oak. 

Over-cnp  Oak. 
Cbeatnnt  Onk.    Rock  Cbeat- 

nat  Oak. 
Yellow  Onk.    Chestnut  Oak. 

Chinquapin  Oak. 

do , 

Live  Oak , 

BlaokOak 

KedOak.    Blnok  Onk 

Bbtok  Oak.   YelloT-bark  Oak. 

QoercitronOnk.  Yellow  Oak. 


1 

i 

1 

1 

S 

k 

275! 

13.14 

2.85 

4.04 

8.71 

276 : 

277 

31.04 

6.70 

287 

S.81 

7.16 

5.99 

0.11 

290 

4.59 

8.05 

382 

6.25 

3.83 

384 
384 

4.33 

8.38 

384 
387 

10,33 

6.23 

889 

10.4ft 

8.80 

880 

0.76 

16.09 

390 

4.66 

4.43 

891 

S.90 

6.73 

Botanical  name. 


Qaercna  Kelloggii  . 

Qaerona  nigra 

Qnerona  faloata 

Qnercaa  denaiflora. 


Common  name. 


Castaneavnlgnria,  car.  Ameri- 
cana. ! 

Ficea  nigra Black  Spruce. 

Plcea  Engolmanni I  White  Spmoe 

Ficea  Engclmanni do 


BlaokOak 

Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak 

SpaniabOak.    KedOak 

TanbarkOak.   Cbeatnnt  Oak. 

Peach  Oak. 
Cheatnut 


Ficea  Engelmanni 

Tauga  Canadenaia 

Tsnga  Mertensiana 

Tangn  Mertensiana 

Tanga  Pattonlana 

Paendotsaga  Douglaail . 


...do 

Hemlock  . 
...do.... 
...do 


Ked  Fir.    Yellow  Fir.    Ore- 
gon Fine.    Donglaa  Fir. 


6.76 

4.86 

8.69 

16.46 

6.25 

7.20 
20.56 
17.01 
12.60 
18.11 
14.42 
16.87 
16.72 
18.79 


a64 
6.28 
4.82 
3.84 

2.00 

2.84 
2.76 
2.82 
0.76 
1.81 
1.44 
1.49 
2.48 
1.56 


266 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 

State. 

I.ooaUty. 

CoUeotOT. 

Boa 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

In 
metatB. 

LATUB  OF 
OROWTH. 

wood. 

Hewt- 
wood. 

UAGNOT.TACEiB. 
1    MaffBolia  ffTRndlflofft 

346 

354 

246 
261" 
2«1« 
Ml' 
534 

1178 

22 
532 

286' 
266" 
266» 

260' 
280' 
280» 

138 
IBS 
174 
177 
178 
187 
188 
395 
818 
1231 
1232 

211 
832 

4TO 

AbibamA  ......... 

Cottage  nm 

....do  

C.Hohr 

Bichloam 

Swampy 

0.872 
0.268 

116 
01 

20 

Big  Laura.    MuUBay. 

....do 

....do 

Bvett  Bay.     WhiU  Ban.   Btavtr  Trtt. 
WhiU  Xaurel.    Suamp  ZaurO. 

Virsinla 

WytheTiUe 

Fanoy  Gap  

io   

H.  Shriver 

Clay  limeatooo 

Oueumber  Tre*.    Mountain  Itagnotia. 

....do 

....do  

Rich,  light 

do 

do 

do 

...  do  

do 

....do 

do 

, 

HlMUsippl 

Salvera'mUl 

Winston  connty  — 
StetesTlUe 

C.Mohr 

....as- 

0.V» 

26 

14 

C.Mohr 

North  Carolina . . . 
Mississippi 

Virginia 

M.B.Hy8ms 

C.Mohr 

Rich  

0.050 

18 

Largt-lsaved  (huitn^tr  Tre*. 

Qnitman       

Rich,  low 

Wythevllle 

0.072 

16 

8 

Xfmbrelta  Tree.    Elli  Wood. 

....do 

....do  

...do 

....do  

..do 

....do  

7.  MfiFTiolift  FriMflri     ...                 

do 

Fane  V  Gan    

.  do    

Damp 

0.08S 

20 

Long-leaved  Oueumbtr  Tree. 

....do 

...do 

Michigan 

....do  

...do  

....do  

....do  

DansviUe 

D.E.McSherryiCo. 

Woodsnm  Machine 

Company. 
Barney   &    Smith  . 

Ifanufacturlng  Co. 
D.E.MoSherry&Co. 

J.'W.Sto<ldard*Co. 

Barney     &     Smith 

Mannfaoturlng  Co. 

Lansing 

Grafton 

Cliester  connty 

...do 

Meramre  riv»T.  ,Tef. 

ftTson  ronnl.v- 
Coniberland  river  .. 

BayBiackyne 

...do     

....do    

8.  Liriodendron  Talipifera 

■W.J.Beal 

E.  E.  Barney 

Sandy  

TiUipTree.    TeUow  Poplar.   WhiU  Wood. 

Ohio 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

! 

...do 

...  do 

.  .  do     

...do  

...do 

...  do 

do 

1 
W.J.Beal - 

West  Virginia.... 

Pennsylronla 

....do  

C.  G.  Frtngle 

P.P.  Sharpies 

....do  

AKOKACXA 
*.  Animiiu  triloba 

G.  W.  Letterman  . .'. 
A.  Gatttnffer 

AUavial    

0.169 
0.086 

0.240 



... 

Papa^,      Outtard  Apple. 

Xennenee 

do     

«n.    Annnn  '•rrrlfnlll^ 

A.  H.OnrtUs 

47 

P»nil  Apple. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DBY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


267 


■ncinc  QBAvnT  DmRMnAnoHB. 

ASH  DiraiUlIXATIONa. 

Weight,  per 
cnbU)  foot. 
In  poonds 
(kverkge). 

B«mark8. 

i 

Bint. 

Second. 

Thiid. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

•.S040 

0.5034 

0.5012 
0.4S99 
0.46a 
0.4215 
0.60« 

0.4996 

0.5B76 
0.6468 

0.2787 
0.5007 
0.4(06 

O5430 
0  4076 
0.4002 

0.3848 
0.8831 
0.3798 
0.4475 
0.4612 
0.4362 
0.4436 
Offn4 
0.4768 
0.44M 
0.4199 

0.3649 
0.4259 

0.4913 

a««80 

0.6087 
0.5418 

0.6860 

0.40 

0i42 

0.29 
0.26 
0.80 
0.30 
0.84 

0.25 

0.82 
0.45 

0.19 
0.18 
0.24 

0.26 
0.27 
0.33 

0.25 
0.27 
0.20 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0.25 
0.33 
0.26 
0.20 
0.19 

0.10 
0.24 

4.04 

aos 

0.63 
0.26 

0.58 

39.63 
81.38 

Heoond  sp.  gr.  detormiPAtiop  mftdo  on  MV'Wood 

346 

0.6086 

0.47 

864 

0. 5218 
0.4899 
0.4663 
0.4216 
0.6061 

0.27 
0.25 
0.30 
0.30 
0.84 

246 

3611 

261< 

261s 

0.5068 

0.4184 

0.4869 
0.6684 

0.33 
0.39 

684 

a  4101 

Third  sp.  gr.  determlnAtlon  made  oo  ttp<wood )  fourth  ap.  gr. 
determiDAtlon,  0.4175. 

All  BAD- wood           -.               _   .    -...-- ..... 

a4600 

0.29 

29.23 

0.4130 

0.32 

25.79 

1178 

0.5117 
0.5601 

0.32 
0.39 

0.36 

0.19 
0.18 
0.24 

0.20 

22 

0.34 

682 

Growth  rapid ....•.......•.•••-■■...••••••..■...>.... 

0.6809 

88.09 

0.3787 
0.6067 
0.4606 

2ll6> 

Growth  rapid;  0.6  sap-wood - 

266* 

Growth  rapid ;  all  sap- wood 

266I 

AH  sap* wood 

0.4487 

27.96 

0.5430 
0.4976 
0.4602 

0.6003 

0.25 
0  27 
0.33 

200> 

260> 

All  saD'WOod 

360* 

0.28 

0.2j 
0.27 
0.21 
0.16 
0.19 
0.19 
0.27 
0.32 
0.28 
0.21 
0.18 

0.23 

81.18 

0.3843 
0.3807 
0.3702 
0.4418 
0.4477 
0.4356 
0.4498 
0. 8774 
0. 4703 
0.4427 
0.4465 

138 

0.3783 
0. 3787 
0.4361 
1).  4442 
0.4160 
0.4651 

0.27 
0.22 
0.  ja 
0.19 
0.21 
0.30 
0.31 
0.  2!l 
0.22 
0.10 

0.14 
0.30 

4.79 

105 

174 

177 

178 

187 



188 

395 

0. 4822 
0.4409 
0. 4712 

0. 3810 

818 

Whit©  ^oi)lar 

1231 

1232 

0.4230 

26.36 

0.8679 
0.4269 

0.8969 

0.16 
0.27 

211 

1 

332 

0.5199 

asois 

0.21 

24.74 

0.6053 

4.86 

31.49 

479 

■ 

!  U 


'f 


I 


.if" 


I ; 


ti 


f! 

r  f^ 

1     :                    ' 

, 

I 

l                      r.    .iii 

I!.' 


m< 


1 


268 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GBAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 


GAFPARIDACE^S. 
11.  CappoTla  Jamkloeniii 


CAirBLLACi!.a:. 


13.  CuelUalba 

WhiU  Wood.     Cinnamon  Bark.    Wild 
Cinnamon. 


TERNSTB(EMIACE.S;. 


477 
IIW 


4W 
1181 


IL  GoTdonlB  Xjwianthiu 

LotMly  Bay.    Tan  Bay. 


STBRCTTUACBA 


18.  Fremontia  Califoniloa  — 
Slippery  Elm. 

TILtACXA 


17.  TiUa  Amerlcuuk 

LimoTrtt.  Ba$t'Wood.  AmtrieanlAn- 
dm.    Lin.    B**  3V«*. 


IT.  Tills  Amerlcaoa,  tar.  pabesoena. 


It.  TiUa  hatorophvlla 

While  Bait  Wood.     Wahoo. 


HAXPIOHIACE£. 


19.  BjTsonima  Incids 

rallowbtrty.    Qlamierry. 


ZTGOPHTLLACE.«. 


30.  Qnalaonm  sanotnm . 
Lignum-vita. 


31.  Forliera  aogOBtifoUa  .... 
RtrTACE.*;. 


31.  Xanthaxylnm  Amerlcuinm  .  ... 
PrieUy  Ath.    TooOiaehe  Tree. 


414 


1380 


2 
124 


810 
1089 


74S 


8tat& 


Florida . 
...do... 


.do. 
do. 


Sonth  Carolina 

...do 


CalifomU . 


HassaehnBetU.. 

Hiohlgan 

HIaaonri 

Michigan 

Maaaaobnsetta.. 


Georgia. 


38SI      E:entocky  . 

.do 

285»    '....do 

320       Tenneaaee. 

I 


610 
1113 
1117 
1100 


476 
888 
1138 


»47 


Florida. 
...do... 
....do... 
...do... 


.do. 
do. 
.do. 


Texaa 


Miaaonri. . 
Uicbigan. 


Locality. 


OoUeotor. 


TTpper    Metacombo  '  A.  H.  Cnrtiaa. 

Key. 
...do ...do 


TTmbiellaKey  . 
EUiott'aEey... 


Bonneau'a  Depot . 
Aiken  


San        Benwrdino 
moontains. 


Arnold  Arboretum . 

BigRaplda 

AUenton 

Hersey 

Danvera 


Bainbridge  . 


Cim  Eentnoky  river 

Mercer  conntj 

...do 

Comberland  river  . . 


Boca  Cbioa  Key  . 
Ko-NameKey  ... 
Boca  Chica  Key  . 
Ko.NameKey  ... 


Upper  Metaoombe 
Key. 


EUiott'a  Key. 


Sot  Antonio . 


Allenton. 
Lanalng  . 


.do. 
do. 


H.  W.  Bavenel  . 
...do ••••.•■.... 


C.  O.  Pilngle . 


0.  8.  Sargent 

W.J.Beal 

G.  W.  Letterman. 

W.  J.Beal 

J.  Robinaon 


A.  H.Cnrti8a. 


W.  M.  Linncy . 

...do 

...do 

A.  Gattinger  . . 


A.  H.  CorUaa. 

...do , 

...do 

...do 


Soil. 


Coral . 
...do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Wet  pine-baireo. 
Swampy 


Drift , 

Gravelly 

Allnvlal , 

Rich  loam ... 
Moiat  gravel. 


Low  . 


Llmeatono . 

...do 

...do 

Alluvial... 


Coral . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


.do. 


Department  of  Ag- 

rlcnltnre. 
A.H.Curtl«s 


do. 


Coral. 


C.  Mobr 


O.W.  Letterman.... 
W.J.Boal 


Limestone . 


AUuvial . 
...do.... 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
maters. 


0.008 


0.830 
0.130 


&880 


0.470 


0.370 


0.830 


0.300 


0.080 


0.074 


0.178 


0.0M 


0.087 
0.0M 


LATBBSOr 
OBOWTH. 


Sap.     Heart- 
wood,    wood. 


84 


17 
5 


32 


31 


81 


14 


38 


28 


78 


85 


10    I        13 


18    I        S5 


B 
38 


14 


2S 


28 


78 


86 


12 


66 


9 
2B 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPE0IMEN8  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


269 


•nemo  ORAVITT  DtTiailHATIOSS. 

MH  DITmBrnXATIOJIS. 

Weight,  per 
onblo  foot, 
In  pounds 
(kTetsge). 

Remarlu. 

1 

rint. 

Beoond. 

Third. 

ATcrago. 

Flret. 

Second. 

ATersjte. 

0.0680 
0.7272 

0.9670 
1.0390 

0.8862 
0.6146 

0.6096 

0.4626 
0.8815 
0.5035 
0.5166 
0.4272 

C     0. 4103 
<     0.4087 

0.4927 
0.3791 
0. 3674 
0.4695 

0.  6257 
0.5900 
0.5681 
0.6000 

1.1846 
1.2736 
1.0997 

1.1280 

0.6122 
0.6286 

0.6609 
0. 7315 

0.0608 
1.0017 

0.4650 
0.5256 

0.7288 
0.4722 

0.6649 
0.7293 

6.60 
8.82 

0.76 
2.06 

0.49 
1.02 

1.51 

0.S0 
0.32 
0.97 
0.55 
0.42 

(     0.08 
(     0.62 

0.46 
0.67 
O.iB 
0.48 

2.84 
2.40 
2.76 
1.94 

0.87 
0.61 
0.86 

0.53 

0.60 
0.64 

5.77 
38 

0.96 
2.65 

0.44 
1.08 

1.8S 

0.33 
0.38 
1.08 
0.04 
0.48 

0.071 
0.64) 

6.68 
3.85 

477 

1180 

All  sftp'Wood ..• a..... 

0.0971 

0.9582 
1.0208 

0.9893 

0. 4J55 
0.  5201 

0.4728 

0.7142 

4.76 

48.44 

0.85 

499 

1L0« 

0.5  Mbp- wood » 

1181 

1.76 

0.47 
1.05 

81.  «6 

216 

414 

\ 

- 

0.76 
1.00 

291 47 

44.51 

1 

1280 

• 

0.4074 
0. 3815 
0.4706 
0.5106 
0. 4200 

0. 4625 

0.31 
0.35 
1.02 
0.60 
0.46 

a 

124 

0.4378 

i 

262 

316 

0.4163 

0.3885 
0.4220) 

0.4362 

1039 

1 

1 

Growth  very  rapid ..■■ 

0.65 

28.20 

0.4074 

U.05 

23.39 

746 

Second  growth    - 

0.4027 
0. 3791 
0.3074 
0. 4620 

0.45 
0.67 
0.80 
O.SO 

1 

285I 

286> 

2861 

0.4646 

0.5360 
0.078.1 
a  6791 
0.6964 

1.2180 
L1700 
1.0098 

1.084.' 

0.5069 
0.6'a» 

0.53 

2.85 
L94 
2.56 
2.40 

0.92 
0.81 
0.04 

0.49 

0.53 
0.66 

320 

0.4253 

0.62 

26.61 

0.6308 
0.6478 
0.6782 
0.6987 

2.85 
2.17 
2.05 
2.17 

510 

0.6743 
0.5875 

1 

1113 

1110 

1190 

0.0563 

1 

36.69 

0.6888 

2.46 

1.1196 
1.2218 
1.0882 

0.90 
0.00 
0.90 

476 

888 

1.0652 
L1230 

1183 

1.1432 

0  82 
0.51 

71.24 

1.  UOl 

69.18 

047 

0.6046 
0.5262 

0.69 
0.64 

80 

882 

0.8654 

0.67 

86.23 

' 

■H 


.mi. 


'1t 


■:.")' 


Ml 


HI 


V    if 


,%.  ^o. 


^^  V  ^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 


A 


K, 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1^  IM    12.2 

1.8 


1.25    II  U     |||.6 

^ 

6"     

► 

^ 


/ 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)«72-4S03 


i^ 


m^ 


i\ 


k 


1^ 


<^\' 


<^ 


'4!^t:% 


^ 

^-^ 


^l^ 

'  V 


s^ 


h 


o^ 


^ 


kjca 


i;  «' 


,  I 


KUiii 


wim0t 


270 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  • 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


i 

,„   ,. 

Diameter 

uinsa  or 

OBOWTB. 

Specios. 

State. 

LooaUty. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

of  tree, 

8 

s 

meters. 

Bap. 
wood. 

Heart, 
wood. 

735 
807 

Florida 

Chattaliooohee 

Cmnberland  IslaDd 

A.H.Curtls8 

....do 

Toothache  Tru.  I'rieUvAih.  Sea  A$h. 
Pepper  ITood.    Wild  Orange. 

Georgia 

1080 

Xexaa  

Palestine 

C.Mohr 

Samp,  sandy 

Dry,  calcareous... 
Coral 

0.852 

20 

10 

SS.  Xuitboxylnm  Clava-Herciilis,  nor.  fru- 

938 

do 

....do 

0.098 

88 

itos 

1140 

Florida 

Bahia  Honda  Key... 
...do 

A.H.Curtl«e 

....du 

fia«r  trood. 

....do 

...do  

0.138 

4 

64 

481 
>S0 

....do 

Bay  Blsca.vne 

Matagorda  bay 

Bay  Biscayno 

Asnalaira 

A.ILCurtiBs 

C.Mohr 

Coral 

iriJiiiiiiM. 

Texas 

1128 

Florida 

A.H.Curtirs 

Coral 

0  84 

13 

31 

M.  PtoUa  trifoUata 

768 

....do  

....do. 

Caloarcoos 

0.94 

23 

JJm>  Tree.     ShrMy  Tr^M.    Wofr 

27.  Canotia  holocantha 

1228 

Wlckenbnrg 

C.  <J.  Pringle 

SlMAHUBE^aS. 

18.  Simamba  glanoa 

487 

Florida 

Bay  Biscayno 

A.H.Cnrtia8 

Coral 

i'oradw*  Tree. 

BCHSEBACE^ 

BOS 

Upper  Hetaoombe 

....do 

....do  

QumS^»s^\.    Qvmho  lAmho.    Vat/n- 
dian  ftrcft. 

...do 

DeTMutment  of  Ag- 
ncnltore. 

475 

....do 

Upper    Metacom^'A 
Key. 

A.H.CnTtisa 

Coral 

0.128 

61 

TorA  ifood. 

MELIACEa:. 

U.  Swietoiiia  KSaboEool 

452 

....do 

....do  

....do 

....do  

0.228 

16 

81 

ifoAoirany.    liadeira. 

OLACINE.fi. 

32.  Xiroenta  Americana 

472 
1184 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

0.112 

8 

43 

ira<l  Umt.    TaUowSul.     Hog  Pb.m. 
Uountaiv  i'tutn. 

....do 

UmbrellaK^y 

....do 

....dft 

ILICnrEX. 

(8.  Bczopaca 

280 
902 

Sooth  Carolina.... 
....do 

WaverlyMlll. 

W.8t..-.Maiyck... 

Department  of  Ag- 
nonltun. 

Sandy  loam 

0.144 

8S 

aoMiricati  i/oUy. 

14.  IlezOahooii 

484 

Florida 

Bay  Biscapne 

A.H.Cnrti*» 

liow,  damp 

0.181 

iW 

DaXoon,    JToAom  IToIV. 

M.  Il«z  Oahoon,  Mr.  mjrrtifoUa 

801 

....do 

JaekaonTllla 

do 

...  do   

0.141 

n 

. 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


271 


SFBCIFIC  QBAVITY 

DBTKUMIHATIOMB.              i 

ABU  DITTBHIXATIOIIS. 

Woiglit,  pop 
cubiu  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

1 
1 

Tint. 

Second. 

1 
Third.        Averagr. 

Flrat 

Second. 

Average. 

0.6139 
0.4880 
0.6392 

0. 6139 

0.8S08 
0.9000 

• 

0.7480 
0.6807 
0.9C00 

0.8238 
0.6464 

0.4100 

0.2677 
0.2823 

1.0460 

0.7836 

0.8790 
0.0838 

0.6046 
0.6624 

« 

0.4791 
0.6800 

0.6002 
0.4772 
0.5153 

0.6733 

0.8065 
0.9276 

0.7606 
0. 5775 
0.8049 

0.H400 
0.7305 

0.4172 

0.2488 
0.4023 

1.0460 

0.7464 

0.8826 
0.9606 

0.6624 
0.6078 

0.4830 
0,6000 

0. 5o;o 

0.4320 
0.5272 

0.02 
0.68 
0.90 

0.76 

1.69 
2.34 

0.00 
0.63 
0.69 

0.34 
6.13 

0.03 

2.06 

3.10 

1 

0.66 

1.06 

0.66 
0.84 

0.71 
1.04 

0.04 

1 

0,06 

0.91 
0.66 
0.84 

0.78 

2.01 
2.16 

1.00 
0.68 
0.80 

0.27 
4.54 

0.92 

1.91 
2.07 

0.61 

1.U 

0.69 
4    0.83 

a66 

0.71 

0.86 
a84 

0.91 
0.67 
0.87 

735 

1088 

0. 6030 

0.6050 

0.82 

31.61 

0.6967 

0.76 

87.10 

988 

0.8782 
0.9222 

1.80 
2.25 

1100 

0.0302 

1140 

0.9002 

2.02 

66.10 

- 

0. 7573 

0.06 
0.61 
0.70 

481 

0.  5791 
0. 8908 

960 

0. 8935 

1128 

0.7444 
0.8310 
0.6885 

1 

0.78 

48.39 

0.30 

61.84 

768 



6.33 

42.01 

1228 

0. 4136 

0.93 

26.78 

487 

0.2687 

0.2584 
0.3428 

1.08 
3.00 

483 

90S 

■ 

0.8003 

2.04 

18.71 

1.0459 

0.69 

68.18 

476 

, 

0.7383 

1.09 

45.88 

463 

aB863 
0.9631 

0,62 
0.83 

473 

0.0240 

1184 

1 

. 

0.0108 

0.78 

1 

67.81 

1 

0.8336 
6.6801 

0.68 
0.88 

100 

903 

0.6818 

0.78 

80,28 

0.4806 

0.01 

30.06 

404 

0.6878 

0.90 

86.40 

m 

*••                                                                            • 

i    i !'  ; 


:    I 


■rp  ■ 


in  I 


ill 


i 


•  'i 

i ' 

:                       1 

t 

Hii!  i. ' 


ill 


I 


272 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


spool* 


SS.  nexCiuMine 

OiMMna.    rauvon.    ro|Mn. 


i 

8 


SUto. 


M  nut  deoidaa . 


CYRILLACBA. 


ST.  CyrllU  noMniaon  . 
Iron  Wood. 


348  Alabama. 
FlorldR  . . 
Tnxu  ... 


RM 
M2 


M 
S3fi 
TfiS 
MS 


341 
fllfi 


Looality. 


CollMtor. 


8oU. 


CottagoBUI C.Mohr Sudy 

ISalnt  John'a  river  . .    A.  U.  Curtlu ;  Uloh,  sandy . 

Mntagordabay C.Mohr Light 


Hiuonri. 


I 
Allentou •  Q.  W.  Lott«rman  — 


I 

Texas i  Dallas J.  Kevorcliou  . 

Florida |  Chcttahoochee  river  A.  H,  Curtlss  . 

Texas KuwBraunfols CMohr 


Low,  damp. 
UiiUnd.... 

Cloy 

Alluvial  ... 


Alabama Chuuchula ....do Damp,sandy. 

Georgia Ogeeohoe rivar I  A.H. Curtlss ;  Low 


88.  Cliftonla  lig.istrina I      338 

Titi.    Iron  Wood.    Bvekwhtat  Tne. 


CELASTllACE^. 


38.  Knonvniua  atropunitirpua 

-■   k.   w  ■ 


Abtbama Cottage  Hill . 


C.Mohr Wet. 


Ct       Mixsoiiii  Allentou ,  Q.  W.  Letterman  . . .    Alluvial. 

ihtfniny  Htult.    A'aAoo.    SpindU  IVm. 
Arrott  Wood.  1078     do do 


40.  Myglnda  pallens. 


41.  Sohieirsria  frntesrons 

TtUovi  Wood.    Box  Wood. 


RHAMNACK.K. 


42.  Brrnosia  latlfolla 

Btd  Iron  Wood.    Darling  I'tum. 


1188    :  Florida. 


.do. 


.l....do  . 


Umbrella  Key {  A.  H.  Curtlss . 


Caloar«oas . 


478     ...do. 
1201    |....do 


484 


do. 


Ji.p..r 
Key. 
..do  . 


do. 


do 


.do. 


Coral. 
...do. 


43.  Condalia  ftirroa 

iilaei  Iron  Wood. 


4«0     ...  do  . 


do. 


44.  Condalia  obovata 

JH«M  Wood.    J/Oftftod.    PurpU  Ham. 


(Ml    i  Texas  . 


4ft.  Bhamnus  Caroliniuia. 
Indian  Clurry 


43 
821 
803 

ICM 


Missouri... 
Tennessee . 


New  Braonfels  . 


AUenton.. 
NashvUle. 


Florida Saint  John's  river  . , 

Arkansas I  Joncsboro' 


.do. 


C.  Mohr  . 


...do 

...do 

Dry,  calcareous. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


O.  W.  lA>ttemian  . ..    Limestone 

A.  OsttinRi'r do 

Itich  hummock .  ■ 


A.  H.  Curtlss  . 
T.  B.  Kitchens 


4«.  RhsmnusCaliforaica 1286      CalifomU   Suila  Ciiu  mount     C.G.Priugle. 

aius. 


47.  Bhamnus  Purshlana 

Hearbrrry.        Btar  Wood.       SMtUm  i 

Wood.  It 


MM      Oregon Portland O.  Kngelmann  and  i  Uiob,  ailovial 

I      C.  aSargent. 


48   C«anotbns  thyrsilloras    ;    UOI    :  CalUlKata  . 

BIw  SI^IU. 


BantaCms I  0.  L.  Anderson 


I 


0.078 


a088 


O.IBS 


0.1IM 


0.0«2 


0.110 


0.112 


0.188 


O.10O 


LAYRRS  or 

oBowrn. 


Sap- 
wood. 


0.108 
0.080 


0.080 


17 


S3 


47 


22 


71 


Heart- 
wood. 


n 


22    I       88 


18 
14 


11 


10 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES— fjontiuued. 


273 


SrKCIFIC  QUAVITT  DKTKKMIlf ATIOXB. 

ABII  UITKimiMATIOKB.          ' 

1 

WclRlit,  per 

Ollbic  lout, 

in  pKunilg 
(itvonicu). 

--  '    ~        ■  ' ■  - ■.:■.■ :-:^ — K ""-                ~t—           — 

Remark!. 

i 

5 
a 

First 

BecoDti 

Third. 

A  vorngo. 

0.7221 
0. 7041 
0.  VA7 

0. 7270 

First. 

Second. 

Averaco. 

8 
§ 

>.  7257 
0.0800 
0.74V6 

0. 7076 
0.7888 
0. 6910 

0.7U00 

r-.  7147 
0.6818 

0.  n3,'ifl 

0.6240 
0.6808 

0.9057 

0.7487 
0. 7013 

1.0606 

1. 3o:o 

1.2049 

0.5054 

0.5040 

0.4071 

C     0. 4804 

)     0. 478U 

O.COOO 

0.6005 

(     0.6805 
\     0. 5005 

0.7185 
0.7101 
0.7019 

0.74 
1.04 
0.89 

0.44 
0.83 
0.87 
0.07 

0.41 
1       0.43 

0.36 

0.70 
0.51 

a.  88 

2.70 
2.15 

8.24 

8.00 

7.03 

0.10 
0.70 
0.47 

1.15 

0.63 

0.74 
0.70 

0.70 
1.11 
0.72 

0.50 
0.84 
0.79 
0.C7 

0.43 
0.40 

0.48 

0.58 
0.63 

2. 05 

2.91 

2.28 

3.15 

8.G1 

7.02 

0.18 
0.08 
0.52 

0.81 

0.63 
0.50 

a08 

0.72 
1.08 
0.81 

0.87 

845 



804 

953 

46.31 

0. 7070 
0.7888 
0.6885 
0.7931 

0.47 
0.84 
0.83 
0.07 

64 



336 

0.5861 
0.7894 

O.B.VKl 
0.6008 

0. 6147 

0. 7018 

0.0030 

0. 7728 
0.7850 

1. 0825 
1.3020 
1.1040 

763 

0.7939 

045 

0.7420 

0.70 

0.43 
0.41 

0.42 

46.25 

0.68U 
0.6713 

341 

616 

0.6784 

43.38 

0.6349 

0.42 

38.95 

tS8 

0.6240 
0.0943 

0.64 
6.63 

63 

107S 

0.6507 

0.S8 

41.68 

0.9048 

3.43 

2.8,''. 
2.23 

6a  30 

1188 

0.7608 

0.7881 

- 

0.  7745 

478 

1201 

48.27 
60.78 

2.64 

1.U7IS 
1.3020 
1.1090 

3.20 

464 

8.31 

81.14 
74.78 

460 

7.03 

941 

. 

0.5964 
0.  5951 
0.  6136 

0.48U7 
0.6403 

0.19 
0.87 
0.50 

0.98 
0.C4 

43 

0.5002 
0.5301 
0.  4720  » 
U.  4825  ) 

i 

521 

1 

All  sap-wood 

0.5  sap-wood 

801 

1 

1004 

i         84.04 

O.POOO 
0.r>073 
0.6760 

0.68 
0.07 
0.60 

37.30 

1         36.86 
36.83 

13H 

0.  6078 

0.  6604  > 
0.6025) 

0. 25 snp'Wood 

sn 

1101 

1 

\l , " 


1^  m 


ij  sr 


IS  FOR 


P'^S!^ 


ws 


I 


I)     ■     ■     J:! 


\  ■% 


■'I 
1 


274 


Sp«cle6. 


4S.  Colnbrinn  rcolinata . 
Kaktd  Wood. 


SAPINDACEf. 


SO.  /Eaculus  glalirn 

Ohio  Buckeye.    Fetid  Buekeye. 


51.  iEsciilus  flava 

Sveet  Buckeye. 

52.  .Xgculns  Califomlca . . 

California  Buckeye. 


63.  TTDgnadia  speoiOBa. 
l^nieh  Buckeye. 

M.  Sapipdoaniarginatua . 


Vild  China.    Soapberry. 


SS.  Sapindns  Saponaria. 
"•oapberry. 


69.  Hvpelate  paidonlatA 

Ink  Wood.    Iron  Wood. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  L— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  OUi^IC  FOOT 


67.  Hvpelate  trifoliata. 
White  Iron  Wood. 


68.  Acer  PeDDsylTanicDin 

Striped  Maple.  Jloote  Wood.  Striped 
Dogwood.  Oooee/oot  Uaple.  Whutle 
Wood. 


6B.  Acer  spicatum 

ilounta-ii  Maple. 


80.  Acer  macrnphjilam  . . 
Broad-lea  red  UapU. 


I 

8 


502 
1130 


297 


427 


445 

684 

S44 

807 
688 
824 
028 


668 

1122 


4S3 


484 


SUte. 


Florida . 
..do  ... 


Miaaonri... 

...do 

Tenneaaee . 


...do , 

California  , 
Texas 


...do 

...do 

New  Mexico . 
Texaa 


Florida. 
...do... 


...do. 


W    '.  Vermont. 
872     do 


98     ...do 
871    I...  do. 


61.  Acer  ciroinatam . 
Vint  Mapt*. 


62.  Acrr  glabnim  . . 
Dwarf  UapU. 


S83 
1037 


962 
1018 


Locality. 


Umbrella  Key . 
..do 


AUenton . . 

...do 

NaidiTlUe. 


do. 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Curtiaa. 
...do 


Soli. 


Coral. 
...do. 


G.  W.  Lettennan..     Blch.molat . 

...do AUuvial.... 

A.  Oattinger Blob,  molat . 


Harinconnty... 
New  Brannfels . 


...do 

a.  B.  Vaaey. 
CMohr  .... 


Bioh  upland . 

...do 

Llmeatone... 


Dallaa 

...do 

Bio  Gila  caOon. 
Aostin 


Cape  Sable.. 
Key  Largo. 


do ITpper   Hetacombe 

Key. 


do. 


Huntingdon  . 
...do 


.do. 
do. 


Oregon I'ortland . 


.do Portland  Fumltnre 

,      Coni.iany. 


do Portland. 


...do 


.do. 


1014    I  W'aabington   ter-     Wllkeaon 
ritory. 


6S6 


Celdrado '  Bnglemano'i  oaBoD. 


J.  Bevercbou '  Kiub,  damp  . 

...do I do 


E.  L.  Greene 

C.  Uobr 


A.  H.  Curtiaa. 
...do 


..do. 


do. 


C.  G.  Pringlo. 
...do  


.do. 
.do. 


G.  Bngleniann  and  C. 

8.  Sargent. 
do 


...do 

Llmeatone . 


Bich.aandy.damp 
Coral 


do. 
.do. 


Gravelly . 
...do.... 


do. 
do. 


Kioh,  alluvial . 


.do <  Molat, alluvial. 

.do do 

do do 


B.  Douglaa  . 


Dry,  gravally  . 


LATSRSOV 
Diameter!       onoWTH. 

of  tree,    

in 

metera.  I    Sap-     Heart- 
wood,     wood. 


0.126 
0.100 


0.250 
0.124 


0.222 


0.134 


0.262 
0.224 


0.220 


0.048 


6 
13 


26 


24 


41 


16 


IS 


45 
24 


86 


80 


72 


40 


\ 


I.I.    .-       UM*K.J  ■-M.x.mxium-, 


THE 
OV  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE 


WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Coutiiiucd. 


275 


srnclFIC  QRATITT  DXTBI1MIKATI0N8. 

1 
ABII  DETEBMWATIOXS.          i 

I 

Weight,  per 
cnliio  foot, 
in  pounds 
(avomge). 

Semuiis. 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

0.8308    1 
0.8108 

First 

Secona. 

1 
Average. 

1 

0.8100 
0.8046 

0.4270 
0.4787 
0.4606 

0. 4241 

0.4921 

0.6393 

0.7520 
0.8324 
0.7978 
0.7650 

0. 8516 
0.8166 

0.4338 
0.4625 

1.29 
2.81 

1 
1.01 

0.83 

0.77 

0.09 

0.66 

1.16 

1.42 
1.86 
1.44 
1.64 

3.82 
5.00 

1.23 

1.35 

1 

0.  ,TJ 

1        0.44 

{        0.42 
i        0.48 

i 

1        0.59 

:        0.49 

1       0.39 

0.89 

1 

0.41 

0.81 

1.14 

1.21 

608 

0.8112 

2.  20             2. 29 

list 

» 

0.8208 

X.7. 

61.16 

0.4314 
0.4706 
0.4606 

1.00 
0.85 
0.68 

1.00 

0.73 

1.19 

1.27 
1.62 

1.01 
0.84 
0.73 

•i97 

38< 

427 

0.43O7 

0.6038 

0.6272 

0.7980 
0.8616 
0.8343 
0.8522 

0.4543 

0.86 

2&S1 

0.4274 

1.00 

27.  M 

44S 

0.4980 

i 
0.70 

31.04 

681 

0.6332 

-! 

89.46 

844 

1 

1 
1 

307 
681 

0.77.'iO 
0.8470 
0.8162 
0. 8123 

1.85 
1.69 
1.44 
1.53 

! 

0.8296 

I.S2 

1 

9^ 

60.44 

! 

.    1 

0.8126 

3.30 

1.60 

0.8505    j        0.8763 
0. 7940            0. 8024 

0.8679 
0.8066 

3.56 

gas 

0.8?04 

5.25 

1.27 

1.41 

0.36 
0.J0 

0.37 
0.41 

0.07 
0.49 

0.89 
0.37 
0.44 

0.20 

6.13 

- 

Wl 

0.9600 

0.8656 

0. 6111 
0.5664 

0.  5108 
0. 6480 

0.6057 
0. 4323 

0.6824 
0.6587 
0.0370 

0.0032 

0.9466 

0.8648 

0. 5119 
0. 61f 0 

0. 5206 
0.  5528 

0.5020 
0.5087 

0. 0720 
0.0000 
0.0800 

0.C023 

0.8367 

4.34 

62.14 

0.95311 

1.26 

69.41 

46t 

0.9102 

1.38 

66.72 

464 

0. 6113 
0.5481 

0.6299 

0.5202 
0.5457 

0.5330 

0.34 
0.37 

fg 

0.5780 

372 

0.36 

83.02 

0.40 
0.46 

gg 

0.5863 
0.5264 

i 

371 

1 

0.43 

83.22 

0. 6113 
0.4705 

0.4909 

0.67TO 
0.6C24 

0.58 
0.49 

0.M 

1 

881 

1 

ion 

1     

30.69 

0.39 
0.36 
0.43 

861 

1011 

0.0685 

1014 

0.6000 

• 

0.39 
0.30 

41.61 

0.0028 

87.67 

m 

If 


^m 


'^^ir 


276 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GKAVITY,  ASn,  AND  WEIGHT  PEK  CUBIC  FCJOT 


Specie*. 


Acer  eraniUdrntatnm 


Acer  sanhaiinnm 

Bugar  Maple.  Sugar  Trt*.  HardllapU. 
Hock  MapU. 


I 


M.  Acer  ■accbariniim,  car.  nigmm. 
Black  Sugar  Uapl 


n.  Acer  (Inavcupnra 

SiiftllapU.  WkUeUapU.  Silver  MapU. 


Acer  riihrnm 

Sed  Maple.  Hieamp  Maple.  S<tfl  Maplt, 
Water  Maple. 


Acer  rubnim,  tar.  Drummondii. 


OT.  Neenncio  arcroidrs 

Sox  JiUter.    Aeh-leaved  Maple. 


Keinindi)  Califoruicuni. 
Bux  £ldtr. 


ANACAKUIACEiB. 


RhiiBCotinniden  . 
OMiUam  Wood. 


B«0 

105 

203 

298 

200 

376 

409 

1233 

I2S4 

123S 


213 
27i' 
274« 
SOI 
440 
757 
1167 


103 

307 

448 

1052 


20 
530 
743 

878 
1048 


123S 
1240 


290 
311 


645 


U7e 


Slate. 


Utnli . 


ViMinoDt 

Ohio 

Misaoari 

...do 

Vermout 

Now  England.. 

Terniont 

...do 

..do 


uo 

MiBsourl... 

...do 

....do 

Tenuesaee . 

Florida.... 

Miaaonri . . . 


Venuout 

...do  

Misauuri 

MaagacUuaetU. 


..do 

Mmaisaippi... 

Georgia 

Alaasaobnaetta. 
..  do 


MiaaoDTi. 
...do... 


Miaaonri . 
Ti'xaa  ... 


Locality. 


(,'ily  Cii'fk  oanou. 


Collector. 


Wootlaum  Machine 

Company. 
Allcnton 


...do 

Charlotte . 


Charlratotrn  Navy. 

ynrcl. 
Cbarlotlo 


do. 
.do  . 


..do 

Allen  ton 

...do 

..do 

NaahTille 

Chattahoochee. 
AUenton 


Charlotte . 

..do 

AUenton.. 
Topafiold  . 


Arnold  Arliorotoni. 

Kempcr'a  mill 

Baiubridgo 

Danvera 

North  Reading  . . . . 


Poplar  liliiff . 
...do 


Alleutou. 
Dallas ... 


M.  C  Jonca  . 


CO.  rriuKlo 

E.  E.  Baruoy 

G.  W.  Letterraan. 

...do 

C.O.rringle 

S.n.l'ook 

F.  U.  HoraforJ . . . 

..do 

...do 


C.G.  PiiuKle 

O.  W.  Lettcrman. 

..  do 

,...do 

A.  Gattinger 

A.  H.  Curtiaa 

O.  XV.  Letterman. 


CCrringlo 

...do 

G.  W.  Lotterman. 
J.Roliinaon 


C.  S.  Sargent . . 

CMohr 

A.  H.  Curtiaa  . 
J.Robinaun... 
..  do 


G.  W.  Lettermau . 
...do 


SoU. 


Moiat,  gmTully  . . . 


Gravelly. 


Rich  nplanda . 

..  do 

Gravelly 


Clay 

Lov,  alluvial . . 
Rich,  alluvial.. 
Low,  alluvial . . 

Rich 

Clay 

Rich,  alluvial  . 


Swampy . 
...do.... 


Low  meadow  . 


Drift 

KicbiSwanipy. 

Low 

..  do 

..  do    


G.  W.  Letterman. . . . !  Rich  bottom . 
J.  Ruvorehon do 


Caiiromia Coutm  Coata  county  G.  li.  Vnaey 


Alabama i  HuntavlIIe. 


C.  Mohr  . 


Kicb,  uiuiat  . 


Rich  loam  . 


Dinmctor 
uf  tree, 

in 
motura. 


0.050 


0.268 


0.285 
0.222 
0.252 
0. 1S8 
0.204 


IJlYRlia  OK 
UBOWTII. 


Sap. 
wood. 


0.240 


51 


18 
41 

22 
SO 
60 


14 


Heart- 
wiiod. 


36 


54 
3 
6 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


277 


si-Kcinc  onAviir  ubtkiuiinaiioxs. 

ASH  D 
First. 

0.00 

0.44 
0.51 
0.54 
0.00 
0.93 
0.36 
0.01 
0.33 
0.48 

1.48 
0.56 
0.52 
0.70 
1.31 
0.55 
0.42 

0.31 
0.30 
0.40 
0.20 

0.24 

0.43 

j        0.49 

1        0.32 

0.38 

0.31 
0.30 

0.70 
1.01 

0.61 
0.48 

■TBIUM1IATIOK8. 

Wclclit,  per 

rubU;  fout, 
iu  pouuilB 
(avcruge). 

KemarkA. 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Avir.!j;e. 

0.0902 

0. 6071 
0. 6332 
0.7898 
0.7769 
0. 0001 
U.  6242 
0. 7106 
0.6806 
0. 7239 

0. 0912 

0.6964 
0. 7113 
0. 7108 
0. 6058 
0. 0419 
0. 7014 
0.6827 

0. 6DI5 

0.5072 
0.4844 
0.4911 
0. 6251 

0.5260 

0.6803 
0.5017 
0.5166 
0.  6133 
0. 6273 

Siooud. 

0.61 

0.40 
0.46 
0.59 
0.67 
1.10 
0.44 
0.33 
0.20 
0.35 

1.01 

AvoraRo. 
aoi 

0.42 
0.48 
0.57 
0.50 
1.02 
0.40 
0.62 
0.31 
0.42 

M 

0.  7012 

0.0139 
0.0303 
0.7007 
0.7828 
0. 0538 
0.0242 
0. 710S 
0.6393 
0.7239 

0.  rjl9 
0.7249 
0. 7214 
0. 7117 
0.0410 
0.6808 
0.0814 

0.4889 

0.48C0 

0.4700 

!        0. 0247 

0.0761 
•.6770 
0.5288 
0.6397 
0.0374 

0.5503 
0.5356 

1 

a  4332 

0.0701 

0.6003 
0.0300 
0.8098 
0.7089 
0.0783 

4a  01 

8M 

105 

203 

298 

290 

37< 

409 

1233 

0.6899 

1234 

128j 

0.6035 
0.0980 
O.7O02 
0.6709 
0.6120 
0. 7008 
0.6840 

0. 5254 
0.4828 
0. 5002 
0. 6103 

0.6846 
0.6064 
0. 5510 
0.6490 
0.0185 

0.6639 

43.08 

0.54 

1.26 
0.56 
0.52 
0.63 
1.17 
0.44 
0.39 

0.71 

213 

274' 

274» 

0.50 
1.02 
0.33 
0.30 

0.32 
0.81 
0.42 
0.27 

ff.25 
0.42 
0.40 
0.33 
0.32 

0.31 
0.36 

1.22 
1.80 

0.67 
0.51 

809 

440 

0.7105 

757 

HOT 

43.00 

0.32 
0.31 
0.41 
0.28 

0.33 

103 

367 

448 

0.6344 

1062 

82.84 

0.23 
0.43 
0.40 
0.33 
0.35 

0.37 

20 

630 

0.5601 
0. 6406 
0.6200 

743 

878 

1048 

38.  SO 

0. 6178 

0.5563 
0. 5355 

0.5459 

0. 4310 
0.4346 

0.4328 
0.4821 

0.6425 

0.81 
0.30 

0.34 

0.00 
1.16 

1.07 
0.64 

1239 

1240 

ai288 
0.4474 

0.4866 
0.C808 

i      

!          34. 02 

i 

1 

290 

0. 4217 

811 

i 

1        0. 4780 

26.97 
80.04 

40.04 

615 

1 

0.6680 

I 

:     0.  Otoe 

0.50 

iin 

tl 


''I  I!  •' 


'!»■ 


s;  I 


:f[ 


«      ' 


Ill 

SB!    '    I 


'I  J 


.f 


1  fi 


4U 


'    i'  Mi 


hn 


278 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Tablk  I.— SPEOIFIO  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PElt  CUBIC  FOOT 


^ 

1 

Piaiueter 

LAYRnn  OP 

(iUOWTII. 

Speclofl. 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Colleotor. 

Soil. 

of  tne, 
in 

1 

meters. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
woo«l. 

70.  Ithaft  tvohina    

158 

j  Vei-mont 

i  Hinesburgb.. . 

C.G.Prlnglo 

Gravelly 

StagKorn  Sumath. 

lOSO 

Haasucliuaetts 

Sanvers 

J.  Bobinson 

...do 

0.120 

2 

34 

71.  Khus  copalliuA 

70 
610 

i 
1 

MisHOuii 

Allenton 

Lower       Altftinalia 

0.  V,'.  Lettt'rmau    . . 
A.  H.  CnrtiHS 

Moist  linaostoQO 

Dtoar/ Sumach. 

Goorgiiv 

Drv,  clav 

736 

Fluiidn 

river. 
Cbuttuboochce  river. 

....do  

...do 

0.175 

5 

IS 

71.  Rhas  oopallina,  var.  hiiu'coluta 

3;io 

Texas  

UoIIiia 

J.  Reverohon 

Drv.  cravt'llv 

876 

Massaobusotts 

Wet,  swampy 

0.070 

» 

20 

PoUon  Sumach.    PoUon  Elder. 

1037 
1041 

...do 

...  do    

do 

....do. 

0.085 
0  067 

4 
4 

16 
27 

do 

....do 

do 

..  do 

n.  Rlina  Hetoplam 

I'oiion  Wood.   Co.-al  Sumach,    ifounf- 
ain  ilatwhineel.    Bum  Wood.    Bog 
Phim.    Doctor  Gum. 

407 

Upper    MrtAtoinbo 
Key. 

A.  H.  Curtiw 

Coral 

0.222 

30 

39 

LKGUMIXOS.!:. 

75.  Eywnbardtin orthocaipa 

1147 

Arizona 

Santn    Kita  monnt- 

0.  G.  Pringle 

Dry,  rorky' 

• 
1070 

Cnlifui-nia 

Asna  C»|ieut« 

Chaikstown  Navy- 
yard. 

77.  HobinlA  PB6udacacia 

403 
441 
815 

S.  11.  Took 

Loaut.    Black  Locu$t.     Tellov)  Loctut. 

Tinnessco 

Weav  Virginia  . . 
Ifaaaachusetta 

A.  Gutlinscr    

C.  G.  Pringle   

Liniv  ^toae 

GraftOQ 

845 

Danveps 

J.  Robinson 

Gravelly 

0.  lf!4 

4 

35 

79.  Robinia  viscosa 

lOGl 

do 

...    1.0 

do 

IiOiim 

0.060 

4 

8 

Clammy  Zocunt. 

1031 

Trinidad 

W.  B.  Strong 

Lteurt. 

80.  Olneya  Tesota 

650  : 

I 

California 

1 

Lowur        (Colorado 
valley. 

G.  Gngelmnun  and 
C.  S.  Sarsoiit. 

Di'V   'T.ivelK" 

Iron  Wood.    Arhol  de  Bierro. 

81.  Piaoidia  Erythrlna 

Jamaica  Ihgicood.                                  1 

604    1 

i 

Florida 

1 

Upper    Jfetacnmbe  ! 
Key.                            i 

A.  11.  CuMisa 

Coral 

M.  Cladr»atia  tinctoria 

33 
43S 

Kentncky 

Tennessee 

iloi'ccr  county 

Xashvillo  .   

W.  M.  Linnuy 

A.  Gattin;:or 

YeUowWocit.    TeUowAth.  ChpherWood. 

Alluvial    

t 
040 

1 

1 
Texas 

Kow  nrjuntV-Is 

1 

C.  Mohr.. 

FHifOlito. 

1 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


279 


BPKCinC  OlIAVITT  DIITCUIIINATIONB. 

Aeii  DmimuATioiis. 

Woight,  per 
cablo  foot, 
in  poonda 
(»Ter»ge). 

Remarlu. 

• 

VinA. 

Soconil. 

Third. 

1 
Areriigc. 

Fiiet. 

0.43 
0.52 

0.02 
0.03 
0.55 

0.80 

0.90 

0.49 

0.50 

2.31 

]  29 

3.41 

0.22 
1.20 
0.35 
0.22 

0.22 

0.62 

<     1.85 
I     2.75 

3.42 

0.21 
0.39 

1.44 

Svoond. 

0.54 
0.52 

0.02 
0.50 
0.60 

0.80 

0.88 

0.40 
0.00 

2.47 

1.28 

4.68 

0.2C 
1.12 

Avemge. 

0.19 
0.62 

i 

0. 4476 

0.4070 

(     0.3013 

0.490/ 
0.M78 
0.5472 

0. 5131 

^     0. 4383 
I     0. 4102 
(     0.4365 
(     0.4535 
0.4250 

0.8106 

0.8601 

C     0.5714 
\     0.5285 

0.7530 
0.7008 
0.64S0 
0. 7410 

i     0. 8130 
(     0.7042 

0.7088 

(     0. 8053 
(     1.  1542 

0.8770 

0.0072 
0.  C277 

L0310 

0. 4503 

0.4855) 

0.38605 

0.5080 
0.S570 
0. 4010 

0. 5236 

0.4802 

0.4368 

0.4322) 

0.4440) 

0.4511 

0.7728 

0.6864 

0.5004) 
0. 5241 ) 

0.7004 

0. 4535 
0.4170 

158 

1060 

• 

' 

0. 4357 

0.50 

87.15 

0.5030 
0. 5529 
0.  .1250 

0. 5273 

0.02 
0.60 
0.67 

0.60 

70 

019 

0.6367 

730 

82.86 

0.8184 

0.85 

1 

82.81 

330 

0. 4320 

0.4418 
0.4403 

0.89 

0.40 
0.65 
0.64 

876 

i 
I 

1037 

0.4440 

« 

IWl 

0. 4382 

i         27.81 

i 

0.7917 

1 

2.39 

49.84 

467 

0.8646 

--■/ 
0.8740 

1.28 

54.47 

1147 

First,  second,  and  third  sp.  fcf-  dotormlnations  mado  on  sap- 
wood  ;  fourth  sp.  gr.  dotoi-miuation  made  on  0.1  sap-wood. 

0. 5536 

4.04 

34.60 

1070 

0.7727 
0.  TO08 
0.0430 
0. 72.-.0 

0.24 
1.10 
0.3S 
0.24 

405 

441 

0.6387 
0. 7279 

0.8017) 
0.  8287  ) 

0.7865 

0.9600) 
1.1542) 

0.8689 

0.6485 

815 

0.7087 

0.26 

0.10 

0.58 

2.13) 
2.43) 

3.34 

0.17 
t  30 

1.74 

Third  sp.  gr.  determioatiou  made  on  sap-wood.    Cultivated  — 
0. 125  sap-wood.    Cultivated 

845 

1 

45.70 

0.7338 

0.61 

0.8004 

0.20 
0.60 
2.  2D 

i         50. 44 

1 

1061 

0.8258 
1. 1374 

0. 8034 

60.07 

1031 

1. 0002 

0. 8734 

0. 0278 
0. 6277 

0.0278 

I         00. 07 

i 

'      630 

i 

3.88 

0.19 
0.38 

0.28 
l.CO 

51.43 

504 

! 

33 

! 

439 

0. 9890 

0.932S 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  do  term*  nations  mad«?  on  sap-wood  . 

3D.  12 

t 

i 

0. 0?42 

61.31 

940 

i! 


.li 


1 '. 


rk 


h 


'1  , 


ti  I 


II 


r*  \    i'f.    ill 


ett'^     t^ 


w 


m.  II 


280 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  A8II,  AND  WEIOnT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


1, 

I 


]\ 


Species. 


84.  Sophorn  alllnis. 


£6.  Gvniiiocladiiii  Canndonaiii 

Ktntueky  Coffee  Tret.    Coffee  Nut, 


80.  Glcilitsrliiii  trineantlios 

Iloneij  Loeuit.  lUaek  Locust.  Three- 
Ihomed  Araeia.  Street  Loeutt. 
Iloneii  •Shurlu. 


I 

8 


820 
933 


Locality. 


C-.'Uootor. 


Sou. 


Ti'xns Dallas j  J.  Itwrrchon    ■  Dry,  c«Icoreou«. 

...do    '  AuHlin C.  Molir do 


200      MlBsonri Allonton G.  W.  Lrttcrman  ...    Loir,  rich 


do. 


402    l....do 

MO    I  Trnaoanoe Na.sliTllIe 


S3<      MiNHouri '  Allenton. 

63'    ...ilo ..  do 

444    '  Ti'uncaare Naslivillo 


87.  G1i>dit8c1iia  raimnapiriiia  . 
Wdfer  Lonut. 


88.  rnrkinsonia  Toireyaim 

Green-bark  Acacia.    Palo  Verde. 


760 


078 


. .  do Allnvlnl  . . . 

1 
A.  Guttlnger Limeatone  . 


O.  W.  I.ettormaD  . . . '  Luw,  rich 

...do — do 

A.  Gattingoi  ;  Dry,  sandy  barren 


Florida I  Clittttalioochco river.'  A.ll.  Ciirtis»  . 


£S.  I'lirkiusonia  iiitcnipliyllu 1258 


90.  Parltinsonia  lu  iilrata . 


1    1208 


91.  Ci-i-ciH  Caiitidenrtis 

Hedbud.    Jxtdae  Tree. 


92.  Cereis  reiiiromiis . 
Sedbud. 


93.  Proaopls  Jtiliflora 

ilesquit.      Algaroba       Ilorii/  Ifv^itt. 
Honey  Poil. 


59 

430 

1080 

1090 

1001 


Arizona Lower        Colorado 

river. 


..do Valley  of  the  Gila 

I     tiver. 


Florida 

1 
Texas Austin. 

I 


Missouri '  Allentun 


Alluvial . 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

lu 
meters. 


0.084 


LAYKIII  or 
OIIOWTII. 


n 


Sap-   I  noari- 
wood.  1  wood.  ! 


G.  Kncelniaiin  and  I  SuLily 
U.  S.  Sargent.  ' 


C.  a.Pr!n},'le. 


Department  of  Ag- 

ru'ultnie. 
S.  li.  liucklov 


Tennessee '  Xashvillo. 

Missouri !  Allentou.. 

do du 

do ' do 


I 


I 


1142       Texas Austin. 


501 
590 
680 


....do Fort  Stockton  . 

Arizona Tucson  ■  

..do do 


027    !  Texas Austin 


04.  ri*«8opts  puiM'weuii [      600 

Sernc  Uean.    Screw-pod  Uctiqtiit.    Tor- \ 


nitla. 


•5.  Leui'^ena  glsui  a 

to.  Leueiepii  pulvenilcnts 


658 
008 


Ciilifomiu yurt  Yuma  . 

...  d.. ...do 

— do   —  do 


1224    >  Mexico Laniposasniountalns 

1 
1222    I  Texas '  Brownsville 


G.  W.  Ixitternian Ix>w,  rich  . 

A.  Gattingei  i  Liiuestouo  . 

G.  \V. Letterman....    Rich 

...do ' — do 

. .  do ' — do 


0.200 


S.  II.  ISuckley i  Limestone  . 


B.  L.  Boldridge Light,  sandy 

i 

C.  S.  Sargent  

...do ' 

C.  Mnhr '  Kick,  calcareoHs . 


G.  Kngeinianu  and    

C.  H.  Siiryent. 
do Sandy 


.do. 


a  B.  Bnckley  . 
...do 


Sandy  . 


10 


0^064    ,         8 


10 


0.291    i        21    ;        26 


35 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DUY  SrECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  TUB  UNITED  STATES—Contiuned. 


281 


CI-KCIt'lC  r.UAVITT  tIZTIIUlIIIATIOKS. 

AM  I)ET(IIHI.\-ATIOKS. 

1 

Wclcht.pcr 

oiiblo  lout, 

In  poimda 

(uveraKO). 

Romarki. 

i 

First. 

Bocond. 

Thlrf. 

Average. 

O8090 
0  8028 

0  8509 

Flnt. 

Seoond. 

1 
A  Tjnge. 

1 

0.  tiOlO 
0. 8510 

0.  C700 
0.0063 
0.7395 

i        0  7330 

i 

OB4I8 
0.  6328 

0  8161 
0.0310 

1.6788 

0.41 
1.04 

0.70 
045    ' 
0.98 

0  35 
0  69 
1.29 

OOO 

1.  ."> 

4.20 

2.82 
2.17 

0  59 
O07 
0.80 
0  82 
0.67 

0  76 

3.35 
1.67 
1.45 
2.09 

i 

1.02 
0  91 
0  95 

3.27 
0.90 

0.84 
1.18 

0.57 
0.S0 
0.82 

0.01 

0  38 
1.09 

0.78 

329 
983 

0  5  MP'Wood ....                        ... 

53.03 

06743 
0  6683 
0  7895 

0  64 
0.48 
OOO 

~ 

296 
402 
519 



0  7359 
0.6275 

43.21 

• 

0.0934 

a  67 

0.7345 
06346 
0  6528 

0.  0740 
0. 7342 

0.68 

63> 
63» 
444 

069 
1.14 

0  98 

1 

0.7246 
0  8732 
0  7722 

0.7272 

0.79 

l.fO 

ii.08 

2.26 
2.61 

0.50 
0.C7 
0.77 
0.74 
0  84 

0.77 

2.69 
1.71 
2.49 
2.00 

0  98 
OOO 

O80 

1 
1 

42.00 

i 

0. 7500 

0.78 

45.76 

7C0 

! 

• 
Seronil  Bt>.  irr.  dotiirmliifitloD  mode  on  aud  wooil 

1        0. 6330 

0  8531 

1.12 

3.64 

2.29 
2.34 

2.32 

0  68 
0  67 
0  79 

40  79 

678 

0  7170 

0.  (1325 

0.384<1 

0.  6104 
0  7088 
0.8254 

0  7449 

0.6325 

0  5008 

—  - 

0. 0116 

40  75 

1238 

829 
1208 

O5908 
0.0070 

0  6157 

88.11 

O6110 
O7098 
0. 6107 
0. 0289 
0  6213 

0«383 

50 

436 
1089 
1000 

0.5il59 
0.0084 
0.6tl7 

0  7645 

0  8664 
0.6997 
a  7726 
0  78ai 

0. 7910 
0.7930 
0.7278 

• 

0.0203 
0.6801 

1 

0.6403 

0  78 

:        0.0009 

0.78 
072 

1001 

0.7602' 

1 

39.85 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  dcteiiuloatlons  iiind(^  ou  Imir  Hiip  \\vu\  . 
Itoot 

0.7302 

1 

j       0. 8322 

0. 7513 

0.8403 
0  7C67 
0. 74S7 
0.7562 

0.77 

3.02 
1.60 
1.97 
2.05 

2.18 

1 

46.82 

,    1142 
501 

;        0.7137 

! 

500 

i        0. 7247 

1 

680 
027 

j        0  7478 

07587 

............ 

47.13 

0.  or»  Btip'Wood 

1 

1 

0.7052 

0.7041 
0  7729 
0  7238 

0.7600 
0.9233 

0.8732 

_     .._  . 

!       On72 

1. 00 
0.91 
0.05 

000 

I       «.  7527 

658 

1        9. 7237 

098 

1 
i 

i 

3.31 
1.13 

0.95 
8.29 
1.91 

47.43 

1 

09265 
0.6O56 

1 

1 

r»7.55 

1224 

1 

41.80 

1222 

1 

i 

Ii 


'.; 


f-f^f. 


282 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


\iJ. 


.i^©?^' 


i 


Rppcles. 


I 
§ 


StAte. 


•T.  Aoaoia  Wrightii 
Oat't  Otav. 


j 
1209    I  Toziu- 


M    Aoaola  Greggii 
Caft  Claw. 


608      Arizona . 

do 

...do  


3S3 


100.  I.yaUoma  UtUUiqua  . 
Wild  Tnmafrir.d. 


101    Pilheoolobium  DugiiiS'iali. 
Oaf't  Claw. 


ROSACEiE. 


102.  Chryaobiilauns  Iciioo  . 
Ootoa  Plum. 


103.  Pmniis  AiiuTtcAiui 

wad  Plum.     Caiiaac  Plum.    Hone 
Plun. 


909    ;  Florida 
UW    '     ..do.   . 


46S 
1108 


do 
do 


480 

68 
220 
334 


.do. 


lf»4.  Prunufl  auKnatilVlin       ..     |      4116 

Ohichuaw  Plum.    Hog  P!um. 


Ui-'v   I'ninufl  renntivlvanicft 

WtldKtdCh'errii.  Pin  Cherry.   Pigeon 
Cherry. 


inc    I'ninua  nmlirllatu  . . 
Sloe.    Mark  Slor. 


lUT.  Piunus  emarKinnta.  rnr.  mullia 


233 


»n8 


Miaaouii  


VciTOont 
Tfxns  .... 


lAKiallty. 


Collector. 


Auatin 


8.  B.  Ituvkliy  . 


Sant!i  Kita  nionnt-  {  O.  Rngrlmnnii  and 

nina.                        i      C.  8.  Sargent. 
...do do 


Clifton I  B.I..Grc«no 


Boob  Chica  Key  ...  j  A.  H.  Cartisa  . 
Key  I-urj^o | do 


Cppir   Metacombe  ^ — do  . 
Biiliui  tlon.la  Kev do  . 


Bay  BiacAync  A.II.  Ciirtiaa 

AUenton O.  W.  LetterniKD . . . 

Charlotte CO.  Prtni;le 

Dallaa J.  Keven  Uou    ,  Itlch 


Boil. 


LATRBa  (IF 

Dlomotor        obowtu. 

of tree,  

In  ■ 

rietc.-^.  I    Sap-     Ileart- 
'Wood.     wood. 


Dry,  gravelly 
..da 


Coral . 
.  .do. 


do. 
do. 


Swampy . 


Rich  uplands . 
.    Grarelly 


Tenneaaeo  . 


NnaliTille A.Ontliuger Kiverblaff. 


V^crmont Charlotte 


C. G.  IMin^lo 


Cold,  gravelly. 


Georgia 


Altiim.iha  rirer  |  A.  II.  Ciiitiaa        ..     i  Clay. 

I 


0.202 


0.100 


Washington    ttr- 
litory. 


108    Pnuius  Aorotinu 

n%U  Blaek  Cherry.    Rum  Cherry. 


If) 
100 


PruBoa  Caoali . 
WSd  Cherry. 


MaaaMchuietts . 

Vermont 

lis      Michigan 

127       Miaa<niH 

lllinoi.* 

Ohio 

Miehi^an 

Vermont 


148 
lOS 
317 

400 

723 

763 

I0S3 


2S4 
418 


Wilke-xon 

Roxbiiry  

CharlotU> 

DnnBville 

Allenton 

Wai'kigan  

Barney     &     $m:th 

Mnnut'iicturingCo. 

lleiKi'y 


^'irgiula  or  Mid- 
dle rttateH. 
Pennsxivaniii 


Florida 

Maaaachuaetta 


Charlolle 

Cli:4iU>»ii)»u  Navy- 

vanl. 
Wiliiani^port 


Chat  mluKHliet!  river. 
Topatield    


G.  Kn^i'Iniann  and     Low,  rich  . . 
C.  ^.  Sargent. 

C.S.  Sargent [  Gravelly  .. 

C.O.Piingle  i...  do 

W.J.Beol do 

G.  W.  Lcttermun  . . .    Rich  loum  . 

IE. Douglua. Gravelly... 

E.  E.  Barney 

W.J.Boal Rich 

C. 0.  Priogle Gravelly... 

S.II.Po»)k 

C.O.Prlnglo  j 

A.U.Ciirtiaa i  Ctoy 

J.  Robluaon j  Gravelly  . . 


New  Mexico Pinoa  Altoa  monnt- 

II  ins. 
do do 


B.  L.  Ol»^no :  Alluvial . 

..do do 


0.21« 


«.205 


14 


47 


21 


20 


24 


81 


0. 218  IS 

0.320  n 


0.238 


48 

33 


12 


20 


24 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


283 


1 

Bl'KCIFIC  OUAVITT  DITBKHIKATIOK.'. 

A8II  IIETBUMUIATIO.NO. 

Woljcht,  per, 
cubic  fuot,  1 

Bemorlci. 

\ 

Firitt. 

Second. 

Third. 

Avenge. 

1 

First. 

8(>coud. 

Arerngo. 

in  poiindii 

(average). 

j 

0.0380 

0.8708 
0.8102 
0.8568 

0.0033 
0.0001 

0. 8839 
0.  8885 

0.7290 

0. 0750 
0.  7035 
0. 7878 

0.«)7S 
U..Mni 

0.  8103 

0.4310 

0.  7047 
0.  5535 
0.5800 
0.  0730 
0.  0173 
0.  S675 
0.5373 
0.  6131 
0.  4080 
0  .'•.734 
0.  .^^.755 
0.08M 

0.  7282 
0.  8150 

0.0404 

0.9392 

0. 8703 
0.8380 
0.8358 

0. 8550 

0.  ,'•.848 
0.0987 

0.6118 

0.8589' 
O.O.'ilO 

0.9049 
0.7700 

0.08 

0.0E 
0.05 
1.00 

2.00 
1.08 

2.48 
3.00 

0.87 

0.11 
0.17 
0.33 

0.28 

o.-;o 

0.14 

0.18 

0.13 
0.13 
0.12 
0.19 
0.11 
0.13 
0.10 
0  14 
0.00 
0.  09 
0.17 

0.  IS 
0.38 

1 

0.57 
0.80 

0.63 

68.53 

1209 

0.05  H.11I-  wooil .... 

0.70 
0.95 
1.00 

0.01 

598 

0.8610 

097 

893 

0.5603 
0.7l,-iO 

0.8340 
1.01.15 

0.  8129 

0.0746 
0.0800 
0. 8070 

•    0.7002 
0.  .'■>031 

0. 8212 
0.  4(;0( 

2.44 
2.07 

63.38 

2.22 
2.03 

5C0 

0.0001 

1112 

40.00 

2.13 

2.25 

•>  :i7 

405 
1108 

2.09    '        2.  .55 

i 



• 

0.87 

0.09 
0.21 
0.21 

0.'38 
0.43 

0.10 
0.23 

2.46 

6a  39 

0.87 

0.10 
0.10 
0.27 

0.18 

48.04 

480 

, 

0. 0748 
0. 0018 
0.  7078 

0. 7215 

68 

220 

334 

44.96 

0.6884 
0.5023 

0.8202 

0.38 
0.10 

43.00 
81.30 

61.11 
38.06 

435 

333 

0.13 

COO 

0.4S02 

0.31 

068 

0.  7070 
0.5530 
0.4832 

0. 706:1 
0. 6532 
0.  r.321 
0.6486 
0.  G401 

o.aoffi 

0.14 

n.  14     ' 

15 

0.11            0.12 
0. 15             0.  14 

' 

106 

11. •> 

fl. 0335 
0.  fl.-i08 
II.  5050 
0.0180 
0.  5351 

0. 17    1        0.  IR 

1 

1-.7 

0.13 
0.11 
0.17 
0.17 
0.00 
0.10 
0.34 
0.17 

0.12 
0.20 



0.12 
0.12 
0.18 
0.16 
0.08 
0.10 
0.35 
0.16 

1 

UK 
1R8 
317 
308 
406 
728 
703 

1 

0.  5280 
0.5'J4I 
0.4080 

i 

1  

1 

0.  .1777 

0.  ,->:;-i 

0.0857 

0.  C940 
0.8837 

.      0. 57.V1 
0.5488 
J.  0857 

O.HU 

1 

11.0880 





1 
1063 

1 

o.ts 

88.28 

0.7111 
0.8648 

0.14 
0.37 

0.30 

!      M4 



i      418 

i 

4 

0.7870 

49.10 

!       •■ 


11 


■t'    i       i 


1. 


1 


■„i 


m 


284 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.       . 
Table  I.— SPECIFJO  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AKD  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


i'^ 


Species. 


110.  rniniis  dcuiua . 
Wild  Cherry. 


111.  Prnnns  Caroliniana MO 

Wild  Orange,     ilock  Oraitge.      Wild 


State. 


037 


Pttuh. 


112.  Frunnaiiphasiocarpa  . 


800 

910 

1032 

1062 


1217       ,.- 


California. 


Alabama . 
Florida  ... 

...do  

....do... 


Locality. 


StrawbciTy  vaUt'i' 


Mobile 

JackBouvillo 

Cbattalioochco. 
Jacksonvillu... 


Collector. 


O.  I'lnfrelmaiiii  and 
C.  S.  Sar^ciit. 


Texas Victoria 


Florida  . 


113.  Priinua  ilijifolia  . 
Intav- 


114.  Ya'aqnciiciaTorreji. 


115.  Cirroiarpus  Icilifoliiis. 
J/oi(iifain  Mahogany. 


lis.  Cercoenri'iia  parrifolina  . 
UourUain  Mahogany. 


117.  Pyms  cnronarik 

yifiHTican  Crab.  SweeUrmted  Crab. 


118.  Pj nis  anmislifolia  

American  Crab  Apple,    bouthern  Crab 
Apple. 


110.  Pyrin  rivularis 

Oregon  Crab  Apple. 


1158    j  California  . 
1152      Arizona  ... 


883 
004 


Utab  . 


Edge  of  Everglades. 


Santa  Craz  . 


Santa  Blla  mount- 
ains. 


City  Creek  caBou . . . 


C.  Mohr 

A.n.CiirliBS  . 

C.Mobr 

A.  n.  Cni'tis.s. 
C.  Mobr 


A.  U.Cnrtiss 


C.  L.  Anderson . 


C.G.PrlnKlc. 


M.  E.  Jones . 


.    Department  of  Ag 
;      ricnlture. 


CiUifoniia. 


120.  Pyi us  Americana. 
Moftntain  A$h. 


121.  Pyms  aambucifolia 

Mountain  Ath. 

122.  CratcgTu  rivularis  . 

123.  Cmtoegus  DoueUsii 


1J4.  Cratirpin  lirachyaenntba 
llogt'  Itav. 


125.  Cratirsua  ai  boreaccna  . 


80.H 
1087 
1088 


313 


1002 


214 
365 


Dobiwnro 

Pt'UURvlviinia. 
. .  do 


Slshiyoii  county  .. 


Kiunicusi . 
Kai;aretli  . 
...d(. 


Sonth  Carolina. 


Oregon  . 


Vermont . 
.    do  ... . 


410    ....  do  . 


Aiken  . 


Portland . 


Charlotte 

Huntingdon 


G.  Eii^elmaim  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 


VV.  M.  C.'.nby 

J.  Henry 

...do 


H.  W.  llavcncl 


O.  Gneelnipnn  and 
C.  S.  Sargint. 

C.G.  Pringle 


do 


Mount  MiinhQuld    . . |  . .  <lo  . 


8M    j  Utab \  City  Creek  caRon  . . 


M.K.  Jones  . 


009      Oregon '  Cnscude.i of  tbi- Co.  '  15.  EiimliTnuin  aud 

liinibia  river.  C.  i:^.  Suigent. 

020    '  Loiiisiimn 1  Webster  parish t;.  Mnlir ... 


Sou. 


Low,  rich  . 


Sandy 

...do  

Alluvial.... 

Sandy 

Bich,  moUt . 


Uwky 


Kocky . 


Clay .. 
MoUt. 
...it. 


Kli'h,  damp  . 


Rirh  bills. 


Gruvclly . 
..do... 


do 


do 


Itl<  b  . 
Clay 


30T     SoulhCaroliua  ..     Aikeu II.  \k'.  Uavenil ;  Uicb. 


B03>     ..  dj  . 


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


607      Giorgla |  Ogeechee A.ILCnrtIss Low  . 


Diameter 

of  tree, 

in 

mclcrs. 


0.171 
0.202 


O.ISO 


0.206 


LATKUB  OV 
CUOWTU. 


Snp- 
wood. 


8 
12 


26 


Heart- 
wood. 


0.062    < 


0.130 


0.186 


25 


O.IOO 


17 


r.  004 

0. 200    <        2t 


a  186    I        40 


61 
50 


84 


»7 


14  IJ 


i 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


285 


OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


Bl-BCIFIC  GBAVITT 

DBTEBMIKATIOKS. 

1 
ASH  DETEUUIKATIOK'B. 

Weight,  pi^r 
cubic  <'ix)t, 
in  poiinOa 
(overage). 

i 
Bemarki. 

1 

FirBt. 

Scrond. 

Third. 

Arenige. 

First. 

0.51 

0.32 
0.39 
0.44 
0.46 
0.43 

0.97 

0.80 

1.44 

1.27 
1.00 

9.45 

0.52 
0.50 
0.40 

0.33 

0.41 

0.08 
;        0.56 

0.39 
0.33 
0. 29 
0.37 

0.03 

0.38 
0.62 

Second. 

Average. 

0.60 

0.33 
0.38 
0  44 
0.48 
0.43 

1 

0. 7025 

0. 9315 
0.8874 
0.7708 
0.86{0 
0.9030 

O.O0C2 

0.0885 

1. 1340 

1.0608 
1.0950 

0.9385 

0.6973 
0.6640 
0. 7402 

0  6945 

C.8266 

0.5345 
0. 5512 

0.  .woa 

0.  7072 

0.7025 

0. 0760 

(     0.  (UCO 

{     0.6093 

0.6263 

0.8934 

0  6937 

0. 9855 
0. 8227 
0.7797 
0. 8721 

0.  fmo 

0.  8934 

0.9720 

1. 1408 

1.0332 
1.1080 

0.6803 

0.6061 

0.48 

0.33 
0.37 
0.44 
0.40 
0.43 

0.76 

0.76 

1.46 

1.12 
0.89 

0.48 
0.38 
0.75 

0.33 

0.41 

1.23 
0.60 

0.31 
0.37 
0.30 
0.40 

0  70 

43.32 

037 

0.0v86 
0.8472 
0.7782 
0.8691 
0.8810 

0. 8314 

016 

1032 
1062 

0.8790 

0.8688 

0.41 

54.14 
66.07 

0.809S 

0.87 

1217 

9.0803 

0.78 

81.09 

1168 

1. 1374 

1.45 

70.88 

1152 

1.0400 

0.125  8ap*wood 

1.0447 
1. 1016 

1.0731 

1.19 
0.80 

863 

004 

1.04 

88.87 

0.0365 

0.46 

58.38 


825 

0.  7228 
0. 6762 
0. 7280 

0.8846 

0.8366 

0.5429 
0.5416 

0.6063 

0,7731 

0. 6928 

0.  0X35 

0.  0J3U 
0.  0225  J 
0.6500 
0.6699 

0. 7320 
0.6788 
0. 7057 



0. 7i74 
0.6730 
0.7240 

0.60 
0.44 

o.ei 

808 

1087 

1088 

• 

0.7048 
0.6896 

0.62 

43.02 

0  33 
0.41 

1.11 

0.oU 

0.83 

42.07 

313 

0.8316 

0.6438 
0.6484 

0.6451 

51.82 

10J2 

0.5639 

214 

0.25  sap- wood 

305 

33.97 
36.  M 
48.00 

0.5028 
0.7703 
0.6960 

0.  ;i,"> 

410 

0.35 
0.8.-' 

885 

0.6898 

43.81 

099 

0.  ./93 

0.  6228 

0.6127 
0.8817 

0.6491 

0.42 

.... 

0.6T 

0..18 
0.65 

42.83 

020 

3031 

363* 

0.68 

807 

40.46 

- 

0.57 

•'>K    1'. 
,  ..;f     Ki 


,:•:! 


■  \ 


1% 


liM 


am' 


286 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 

a 

s 

State. 

LocaUty. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

lAYEBB  OF 

ouovnra. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

126,  Cratfctraa  Crus-ffalli 

828 
1003 

ICO 

949 
1081 

154 
426 

447 

759 

800 
614 

239 

301 
669 

707 

1169 

156 
241 
849 

867 

875 
1259 

646 
1096 
1173 
1181 

Maasoobiuotta 

MlsBoarl 

Brookline 

J.  Robinson .        ... 

Xrf>ain 

0.180 

OocJ^ttr  Thorn,    KtweoitU  2%om. 

Allenton 

O.  W.  Letterman.... 

C.G.Prlngle 

C.Mobr 

Tjow,  wot 

Gravelly 

SearUl  Saw,  Ked  Haw.  White  Thorn. 

Victoria 

AllaTlal 

0.180 
0.106 

61 
28 

Scarlet  Haw, 

120.  Cnitncns  tomentoAft           .  . 

Vermont 

C.G.Pringle 

A.Gattinger 

....do     

Clav        

Btaek  Thorn.    Ptar  Haw. 

Teniicssee 

...  ,lo 

KasbrlUe      

LimfntoiiP 

...  do  

Low 

Watkington  Thorn. 
131.  Crattegns  apiifuUa 

Florida 

Chattahoochee 

Aiken 

A.H.CurUss 

H.  W.  Ravenol 

A.H.Cartiss 

H.  W.  Eavenol 

...  do  

Alluvial ...  . 

0.080 

27 

PartUy  Haw. 

South  Cardlinn 

Smah./nSted  Haw. 

Ofseechee  rlvor 

Bounrau'n  Depot 

Aiken 

Low 

0.880 

38 

SnutbCnmlina 

....do 

May  Haw.    AppU  Haw. 

I>iy,  fertile 

Sandy  . 

a224 

68 

S«mnur  Haxc.    TeUow  Haw. 

Florida 

...do  

A.H.Cnrliss 

...do         

135.  CratirKOs  flara,  rar.  pabosoeDfi 

Summer  Haw.    Rtd  Haw. 

A  Rpalaffa  * .  •  ■ 

Di'v  clav 

0.142 
0.184 

44 

21            34 

Toyon.    ToUon.     CaU/omia  BoUy. 
137.  Amelanoliier  CitnafieDBiR 

Vermont 

Charlotte 

C.G.Pringle 

W.  M.Linney 

J.  Robinson . . . 

Gravelly 

Jtmeterry.    Shad  Huih.    Serviet  Tret. 
Hay  Ch^'ry. 

Kentucky 

MassacbusottR 

. . .  do    

Bnimfleld  Station... 

Waverly  Bhale... 
Loam 

0.140 
0.190 

34 
43 

60 
21 

HAMAHELACE.S. 

138.  UnraamplfR  Virglnloa 

Beverly    

do            .... 

Bocky 

WiUh  Haul 

do 

Danrcra 

Hontvalc 

Kemper's  mill 

Little  Rock 

do 

do 

Teniienacc 

Alabama 

Arkanaat 

New  Jersey ' 

Ulssiisippl 

A  H  Curtiaa 

130.  T.inTtiilnmhflr  Stvraciflnn 

C.Mohr 

Rich  alluviiil 

tiiv.lil.iw.   .liarleared  dum.  iiqvid, 
•iHiUir.    lliilOxtm.    milled. 

Mount  Holly 

Taura  Klver  bottom . 

B.  P.  Sharpies 

R.  Abbey 

Clay 

0.208 

80 

IT 

Allavlal 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


287 


) 

BPKCIFIC  OBAVITT  DETERMINATIONg. 

ASn  URTKRHIMATIONB. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(overage). 

Remarks. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Scoond. 

Average. 

1 

0.0390 
0.  7781 

0.8054 

0.7909 
0.8376 

0.7649 
0.8058 

a  7106 

0.7506 

0.7624 
0.6716 

0.6625 

0. 7724 
0. 8172 

0.7770 

0.9610 

0.6074 
0. 7904 
0.8600 

4     0.7067 
(     0. 7081 
<     0.6662 
\    -0.7028 
0.6009 

0.  B415 
0.5773 
0.  5841 
0.5006 

0. 6706 
0.7667 

0. 8382 

0.7144 
0.8382 

0.7712 
0. 7110 

0.7481 

0.7400 

0.7688 
0.6700 

0.6503 

0. 76L0 
0.7718 

0.7506 

0.9042 

0.7642 
0.7944 
0.9028 

0.73931 
0.7826 
0.78281 
0.6985$ 

0.6632 
0. 7701 

0.6642 
0.7740 

0.67 
0.49 

0.36 

0.77 
0.54 

0.50 
0.53 

0.48 

0.72 

0.71 
0.60 

0.57 

0.82 
0.63 

0.91 

0.62 

0.61 
0.42 
0.05 

0.43 

0.27 
0.32 

0.47 
0.48 
0.29 
0.67 

0.55 
0.60 

0.40 

0.78 
0.68 

0.44 
0.61 

0.41 

1.22 

0.67 
0.63 

0.56 

0.94 
0.73 

0.01 

0.46 

0.64 
0.53 
0.45 

0.44 

0.33 
0.39 

0.40 
0.73 
n,34 
0.06 

0.5« 
0,53 



Caltivatod 

328 

1093 

0.7194 

0.6B 

44.83 

0.8618 

0.38 

63.71 

100 

0.7527 
0.8379 

0.78 
0.61 

948 

1081 

0.7953 

0.69 

49.66 

0.7681 
0.7685 

0.47 
0.52 

164 

420 

0.7633 

0.50 

47.57 

0.7293 

6.48 

45.45 

447 

0.7463 

0.97 

46.45 

7.'.» 

0. 7611 
0.6708 

0.69 
0.62 

614 

0. 7169 

0.66 

44.61 

6.6564 

0.57 

40.81 

238 

• 

0.7072 
0.7946 

0.88 
0.60 

569 

• 

0.7809 

0.79 

48.67 

0.7683 

0.91 
0.54 

47.88 

767 

0.0326 

0.6858 
0. 7924 
0.8733 

68.18 

1104 

First  sp.  gr.  detorminattou  made  on  Q.75  sap-wood ;  second  8p. 
gr.  dt^tornilnation  made  on  0.5  sap-wood. 

0.03 
0.48 
0.63 

156 
241 

0.8570 

Fir»t  nnd  third  sp.  gr.  determinations  m»iio  on  0.9  sap-wood ; 
socBiiil  sp.  gr.  dotormination  madii  on  snp-woud. 

648 

0.7838 

0.55 

48.85 

0,7342 

0.  7126 
0.6000 
0.6836 

0. 6-.:95 
0.  6719 
0. 5910 
0.5615 

0.4i 

0.30 
0.36 
0.37 

0.48 
0.61 
0.32 
0.67 

8ST 

875 

fS* 

0.  C170 
0.6665 
0.5991 
U.5649 

42.73 

648 

1085 

All  sap-wood 

117» 
1181 

0.5692 

1>1- 


1 


'     f 


■  'H 


•'m 


Ml 


yi. 


p 

■(■!■: 


:.;|. 


•It  if. 


■r. 'Ml 


i>::: 


i 


283 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 
tablk  I.— specific  gravity,  ash,  and  weight  per  cubic  foot 


Species. 


U9.  Uqnidambar  Styraclflua— continaed . . 


BHIZOPBORACEJt. 


140.  RhizophoraUaDgle. 
Uavgrove. 


COMURETACE£. 


141.  Conooarpnherrcta. 
Button  Wood. 


142.  LaRiiDeularia  rxccmoM 

Whit*  Button  Wood.    WhiU  ilangms. 

MYRTACEA 

143.  Calyptranthes  Chytnenlla 


144.  EaKeniabnxiriilla 

Qurgeon  Slopptr.    SpanUh  Btafptr. 


145.  Bngenia  dishotOB* . 
Kaked  Wood. 


146,  Eaeenia  ipontioola 

Stopper.     Whitt  8topp*r. 


147.  EnecoiiiloDKipea 
Stopper. 


148.  Eaeenla  procem . 
lied  Stopper. 


CACTACEffl. 


140.  Coreua  RifjaDtrna 

Suwarrotc.    Sagvaro.    Qiant  Oactut. 

CORNACE.S. 


IjO.  ComuR  nltcniifolia 
Dogwood. 


HI.  Cornaaflnrida 

Floveriiig  Dogwood.    Boa  Wood. 


Ua.  Conma  MutUllii 

ftoweriig  Dogwood. 


I 


e 
o 


1182 
1183 


48.^ 

480 
507 

1205 

456 
1118 
1120 
1198 


1200 


1115 
1135 
1189 


1197 


1127 


603 


BOO 
801 


67 

701 

812 

1077 

1093 


000 


Stale. 


MiaalaalppI . 
...do 


Florid* . 


....do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


...do. 
....do. 


...do. 
...do. 
....do. 


.do 


do  . 


Arizona  . 


UaBaaclinsetts. 
...do  


Hiaaouri 

Florida 

WeatTlrgiuia. 

Miaaonri 

...do 


Orenon 


lioralltv. 


T11200  River  boitom 
..  do 


Bay  Blacayne. 


...do 

Sagar-Ioof  Sound . 


Key  Largo. 


""^l 


ler    Ilotacombe 
By. 
Loat  Man'a  rirer 

Elllott'a  Kxy 


Upper    Metacombe 
Key. 


Caximbaa  paaa... 
Palm  Unmmook . 


Umbrella  Key . 

..do 

...do 


KO'Namo  Key . 
Miami 


Collector. 


R.  Abbey . 
...do 


A.  n.  Cnrtlu  . 


do. 
.do. 

do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
.do. 


do. 
do. 


.do 
do. 
do. 


.do. 


do. 


TucBon  . 


Soil 


Allnvial . 
...do.... 


Salt-muah. 


do. 
.do. 


Coral. 


...do 

Hnmaa  and  ootal . 

Coral 

..  do 


Sandy  . 
Coral.. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 


O,  Engelmaun  and     Dry,  gravelly . 
C.  S.  Sargent.         I 


Danvera I  3.  Robinson ;  Laam . 


.do  . 


.do. 


I 


.do. 


Alloiiton O.  W.  Lettennan  ...i  Uplanda 


ChattulioDcbce. 

Orafton 

AUonton 

...do 


Portland. 


A.  H.  CurtisB j  CuIcareouB 

C.  O.  Filngle i  Dry 

O.  V.  Lettcnuan  . . .    Gravelly... 
do Flinty 


O.  Engtilmiinn  and 
C.  S.^argeut. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

In 
metvra. 


0.250 


«.164 


0.084 


0.084 


0.150 


0.141 


LATKRS  OF 
OROWTII. 


Sap. 
wood. 


31 


IS 


43 


15 


87 


Heart. 
wond. 


0.143    {        47 
0.128    i        72 


0.122 


44 


60 


»t 


53 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


289 


BFEcinc  aiuvm  ditbrmxatiokb. 

ABB  DSTBBMIllATIORa. 

onbio  foot, 
In  poanda 
(avenge). 

Benurlu. 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Averaga. 

Tint 

Second. 

Arengr. 

0. 0126 
0. 5826 

1.1381 

0.9939 
0.7100 

0.8930 

0.8763 
1.0626 
0.8646 
0.8867 

0.8626 
0.9642 

0.8910 
0.9180 
0. 9140 

1. 1450 
0. 0425 

0.  3259 

0.6572 
0.6087 

0.8264 
0.7509 
0.7892 
0.8690 
0.8114 

0.T48T 

0.6891 
0.6765 

1.1842 

0.9860 
0  7174 

0.9282 

0.6256 
0.6878 

0.6091    1 
0.6823 

0.72 
0.86 

1.80 

0.32 
1.69 

3.04 

1.11 
1.19 
2.23 
1.60 

0.86 
0.68 

2.06 
1.60 
1.83 

3.36 
2.41 

3.89 

0.43 
0.39 

0.61 
0.76 
0.78 
0.66 
0.62 

6.48 

0.77 
0.77 

1.83 

0.32 
1.54 

3.69 

1.26 
1.05 
2.15 
1.38 

0.91 
0.60 

1.96 
1.95 
1.99 

3.60 
2.79 

3.01 

0.41 
0.43 

0.60 
0.84 
0.83 
0.68 
0.60 

0.62 

0.75 
0.81 

1182 

1188 

0.6910 

0.61 

36.83 

1/1617 

1.82 

72.40 

486 

0.UU00 

0.32 
1.62 

61.70 

489 

0. 7137 

44.48 

BOT 

0.8766 

0.8902 

3.32 

56.04 

1208 

0.8753 
1.0513 
0.9128 
0.9046 

1.19 
1.12 
2.19 
1.62 

456 

1.0400 
0.8640 
0.9232 

0.8302 
0.9472 

0.  OUO 
0.9340 
0.9295 

1.1020 
0.9482 

0.  3116 

0.  6748 
0.6932 

0.8264 
0. 7710 
0.7863 
0.8916 
0.8216 

0. 7474 

1118 

1.0200 

1120 

1108 

0.9860 

1.60 

68.83 

0.8459 
0.9507 

0.88 
0.69 

866 

i<>ot 

0.8983 

0.74 

66.98 

0.9010 
0. 9241 
0.9217 

2.00 
1.77 
1.91 

1115 

0.9202 

1135 

1189 

0.8156 

1.89 

67.06 

1.1236 

3.48 

70.02 

1197 

0.94.13 

2.62 

68.01 

112T 

0.3188 

3.45 

19.87 

693 

0.6048 
0.6893 

>X  6456 
0.6937 

0.42 
0.41 

866 

861 

41.73 

0.6696 

0.41 

0.8264 
0.7656 
0.7878 
0.8803 
0.8166 

0.66 
0.80 
0.78 
0.62 
0.61 

87 
761 

812 

107T 

1002 

• 

0.8153 

0.67 
0.50 

60.81 

0.7481 

46.63 

MX 

ill 


19  FOB 


K 

3,  .^ 


290 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


1  '^    '  *■' 

I- 


!•  M 


If 


Species. 


168.  KTiMCApitsta 

Ogteeha  Umt.   Sour  Tup»lo.    Qopher 
Ftum. 


lU.  NTua  ayKatlcA 

rui  •    


fuptto. 
Chtm, 


SourOum.  Ftppnidge.  Blaek 


/ 


IBS.  Ifysw  nnifloro 

Large  Tup*U).     Cotton  Qvm.     Ti^ftto 
Qum. 


CAFRIPOLIACEiE. 


IM.  Sambncns  glanca . 
Elder. 


157.  Sambaons  Mexicana. 
Elder. 


IM.  Vibnrnnm  Lentago 

Slteepierry.    Nannyberry. 


ISO.  Vibnmnm  pTunifoliiim 

Blaek  Haw.    Stag  Buih. 


EUBIACBiE. 
100.  KxostemmaCaribseDm... 


lubens. 


101.  Pinckneya  pube 
Qeorgia  Bark. 


102.  QeripaclUBieefolia.. 
Seven-year  Apple. 


103.  Qnettarda  elliptioa . 


005 

235 
617 
008 
760 
813 
833 
834 
835 


128 
235 
560 
004 


081 


1220 


108 
870 


42 
?10« 
730 


400 


267 
881 


467 
1132 
IISS 


471 
1129 
1104 


SUte. 


Qeorgia. 


South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Georgia 

Florida 

West  Virginia . . . 

Mossaohnsetts 

..  do 

...do 


Soutb  Carolina . . 

...do 

Alabama 

Georgia 


Locality. 


Ogeeobee  river . 


Bonneau's  Depot . 
Cumberland  tiver. 

Ogeeobee  river 

Chattahoooboe 

Grafton 

WestNewbuTy... 

...do 

Chebacco  pond 


Bonneau's  Depot . 

...do 

Stockton 

Ogeechee  river. . . . 


California  . 


Arizona  . 


Vermont. 
...do.... 


Kentucky  . 

...do 

Georgia  ... 


Florida . 


Soutb  Carolina. 
...do 


Contra  Costa  county. 


Santa         Catalin* 
mountains. 


Charlotte.. 
Hinesburg.. 


Uercer  county. 

..do 

Bainbridge 


Upper  Metacombe 
Kej 


-ey. 

BIufftOB 

...do... 


Florida XJppvr   Metacombe 

...do j  Elliott's  Key 

...do Upper   Metacombe 


do. 
.do. 
do. 


..do 

Umbrella  Key . 
...do 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Cnrtiu. 


H.  W.  Bavenel . 
A.  Gattinger  . . . 
A.  H.  Curtiss... 

....do 

0.  G.  Pringle... 

J.  Bobinson 

...do 

....do 


H.  W.  Ravenel. 

...do 

C.Mohr 

A.  H.  Curtiss.. 


O.  B.  Yasey  . . 
C.  G.  Pringle . 


do. 
.do. 


W.  M.  Linney . 

...do 

A.  H.  Curtiss.. 


.do. 


J.  H.  Melliobamp. 
...do 


A.  H.  Curtiss. 

...do 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Boil. 


Swampy . 


Muck. 


Muck. 
Clay.. 


Bioh 

...do 

Low,  rich . 


Swampy . 


AUuvUa. 
Swampy . 


Gravelly. 


Muck.... 
Swampy . 


Shale 

Trenton  limestone. 
Clay 


Coral. 


Sandy,  swamp  . 
...do  


Sandy  . 
Coral.. 
...do.. 


do. 
do. 
.do. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0.220 


0.220 
0.214 


0.266 


0.188 
0.320 


0.320 


a  070 


0.078 
0.108 


0.006 


LATCBS  or 

oBowni. 


Sap. 
wood. 


27 


40 
40 


C7 


28 


34 


Heart- 
wood. 


83 


10 


28 


25 
34 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


291 


aricmo  obatity 

DBTBBMnrATIOXB. 

ASII  DBTKIIMCfATIOlK. 

HTeleht.per 
cubic  foot, 
)n  ponnda 
(average). 

Remarki. 

1 

riMt. 

Second. 

Tbiid. 

Average. 

Tirst. 

Second. 

1 
I 

Average. 

t 

0.4680 

0.6656 
0.5650 
0.6079 
0.0436 
a  6198 
0.6849 
0.7467 
0.7429 

0.5589 
0.MK>6 
0.6002 
0.4424 

0.6076 

0.4588 

0.7285 
a  7510 

0.8106 
0.9140 
0.7749 

a9200 

0.6628 
0. 6126 

1.0219 
1.0425 
1.0705 

0.9376 
0.8409 
0.7490 

0.4546 
0.6640 

0.4613 

0.36 

0.66 
0.89 
0.49 
0.49 
0.62 
0.41 
0.88 
0.32 

0.72 
0.66 
0.68 
0.76 

1.60 

1.83 

0.27 
0.29 

0.46 
0.47 
0.60 

0.24 

0.28 
0.48 

0.71 
1.00 
1.48 

0.88 
0.94 
1.33 

0.83 

0.81 
0.79 
0.43 
0.49 
0.53 
0.40 
0.39 
0.34 

0.76 
0.81 
0.69 
0.66 

1.65 

2.17 

0.28 
0.30 

0.49 

1 
1 

0.84 

28.76 

605 

0.5652 
0.6650 
0.6092 
0.6569 
0.6031 
0.6839 
0.6974 
0.7026 

•358 

[ 
0.74 

0.84  ; 

0.46    1 
'0.49 
0.53    ' 
0.41    i 
0.38 
0.33 

239 

517 

0.6104 
0.6682 
0.5865 
0.6787 
0. 6748 
0.6626 

0.5700 
0.6649 
0.5525 
0.4002 

0.5U98 

0.4668 

0.7076 
0.7332 

608 

750 

813 

0.6881 
0.6708 
0.7022 

833 

834 

835 

0.52 

39.69 

0.6645 
0.5663 
0.5264 
0.4213 

0.74 
0.74 
0.59 
0.71 

128 
236 
550 
604 

32.87 

0.6104 

0.70 

0.6087 

1.57 

31.70 

681 

0.4586 

a  4614 

2.00 

28.75 

1220 

0.7180 
0.7426 

0.28 
0.80 

108 
870 

0. 7303 

0.29 

45.51 

0.8106 
0.9140 
0.7749 

0.48 
0.47 
0.60 

42 

110* 
739 

0.'!410 

0.5613 
0. 6131 

0.22 

0.27 
0.68 

0.60 
1.02 
1.56 

0.79 
1.03 
1.32 

0.8332 

0.62 

51.98 

0.9310 

0.23 

58.02 

466 

0.5571 
0. 5129 

0.28 
0.64 

257 

381 

0.5850 

0.41 

33.41 

1.0210 
0.9957 
1.0772 

0.66 
1.01 
1.62 

457 
1132 

1.0270 
1.0840 

0.8933 
0.8598 
0. 7217 

0. 9175 

Second  and  third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.3  lap'Wood. 

1105 

1.0816 

1.06 

64.29 

0.9154 
0.8504 
0.7353 

0.84 
0.D9 
1.32 

47] 

1129 

1194 

0.8337 

1.05 

61.98 

1 

mm 


m 

■Am 


fi  :\^ 


m 


V    t 


292 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GBAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


SpeolM. 


BRICACBA. 


164.  yaeolninm  •rboronm . 
Fartttberry. 


lit.  Andromeda  femiginca  . 


IM.  Arbntni  Meniieaii . 
Madrofla. 


1ST.  Arbutiu  Xalapeiuti.. 


188.  Arbntni  Tesuw. 


180.  Oxydendrom  arborenm  — 
Soml  Trt».    Sour  Wood. 


ITO.  Kalmia  latifolla 

Laurel.     Oalieo  Bulk. 
Ivy. 


Spoon  Wooi. 


ITl.  Sbododcndron  mjximnm... 
(treat  Laur<U.    Roe*  Bay. 


MYRSINACEiE. 
1T2.  Uynine  Rnpanea  


i 


I 


843 

812 


1038 
1084 


643 
878 


S86 


108S 


(S3 

S15 


262' 
262* 
262* 


283' 


State. 


Alabama  . 
QeoTgia... 


Florida. 
....do... 


Califonila  . 
...do 


Aritona  . 


Tezaa 


Alabama  .. 
Tenneuae . 


ViTginU. 
....do.... 
.do.... 


173.  Aidiaia  Pickeringia . . . 
ilarlbtrry.    Gtumy. 


174.  Jaoqninta  armillaris  ■ 
•/m  ITood. 


SAFOTACBA. 
175.  Chryaophfllum  oUvlfoTme. 


ITt,  Bideroxylon  Haatichodondron . 
MttU. 


2t(3»   ...  do 


1123 

4M 
1136 
1192 


488 

1180 

use 


483 


481 


..do. 


LooaUty. 


Citnmello 

Altomaha  rirar . 


JaoksonTiUe. 
...do 


Contra  Coato  eonntr 
Marin  oonnty 


Santo  BIto  monnt- 


Haya  county. 

Cottage  HiU . 
HaabvUle.... 


I*ano;  Gap . 
...do 


.do. 


do 
.do. 


Collector. 


Sou. 


C.Hohr 

A.H.Cartlaa  . 


.do. 
.do. 


O.  B.  Vaaey. 
...do 


6.  Engelmaun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


S.  B.  Bnokley  . 


C.Hohr 

A.  Gattinger. 


H.  Shrirer . 

...do 

...do 


.do. 
do. 


Sandy  . . . 
Swampy. 


Honunook. 


Gravelly. 
...do.... 


Rooky. 


Limeatone . 


Light,  rich  . . . 
Sandy,  rocky . 


Motot. 
...do.. 
...do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Florida !  Buy  Biscayne A.U.Cartlas. 


Cond. 


do ; do 

do ' do 

. . .  do Palm  creek  . 


do. 
do. 
do. 


do  . 
do. 
do. 


.do Key  Largo 

.do ;  Blliott's  Key  .. 

.do '  Umbrella  Key  . 


.do. 
do. 


Bay  Biseayne. 


Upper   Metaoombo 
Key. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


.do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


.do. 
.do. 


LATCRB  or 

Dlamatnl      oeowth. 
of  tree. 
In 


metera. 


0.127 


8.216 


0.086 
0.180 


0.082 


0.078 


0.080 


Sap- 
wood. 


0.105 


0.166 


65 


28 


74 


52 


Heart- 
wood. 


29 


26 


IS  18 


18 
» 


t» 


28 


18 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


293 


■Picinc  onAViTT 

OETKBlilNATIOXS. 

ABH  DBTIMIlMATIOm. 

Weight,  per 
cable  foot, 
in  pounds 

(average). 

Remarks. 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

1 

0.7814 
0.7740 

0.7766 
0.7037 

0.6452 
0.7482 

(     0. 7202 
(     0.6842 

0.7535 

0. 7020 
0. 7114 

0.7636 
0. 7214 
0.6780 

0.6266 
0.6341 

0. 8401 

0.8164 
0.8800 
0.  8770 

0. 5603 
0.6437 
0.8300 

«i80M 

0. 7470 
0. 7405 

0.6021 
0. 7174 

0.6030 
0. 7332 

0.0065 
0.7307 

*B.  7674 

0.7574 

0.7647 
0. 7573 

0. 7610 

0.42 
0.35 

0.46 
0.50 

0.42 
0.42 

I     0.21 

1 

f 

0.54 

0.48 
0.32 

0.37 
0.45 

0.3S 
0.30 

0.24) 
0.80S 

0.48 

044 
0.84 

343 

012 

0.89 

47.42 

0.7804 
0.7108 

0.41 
0.51 

1033 

, .., 

1034 

f 

0.7500 

0.46 

0.88 
0.41 

0.40 

46.74 

0.0606 
0.7407 

643 

070 

0.7052 

43.95 

0.  7099 



0. 7500 

0.25 

696 

0.7292 
0.7916 

0.  S  sap-wood 

0.61 

48.74 

loss 

0.42            0.49 
0. 27            n.  31 

0. 7803 
0. 7114 

0.46 
0.29 

353 

616 

0.61 
0.31 
0.32 

0.43 
0.29 

0.7458 

0.87 

46.48 

0.  7536 
0. 7214 
0. 6730 

0.61 
0.31 

0.32 

262' 

262* 

262' 

0.7160 

0.6266 
0. 6341 

0.41 

0.43 
0.20 

0.36 

44.63 

261> 

263> 

0.8541 

0.8412 
0.8532 
0.8042 

0.6500 
0.6475 
0.7065 

0.M3t 
LU4» 

0.7990 

1 

0.6303 
0.8341 

39.28 

0, 74    '       n  m 

0.81 

51.98 

112S 

1.81 
1.74 
1.75 

4.09 
.3.47 
2.85 

1.36 
4.90 

1.84 
1.05 
1.95 

8.82 
3.74 
2.73 

1.U 

S.t7 

0.8283 
0.8666 
0.8866 

1.83 
1.85 
1.85 

494 

1136 

1102 

0.6582 

0.8602 

1.85 

63.61 

0.6258 
0.6456 
0. 8132 

3.06 
3.61 
2.79 

496 

1130 

1199 

0.9660 

i.oosa 

a  6948 

8.45 

43.30 

0.S360 

1.24 

S8.S3 

492 

L0109 

{.14 

63.00 

4n 

^  1 1  . 

:   'HI      I 

.    lit;    ^ 

m 


W'^ 


i  I 


|: 


294 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  OBAVITY,  ASD,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Hpoctes. 


177.  Blpholliisnllcirolla.. 
JlwtU.    Canada. 


178.  Uiiinvlia  tonax . 


170.  lliinicllnliuiiiulnoan 

Oum  ElatHc.    Shitlim  IToorf. 


18fl.  BnmoUa  spiuosa . 


181.  Bamolia  lyclolilos 

Iron  wooil.    Southern  BucJcthorn. 


182.  Biimplin  riincatit 

AnW  Wood.    Dotenicaril Plum.    Sqf- 
fron  IHxm. 


18S.  MiiniisopR  Sloberi  . 
ITiM  omy. 


EBENACEiE. 


184.  Di<i.s|>.viii8  Vir«iiilana. 
rcrsimmon. 


185. 


■tyros  Toxanft 

■   I'ertimmon.    Mexican  Pernm- 
ion.    Ohapote. 


STTKACACE/E 


180.  SympliKos  tinctoria 

Hone  Sugar.    Sweet  Leaf. 


VSI.  Halesia  diptera 

Bn(rj)4rop  Tree.    Silter.beU  Tree. 


I 


488 
500 

iin 


740 


U30 

108.. 


1140 


1151 


.133 


503 
1124 


4,'->8 


01 

425 

811 

1084 

1102 


State, 


Florida. 
...do... 
...do... 


Locality. 


liny  Blitoayno . . 
Uinlin'lln  Kny . 
No-Name  Key  . 


OL'or){la {  Biiliibridgo  . 


MiHHourt. 
Texas  . . . 
Minrtoui'i. 


Arizona  . 


...do. 


Collnotor; 


A.  H.  CuTtUR  . 

..do 

...do  


.do. 


A  Ui'Uton !  Q.W.  Lettoniinn . 

Aiistlu '  C.Mohr 

Allentoii O.  W.  Lettcnnan . 


Santa  Cnlallna 

nionnlaluB. 


C.G.PrinKlc. 


.do  . 


do. 


TcnncaBoe '  Naaliville A.  aattingor 


Florida . 
...do... 


....do. 


347 
560 


788 
022 


Misaouri 

Tonncsaeo 

West  Virginia... 

Miasonri 

....do 


Texas . 


I 

! 

Look  Key I  A.  H.  Curtlaa  . 

BocaCliica  Key do , 


Upper    Metacombe  ' do. 


Allonton ;  G.  W.  Lctterman. 

NiiBliville '  A.  OattinKor 

Grafton !  C.  CPriugle 

AUentoD G.  W.  I^etterman . 

do do 


Austin  . 


C.Mohr. 


Alabama Cottage  Hill j do  . 

Arkansas i  Toxarkana I  G. 'W.  Letterman. 


Georgia. 
Floilda . 


Ijainbridge  ... 
Apalaohicola  . 


A.  H.  Cmtlss  . 
CMohr 


Soil. 


Coral . 
...do. 
...do. 


Low  . 


Limestone  . 

...do 

...do 


Rocky 


do. 


Alluvial . 


Coral  . 
...do. 


.do. 


Bicli  upland . 
Rich  loam  . . . 


Rich  upland  . 
...do  


Calcareous. 


Sandy  . 
...do.. 


Low 

AUuTial . 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

In 
meters. 


0.170 
0.180 


0.128 


0.280 
0.237 


0.170 


0.168 


0.098 


0.184 
0.123 


r.ATaM  or 

OROWTII. 


Sap- 
wood. 


36 
7 


Ileart- 
wood. 


14 
25 


20 


87 


12 


SO 


87 


47 


40 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  TUB  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


295 


14 


40 


WRCirto  oKAvmr  detibminatioiu. 

AMI  UKTKBMINATION§. 

Welaht.pflr 
onblo  foot, 
In  ponndii 
(arvraK«). 

BemMki. 

i 

Pint. 

Second. 

Third. 

Avrrngo. 

FlMt. 

Second. 

AvoniKn. 

1 

0.B818 
0. 0737 
0.9312 

0.7100 

0. 7.'>41 
0.6047 
0. 0221 

0.0580 
(     0. 0302 
(     P.  0506 

0. 7407 

0. 7507 
0.8420 

1. 0525 

0.7039 
0. 8552 
0.7002 
0.7700 
0. 7710 

0.8325 

0.6206 
0.6070 

0.6481 
0.6999 

0.8887 
0.9233 
0. 8012 

0. 7470 

0. 7200 
0. 5907 
0.0380 

0.0001 
0. 6003 
0.P0S8 

0,  0350 
0.9486 
0.0113 

0.34 
0.20 
0.37 

0.71 

1.10 
1.44 
1.27 

1.10 

1 

1.32 

0.81 

2.29 
1.00 

2.89 

1.03 
0.05 
0.83 
0.86 
0.97 

3.34 

0.72 
0.62 

0.57 
0.86 

0.32 

O.ol 

0.33 

084 

1.02 
1.28 
1.27 

1.04 
1.43 

0.81 

2.31 
1.43 

2.32 

1.03 
1.12 
0.70 
1.02 
1.05 

.3.32 

0.81 
0.57 

0.42 
0.86 

0.83 
0.29 
0.3B 

0.82 

488 
600 
1191 

0. 9310 

68.06 

0.7203 

0.78 

46.46 

746 

o          o     o     o 

1    ill 

1.00 
1.30 
1.27 

0.5777 

930 
1083 

X23 

1.11 
1.37 

1.24 

40.78 

0.0730 
0.6419 

1140 

1151 

0.6603 

41.15 

0.7487 

0.81 

2.30 
1.51 

40.53 

iW.I 

0. 7405 
0.8384 

1.  0080 
0.7405 

0. 7516 
0.8402 

603 

1124 

1.1000 

0. 70.';9 

1.00 

49.60 

1.0838 

2.01 

1.03 
1.04 
0.77 
0.04 
1.01 

67.64 

468 

- 

0.  75.52 
0.85.52 
0.7013 
0. 7855 
0.7667 

01 

42  > 

0.7894 
0.7920 
0.7722 

0.8391 

0.5593 
0.6360 

0.5381 
0.6957 

811 

0. 7670 
0.8664 

1102 

0.7008 

0.00 

49.28 

0.8460 

3.33 

62.72 

930 

0.6429 
0.6220 

0.77 
0.00 

847 

MO 

0.6326 

0.68 

83.18 

0.5431 
0.5978 

0.60 
0.35 

738 

922 

0.6706 

0.<2 

86.56 

— 

■Ban 


296 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUWC  FOOT 


i;U' 


1 

Diameter 

I.ATVM  OF 
QBOWTn. 

Species. 

a 

Stete. 

LocaUly. 

Collector. 

Sou. 

of  trt", 
in 

1 

meters. 

Sap. 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

188.  Haleiift ti^tr&ntora 

275 
613 

Virginia. 

Carter's  ferry 

Altamaha  river 

H.  Rhriver 

Rocky 

RatlUbox.     Snow-drop  Tree.      Silver- 
Mi  True.     Calieo  Wood. 

Georgia 

A.H.Cnrtiss 

Clay 

0.088 

17 

OhBACSM. 

180.  Fraxlnnii  Greggil 

ItO.  FnxinuA  onomalA 

1221 

Mexico 

Lampasas     nionnt- 
alna. 

Kanocouaty 

Santa  Rita  mount, 
ains. 

S.B.  Buckley 

1105 

Utah 

A.L.SUer 

Sandy  

IM.  Fraxinna Diataciiefolla . . . .         ... 

591 

Arizono 

G.  Encolmann  and 
C.  S.Sargent. 

Low    

Ath. 



892 

Eastern  Arizona.. 

San  Francisco  n)auu^ 
aius. 

E.  L.  Greene 

m    Wrft'HnnB  A  mArinuift 

25 
89> 

Massachusetts 

Missou.i 

E.  A.  Dana 

WkiUAlli. 

AllcntoD 

G. W. Lettonnan  ... 

Siliceous  hills.... 

39» 

893 

114< 

do 

do 

...do 

Alluvial 

do     .. 

do 

...do  

do  

■W.J.Be.-U 

Clay 

114> 
114« 

.do 

Hudson 

...do 

do    ..  . 

....do 

114» 

130 

.   ..do 

do 

Clay 

Bonnoau'fl  Depot  - . . 

H.W.Eavenel 

Kobert  Douglas 

Wei    

144 

nitnoia    

Clay   

170 

Ohio   .     ... 

Finoo,  D.iniolsji Co. 

Farmers'       Friend 

Uauufacturing  Ca 

J.W.StoddorltCo 

Woodsum  Machine 

Co. 
B.  E.  McSherry  & 

Co. 

ITS 
175 
190 
191 

....do     .. 

do             

...  do  

...  do  

do            

do         

....do   

do            

313 

Virgini<k 

227' 

CG.Pringle 

do          



227' 

. .  ..do 

do 

Swampy 

267' 

Virginia 

...do  

....do    

WytheviUo 

2e7» 
26?'' 
431 

...  do  

do                  

...  do  

do                  

Tennessee . 

NnshviUe 

A.  Gattinger 

C.Mohr 

Limettono 

651 

Kemper's  mill 

Wilii:imsp<>rt 

Dolnkiidga 

AlluTial 

0.268 

78 

728 

Pennsylvania 

C  O  Prinirlo 

747 

A.  H.  Curtisa 

0.260 

95 

104S 

0.316 

64 

in.  FnalBiuAin*(leuia,Mr.TnMial*.... 

364 

Toxas . . .  ■ 

Dallas 

Dry,  oalcAKoaa . . . 

0.384 

69 

BST 

....do  

Austin 

C.Hohr 

139 

Uieblgan 

W  J  Beat 

Poor    > 



JitdAlK. 

X2t> 

Charlotte 

CG.Pringle 

do 

Clwy 

1 

239* 

...  do   

...  do 

....do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


297 


BPKCinC  ORATTTT  DETEBMIICATIOICS. 

ABR  DKTBBIUIIATIOKS. 

WelBht.per 
cable  foot, 
In  pounds 
(aver>ge). 

Bemuks. 

I- 
1 

Pinit. 

Second. 

Third. 

Averaso. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

0.5017 
0.5569 

0.7778 

0.0708 

t     0.6336 

(     0.7207 

0.0808 

0. 5011 
0.6253 
0. 0223 
0.6771 
0. 5265 
0. 7225 
0.6500 
0.0086 
(1.  .1744 
0.7031 
0.7449 
0. 7179 
0.0470 
0.0383 
I  OHO 
0. 0157 
0.0253 
0.64eg 
0.6097 
0.6320 
0.6763 
0.e4»9 
0. 0170 
0.6423 
0.5599 
0. 0131 

0.8253 
0.7095 

•■soaa 

0.0610 
•.MU 

0.6460 
0.5864 

0. 8030 

0.  0485 

0.6243) 
0.6656^ 
0. 7120 

0.0682 
0.6481 

0.5539 
0.6717 

0.6028 

0.38 
0.48 

0.'j7 

0.81 

(     0.8. 

\     0.44 

0.51 

0.29 
0.33 
0.51 

0.36 
0.38 

0.89 

0.88 

0.881 
0.69$ 
0.54 

0.32 
0.34 

0.37 
0.43 

276 

1 

013 

0.40 

35.07 

0.7904 



0.0,107 

0.93    , 

1 

49.26 

1221 

Growth  slow 

0.85    1 

41.11 

1105 

! 

0.6025    ' 
0. 6«94 
0.6810 

I 
C.71 

0.53 

i 

691 

892 

1 
0.62 

42.43 

0.  6297 

0.31 
0.31 
0.51 

25 

0.6367 
0.6223 
0.6771 
0.4088 
0.7225 
0.0506 
0.6086 
0.0S75    ' 
0. 7U10 
0. 7449 
0. 7148 
0.6172 
0.6335 
0. 6110 
0. 6186 
0.6200 
3. 67,18 
0. 6007 
0. 6320 
0.6763 
0. 0440 
0.6329 
0.6184 
0.  .1786 
0.  8420 

0.6543 



391 

39> 

89> 

0.4711 

0.53 
0.00 
0.38 
0.32 
0.30 
0.45 
0.35 
0.30 
0  31 

0.63 
0.60 
0.38 
0.32 
0.38 
0.45 
0.36 
0.39 
0..10 

114< 

114> 

114« 

114> 

0.7005 
0  7000 

0.89 
0.45 
0.37 
0.30 
0.29 

All  Bap-wood ....                 

130 

All  snp.wuod ;  second  growth.    Orowth  npid 

144 

170 

0.7116 
0.6473 
0.6387 

173 

176 

190 

0.2 

0.45 

0.30 

0.26 

0.43 

0.36 

0.44 

0.74 

0.55 

0.37 

0.08 

0.47 

0.56 
0.86 

0.26 
0.21 
0.22 

0.24 
0.42 

0.24 
0.44 
0.30 
0.26 
0.43 
0.35 
0.44 
0.72 
0.62 
0.33 
0.70 
0.43 

101 

0.6213 
0.6326 
0.6987 

0.6  sap'Wood - 

213 

227" 

227» 

267' 

267* 

267» 

0.69 
0.48 
0.28 
0.71 
0.39 

0.40 
a87 

431 

0.6481 
0.5944 
0.5072 
0. 8141 

0. 8530 
0.0067 

0.6529 

661 

728 

747 

0.8010 

loa 

0.43 

40.77 

0.8301 
0.6O81 

0.T<3« 

— 1—- ■-.=- — 

0. 6125 

o.oeio 

0.«4»» 

0.63 
0.87 

0.70 

0.2« 
0.21 
0.23 

*H 

Wl 

«.«77t 

47.  W 

Poor  QQAUtT 

IM 

1»>^ 

3K» 

j[> 


u 


,/t 


mrv 


'It 


li^^- 


i   I' 


^i' 


1! 


'■J 


298 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 


193.  Fraxluns  pabescent— continned . 


IM.  FraxinuB  TiridlB. 
Orttn  Aih. 


194.  Fmxinus  viridis,  var.  Berlandieriana. . 
A»h. 


105.  Frnxiuus  platyrarpa 

VTater  ith. 

106.  Frnxinii8qna<lrangnlata. 

Blue  Ath 


197.  Fraxintis  Oregana . 
Oregon  Aik. 


198.  rr'.xinus  aambacifoUa 

niaek  Aih.    Hoop  Aih.    Ground  Aih. 


199.  Foreetien  acnminate. 
rritet. 


MO.  Cbionanthna  Vlivinica 

Fringe  Tree.    (Hd  Unn'i  Beard. 


220» 
1059 


State. 


Vermont 

Hassacbusctta . . . 


Locality. 


Charlotte . 
Topafleld . 


57  MiHsouri Allenton . 

308  I  Texas Dallas 

438  TeuneBSOo |  NuhIi villo . 

048  Texas i  Victoria 

957  do Matagorda  bay  . 


1211 


OU 
12,') 
286> 
2S(P 
288' 
201 
423 
.518 


064 
1001 
1024 
1030 


102 
122 
147 
878 


..do. 


Alabama. 


Austin 


Stocktor. 


Collector. 


C.G.Pringlo. 
J.  Bobinson.. 


G.  W.  Letternian. 
J.  Rovprcbon  — 

A.  Gattinger 

C.Mobr 

...do 


Soil. 


Clay 

AiTer-bottom . 


Diameter 

of  tree, 

in 

motors. 


0.512 


Eieb,  wet 

...do 

Bich  upland 

Rich,  wet :      0.  "l4 

...di. 0.134 


LATEIIS  OF 
OBOWTII. 


Sap- 
wood. 


S.B.Bnckley I do  . 


C.  Mobr Bicb,  alluri^d  . 


I 


I 


0.000 


llisBouii ^  Allenton 

Mnlilsan :  Lansing 

K'^ntucky j  Mercer  county.. 

do do 

do do 

Missouri Allenton G.  W.  Letternian . . . 

..  do ' do ' do 

Icnnessce ;  Nashville A. Gattinger 


I 


Oregon 
...do... 
..do  .. 
...do.. 


Cr.AV.Lettennan  ...  I  Dry  upland   0.133 

W.J.  Ileal '  Riehliiam ' 

AV.M.  Linue.v \  Liniestoue  ... 

..do I do 

...do do 

Saudy  loam . . 

Bich  upland  . 


Bich  limestone . 


Fortlond '  G.  Engelnmnn  and 

.      C.  S.  Sargent. 
Weidler's  saw-miU  . ' do 


Bortlaud  Furniture    do  . 

Company. 
do ...do  . 


Low,  wot . 


Vermont |  Charlotte. C.G.Prlngle 


Michigan 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Masaachuaetts  ... 


C16 
787 


270 
781 


DausviUe . . 
Waukegan 
Charlotte . . 
Daurora ... 


Georgia Ogerchee  river  . 

— do 1  Bainbrldge 

Texaa '  Matagorda  bay  . 


Virginia Carter's  ferry. . 

Florida. Cbattabooohoe.. 


W.J.Beal 

Bobert  Douglas. 
C.  G.Pringle.... 
J.  Bobinaon 


A.  TL  Cnrtiss  . 

...do  

C.Mohr 


H.  Shriver.... 
A.H.Cartias  . 


0.355 


Wet.  peaty  . 

...do 

Low,  wot . . . 
Wet,  peoty . 
Bich,  loamy. 


Bicb,  moist . 


Allurial . 


a236 


0.075 
0.150 


Klob,  moist ... 

Ci*;  upland 0.141 


45 


31 
34 


27 


85 


46 


Heart- 
wood. 


42 


47 


55 


31 
55 


47 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
■OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


299 


BPECIFIC  OIIAVITT  DETBBHUCATION'S. 


First. 


0.6469 
0.  S9oT 
\     0. 6685 


0.0640 
0.5947 
0. 7350 
0. 7728 
0. 7198 


0. 5774 

0.3567 

0. 8246 
0. 4920 
0. 7789 
0.  8131 
0.  7469 
0.5067 
0.6897 
0.7000 


Second. 


0.6432 

0. 5047 

0. 5314 

0.0123 

0.4553 

0.  4736 

0.6317 

r  6425 

0.6209 
0.6034 
0.6869 
0.6485 
0. 7020 


0.7007 
0.5829 
0.6988 


0.6476 
0.7150 


U.!12601 
0.6489> 


0. 6701 
0.6277 


0. 8217 
0. 7807 


0.5786 


0. 3516 


0.8440 


0.6086 
0. 6746 


0.6338 


0.6812 
0.6928 
0.7465 


0.7500 
0.6681 
0.6003 


I  4638 
0.7166 


Third. 


0.7902 


Averago. 


0.6459 
0. 5598 


0.6251 


0.0071 
0. 0112 
0.  7350 
0.7949 
0.7503 


ABB  DBTBRUINATIOKS. 


First. 


0.7117 


0. 6780 


0.3541 


0.8343 
0. 4929 
0. 7780 
0.  8131 
0. 7409 
0.6027 
0.6822 
0.7960 


0.7184 


0. 6189 
0. 5710 
0.4645 
0.6371 


0. 5731 


0.6274 
0. 5034 
0.6836  : 
0.6207  i 
0.7243  J! 


0.20 
0.42 


0.47 
0.54 
0.82 
0.63 
0.82 


0.51 

0.69 

0.63 
0.96 
0.74 
0.81 
0.82 
0.68 
0.78 
U.  00 


0.11 
0.78 
0.12 
0.21 


0.62 
0.89 
0.84 


0.6318 


0.73K 


0.7284 
0.6756 
0.69BS 


Second.    AveraLje. 


0.6846 


0.5562 
0. 7191 


0.8372 


0.77 

0.46 

0.75 

0.65 

0.88 

0.63 

0.39 

0.41 


C.62 
0.57 
0.80 
0.66 
0.76 


0.66 


0.76 


0.67 


0  00 
0.74 
0.01 


0.43 


0.20 
0.42 


0.26 


0.55 
0.56 
0.81 
0.60 
0.79 


Weieht.per 
cnbio  foot, 
in  ponnds 
(average). 


0.63 


0.64 


0.73 

0.65 
0.06 
0.74 
0.81 
0.82 
0.t9 
0.76 
0.01 


0.16 
C    .i 


0.67 


0.88 
0.83 
0.48 


0.72 
0.73 
0.60 


0.66 


0.78 


0.27 
0.73 
0.14 
0.23 


0.84 


0.60 
0.89 
0.86 
0.80 
0.47 

0.72 


0.74 
0.69 
0.74 


0.73 


0.53 
0.48 

0.61 


88.96 


Bemarks. 


All  sap-wood. 


44.35 


36.02 


22. 07 


Second  growtli  . 
Second  growtli 


46.78 


86.72 


Second  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood  - 


Brasli . . 
Tough . 


80.87 


89.54 


30.71 


Second  ap.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.^25  aap-wood. 


A II  sap-wood. 


I  All  sap-wood 

I  Second  und  tiiird  sp.  gr.  Jeterminations  made  on  sap-wood 

Second  sp.  gr.  deioi:mination  made  on  sap-wood 


220> 
10,->9 


First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood 57 

308 


438 
948 
957 


1211 


536 


123' 
280' 
286' 
280' 
291 
423 
618 


964 
1001 
1024 
1030 


103 
122 
147 
878 
839 


616 
737 
956 


278 

751 


mwm 

.  ih. 

[T^ 

liifc' 

.  i 

WmM  I'-'f' 

ilii 

m 
■i'l 

■!  1 

{    i 

;!    (J 

■hi 

i|, 

i  1 

|;'' " 

1  ■!:',• 

) 

;!  '  ■  ■    '   ' 

il- 

- 

] 

i 

^; 


300 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  L— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Specie*. 


201.  Osmnnthiia  Americanus . 
Devil  Wood. 


BOBRAGIXACE.S. 


202.  Conlia  Scbestena. 
Oeiger  Tret. 


203.  Cordis  Boiasierl . 


204.  Uourreria  HaTanensia  . 
Strong  Bark. 


205.  Ehretin  clliptica 

Knaekawaj/.    Anagua. 


BlGNONIACEiE. 


207.  Catalpn  apecloaa 

Wftem  CatcUpa. 


208.  ChUopaia  aallgna 

Dtttrt  WiUov). 

MX.  CrosonitlK  ouoarbtttna  . . . 
Blatk  Oalabatk  Trti. 

VERBENACBA. 
SIO.  Cithnrrxvlum  Tllloaam    . . 

ruuutrn**. 


206.  Catalpa  bijnionioidcs 

Catatpa.   Catawba.  BeanTrtt.    Cigar 
Tree.    Indian  Bean. 


283 
844 
584 


1202 
1218 


1223 


455 
1137 


827 
942 


State. 


Loniaiona. 
Alabama. . 
Florida  ... 


.do  . 
do. 


Texaa  . 


Florida  . 
...do... 


Locality. 


Amite 

Cottago  Hill 

SaiDt  John'a  river  . 


Key  Wcat  , 
...do 


Brownavillc . 


Upper    Hetacombe 


rnier 
Ki-.v. 
Key  Larso 


Tezaa ! , 

do New  BrauDfela  . 

I 


167       Obio 

640      Alabama. 
744      Georgia.. 


38 
100 
106 
171 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
210 


556 
505 
682 


1«6 


Collector. 


C.Mohr 

...do 

A.  n.  Curtiaa  . 


.do. 
.do  . 


S.  B.  Baclcley Limeatone 


SoU. 


Bleb,  nUuvial. 

Low,  rich 

Sandy  loam   . . 


Coral 
..do. 


A.  H.  Cortias  . 
...do 


Department  of  Ag- 
riculture. 
C.Mohr 


Alcxaudersrillo  . 

Stockton 

Bainbi'id):e 


Miaaouti . . . 

Ohio 

llliuoia  — 

Indiana 

Tennessee . 
Mixaouri . . . 
Illinois.... 
Missouri... 

...do 

Indiana 


Charleston 

Dayton 

Cairo 

Wauush  river 
Obion  river . . . 
New  Madrid . . , 

Ullin 

New  Madrid . . 

..do 

Vincennes 


New  Mexico. 

Ariiona 

...do 


Florida . 


Valley  of  the  Upper 

Oila  river. 
Tucson 


do. 


Bay  Biaeayne. 


4tt     ....do. 


do. 


S.  H.  Binkley  and  E. 

E.  Barney. 
C.Mohr 


Clayey  loam  . 

Low,  wet 

A.H.Curtias Cliiy 


Coral  . 
...do  . 


Bich,  allavial. 


C.  S.  Sargent . 
E.  E.  Barney . 
D.Aitell  .... 
E.  E.  Barney . 


Wet  clay. 

CUy 

...do  .... 


£.  P.  Ilynds  and  E. 

E  Blimey. 
E.E.Barney 


Low,  alluvial  bot- 
tom. 
....do  


do. 
do. 
do  . 
.do. 


E.  L.  Greene 

O.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


A.  n.  Cnrtiaa  . 


.da. 


.do. 
do. 
.do 
do. 
.do 


Alluvial 

Molat,  gravelly  . 
...do 


Coral  . 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

iu 
metera. 


0.190 


0.092 


0.170 


J.  238 


0.28° 


LATRII8  OF 
QUOWTII. 


Sap- 
wood. 


Heart- 
wood. 


45 


45 


17 


SI 


THE  WOODS  OF.  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


301 


■FlCinC  OBAVITT  DITBIUUIIATIOKB. 

ABB  DBmUOHATIOim. 

Weight,  pet 
cnbio  foot, 
in  pounds 
(avenge). 

BMnariu. 

i 

1 

Fint. 

Seoond. 

Third. 

Average. 

Fint 

Second. 

Average. 

s 
§ 

0.8156 
0.8606 
0.7100 

0.7740 
0.6008 

0.6710 

0.8280 
0. 7708 

0.6636 
0.6274 

0.4293 
0.4694 
0.4426 

0.4601 
0.4686 
0.3807 
0.3860 
0.4166 
0.3900 
0.3968 
0.4493 
0.4635 
0. 3011 

0.6069 
0.5031 
0.6003 

0.6270 
'».877i 

0.8663 

0.8404 
0.8606 
0.7322 

0.68 
0.26 
0.43 

0.66 
0.29 
0.43 

4.09 
4.28 

3.39 

3.20 
2.27 

1.27 
1.41 

0.41 
0.34 
0.37 

0.41 
0.30 
0.34 
0.30 

o.i:o 

0.42 
0.43 
0.87 
0.84 
0.3P 

0.87 
0.41 
0.83 

1.28 
a64 

0.67 
0.28 
0.43 

283 

344 

0.7644 

First  kp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood ;  second  sp.  gr.  de- 
termination made  on  0.75  sap-wood. 

684 

0.8111 

0.46 

50.55 

0.7740 
9.6476 

4.09 

4.35 

1202 
1218 

0.6942 

0.6870 

0. 8248 
0.7960 

0.6548 
0.6303 

0.4270 
0. 4979 
0.4177 

0.4446 
0.4467 
0.3829 
0.3878 
0.3783 

4.43 

3.67 

3.38 
2.28 

1.23 
1.33 

0.40 
0.26 
0.47 

0.30 
0.34 
0.36 
0.32 
0.45 
0.38 
0.47 
0.48 
0.40 
0.38 

0.87 
0.43 
0.82 

1.47 
0.49 

0.7108 

4.22 

44.30 

0.6790 

3.53 

43.31 

1228 

0.8264 
0.7883 

0,8073 

3.29 
i(.28 

2.70 

0.7980 

1137 

50.31 

0.6592 
0. 6288 

0.6440 

0.4282 
0.4837 
0. 4302 

0. 4474 

0. 4524 
0.4627 
0.3863 
0.3804 
0.4066 
0.3000 
0.3968 
0. 4493 
0.4685 
0.3900 

0.4166 

1.25 
1.37 

1.81 

837 
943 

CoMvatad 

40.13 

0.41 
0.30 
0.42 

0.38 

167 

540 

• 

27.88 

0.30 
0.37 
0.35 
0.31 
0.48 
0.40 
0.45 
0.43 
0.37 
0.39 

Cultivated 

166 
171 

0.4260 

180 

From  an  old  fence-rail 

181 
183 

From  a  post  47  yeats  in  the  ground 

183 
184 

0.3007 

0.30 

35.96 

0.6060 
0.6631 
0.6015 

0.37 
0.42 
0.33 

556 
506 
681 

0.6026 

0.6368 
•.MU 

36.78 

0.5903 

0.37 

0.6319 

1.36 

39.38 

64.28 

1214 

0.8710 

0.02 

«n 

■  h 


¥'\     ! 


■rf'U-- 


!' 


302 


:||  ■  \ 


.1!-,:     ' 


!    I 


:  ! 


'i 


■f  ■;. 


■■r;:;-'^ 


! 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


i 

= — -                     = 

Diameter 

LATBU  or 
OKOWTR. 

Species. 

State. 

LocaUty. 

Collector. 

SoU. 

of  tree, 
in 

1 

meters. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

211.  ATicennia  nitida 

190 
828 
828 

Florida 

Bay  Btgcayne 

A.  H.Cnrtl8a 

Department  of  Ag- 

ncnitnre. 
....do 

Coral        

0.158 

30 

18 

Blaek  Uangrott.     Black  Tree.    Black 
Wood. 

....do 

....do 

NTCTAGINACE.a!. 

212.  Plsonia  obtngata 

474 

do 

Upper  MetacoDibe 
Key. 

A.  H.Cnrtl«« 

Coral 

Pigeon  Wood.  Beef  Woo 4.  Cork  Wood. 
Pork  Wood. 

POLTGONACEa:. 

213.  CoocolobaFloridana.. 

473 

....do  

...  do  

.  do 

..  do 

0.150 

48 

27 

Pigeon  Plum. 

453 

....do  

....do  

....do 

Sandy 

0.214 

17 

29 

Sea  Orape. 

LAURACEa:. 

585 

....do 

Saint  Jobn'a  river .. 

....do  

Sandy  loam 

0.188 

12 

45 

Bed  Bay. 

21B.  Pemea  Carolinensis,  tar.  palnstris 

216.  Xectandra  WilMenoviana 

340 

Alabi^inn 

Mobile  connty 

Tipper   Uetacomue 
Key. 

C  Mohr 

Damp,  aandy 

Coral 

0.S72 

119 

470 

A.  H.  Curtisa 

Lane*  Wood. 

1138 

....do  

do 

do 

0.086 

27 

IIM 

Upper  Metacombe 
Key. 

....do  

do 

217.  SassafVaa  officinale 

71 
387 
446 

Miseoari  .     . 

AUenton 

O.  W.  Leitenrm... 
do 

Tjow.  rioli 

8an<ifra: 

do 

..     do 

Allnvial     

Tenneuee ... 

Nn^hville     

A.  Gattinger 

C  G.  Prinele 

Rich         

814 

West  Tirglnia.... 
Maasachnaetta — 
Missonri 

Grafton 

854 
1163 

Rlcbloam 

Low,  allaTlal 

0.283 

11 

68 

AUenton 

G.  W.  Letterman  . . . 

218.  Umbellularia  Califoniica 

703 
807 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  8.  Sa'gent. 

Department  of  Ag- 
ricnltore. 

Mountain  Laurel.    CaHfomia  Laurel. 
&aiee  Tree.      Cagiput.     California 
Olitt.    California  Bay  Tret. 

Califoniia 

EUPHORBIACEiB. 

310*  Drvpetes  crocea 

468 
1185 

Floridft         . 

TTm»er   MetMombe 
Ko-Kame  Kev 

A.H.Cartiaa 

...  do    

Cond 

duiana  Plum.     WhiU  Wocd. 

do 

do 

lias 

do 

Um>er   Metacombe 

...  do  

459 
1187 

....do 

do 

....do  

....do  

0.282 

113 

62 

do 

do 

...  do  

...  do   

HMTt- 

wood. 


U 


27 


20 


45 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


303 


BPKCiriC  OBAVITY  DBTKRIIIHATIOSB. 

A8II  DBTEUMINA'nOHS. 

Weiitht.per 
cnbic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(•veisge). 

S«iuarks. 

% 

Tint. 

Second. 

Third. 

Avorago.  | 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

1 

1.0919 
0.9066 
0.7074 

a  6475 

0.9629 
0.9149 

0.6878 
0.6977 

0.8206 
(  0.7980 
(     0.8148 

0.7232 

a5080 
0.4900 
0.4542 
0.6266 
0.5765 
0.4558 

a6S36 
0.6697 

0.9195 
0.8918 
0.9690 

1.0069 
0.9M8 

1.0485 

\.vm 

0.6762 

0.6582 

1.0040 
0.9998 

0.6485 

0.6815 

0.7660 
0.8482 
0.7980 
0.6787 

0.5210 
0.4828 

1 
1.0702    : 
0.9704    : 
0.6918    : 

1 

1.09 
1.71 
4.54 

7.44 

5.25 
1.11 

0.66 

0.46 

0.82 
0.52 
0.48 

0.11 
0.08 
0.04 
0.06 
0.06 
0.12 

0.36 
0.55 

&68 
8.19 
7.07 

8.60 
7.70 

1.12 
1.72 
4.01 

7.79 

4.81 
1.68 

0.85 

0.27 

0.68 
0.59 
0.47 

0.09 
0.09 
0.05 
0.07 
0.2? 
0.16 

0.27 
0.36 

a  16 
a26 
6.68 

9.09 
7.70 

1.56 
1.71 
4.27 

0. 6  sap-wood 

490 

First  ap.  gr.  determination  made  on  aap-woodj  sooondBp.gr. 
determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood. 

826 

828 

0.9138    1 

2.61 

56.95 

0.6529    , 

7.62 

40.69 

474 

0.9835 

5.03 

61.20 

478 

0.9759 

First  8p.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-wood ;  third  sp.  gr. 
determination  made  on  0.25  sap-wood. 

0.D635 

1.37 

60.04 

453 

0.6429 

0.76 

40.07 

685 

0.6396 

0.37 

39.86 

840 

0.7028 
0.8147 
0.7005 

0.75 
0.66 
0.48 

470 

All  BSD-wood - . 

1138 

1196 

t 

0.7688 

0.60 

47.94 

0.5120 
0.4864 
0.4542 
0.5315 
0.5769 
0.4644 

0.10 
0.09 
0.06 
0.07 
0.15 
0.13 

71 

887 

446 

0.6S63 

814 

0.6778 
0.6055 

854 

0.4819 

0.6202 
0.6840 

0.8448 
0. 9119 
0.9882 

0.9890 
0.8878 

1163 

0.5043 

0.10 

81.42 

0.6264 
0.6769 

0.P2 

a  46 

708 

897 

0.6517 

0.89 

40.61 

0.8821 
0.9019 
0.9786 

a  37 
8.28 
6,83 

468 

1185 

1198 

0.9209 

6.14 

67.89 

0.9730 
0.8968 

8.89 
7.70 

46* 

1187 

0.9346 

a  29 

5a  24 

|l' 


:l 


Hi 


;j  3; 


304 


Mi 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  I,— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


"  -Hi 


SpeolM. 

1 

State, 

LocaUty. 

CoUeotor. 

Sou. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

LATCB8  OF 
OBOWTB. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

220.  Sebaatiania  luolda 

460 
1126 
1206 

1110 

324 
»2» 

80' 
30» 
30« 
101 
120 
134 
366 
369 
428 

869 

IS 
202 
281' 
281« 
9S8 

1036 
104S 

116' 
IlfO 
116» 

•  lie* 

314 
428 

133 
380 
638 

Florida.  

..    do 

Upper  Metacombe 
Key. 

A.H.CnrtlBS 

do 

Coral 

0.116 

80 

40 

Crab  Wood.    PoUon  Food. 

..  do     

...  do  

Key  liSrgo  ......... 

...  do   

....do    

do    

Key  West  

....do     

....do    

0.128 
0.484 

3S 
52 

76 

Matuhinttl. 

URTICACE.S. 

Texaa  

..  do   

Dallas 

J.  Keverchon 

C.Mohr 

Bioh  loam 

Ctdar  Elm. 

Anstin  

do   

Mercer  county 

....do  

W.M.Linney 

...do 

Red  Elm.   Slippery  Sim.    MoofElm. 

....do  

....do 

...  do  

.    do    

...  do     

do 

Yonnont 

Michigan 

Hineshurg      ... 

C.G.Pringle 

W.J.Bcal 

O.  W.  Letterman 

C.G.Pringle 

...  do       

GravellT  loam    . . . 

Dansrille        

Gravellv 

Missouri 

Allenton 

Rich,  alluTial    ... 

Vermont 

...do 

XeiincsBoe 

MubHaoliusetts    . . 
...  do  

Charlotte     

Gravelly 

..  do    

...  do     

Nashville  

A.Gattinger 

J.  Bobinson 

C.  8.  Sargent 

B.  E.  Barney 

G.  W.  Lotterman 

...do 

Clay 

Boxford 

Rich  loam 

Ainold  Arboretom  . 
S.M.  Brown  &Co  .. 

Drift 

0.661 

IB 

88 

WhUeSlm.  AmericanShn.  WaierElm. 

Ohio 

Missouri 

Alluvial 

..  do 

...  do 

...do 

Colorado  river 

Danvers 

Korth  Beading 

DansTiUle 

C.Mohr 

...do  

O.2S0 

0.160 
0.216 

17 

7 
81 

S 

17 
10 

Massachusetts 

....do 

J.  Bobinson 

Gravelly 

do 

8?ff,  TTImTifi  rnnfmoMk 

Michigan 

■W.J.Beal 

do 

Sock  Elm.  Cork  Elm.    RiekoryMlm. 
WhiUElm.    OlifElm. 

...  do    .    . 

Biir  Ranids 

.    do 

Low.  irravellv 

...do 

.  .do    .... 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

Alluvial 

...do 

do 

Tennessee 

South  Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Mississippi 

Kashville 

...  do  

nt.  Ulronaalata     

Booneaa's  Depot . . . 
Davidson  oonuty  . . . 
Kemper's  mill 

H.  W.  Bavenel 

A.Oattinger 

C.  Mohr 

do 

ruAoo.     Winged  Elm. 

Loam 

AUnvlal 

0.244 

S3 

88 

40 


76 


38 


17 
10 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


305 


■PICIFIC  OBAVITT  DKTEBMnCATIOMg. 

ABU  DKTERUINATI0X8. 

Weight,  per 
cubic  foot, 

in  poiiiidH 
(average). 

Remnk*. 

1 

1 

Fint 

Second. 

Third. 

Averago. 

Firat. 

Second. 

ATeragCj 

1.1195 
1.0900 
1.0882 

0.5945 

0. 6286 
0.7867 

0.8363 
0.7062 
0.6499 
0.6699 
0.6769 
0.6841 
0.6540 
0.7330 
0.6706 
i     0. 7613 
i     0.7978 

0.5462 
0.7459 
0.6221 
0.6299 
0.6495 

0.6382 
a  7173 

0.8144 
0.6846 
0.6803 
0.7345 
0.7290 
0.7414 

0.8710 
0.B87S 
0.76S3 

1.0B65 
1.0706 
1. 1010 

0.5600 

0.7185 
0.7640 

0.8358 

1. 1025 
1.0768 
1.0921 

i 

4.96 
1.82 
1.63 

6.20 

1.05 
1.41 

1.30 
0.79 
0.00 
0.86 
0.82 
0.68 
1.24 
0.12 
1.22 

1.07 

0.86 
0.40 
0.93 
0.86 
1.04 

0.75 
0.75 

0.42 

4.48 
1.96 
1.82 

6.11 

1.03 
1.30 

1.00 

i 

4.72    i 
1.80 

1.74  ; 

466 

1.0640 

1136 

1306 

1.0005 

2.78    [ 

67.90 

0.6772 

5.16 

35.07 

1116 

Aah  of  a  knot,  1.86 

0. 6736 
0.7754 

1.04 
1.86 

384 

926 

0. 7245 

1.20 

45.15 

0.8361 
0.7062 
0.0499 
0.5619 
0.6769 
0.6841 
0.7065 
0.6817 
0.6706 

0.7823 

1.15 
0.79 
0.60 
0.84 
0.82 
0.74 
1.04 
0.12 
1.27 

0.88 

301 

30> 

36* 

0.5538 

0.81 

101 

** 

120 

0.6841 
0.7580 
0.6303 

0.70 
0.84 
0.11 
1.31 

9.70 

0.82 
0.56 

134 

360 

300 

429 

0.75221 
0.8180) 

0.5309 
0.7287 
0.6054 

869 

SoAciflo  crrftTitv  of  vtit  BaD-wood  1.026     

0.6956 

0.83 

43.36 

0.5386 
0. 7373 
0.6207 
0.6299 
0.6413 

0.6742 
0.7124 

0.84 
0.48 
0.93 
0.86 
1.02 

0.88 
0.60 

IB 



Second  HD  ffr.  determination  made  on  lau'wood 

302 

0.6346 

2811 

i 
1 

281< 

0.6480 

0.7102 
0.7085 

0.6265 

0.6742 
0.7116 

0.99 

1.01 
0.4S 

First  ap.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.5  sap-waod ;  second  sp.  gr. 
deterniioation  made  on  0.75  sap-wood  i  tnird  tp.  gr.  detormlDa- 
tion  made  on  8.ipwaod. 

968 
1036 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.25  Mp-wood;  second  nod 
third  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  sap-wood. 

1049 

0.6506 

0.80 

40.54 

0. 8144 
0.6846 
0.6400 
0.7345 
0. 7430 
0.7414 

0.42 

116< 

116> 

0.59M 

0.34 
0.79 
0.5» 
0l90 

1.02 
1.14 
0.76 

0.34 
0.70 
0.64 
0.81 

116* 

116* 

0.  7570 

0.69 
0.72 

1.13 
L17 
6.72 

314- 

428 

0.8S44 
0.8290 
0.7860 

0.7263 

0.60 

45.26 

0.8627 
0.6100 
0.7746 

1.07 
1.16 
0.74 

131 

386 

583 

0.7491 

0.99 

46.66 

m 


■'  ''nl 


i  >  .■  m 


20  FOB 


'it;  ■  il- 


Il  I 


•H 


*j5  lyjj 


306 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  I'EB  CUBIC  FOOT 


1 

Diameter 

LATEBS  or 
OROWTH. 

SpcoiM. 

SUte. 

LooaUt;. 

Collector.' 

Soil. 

of  tree, 

in 
meten. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

768 

A.tf.Cnrtisa 

Bich,  ollavlal 

0.246 

38 

818 

....do 

...do 

C.Mobr 

....do 

Si.  Ccltli  oofiMmitallo 

68 
75' 

Miuouri 

...do 

Allputon 

G.W.  Lettermon. ... 
...do 

Limeatone 

LoWirioh 

0.108 

50 

augatttnfi.    Hactbtrrti. 

....do 

75» 
306 

....do  

do 

....do  

AUnvlol 

Texaa  

Dallas 

J.  Kevercbon 

...  do 

376 

TeDuomioe 

Davidson  connty  . . . 

A.Uattingcr 

Iioam 

864 

4 

30 

873 

....do  

1111 

Miasoori 

Henry  Eggort 

O.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

0.132 

23 

228.  Celtis  ocoidentalis,  var.  reticulata 

Baekberry.    Palo  Blaneo. 

662 

Arizona 

Santa  Bita  monnt- 
aina. 

Dry 

229.  l^f  nil  Ann^a 

486 

Florida.. 

Bay  Biscayne 

Kev  Larffo          .... 

A  H  Cnrtisa 

Coral 

230.  Ficua  brerifoUa 

1204 

...  do   

.  do      

....do •-*. 

231.  Finns  podanciilata 

508 

....do   

Boca  Cfaioa  Eev 

...do 

....do 

WUdFig.    India-rutber  Trie. 

•< 

132 
433 

Miasouri 

O.  W.  Letterman... 

Itcd  Mulberry. 

Naahville 

....do 

233.  Momn  miflrophylla 

450 
1106 

XewUezioo 

Texaa  

Silver  Cltv          

E.L.Greene 

S.  B.Buckley 

J.  Sevorchon 

S.  P.  Sharpies 

MoUtoUy 

Limeatone ........ 

0.078 
0.098 

7 
4 

25 
25 

Uexiean  Mulberry. 

253 
421 

....do 

Dallaa 

Bottom 

Oittt*  Orange.    Bme  dAre. 

Pennsylvania 

Westchester 

Clay  loom 

0.710 

3 

44 

PLATANACEiE. 

21 
126 

Mosaacliiiectta 

Arnold  A  "boretnm . . 

C.  S.  Sargent 

G.  "W".  Lettermun . . 

Drift 

0.680 

35 

63 

Syeamore.    Button  Wood.  Button-ball 
Tree.    Water  Beech. 

Rich.  ollaTioI 

lob 

Ohio                  

Miami  valley 

Carmrl  river 

K.  E  Bamov 

.  do 

236.  PIfttanus  raocmoiia 

686 

California  

Q  R.  Vaaey 

/ 
Clay 

0.280 

20 

Syeamore.    Button  Wood. 

287.  PlatflnnRWrichtll..     .. 

048 

Santa  Kita  mount- 
ains. 

G.  Enctlmnnn  ami 
C.  S.  t-argunt 

Rich  irravcllT 

Sycamore. 

JUQLANDACE.«:. 

10 
70' 
70* 
123 

Mnsftorbii  setts 

Ai-nold  Arlmretum . . 

C.  9.  Snrgpnt 

G.W.Lrttrrnan  .. 
do 

Drift 

0.560 

5 

BO 

JiHttemut    WhiU  Walnut. 

Ktch  loam 

do 

do 

Alluvial 

. 

UichiKan 

DansTille 

W.J.Ucai 

Gravollyday 

"few ' 


30 


25 


44 


63 


80 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  ERY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


807 


KFICinC  OnATlTT 

DiniUUKATIOKI. 

ASH 

DETIBMOIATIOKI. 

WelRhtper 
cnbio  loot, 
In  pouuda 
(average). 

Bemarka. 

i 

lint 

SMond. 

Third. 

Avenge. 

Fint 

SMiond. 

Average. 

1 

'  0. 6735 
0.4074 

0./802 
0.6858 
0.6502 
0. 6910 
0.8384 
0.7784 
0.T099 
0.6570 

a  7400 

0.2537 

0.6321 

0.4680 

0.6242 
0.6679 

0.7169 
0.8270 

0.7841 
0.8561 

0.6060 
0.C073 
0.4086 

0.  5161 
0.4763 

0.4188 
0.4014 
0.4633 
0.3038 

0.6631 
0.6187 

0.7418 

0.6683 
0.4906 

0.48 
0.43 

1.88 

0.74 

0.68  . 

1.70 

0.97 

1.06 

0.88 

0.88 

1.82 
5.17 
4.55 

4.83 

0.77 
0.68 

0.57 
0.78 

0.87 
0.38 

0.35 
0.47 
0.40 

1.17 
1.34 

0.36 
0.48 
0.69 
0.78 

0.48 
0.42 

1.88 

0.48 
0.42 

758 
9U 

All  lap- wood 

* 
C.  BuniUa 

0.6294 

0.4S 

32.99 

0. 7611 
0.6858 
0.6602 
0.7274 
0. 8170 
0.7452 
0.7837 
0.6S04 

1.88 
0.74 
0.68 
1.65 
0.84 
0.80 
0.88 
0.82 

gg 

76> 

75* 

0.7637 
0.7966 
0.7186 
0.7908 
0.0547 

0.7150 
0.2695 
0.6475 
0.4798 
0.5993 

1.60 
0.80 
0.75 
1.07 
0.84 

1.12 
4.88 
4.18 
5.00 

0.60 

0.78 

0.64 
0.82 

0.88 
0.50 

0.32 
0.67 
0.67 

1.05 
1.36 

0.30 
0.43 

sot 

0,  Mtnittinniniila                        

(75 

0.7386 
0.7604 
0.6386 

8M 

871 

1111 

. 

0.7287 

1.08 

46.41 

0.7276 

1.22 

45.34 

652 

0.2616 

&03 

16.30 

48t 

0.6398 

4.36 

89.87 

1204 

0.4738 

4.92 

29.63 

SOS 

- 

0.6118 
0.5078 

0.68 

0.74 

isa 

438 

0.7157 
0.8262 

0.7405 
0.7034 

0.0111 
0. 5748 
0.S00I 

a  4609 
0.4688 

0.4343 
0.4005 
0.4355 

0.6888 

0.71 

36.76 

0.7103 
0.8266 

0.50 
0.81 

450 

1108 

# 

0.7715 

_. 

0.7668 
0.7803 

0.68 

48.08 

0.88 
0.43 

47.78 
48.63 

26S 

CnlUvated.    First  ap.  fcr.  determination  made  on  Umb-woodt 
second  sp.  gr.  detenmnation  made  on  root-wood. 

421 

0.7736 

0.68 

48.21 

0.C086 
0. 5011 
0.3038 

0.33 
0.57 
0.48 

21 

""         

126 

186 

0.6678 

0.46 

35.38 

0.4880 

1.11 

30.41 

686 

Grown  At  4,000  feet  altitude 

0.4736 

1.36 

29.61 

648 

0.4263 
0. 4010 
0.4494 
0.3638 

0.33 
0.46 
0.68 
0.79 

16 

76> 

7S> 

123 

(i:    ' 


ill 


•■m 


lu 


:!l  i 


808 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GltAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


li    1        ! 


{i 


n, 


I'   ' 


8poel««. 


tta  Juj;liuM  oliiore»-oonUnaed  . 


Joslttna  nlgrn  . . . 
Slack  Walnut 


MtL  JnBlaosrapMtrii. 
Ifulnut 


Ml.  Carya  oliro'fariiiig 

Pecan.    Illinoit  IfuL 


Caryaalba 

arknickory.  ShagiarkBiekory. 


MS 
170 


1057 


112 
117 
140 
200 
818 
82r> 
407 
430 

76a 

034 
061 


415 
672 
1227 


32i' 
322« 
326 


3 

20' 

20« 

20» 

48 

118' 

118' 

118> 

162 

240 

422 

S31 

S30 

816 

10S6 

1007 


Mate. 


lUinoii) 

Ohio 

MIohiKnu 

MauacliUBotI* 


Missouri . . 
Micblgau  . 
IlUnoiR  . . . 

Ohio 

Mlchif^an  . 
Texas.... 


Tcuuossee  . 


Florida . 


Toias. 
. .  do  . 


New  Mexico . 

California 

Aricooa 


MisBigaipiii . 

...do  

Texas 


Massachusetts  — 

Kentucky 

....do 

...di. 

Missouri 

Michigan 

..do 

....do 

Missouri 

Virginia 

Missouri 

Mississippi 

...do 

West  Virginia.... 

Manaohnaotts 

Missouri 


LovalUy. 


Waulcrgan , 

Ilnriiey     &    Smith 

IklaniifacturingCo. 

T.ansiug 


TopsflelU  . 


Allc^tou... 
Uoosrillo . . 
Waulcvgan . 


Unrncy     Sc     Smith 

Mimufactiiring  Co. 

Lansing 


Dallas 

Charlpstown  Xavy 

.\  urtl. 
Nashville 


Aspalaga . 


Austin 

New  Braanft'ls  . 


Finos  Altos  mount- 
ains. 
ContrnCosta  county. 

Santa  Catalina 

muuntaius. 


Gi-ccnviUe  . 

...do 

Dallas 


Arnold  Arboretum 

VfiiwiUe 

..  <'> 

.    do 

AUentini 

Hudson 

...do 

Lansing 

AUenton 

WythBTille 

Alltmtou  

Kemper's  mill 

...do 

Oranott 

Topafleld 

AUenton 


Collector. 


liobcrt  Dougla 
K.  E.lliimoy .. 
W.J.  Deal  .... 
J.  Robinson  . . 


O.  W.  Lettermau. 

W.J.Benl 

Kobert  Douglas  . 

E.  IC.  Uamcy 

W.J.  Bcal 

J.  Itevercbon 

aU.Pook 

A.  Gattiuger 


A.n.  Curtiss  . 


C.Mobr. 
...du... 


K.  L.  Orcene . 
Q.K.Vasey.. 
C.O.Pringle. 


C.  Mohr 

...do 

J.  Roverchon  . 


C.  S.  Sargent 

W.  M.  Linney .... 

...do 

...do  

O.  W.  Lettennan . 

W.  J.  Beal 

..  do 

...do  

G.  W.  Lettorman  . 

H.  Rhrivcr 

G.  W.  Lettermau . 

C.Mohr 

...do  

C.  G.  Pringle 

J.  Itobinson 

G.  W.  Letterman . 


Soil. 


Alluvial . 


Gr.'.vcUy  loam  . 
Drilit 


Alluvial . 
Gravelly. 
Loum  — 


Loiim 

Alluvial . 


Limestone  . 


Clay. 


Moist,  calcareous . 
...do 


AUuvial  .. 
...do 


Alluvial 

...do.... 

...do.... 


Drift 

Shals 

...do 

..do 

Upland 

Clay 

...do 

...do 

Rich  upland . 

Clay 

AUuvial 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Bioh  loam  . . . 
AUuvial 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
mnter.. 


LAYXIS  or 
UIIOWTII. 


Sap- 
wood, 


0.162 


0.272 


0.2b6 


0.2U7 
0.313 


0.260 


0.306 


0.288 
0.360 


0.260 


83 


26 


28 
31 


68 


Heart. 
wood. 


20 
37 


84 


23 


32 
18 


48 


87 


81 
102 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPEOIMBNS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


309 


•riano  aBAnrr  DiriRMWATioini. 


rinit 


0.43M 
0.aMl 
0. 3370 
0.4B38 


0.  B778 
0.6807 
0.  &:<79 
0.S02S 
0.0318 
0.8008 
0.  MM 

0.  o;t7e 

0.64ir> 

0.  e4:ir> 

0.  7Kin 
0. 0600 


0. 0789 
0.0706 
0. 7'.>58 


0.7300 

0.  7020 
0. 7314 


0. 7018 
0.0680 
0. 9205 
0.0850 
0.8249 
0.8028 
0.7074 
0.8019 
0.8064 
0.8470 
0.7280 
0.8e06 
0.8738 
0.7470 
0.8800 

o.t8;is 


Sacnnil. 


0.4388 
0.4023 


0.4355 


0.5881 


0. 5559 
0.  6265 
0.6101 
0.5833 


0. 6363 1 
0.6400> 
0.8002 
0.  0388 


0.6460 
0.5011 
0.6848 


0.6925 
0. 6082 
0. 7445 


0. 7814 


1.0080 
0.8260 


0.7877 
0.7477 
0.77B« 
0.0370 
0.8692 
0.7605 
0.9085 
a  8051 


Third. 


0.4698 


0.6753 


0.9246 


Avorago. 


0.4391 
0.3082 
0.  &370 
0.4530 

0.4086 


0.5830 
0.  5807 
0. 5,'i60 
0. 5145 
U.  0262 
0.  5721 
0.  6750 
0. 6376 

0. 0IU3 

0.7016 
0.6400 


ASH  OnKMimATIOXS, 


0. 6115 


0.  C670 
0.  5030 
0.7053 

0.0554 

0.7168 
0.7001 
0. 7380 

0.7180 


0. 7716 
0.9680 
0.9205 
0.9970 
0.8255 
0.8028 
0.7974 
0.8010 
0.7871 
0.7974 
0.7523 
0.9033 
0.8711 
0.7523 
O.0O27 
0.7443 

0.8372 


FIrit. 


0.61 
0.44 
0.43 
0.41 


0.63 
0.48 
0.12 
0.63 
0.62 
1.02 
0.60 
0.03 
0.78 
0.51 
1.22 
0.71 


0.57 
0.85 
1.15 


0.96 
0.03 
1.33 


0.61 
0.73 
0.86 
0.65 
0.37 
0.28 
0.66 
1.14 
0.87 
0.63 
0.92 
0.70 
0.78 
0.76 
0.54 
0.00 


Second. 


0.44 


0.63 


0.12 
0.49 


Avenge. 


0.61 
0.44 
0.43 
0.47 


0.51 


651 1 


1.00 

0.00 

1.05 

0.65 

0. 

1.04 

0.57 


1.00 
0.97 
1.42 


1.18 


0.63 
0.48 
0.12 
0.66 
0.02 
1.06 
0.65 
0.9B 

0.68 

1.48 
0.64 

0.70 


1.46 


O.'iS 


0.43 


0.66 
0.93 
0.90 
0.78 
0.88 
0.66 
0.69 
0.90 


0.83 
0.01 
1.28 

1.01 

1.07 
0.03 
1.40 

1.13 


0.78 


Welsbt,  per 
oiibVo  root, 
in  poundii 

(avurago). 


25.46 


38.11 


40.85 


44.76 


ItaiDark*. 


Fimt  *p.  gr.  dotennlnation  made  on  aap-wood  .... 
Flrat  ap.  gr.  determination  mode  on  0.6  Mp-wood. 


AU  sap-wood. 


Second  sp.  gr.  detenniDattou  made  on  0.5  aap-wood . 
Second  ap.  gr.  detenninatlon  made  on  0.5  atkp-wood . 


All  aap-wood. 
AKanp-wood. 
AUeap-wood. 
AU  aap-wood. 


AU  aap-wood. 


5il7 


145 

171 
I9t 

lOK 


lU 
1» 
14t 
20t 
Sl« 
82S 
407 
430 

76« 

934 
951 


41S 

671 
1227 


3221 
829 
82« 


» 

20> 

29* 

29* 

48 

118> 

116* 

1181 

152 

24* 

42S 

631 

5S» 

816 

1056 

1097 


I     !i 


k- 


■ii 


;,.■      .'■*•    i 


\\ 


^tl 


810 


?r\ 


I'JiJ! 


I  Ji 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


SpMlM. 

1 

a 
1 

State. 

Kontuokj- 

ilo 

Locality. 

Moicor  rooiily 

do 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
or  tree, 

In 
metera. 

LATRItS  OF 
OltOWTH. 

Sap- 
wood. 

neart- 
wood. 

27 

ni' 

01» 

ann 
asa 

301 
1082 
1101 
1105 
1160 
1170 

M 

72 

2,->4 

2S9 

348 

6 

SI 

88 

121 

288 

442 

638 

1051 

1008 

1108 

1S3 

401 
888 
871 

237 

m» 

740 
917 

V.  M.  I.innoy 

Jiig  Shttlbark.    Hottotn  Shettbark. 

Alluvial 

.    ,]o               

do 

...do    

TruncHHco 

^IiH.'^nnt-i 

...  <lo 

....1..    

...  do    

....do 

...do 

...  do    

KentiK'ky 

llipsoiiri 

...  do 

Aliilianin 

MnnrinrlitiNotta. . . . 
Uisi^oiiri 

Niisbvillo   

A.  niitliiipr 

O.  AV.  Li'tti'iionn  . .. 
do                  .   .   . 

...do 

ADciilon 

...do 

dn 

..  do 

...do    

4lo              

...do 

do 

.    do      

...do    

...  do 

. . .  do 

...do 

...do  

reiryvillo 

Allraton 

...do 

CitronoUii 

Arnold  Atborf-tuni 

Alli'iiton 

...  do 

Dansvillrt 

.Mlrnton 

Fasbvilio 

Konipor'a  mill 

North  lii'adinK  ...  . 

Ari-uton 

...do  

.     in 

....d.i    

...  dn  

. .  do    

...  do 

...  do    

...  do.... 

M4.  Caryn  toniontofiii 

...  do    

jJlc'b  uplaod 

iloelerXvt  SlafL-Hietorii.  BuHA'iit. 
Jiiflbud  Hiekiiry.    Whitthtart  Hick- 
ory.   King  Xut. 

* 
W.  M.  LInni-y 

G.W.Leltorman.... 

...do 

C.Mobr 

C.  S.  Siirgi-nt 

G.  W.  Lottcmian.... 

...do  

W.J.Bcal 

G.  W.  Li'ltonnnn... 

A.Giittinger 

C.Mobr 

J.  KobiUHOQ . 

O.  W.  Lottcroiau  ... 

Uticn  abate 

.  ... 

Rit'li  upland 

...do  

' 

Sondv  

0.200 
0.317 

42 
20 

SI 
55 

Prift           

Pig  Nut.  Bnum  nickory.  Ulaek  Hick- 
ory.   Smteh-bud  Hickory. 

Flinty      

do 

Micliliiuu 

MIhsouiI 

Tenncsaca 

Alnbnnift 

MnsB.'ii'buactta  . . 

Itissonri 

.  ..do    

do 

0.150 

41 

< 

Grnvplly  clay 

Uicli  lonni 

Upland    

0.100 

47 

1.1 

Al  uvial 

*' 

0.3S4 
0.228 

63 
31 

59 
42 

llrin 

Klintv    

...  .do    

M(>.  CarvA  ftmnm 

....do           

Hicb  iinland 

Bxttfr  Nut.    Saamp  Uiekory. 

Mni<ii:iFliiiiwttR 

iloutb  Carolina  . . . 
...do  

...do 

do          

do 

Dnnvi'ra 

..  do 

Bonnraii'H  Depot  . . . 
...do  

J.  Kobinnon 

...do 

U.  W.  Ravenel 

do 

....do 

0.115 
0.403 

18 
7 

» 
107 

Kich,  atrampy 

JVitdiMtf  Ilitiory. 
MS.  Ckrvn  aqiiatioa 

Voter  Hickory   BvimpUMtory.  Bit- 
ttr  PtooM. 

HiMlMippl 

OronriA 

Vlrkhburg     

C.  Uolir    

0.27; 

n 

It 

DalnbrldRe     

A.U.CariiiM 

C.  Uohr        

AUnrUl 

Florida 

ChatUhoovhM 

do 

CM 

» 

M 

13 


107 


It 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OP  DEY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


311 


1 

(               SPRCIFIC  OBAVITV 

DETEIUIIXATIOKB. 

A8II   UKTK!1MIX,VTI0XB. 

1 

■.VclKbt.per 
<'ublc  loot, 
fi)  ponudH 
(iivtragf). 

Be  mark*. 

1 

1      First. 

1 

Seconil. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

SvCODll. 

AvcrBgc. 

H 

1 

1        0. 8701 

0. 8707 
0. 08r.9 

0. 8779 
0.7103 
0. 73 15 

0.  7(l."i4 

n.  K.'ii.-i 

0.840S 

0.  .'•n:i4 

0.8810 
0.7122 
0. 8170 
0.75C;i 

0. 7-J 
l.C'J 
1.04 

0.70 

0.71 
LCD 
1.C4 

2T 

i        0.7.127 

91* 

D.  m:- 

0. 7ii.-i4 
0.  SKO 
1        C.  8.'il2 
0.8011 
0. 8827 
0.7054 
0. 8508 
0.80'J4 

0.8524 
0.8610 
0.8334 

_           .                                                                1 

01' 

1 

838 
883 
391 

1082 

0. 8010 
0. 84:'4 
0.  flOOl 
0. 8851 
0.  0898 
0.8432 
0.  727,1 

0.8168 
0.8700 
0.8500 
0.7270 
0.8462 

0. 8139 

0.09 
0.01 
0.83 
0.81 
0.73 

o.nn 

0.84 

0.97 
1.02 
0.72 
1.20 
0.99 

0.60 
1.25 
0.85 
1.68 
0.83 
0.68 
0.82 
0.74 
1.27 
1.16 

1.00 
0.97 
0.04 
1.42 

1 

1 

i 

i 

1.07 

i 

1.31 

l.OS 

1.83 

0.>1 

0.02 
1.24 
0.90 
0.84 
0.72 
0.95 
0.71 

0.84 
1.06 
1.05 
1.65 
1.03 

0.60 
1.40 
0.86 

0.00 
1.07 
0.87 
0.83 
0.73 
0.03 
0.78 



First  sp.  Rr.  determination  made  on  0.r>  sap-vomt 

0. 8831 

AIL  <inp*woud 

1164 
1165 

0.7414 

1100 

0. 73:-9 

1170 

0.8108 

0.00 

50.  53 

0.8346 
0. 8C0I) 
0.8417 
0.7279 
0.8389 

0.01 
1.04 
0.89 
1.47 
1.01 

53 

1 

73 
254 
38t 
341 

Second  sp.  gr.  detenniuBtion  made  on  aup-wood  j  second  growth 

0.8316 

0. 8157 
0.S827 
0.9189 
0  6803 
0.8554 
0.7926 
0.8630 
0. 8812 
0.8090 
0. 7470 

0.;8i4 
0.5927 
0.7530 
O.0208 

0.791B 

0.7030 
aTTlt 
0.8248 
0.6433 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  0.6  sap-wood ;  second  sp. 
gr.  doteiwinatiun  made  on  sap-wiiud. 

• 

0.8218 

1.06 

0.00 
1.33 
0.85 
1.68 
0.77 
0.6t 
0.84 
0.76 
1.28 
1.17 

61.21 

0. 8148 
0.8827 
0. 9?40 
0.6803 
0.8542 
0.792B 
0.7841 
0. 8020 
0.8315 
0.7913 

( 

tl 
88 

121 
288 
443 
638 
1061 
lOtt 

list 

0.0290 

Socond  sp.  gr.  determination  madeonsapwooil;  second  growth 

0. 8530 

0.71 
0.70 
0.86 
0.76 
1.29 
1.19 

0.07 
0.03 
1.03 
0.02 

1.('5 

2.03 
1.33 
1.08 
1.17 

First  sp.  gr.  determination  made  on  sap-wood ;  second  sp.  gr. 
dotenninatlon  made  on  0.0  sap-wuod. 

0. 7152 
0.8481 
0.7040 
O.'TOS 

0.7830 
0.6764 
0.7142 

First  Bp.  Rf.  dotenuiuation  made  on  0.8  sap-wood  j  second  sp. 
(ir.  dotorminatiiin  wade  on  sap-wood. 

0. 8537 

Second  sp.  Rr,  determination  made  on  sap-wood 

All  saD'WOod    .-                   

0.8913 

0. 8217 

rTT—  —  -rzj::^-^ 

0. 7822 
0.5841 
0.7.i;i6 
0.0208 

0.00 

61.21 

O.BB 
0.05 
0.00 
1.17 

1.03 

1.00 

l.«T 
1.19 
1.11 
1.04 

1 


16* 
401 
8S8 
871 

i 

1 

0. 8113 

0.7332 
aTTOO 
0.8244 
0.6818 

j         47.06 

A U  sap-wood  ..•■- ... 

0.7563 
0.8010 

40.06 

1 

38T 

All  BSD- wood . 

0. 7486 
0.7710 
0.8246 
0.CI86 

1 

1 

13f 

fl.5 son-wood ..... 

US 

1 

0. 5  sap-wood 

744 

0.6821 

Ol ft aan-woAfI 

tIT 

0. 7407 

1.27 

40.10 

1 

i.lli 


i'ii 


. ;  j 


5f  r 


I     1^    : 


1' 


1 


312 


SpcciM. 


Qaereiu  lnb*t» 

Whitt  Oak.    Wtiv<m0  Oat. 


Qoereaa  Okiryan*. 
WkUttMk. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


UTRICACJS2E. 

MS.  Hyrioa  cprifera 

Baybttry.     Wax  MyrOt. 

aw.  Hyrioa  CaUfornica 

CDFULIFEILa. 

tSL  QnoTonsalba 

White  Oak. 


lobtniUob* 

ruMOak.    JraitOak. 


■a 


586 


665 


3 

26 

32' 

82* 

32' 

40> 

49' 

49^ 

113' 

113» 

113' 

150 

160 

106 

228' 

228> 

r;28» 

238 

260 

261 

2S9> 

269» 

258> 

403 

443 

547 

748 

74B 

885 

1050 

1257 


670 


t88 
1027 
102« 


State. 


Florida . 


Califonia. 


Massachosetts. 
...do 

Kentaoky 

...do 

...do 

MiBSonri 

...do 

...do  

Michigan 

...do  

...do  

Ulinois 

Ohio 

...do 

Vermont 

...do j  Cliarlotte 

do I do 

I 
Sonth  CnroUna |  Bonnoati's  Depot 

Virginia Wylhevillo 

do ...do 

— do I do 

.  ...do ! do 

...do !....do 


Locality. 


Saint  John's  river  . 


Santa  Cma  . 


Arnold  Aiborctnm  . 

Acughnot 

Morcer  county 

Boyle  coanty 

...do 

Allenton 

...do 

..do 

BigKiipids 

DaimTiUo 

Hndson 

W»ufcegan 

Pineo,  Daniels  &  Co. 

Barney    &     Smitli 

Maniil'iiclnring  Co. 

I  Chaniplain  valley... 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Cnrtiss  . 


a.  Engelmaon  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 


Soil. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meton. 


Sundyloam i      0.198 


Kich  loam  . 


Drift. 


Limestone . . . 

Slate 

Shale 

Kich  upland . 

..  do 

..do 

Gravelly 

Sandy  


Gravelly  clay  . 


Maryland —    Charleatown  Navy. 

yard. 
Tennessee '.  Nashville 


C.S.  Sargent 

E.A.Dana 

W.M.Linney 

...do 

...do 

G.  W.  Letterman  — 

...  do 

...do 

W.J.Beal 

...do 

...do 

Robert  Douglns 

E.  E.  Barney 

...do 

C.G.Pringle 

do Gravelly  loam  ... 

do do 

H.  W.  Bavenol I  Rich,  damp  loom . 

H.Shriver Claj 

...do I 

...  do Gravelly 

do do 

...  do ..  do 

8  n.l'ook ! 


0.660 


LATKB8  OF 
OBOWTB. 


Sap-      Heart- 
wood,     wood. 


18 


12 


0.874 


84 


22 


Clay. 


0.225 


Alabama Kemper's  mill . 

Florida i  Chattahoochee 

...do ' do 

Massui  lintotts 
...do  


A.  OaltinKer Rich  bottom. 

C.Mohr Alluvial 

A.  ll.Cuitiss ,  Clay 

do j  — do 

M.C.Becille 

Korth  Reading '  J.  Robinson 

8.  n.  .'ook 


0.236 
0.248 


Charlestown  Navy, 
yard. 


CsUromia \  Redding O.R.V»sey Gravelly  loam  ... . 


Oregon 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..  do.. 


871     Kentnoky . 
»T«  '....do 


Woidler's  siiw.mlll..    ".  Engelmann  and 

{      C.  B.  Kargeut. 
Portland de 


Portland  Furniture  ' do  . 

Company.  I 

..  do 1...  do  . 


narrodsborg 
...do  


W.M.Linney Shale. 

do do  . 


Rich 


0.203 


0.856  It 


66 


18 


10 


IT 


83 


22 


48 

?4 

U 


n 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DKY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continned. 


313 


BFKCmO  OBATITT 

DRBBimiATIOKS. 

ABB  DKTBBMDtATIOMB. 

Weight,  per 
cnbio  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Bemarks. 

1 

First 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

(0.5630 
{     0.6723 

0.6793 

0.7165 
0.7070 
0.8480 
0.6328 

aasos 

0.8MS 
0.7826 
0.6829 
0.0006 
0.6852 
0.7017 
0.7802 
0.7672 
0.0203 
0.8304 
0.8070 
0.8091 
0.7830 
0. 7874 
0.6648 
0.7556 
0.7069 
...  8056 
0.7390 
0.6540 
0.8566 
0. 7732 
0.8060 
0. 7072 
0.8065 

0.65921 
0.5519) 

0.6618 

0.7093 
0.8012 
0.8461 

0.5711 

'  0.6037 

I    O.47I 
0.83 

0.37 
0.30 
0.45 

0.51 

35.13 

580 

0.33 

0.31 
0.26 
0.47 

0. 6703 

0.33 

41.77 

666 

0.7120 

0.7091 

0.8290 

0. 6328 

0. 6305 

0.6740 

0.7826 

0.7107 

0.6006 

0.6832 

0. 7017 

0.8314    ; 

0.7672 

0.0254    1 

0.8304 

0.8670 

o.8oni 

0.7011    ' 

0.7(M7 

0.0910 

0.7550 

0. 7000 

0.8050 

0. 7414 

0.e5<10 

0. 8180 

0.7047 

0. 8147 

0.7703 

0.7669 

0.8439 

0.34    ' 

0.28 

0.46 

g 

26 

0.7065 

32> 

32» 

ae> 

0.6526 

0.37 
0.45 
0.30 
0.37 
0.41 
0.24 
0.47 
0.21 
0.57 
0.80 
0.33 
0.37 
0.43 
0.35 
0.21 

0.43 

0.40 

0.45    1 
0.30    ' 
0.37 
n.41    ' 
0.21    ' 
0.45 

0.22 

1 
0.01     ' 

0.39 

0.33 

0.37 

0.48 

0.34 

0.23 

40> 

i 

40* 

0.7385 

40> 

113' 

0.7012 

1I3» 

113> 

0.8735 

0.42 
0.23 
0.65 

150 



16lf 

0.6805 

104 



2281 



' 

'22S> 

228* 

0.7391 
0.7410 
0.6084 

0.42 
0.33 
0.25 

238 

250 

251 

258> 

0.30 
0.37 
0.40 
1.37 
0.45 
0.47 
0.34 
0.33 
0.20 

0.30 
0.37 
0.47 
1.51 
0.37 
0.40 
0.33 
0.86 
0.24 

250* 

250* 

0.7437 

0.44 
1.64 
0.20 
0.50 
0.31 
0.37 
0.22 

403 

443 

a  7704 
0.7562 
0.8223 
0.7734 
0.7584 

• 

547 

748 

ToQsh:  smooth  bark 

740 

TAk«D  from  beam  in  old  coart-house  at  Cambridge,  bnilt  In  1757. 

806 

0.7368 

1050 

12&T 

0.7840 

0.7814 
0.0540 
a  7478 

aea»8 

0.(200 
«,8T«6 

0.7678 

0.8426 
0.7800 
a  7674 
0.7860 

asoM 

0.8706 

0.28 

0.88 
a33 
0.87 
0.63 

0.U 
0.74 

0.34 

0.25 
0.83 
0.41 
0.40 

0.7470 

0.«1 

1 

1         46.35 

0.7400 

0.80 

46.17 



0. 8120 
0.7076 
0.7686 
0.70.14 

0.20 
0.33 
0.30 
0.66 

■ 

88ft 

08S 

0.7704 

Breah 

1027 

Touffh  - 

102* 

SaeoDd  ao.  wt.  datarmlnatloii  inada  od  0.6  lai^wood 

0.7468 

0.80 

48.45 

0.8104 
018708 

o.a 

0.74 

91' 

0.6a«p>wood 

87» 

Hfi 


^1 


r'l*' 


m 

m 


i"f\ 


ill 


m 


! 


314 


lill 


;  !;  t 

.if'    I 


i    . 

!    I 


I 


!' 


jh- 


« -- 


« 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I —SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


SpeoioH. 

s 

1 

;        37' 

IJI 

•    2.W 

351 

771 

•J!).-) 
417 

rca 

11. -0 

70" 

70« 

703 

79» 

137 

143 

lOH 

204 

310 

400 

412 

432 

583 

831 

832 

033 

1071 

1072 

1073 

424 
545 
702 
053 

12 
64' 
64> 
64> 

84S 

State. 

Lociilit.v. 

ColUetor. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

LATBR8  OP 
OIIOWTII. 

Sap- 
wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

■254.  Quorcas  obtuailob.i— continued   

Kc:itiii!li.v 

Smi'.li  Ciiioliim  ... 

MiBsouri 

Alalmnm 

Fluiiilii           

Jlan-odslmrc 

rounenii'H  Uepot 

\V.  M.  Liuney 

H.  W.  Kavriicl 

G.  \V. Letionnan... 

C.Moln-  

A.U.Ciirtisa 

E.  I,,  (iiwni- 

Slialc 

C'lav 

Citrijiu'lli' 

A8palu;;ii 

I'iuds  Alios  inoiint- 
airia. 
do                   

0.  244 

o.?oj 

0. 108 

38 
32 

18 

88 
113 

67 

(.1  ravi'lly  ban'cns  . 


Zfij.  Qui  riMS  iiii(Uih>tn.  far.  Ganibelii 

Acri//;  Oak. 

Xrw  il.'xit't)   .... 
ilo 

Colorado 

Kii^clninnn's  ca&ou . 

Saiiiiv   I!ita  nioiiiit- 
niijs. 

Jlfrcer  ciiunt.v 

.do 

Kobert  Douglas 

C.  U.  PriniiiO 

W.M.Limie.v 

do 

K.xliy 

Alluvial 





S56    QiiC!  OIK  nirtcrocarj).'* 

liurr  Oak.    llotKu  cup  Oak.    Over-cup 
Oak. 

Kentucliv 

...do 

...  ilo    

...ilo     

do 

...do  

do                   

..  do 

do 

do 

Missouri 

.illinoiH 

O.  W.  Lettemiau... 
Iloberi  Douglas  — 

Waukopan 

Wooclsnm  Mncbino 

Conipauv. 
liainry     &     Smith 

M!iiiufacturiuj;Co. 
Dallas 

Eiib              . .     . 

Ohio 

...do    

do 

Texas  

J.  Kevercbon 

G.  W.  Lettennnn 

C.G.Priug'.o 

A.  Gattingor 

Robert  Douglas 

Kieli,  moist 

Alluvial 

0.  .528 

13 

120 

ins.souri 

V'tTJUOllt 

Cbarlotto 

Clav 

Teniiosseo 

IlIiiioiB 

Alluvial 



• 

..  do 

...do    

W'iimoba.ijo  coimt.v  ■ 

do 

Austin 

('  urlotti' 

.     do 

M.S.Uebb...4 

.    do    

ilo           

Toms 

Vpi-niont 

...1„    

n.Mohr 

Alluvial 

C.  G.  Pringlo 

• 

....do 

..  do 

Tcllilfj).scu 

Missia^ijipi    

Florida 

Tl'XIIB 

..  do    

.NasUvillo 

Ki'MiiM'i's  mill 

Cliatlalioo.lMM! 

Matagorda  ba.v 

Arnold  Arboretum.. 
AUeuton... 

..do 

567,  QiHM'cua  Ivruirt 

A.  Guttinger 

C.  Mobr 

Octr-evp    Oak.      Swamp   Pott   Oak. 
Water  While  Oak. 

Alluvial 

0.330 
0.  2(10 

10 
20 

73 
70 

A.  II.  ('urtiHH 

C.Mobr 

...do 

S68,  Quercns blcolor  

• 

Ma88..i:busctt» 

MiMonri 

0.  S.  Sargent 

G.W.Lettemian.... 
...do          

Drift           .... 

0.30S 

8 

60 

Smamp  nhiUOak. 

Alluvial 

.   ..do 

...do        

do 

...do  

..  do    

do 

do 

MaMocbnaetts 

West  Newbury 

• 

Low,  iwampjr 

0.208 

S 

80 

I.U 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


315 


ePRCIFIC  GRAVITY 

DETKRUIXATIONH. 

Abll  I 

1 

KTEI1MINATI0N8.           ! 

1 
1 

Weiffbt,per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(iivcra;;c). 

Remarks. 

e 

First, 

Second. 

Thlnl. 

Avornjre. 

First. 

1.56 
0.79 
0.40 
0. 32 
0.0:1 

Secunil. 

ATorai;o. 

1 

1 

1.50    i 

0.70 
0.40 
0.33 
0  70 

e 

0.8459 
0.8920 
0. 8322 
0.7888 
0.8348 

0.8382 
0.8080 
0.7684 
0. 0487 

0.7070 
a  7205 
0.727.". 
0.0420 
0.8469 
0.828U 
0.6440 
0.  0138 
0.7722 
0.  6183 
0.8630 
0.  7271 
,        0. 0220 
0.6642 
0.6107 
0.7605 
0. 7740 
0. 7845 
0. 7.';08 

0.8060 
0.7802 
0.8050 
0.9700 

t.75S2 
0.8616 
0.6833 
0.  7114 
0.8404 

0.  8459 
0. 8091 
0.  SJ'-'t 
0.  770J 
0.  8187 

37» 

0.  6882 
0. 8106 
0. 7616 
0.  7042 

0. 8502 
0. 7748 
0.7804 
0.9052 

0. 0170 

0.70 
0.02 
0.53 
0.88 

151 

236 

351 

0. 8072 

1 

771 

52.14 



0.  3367 

0.8472 
0.  8007 
0. 778!) 
0.  9270 

0.79 

' 

29.^ 
417 

1130 

0. 7862 

0.78 
1.08 
1.10 

0.06 
0.60 
0.70 
1.18 
0.41 
0.60 
0.31 
0.37 
1.08 
0.60 
0.26 
0.74 
1.18 
0.78 
0.98 
1.11 
0.45 
0.32 
0.44 

C.69 
0.22 
0.23 
1.72 

0.20 
0.30 
0.B8 
0.98 

o.n 

0.70 
1.37 
0.60 

0.79 
1.23 
0.95 

i 

First  sp.  1^.  dctcrmioRtion  made  on  0.75  sap-wood 

. 

52.39 

.             

0.84U7 

0.7070 
0.  7205 
0.  Y275 
0.0303 
0.8409 
0.8278 
0.6416 
0. 6316 
0. 7DI4 
0. 6297 
0.  8.-i03 
0. 7271 
0.  B367 
0. 6977 
0. 6301 
0.8018 
0.7729 
0. 79';9 
0.7515 

0.7453 

0.99 

0.06 
0.66 
0.70 
1.18 
0.89 
0.76 
0.32 
0.40 
1.06 
0.60 
0.27 
C.76 
1.82 
0.74 
0.96 
1.15 
0.40 
0.30 
0.40 

79' 

1 

70» 

0. 7275 
0. 6300 

79* 

79« 

0.37 
0.9! 
0.32 
0.43 
1.03 
0.60 
0.27 
0.75 
1.40 
0.70 
0.93 
1.18 
U.46 
0.45 
0.85 

0.  .16 
0.23 
0.18 
1.44 

0.28 

Second  growth        ..                    

137 

0. 8276 
0.6383 
0. 0177 
0.  8166 
0.6411 
0.8490 

J4J 

108 

204 

- 

310 

400 

413 

432 

C.0543 
0  7112 
0. 7076 
0.8402 
0.8087 
0. 7024 
0.7630 

0.7863 
0.7602 
0.7040 

0.9390 

m 

831 

83? 

0.8047 
0.7300 
0. 8018 
0.7317 

933 

1071 

1073 

1073 

0.71 

4&45 

0. 7962 
0. 7052 
0.7850 
0.0790 

0.58 
0.23 
0.21 
1.68 

424 

645 

762 

053 

0.73U 
0.8038 

0.6318 

0.65 

61.81 

0.7434 
0.8022 
0.6833 
0.7114 
0.8307 

0.27 
0.39 
0.98 
0.98 
0.2B 

12 

M' 

M' 

64> 



a8iM 

0.030 

O.Sl 

BM 

•.7683 

0.68 

47,75 

wi 


.  i! 


,1 


(ft^ 


316 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  '    . 

T^BLK  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITT,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


mn 


:  (I  :■•} 


frt  i 


V 


11 


i 


B  i; 


\-: 


Species. 


258.  QacrcnB  MicbanxU 

BatM  Oak.    Cou  Oa». 


200.  Qnercns  Frinas 

ChtitnutOak.    Rock  Chettmit  Oak. 


m.  Qnercns  prinoides 

Teltou)  Oak.   Chettnut  Oak.    Chinqua- 
pin Oak. 


§ 

a 
i 


S02.  Qanrvns  DoueImU 

Jfounfatn  ^rhilt  Oak     Blue  Oak. 

263.  Qncrcus  i>b1oDg{folia 

Whitt  Oak. 

"64.  Qiiprcns  irrigea 

irAi(«  Oak. 

26f  Qnercns  retionUU 

WO.  Qner«<w  PnraDdil 

Sm.  Qncrons  Tlreu ,. 

lirtOtk, 


240 
524 

75S 


81> 
81» 
31« 
86 
484 
92i 


28 

34< 

34> 

34" 

58 

273 

287 

323 

514 

588 

85S 


888 


dOl 


700 


State. 


Sonth  CaroUn»  . 

Alabama 

Florida 


Kentucky  ■ 

..do 

...do 

...do 

Tennessee . 
Alnbama . . 


Kentucky 

...do 

..  .do 

...do 

Missouri 

..  do 

..  do 

Texas 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Mas^acbusettg. 


California . 


do. 
do. 


Looality. 


Bonneau'g  Depot. . 

Kemper's  mill 

Cbsttahoocbee 


Boyle  county  . 

..  do    

...do  

...do 

Nashville 

Cullman 


Harrodsbnrg . . . 
Mercer  coubty. 
Boyle  county  . . 
Mercer  county.. 

Allentnn 

...do  

..do 

Dallas 


Collector. 


H.  W.  Bavenel . 

C.Mohr 

A.H.Cnrtiss... 


W.  M.  Linney. 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

A.Gattinger.. 
CMohr 


W.  M.  Linney  .... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

G.  W.  Letterman . 

..  do 

..do 

J.  EcTcrchon 


Naabville A.  Gattinger. 

Dallas 

Boxronl 


Soil. 


AUuTial . 
...do  ..., 
...do.... 


Shale 

...do....' 

...do 

Limestone 

Rooky  upland. 
Dry.rooky 


Limestone 

Waverly  sbale. 
TTtioa  shale  — 

Poor,  billy 

Limestone 

Flinty.... 

Calcareous 

Alluvial 


J.  Eovcrcbon do  . 

J.  Bobinson Damp  . 


Contra  Costa  county,  <  Q.  B.  7asey Clay 


San  Diego  co'inty . . .' do 


San  Gabriel O.  Engt'lmann 


418      Kew Mexico j  BilverCity E.  L.Oreene 

(KM 
1149 


Arisona ;  Santa  Kita  mount- 
ains. 
do do 


1148     ...do  . 


888 
1103 


7M 


Texas . 
...do. 


norida. 
...do... 


...do.. 

Austin. 
...do.. 


S.  H.  Fook. 


Charlestown  Navy- 
yard. 
Saint  John's  river. . .   A.  H.  Cortiss 


Q.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent 
C.  O.  Pringle 


...do 

C.  Mobr 

S.  B.  Buckley. 


Dry,  gravelly . 
...do 


Dry,  rocky. 

...do 

...do 


.do. 


Ditmp,  caloweoos. 
...do 


Band  J. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0.  322 
0.260 


LATBB8  or 
OBOWTH. 


Sap. 
wood. 


0.436 


0.226 


0.304 


0.338 


0.202 


0.212 


0.184 


0.tM 


22 
12 


84 


24 


Heart, 
wood. 


10 


B» 


16 


38 


32 


84 


35 


11'3 


40 


88 


IS 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Ut'  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


317 


SPBCIFIC  OBAVITT  DnKBinMATIOiCB. 

ASn  DETBB1IIXATI0H8. 

Weight,  per 
cnbio  foot, 
in  pnnnds 
(BVeniKe). 

Remarks. 

Tint 

Second. 

Third. 

Averngo. 

Fint. 

SocoDd. 

ATerage. 

0.7674 
0.8253 
0.8200 

0.7126 
0.6549 
0. 7726 
0.8308 
0.6870 
0.8550 

0. 8401 
0.7951 
0.8712 
0.0643 
0.6566 
0.9237 
0.8248 
1.0240 
0.8592 
0.9183 
0.7652 

0.0058 

(     1. 0078 

(     0. 9495 

0.8420 

0.9171 
'        0.9897 

1. 1340 

( 

i 

0.9430 

(     0.0762 

.  (     0.8648 

0.9840 

t.0350 
0.900S 

.',.  8312 
0.7704 
0.8000 

0.7102 
0.6659 

0.7993 
0.7070 
0. 8145 

0.33 
0.57 
0.38 

0.36 
0.33 

0,48 
0.57 
0.35 

0.40 
0.57 
0.37 

50.10 

0.8030 

0.45 

1 

0.7114 
0.6601    , 
0.7726    , 
0.8308 
0.6870    I 
0.8368 

0.36 
0.33 



0.70 
1.94 
0.40 

1.60 
1.49 
0.39 
1.62 
1.39 
1.16 
0.64 
1.25 
1.43 
1.38 
0.43 

0.80 

5     4.62 

(     2.28 

0.09 

1.22 
2.57 
1.82 

0.51 

C     1.71 

(     1.80 

1.82 

0.87 
1.93 
0.40 

1.40 

i 
0.79    i 

1.94 

0.45 

0.8185 
0.8410 

0.7499 

0.77 

46.73 

0.8410 
0. 7051 
0.8712 
0.9643 
0.6346 
0.8893 
0.8446 
L0484 
0. 8671 
0.9294 
0.7605 

1.45 

1.49 

0.44 

1.62 

1 
1.32 

1.24 

0.01 

1.17 

1.46 

1.30 

0.43 

0.49 

0.6525 
0.8548 
0.8614 
1.0728 
0.8760 
0.9I0U 
0.7468 

0.7898 

1.0700 
1.1500 
0.8374 

0.083S 

1.25 
1.31 
0.67 
1.09 
1.40 
1.22 
0.43 

0.88 

4.60 
4.68 
1.31 

1.26 
3.33 
1.19 

0.63 

0.7706 

■■ "• 

Second  sp.  gr.  delermiDatlon  made  on  up-wood . 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  mode  on 
All  saiv wood .....     .... 

0.86U5 

1.14 

63.63 

0.8928 

0.84 

65.64 

1.0160 
1.0882 

sap-wood 

1.0486 
0.8397 

4.07 
1.15 

o.»r&8 

0  5  SAD- wood .. 

0.9441 

2.61 

63.84 

0.9236 
0.9897 
1. 1143 

1.24 
2.95 
1.26 

1.0046 

0.0528 

0.8000 
0.8690 
1.0816 

1.0092 

1.82 

62.80 

0.9479 

0.62 

60.07 

0.8775 
1.0238 

1.76 
1.82 

0.0607 

1.78 

68.26 

1.0360 
1        0.8877 

0.8910 

1        1.23 

1.21 

1.12 

240 
621 

755 


31> 
Sl« 
Jl» 

33 

431 
925 


28 
M> 
84> 
31> 

58 
273 
287 
833 
511 
588 


601 

700 


419 


1143 


1148 


085 
1103 


404 

7W 


'i    I 


J 


M 


f  ■ 


I  ij 


1 


il,  I 


'r  1 


in 


:ii    I 


i,    I: 

'I 

ii 


^ 


\^ 

I:  :y 

■  t 

It  }^ 

i 

'M 


I! 


018 


FOREST  TREES  OB'  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I  —SPECIFIC  GKAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT" 


Species. 


287.  Qaeccoi  Tircnii— continacd . 


288.  Qnerciu  cbrymlepiH 

Uvt  Oak.  Maul  Oak.  Tal;i)aTai*o  Oak. 


200.  QnercDR  Emoryi . 
BUiek  Oak. 


270.  Qnercna  agrifolla 

Enemo     Coatt  Litt  OcA. 


271.  Qaercns  WUliienl . 
Lite  Oak. 


272.  QneroDsmbni 

BtdOak.    aiaekOak. 


272.  Querous  rubn,  tor.  Tezuia  . 
HedOak. 


273.  Qnercna  coccinM. 
Scarlet  Oak. 


174.  Quprciiit  tinctoria  

Iltaek  Oak.    XtUow-bark  Oak.    Quer- 
eUron  Oak.    TeUov  Oak. 


B 


State. 


010 
031 


674 
S40 

tin 


Alabama. 
Texna 


Oregon  

California . 


Iiooallty. 


Collector. 


Soil. 


Mobile  county C.  Hohr 


Uatagorda  baj- do 


Saw-mill,  Ashland.. I  O.  Bnitelmann  and 

U.  8.  Sargent. 
San  Uernnrdlno W.  O.  Wrlgbt 


do Marin  connly 


504 


M3 


877 


7 
45> 
45< 

80 
B2> 

e2< 

140 
141 
146 
107 
215 
216 
217 
218 
553 
860 
020 
1043 


081 


23 
763 


17 
36< 
36> 


Arizona. 


California. 


do. 


Santa  Rita  monnt- 


Marin  connty . 


Anbam. 


Arnold  Arboretum 

Mercer  connty 

...do 

AUenton 


Maaaacbusetts 

Eentncky 

...do , 

Missouri 

Kentncky '  Mercer  connty 

do do 

Michigan Danaville 

do do 

lUinoia  . 

Ohio 

Vermont 

do do  . 

do I — du  . 


Waukegan 

Barney     &     Smith 

MannfacturinKCo 

Charlotte 


...do 

Alabama 

Massachnsctta. 


do 


G.  R.  Vasey 


O.  Engolmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


Q.  R.  Vasey . 


Q.  Engelmann . 


Rich,  sandy. 
Sandy  loam . 


OrsTelly. 


Dry,  rooky. 


LoBCk. 


C.  S.  Sargent 

W.  M.  Linney .... 

..do 

O.  W.  Letterman  . 
W.  M.  Linney  .... 

..  do 

W.J.  Heal 

...do 

Boliert  Douglas. . . 

E.  E.  Barney 

CO.  Pringle 

...do 

..do 

...do 


Ei'mpcT's  mill I  C.  Mohr 

Danvers J  J.  Robinson. 

Mississippi '  Enterprise '  C.  Mohr  . 

I  Massachuaetts  . .     Morlh  Reading J.  Robinson. . . 


Texas . 


Massachusetts. 
Florida 


Massachusetts. 

Kentncky 

..  lie 


Austin. 


Bingham . 
Aapalaga  . 


Arnold  Arlioretum  . 
Danville  Jiinotiun  . 
...do 


C.  Mohr  . 


T.  T.  Bouv* . . 
A.  II.  Curtiss. 


C.  S.  Sargent .. 
AT.  M.  Linney  . 
...do 


Drift    

Shale 

...do 

Rich  loam  . 
AUuvial ... 
Limestone . 

Sandy  

...do  

Gravelly... 


Gravelly. , 

...do  

..  do 

..  do 

Alluvial.. 

Drift 

Alluvial ., 
Drift.... 


Calcareous. 


Light,  sandy  . 
CIny 


Drift  . 
Shale. 
..  do 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0L247 


0.534 


0.140 


LATKm  or 

OBOV     H. 


Sap- 
wood. 


0.368 


0.230 


0.118 


0.230 


0.630 


38 


IS 


15 


Heart- 
wood. 


73 


07 


27 


20 


74 


.         .  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STA'J'ES-Coutiiiued. 


319 


SFKOiriO  ORAVITT  UBTBBIIIICATIOKB. 

ABH  DETKBIIUIATIOXS. 

1 

! 

iWeiKlit,p«'r 

j  riil)lc  fdot, 

In  poiiniU 

(uveiuge). 

Remarks. 

1 

Flnt. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

Tint. 

Second. 

Areruge. 

1.27 
0.98 

1.14 

a 

0.8225 
1.0090 

0.7888 
0.8830 
0.8787 

t     0.9975 
(     0.9201 

0.8290 

(     0.7956 
(     0.8018 

0.6381 
0.5186 
0.5169 
0.7480 
0.5899 
0.7516 
0.6410 
0.5932 
0.7481 
0.6516 
0.6423 
0.6897 
0.6669 
0.6766 
0.6389 
0.6636 
0.5244 
0.7180 

0.9142 

0.7111 
0.7667 

0.7384 
0.6863 

0.7205 

0.9330 
0.9709 

0.7502 
0.8827 
0.9033 

0.9019 
0.8855 

0.8216 

0.7788 
0.7657 

0.6440 
0.5910 
0.6251 

0.8778 
0.0900 

1 

1.25 
1.00 

i 

0.80 
0.38 
0.73 

■C     1.86 
)     2.61 

1.21 

C     0.94 
(0.96 

0.14 
0.46 
0.43 
0.27 
0.47 
0.15 
0.20 
0.23 
0.22 
0.16 
0.27 
0.20 
0.20 
0.33 
0.37 
0.07 
0.25 
0.14 

0.93 

0.11 
0.22 

0.13 
0.21 
0.31 

l.SO 
0.76 

0.62 
0.34 
0.79 

2.101 
2.78$ 

1.84 

0.98 
1.18 

0.10 

910r 
954 

\ 

0.9501 

59.21 

0.7740 
0.8829 
0. 8910 

0.71 
0.34 
0.76 

1 

574 
64» 
6SS 

1 

* 

1 

1         62.93 

Second  ap.  gr.  detenninatlon  made  on '-•p. wood 

0.8493 

0.60 

0.9263 

2.36 

57.78 

59. 

0.82.13 

1.28 

51.43 

06ft 

0. 7855 

1.02 

48.95 

077 

• 

0.6411 
0.6548 
0. 5710 
0.7480 
0.5809 
0. 7613 
0.6410 
0.  5052 
0.7498 
0.6566 
0.6710 
0.6994 
0.6768 
0.6897 
0.6480 
0.6487 
0.5424 
0.6952 

9.12 
0.46 
0.43 
0.27 
0.47 
0.15 
0.21 
0.24 
0.27 
0.17 
0.25 
0.22 
0.23 
0.33 
0.36 
0.11 
0.23 
0.17 

7 

46> 

45* 

81> 

0.47 

92' 

0. 7512 

0. 7516 

92« 

0.21 
0.24 
0.31 
0.17 
0.22 
0.24 
0.26 
0.32 
0.34 

a  14 

0.21 
0.19 

0.76 

0.16 

0.28 

0.08 

140 

141 

0. 7514 
0.6615 
0.0997 
0.7090 
0.6867 
0.7029 
0.6589 
0.6252 
0.5604 
0.6806 

0.9018 

0.7070 
0.7762 

0.7305 

148 

197 

215 

216 

217 

218 

553 

0.6573 

f'JO 

920 

0.6820 

1043 

40.76 

0.5  sap-wood 

0.6S40 

0.26 

0.9080 

0.85 

56.69 

931 

0.7005 
0. 7715 

0.14 
0.25    I 

23 

768 

0. 7405 

0.19 

40.16 

0.7335 
0.6868 
0.7205 

0.U 
0.21 
0.31 

17 

86> 

36» 

,  I 


% 


M' 


v..      '' 

rv4 


f 


a 


'  1;   ' 


ir  I-. 


mr 


:   , 
.'  P. 

it 

'  I ;' 


; 


^ti 


''if 


I 


320 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


SpaolM. 


974.  Qnercai  tinotoria— continued. 


17S.  QacrcuB  Eelloggii . 
Stack  Oak. 


279.  Qucrcnsnicra , 

Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 


377.  QiiercuB  falcato 

UpanUh  Oak.    Red  Oak. 


a6> 

41 

74 

86 

244 

247 

4S7 

921 


628 
063 


20M 
33» 


131 
245 
265> 
2e5< 
26S< 
S48 


State. 


Ki'ntaoky  . 
Mlssoari... 

...do 

...do 

Virglula... 

...do  

TrnucaHco . 
Alnliama   . 


Oregon  . 
...do.. 


MinRoiiri.. 
AUbaniu  . 


South  C&rolina  . 

Virginia 

...do  

...do 

...do 

Uississlppi 


278.  Qucrcng Cnteabmi 342    i  Alabama. 

Turkey  Oak     Scrub  Oak.   Forked-leaf  I 

Slack  Jack.    Slack  Jack.  770      Florida... 


278.  QiiorcuH  pnlustria 

I'in    Oak.      Swatnp    Spanieh    Oak. 
Water  Oak. 


280.  QuercusnquaticA 

ira(«r  Oak.  Duck  Oak.  Pouum  Oak. 
i'lini  Oak. 


281.  Qiiercii*  lanrifolia  . 
Laurel  Oak. 


Quercas  heterophf  11a. 
Sartram't  Oak. 


2(3.  Qnercus  clnerea 

Upland  Wilbm  Oak.  BhuJetA.  Samd 
Jatk 


47 
282 


340 
Sll 


MUsonri . 
..do... 


Alabama . . 
Ti'nnesapo  . 


742    ;  Georgia. 


7M      Florida. 
801     ...do... 


U71 


862 


Kew  Jeiaer  . 


Alabama. 


Locality. 


Dnnvillo  Junctlbn  .. 

AUcntun 

...do 

...do  

AVytlicTllle 

...do 

Noslivlllo 

Cullman 


Saw-mill,  .\shlaud  . 
EugcueCity 


Allenton . . 
Citronelle . 


Bonncnu'ii  Depot. 

Wythevllle , 

Carroll  county 

..do 

...do 

Kemper's  mill . . . . 


Cottage  Hill . 
Aapalaga 


Allenton. 
...do.... 


Tnllahoma.. 
Bainbridge  . 


Saint  JoLn'e  river  . 
..  do , 


HouDt  Holly . 
Citronall*  .... 


Collector. 


BoU. 


W.  M.  Liunoy Slato 

O.  W.  Lottorman...    Hilly 

. . .  do Itiob  upland  . 

do do 

H.Sbrlvor ;  Clay 

...  do ...  do 

A.  Gattinger ! do 

C.Mobr Sandy 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
metera. 


0.106 


G.  Entrelmaon  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
G.n.CoUier 


G.  W.  Letterman ....    Clay . . . 
C.Mobr Sandy. 


H.  W.  Ravenol . 

H.ShriTer 

...do 

...do 

...do 

C.Mohr 


...do 

A.  H.  Curtisa  . 


G.W.  Letterman. 
...do....: 


Cottage  Hill C.Mobr 


A .  Gattinger. . 
A.  U.  Curtis*  . 


.do. 
do. 


8.  P.  Sharpie* . 
CUohr 


Rich  loom  . 

Clay 

...do    


Rich  loam  . 


Barren,  *andy . 
...do 


Rich,  allnvial 
...do 


Sandy  loom. 

...do    

AUutUI 


Sandy  loam . 
...do 


Clay 

Pine-barren.. 


0.224 


0.128 


0.801 


0.SSO 


0.310 


0.240 


LATiB*  or 

GROWTH. 


Sap- 
wood. 


17 


18 


62 


IS 


iS 


Heart- 
wood. 


10 


78 


46 


1« 


26 


U 


OOT 


■  or 

TH. 


fleart- 
RTood. 


16 


78 


48 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


321 


•ricino  oBAviTT  DanufuiATioiis. 

ABU  DITUUUKATIOm. 

Walght.par 
oablo  foot, 
In  pound* 
(•venga). 

Bcmnrki. 

1 

rint. 

Saoond. 

Third. 

ATOiitita. 

Tint. 

Baoond. 

Aranca. 

i 

0.7740 
0.7608 
0.8014 
0.7102 
0.6070 
0.7164 
0.6765 
0.6A22 

o.eses 

0.6273 

0.7304 
0.7309 

0.6892 
0. 5701 
0.6613 
0.7334 
0.0556 
0. 8052 

0.6679 
0.7006 

0.6917 
0.7480 

0.7749 
0. 7474 
0.8014 
0.7192 
0. 5123 
0.6876 
0.6765 
0.6898 

0.7U45 

0.6573 
0.0297    ' 

0.6436 

0.7398 
0.7251 

0.18 
0.17 
0.23 
0.28 
0.44 
0.14 
0.85 
0.60 

0.18 
U.33 

0.06 
1.41 

0.27 
0.27 
0.15 
0.22 
0.25 
0.29 

0.85 
0.00 

0.66 
0.92 

0.46 
0.82 
0.35 

0.48 
0.93 

0.19 
1.27 

0.18 
0.16 
0.31 
0.28 
a64 
0.15 

0.80 

1 

aes 

0.28 

36* 

0.7352 

0.14 
0.10 
0.18 
0.63 
0.16 
0.87 
0.70 

0.21 
0.30 

0.92 
1.82 

41 

0  83  lAD'Wood I  Mcond  nowth  ....•• 

74 

86 

0.5176 
0.6586 

244 

247 

4;i7 

0.6072 

0  7100 

■ 

021 

0.6S82 
0.6322 

0.7492 
0.7192 

0.7003 
a  6780 

43.90 

0.20 
0.32 

0.26 

628 

968 

I 

40.10 

0.94 
1.37 

268 

339 

0.7324 

0.6948 
0.6241 
0.G613 
0.7334 
0.6350 
0. 7874 

0.6028 

0.27 
0.83 

1.16 

0.27 
0.30 
0.16 
0.22 
0.25 

as9 

46.64 

181 

246 

2K> 

263« 

1 

265> 

0.7696 

0.6786 
0.7854 

0.6466 
0.6890 

0. 7148 
0.7202 
0.7624 

0.7076 
0.7996 

0.6834 
0.6802 

0.6^37 



0.28 

0.80 
0.90 

0.67 
1.07 

0.39 
0.84 
0.10 

0.48 
L41 

0.14 
1.16 

548 

0.25 

48.17 

1 

0.6708 
0.7880 

0.7294 

0.83 
0.90 

342 



770 

0.87 

46.46 

0.6691 
0.7185 

0.61 
1. 00 

0.81 

47 

282 

0.6038 

43.24 

0.7167 

0. 7168 
0. 7143 
0. 7431 

0.7244 

0.  7275 
0.8071 

0.7678 

0.42 
0.83 
0.27 

349 

0.7084 

511 

0.7237 

0.7474 
0.8148 

(     0.6818 
(     0.6882 

0.6302 

742 

All  SAD* wood  . 

0.61 

45.14 

0.47 
L17 

756 

801 

0.82 

47.82 

0.6834 

0.17 

42.69 

1171 

0.6420 

1.21 

40.00 

8Q2 

i 


I"  I  ] 


h  '^ 


B  k  ;  '- 


! 


i; 


hi 


1';, ; 


i'.  ^ 


m 


21  FOB 


nr 


w 

m, 

i 

u 


i 


16    ■' 

li  ■ 


-.\l 


•It'- 


ii-^'l 


\\t 


J;     i    M. 


it  ';' 'r 


322 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEB  CUBIC  FP 


Specie*. 


384.  <)aeroai  hypolene* 

its,  Qaeroaa  Imbrioaria 

ahingUOak.    Laurel  Oak. 

266  Qvierons  Phello* 

WiUov!  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 

287.  Qnercna  dcnaiflon , 

IVinliari;  Oak.    Chettnut  Oak.    Ptaeh 
Oak. 

288.  CaatanopiiB  ohryaophylla !... 

Ohinqvapin. 

289.  CMtanea  pamlla 

OMnguapin. 

2W.  CMtanea  vnlgarla,  far.  AmericaDa 

OheHnuU 


2n.  Fmu  feimgiiiea- 


202.  Oetrya  Virginica 

Bop  Hornbeam.   Iron  Wood. 
Wood. 


Jueter 


299.  Ciuiiinns  Carollniona 

Honibeam.  BtutP..eeh.   Water  Seeeh. 
Iron  Wood. 


I 


41S 
M» 


40> 

40> 

40* 

SO 

185 


Bia 

(87 

72» 

578 

18 
258> 
281' 
258« 
516 
727 
863 


0 

44> 

44< 

B5« 

85« 

119 

765 

853 


11 

87 

870 

877 

1047 


46 
78' 
73" 


State. 


Kew  Mexico,  c 
Arliona 


Xentacky  . 

....do 

...do 

Hlisoiui... 
....do  


Tennessee . 
Calirornla  . 
...do 


Arkansas 

Haasachasette. 

VlTginla. 

....do  


....do. 


Tennessee 

FennayWanla  . 
Maaaachusetts. 


...do 

Kentucky 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

Michigan 

Florida 

Maaaachnaetts. 


...do 

Mlsaoori 

Maaaachnsetta. 

....do , 

...do 


Locality. 


Pinoa  Altos  moont- 

aina. 

Sant*  Blta  monnt- 
aioa. 


Collector. 


Harrodsborg  . 

...do 

...do 

Aflenton 

...do 


Tnllahama 

Marin  connty 

Mendocino  conntyl. 
BotSpringa 


Arnold  Arboretnm  . 

Fancy  Gap 

...do 

...do 

KaahvlUe 

William  aport 

Danvers 


Arnold  Arboretnm 

Mercer  county 

...do 

...do ;. 

...do 

DanavlUe 

Chattahoochee 

Hamilton 


Arnold  Arboretnm . 

Allen  ton 

Donrera 

...do 

Korth  Beading 


Missouri Allenton 

Kentucky !  Mercer  connty. 

...do ! do 


B,  L.  Oreene 

.  Engelmai 
C.  a  Sargent 


O.  Ejigelmann  and 
Sari 


W.M.Llnney 

...do 

...do 

O.  W.  Letterman. 
....do 


A.Gattinger 

O.B.Yasey 

A.  Kellogg 

O.-W.  Letterman.. 


C.  8.  Sargent. 
H.Shriver..., 

...do 

...do 

A.  Gattlnger.. 
O.O.Pringle.. 
J.  Robinson.. 


C.  S.  Sargent. . 
W.  M.  Llnney. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

W.J.Beal.... 
A.  H.  Cortlas  . 
J.Bobinson... 


C.S.  Sargent 

6.  W.  Letterman. 

J.  Soblnaon 

...do 

...do 


Sou. 


Dry,  rooky. 
...do , 


ntica  shale . 

...do 

...do 

Klch,  moist . 
Bioh  loam.. 


Moist,  sllloeoas. . 
Grayelly 


Sandy  loam . 


Drift.. 
Moist.. 
...do., 
...do.. 
Sandy  . 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0.208 


0.184 
0.400 


0.615 


a666 


Loam. 


Drift 


Hudson 

shale. 

...do... 


...do.... 
...do..... 
Gravelly. 
...do..... 
...do.... 


RlTer 


Drift 

Slch  loam  . 

Kooky 

Sichloam.. 


G.  W.  Letterman Damp,  bIIutIbI 

W.M.Linney... 
...do 


Trenton  limestone. 
...do 


0.110 


0.190 


0.272 


0.285 
0.085 


0.100 


LATBU  Of 
OBOWTB. 


wood. 


40 


15 


84 


83 


M 

85 


63 


Hear^ 
wood. 


85 


31 


36 


44 


U 


¥ 


Heart- 
wood. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES-Continned. 


323 


;:i     • 


■riOIFIO  OBAVITT  OITBBIIIIIATIOIII. 

1 

Jl»U  DCTIIUIIKATIOlll. 

Weigut,per 
cubic  foot, 
in  pounds 

(average). 

Kemarkt. 

' 

lint. 

Second. 

Third. 

ATerago. 

1 

Tint. 

Second. 

Average. 

1 

0.7826 
t     0.7774 
(     0.8208 

0.7402 
0.7234 
0.8332 
0.7517 
0.7200 

0.7582 

0.6650 

0.5520 

0.5608 

0.8829 
0.4720 
0.4716 
0.4404 
0.4698 
0.4663 
0.4613 

0.6663 
0.6200 
0.6343 
0.7993 
0.7150 
0. 7610 
0.6807 
0. 7017 

0.7608 
0.8919 
0.8513 
0.8401 
0. 7818 

0.7667 
0.7264 
0.752« 

0.8304 

i 
0.8065 

0.7052 

i 

1.27 

1. 21 

(     1.64 

ass 

0.65 
0.78 
0.22 
0.23 

0.51 
1.55 

ass 

a  12 

a  10 
a  26 

0.21 

1.27 

1.35) 

1.42) 

1.27 
1.41 

1.34 

AU  ■AP'Wood ••••••... 

416 

0.7785 
0.7394 

0.8080) 

590 

1 
0.8000 

4a  91 

0. 7398 
a  7234 
0.8332 
0. 7489 
0.7248 

a  33 

0  65 
a  79 

a  28 
a  21 

401 

40* 

40* 

0.7360 
0.7286 

a  7412 
0.7004 
0.6627 
0.6076 
0.8827 

a84 

a  18 
a  48 

1.41 

50 

Second  growth 

185 

0.7529 

a  48 

4&93 

0.7472 

a  60 

46.66 

513 

0.6627 

1.49 

42.55 

687 

O.SSsap-wood 

0.5674 

a  35  1 

84.74 

720 

an 
a  13 

0.5887 

a  12 

an 
a  26 
a  31 

sa69 

578 

0.3828 
1. 4720 
0.4716 
0.4194 
0. 4693 
0.4455 
0.4621 

18 

258> 

358> 

258> 

a  18 
a  16 
a  14 

a  84 
a  76 
a  70 

0  57 

a  54 
a  31 
a  47 
a  20 

a  84 
a  40 
a  53 
a55 

0.51 

a  76 
a  80 

1.84 

a  21 
a  17 
a  12 

ass 

a  20 
a  17 
a  13 

a  18 

516 

0.4247 
0.4594 

0.6556 

727 

0.4666 

868 

0.4504 

28.07 

0.6610 
0.6200 
0.6343 
0.7992 
0. 7175 
0.7112 
0.6729 
0.6004 

a  34 
a  75 
a  70 
a  57 
a  54 
a  35 
a  47 
a  34 

0 

44> 

Bed  beech 

44> 

White  beech 

55* 

0.7300 
0.6606 
0.6560 
0.6825 

0.763S 

White  beech « 

65< 

ass 

119 

765 

0.6870 

a  38 

a  87 
a  67 
a  66 
a  51 
a  39 

a  80 
a  79 

First  and  second  sp.  frr.  detenninations  made  on  0.5  sap-wood ; 
third  sp.  gr.  deternunatlon  made  on  sap-wood. 

853 

I 

0.6883 

a  51 

42.80 

1 

0.7622 
0.8810 
0.8595 
0.8440 
0.7842 

a  36 
ass 
a  60 
ass 
a  45 

11 

87 

0.8402 
0.829C 
0.7940 

0.7711 

0.8870 
0.8534 
0.7768 

870 

877 

1047 

' 

0.8284 

a  50 

51.  G2 

0.7684 
0.7264 
0.7515 

a  78 
a  80 

1.34 

46 

73' 

0.7504 

7S» 

i 


ti; 


I 


ill 


If 

(if;!  • 


t''l     I 


-  *% 


.-1 
:.:■! 

-'  (! 


V'?' 


iU; 


ilk 


■  (I  yi'':       ' 


P' 


l'\*'^, 


1,1 


324 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


bpeolM. 

1 

State. 

LooaUtr. 

CoUeotor. 

SoiL 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
metera. 

... 

LAxsRs  or 

GROWTH. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

SM.  Carpiuub  CRroliBiana— continued 

1        77 
872 
1038 

10 
848 

223 

224 

225 

722 

836 

MO 

1065 

1066 

1067 

528 
620 

155 
230> 
230' 
843 
1068 
1060 
1070 

130 
398 
841 
842 
1184 

4 
221 
844 

Misaoari 

G.  W.  Lcttennan.... 
^,  Robinson 

Rich,  alluvial 

Low,  rich 

0.052 

22 

Magaaalinaetts 

....do  

DaiiTota 

....do  

do 

BETULACEJE. 

...do 

Arnold  Arboietnm . . 

C.&Sargent 

Drift 

0.170 
0.190 

10 
18 

26 
S3 

WhUeliiroh.     OldJiM  Sirch.     Gray 

...do 

Charlotte 

C.G.Pringle  

...do 

Giavelly 

Canoe  Areh.      WhiU  BWtk.     Paper 
Birth. 

...do  

..do 

...  do 

....do  

...  do 

...  do 

...,do  

Mlaaoula 

Sereno  Watson 

T.  Soblnaou 

Wet 

Mossacbusetts 

Alaska 

Townaend 

0.234 
a  188 

26 
57 



ChUcoot  inlet 

Charlotte 

Paul  Schultze 

Vermont 

C.  G.  Pringle 

...do 

do 

....do  

...  do  

....do  

do 

3K,  Bfltnla  ocfildontaliA 

Colorado 

Engelmann'a  oaflon. 
Strawberry  vaB  -y . . 

Charlotte   

Kobert  Douglaa 

G.  Engelmonn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

C.O.Pringle 

...do 

Wet,sandy    

BlaekBifek. 

California 

yermont 

Wet,  peaty 

197.  Betulalnt<w 

TeUowBireh.    dray  Birelt. 

...  do 

...  do  

Clav 

....do 

....do  

...  do       

Or&vellv 

Maasaohuaetta 

Vennout 

...do 

0.160 

84 

Charlotte  

C.G.Pringle 

..do 

...  do 

do 

...do 

...  do     

...do 

do 

...do 

..  do 

Sfl.  Britiilr  ntfirra 

Mlaaonri 

...do 

Moaaaobuaetta 

...do 

Miaaoorl 

G.  W.  Lcttemian  ... 
...do 

Moiat  loam 

SedBireh.    JUrerBireh. 

...do 

Alluvial 

North  AndoTer 

...do  

....rto 

0.102 
0.214 

30 
32 

8 

...do 

...  do 

Allenton 

Q. W. Lbttoimwi  ... 

C.S.Swgant 

.G.Piingle 

Maaaaohnactta.... 

Arnold  Arborvtom. . 
Charlotte 

Drift 

0.362 

U 

61 

Cherry  Bireh.     Blaek  Birth.     Smet 
Bireh.    Muhogauy  Birth. 

QniTally 

Haaaaohnaetta.... 

...do 

0.118 

41 

a 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


325 


ASB  DBTKBMIIIATIONg. 

Weight,  pel 
oobTo  foot, 
in  ponnda 
(average). 

BemarkB. 

1 
9 

Fint 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First 

Second. 

ATerage. 

0.7601 
0.7014 
0.7080 

0.5361 
0.6330 

).4594 
0.6021 
0.6086 
0.6240 
0.6290 
0.6081 
0.6801 
0.6002 
0.6804 

0.5880 
0.6543 

0.5750 
0.7047 
0.6416 
0.7032 
0.6468 
0.G380 
0.6557 

0.5608 
0.  5554 
0. 6010 
0.6040 
0.5566 

0.7556 
0.7344 
0. 8116 

0.6907 
0.7086 
0.6804 

0.7249 
0.7079 
0.6927 

0.60 
0.88 
0.56 

0.32 
0.28 

0.24 
0.30 
0.25 
0.25 
0.20 
0.24 
0.28 
0.25 
0.26 

0.18 
0.44 

0.29 
0.33 
0.60 
0.16 
0.28 
0.28 
0.27 

0.30 
0.27 
0.38 
0.38 
0.44 

0.16 
0.26 
0.26 

0.52 
0.93 
0.65 

0.27 
0.28 

0.24 
0.31 
0.22 
0.22 
0.19 
0.25 
0.26 
0.24 
0.22 

0.18 
0.87 

0.20 

0.66 
0.91 
0.60 

77 

0.7187 
0.6896 

872 

108S 

Sap*'wood ...        . 

0.7286 

0.88 

46.41 

0.5361 
0.6160 

O.JO 
0.28 

10 
S4S 

0.6088 

0.4757 
0.5979 
0.6207 
0.6006 
0.6260 
0.6060 
0.6227 
0.5665 
0.6908 

0.618S 
0.6777 

0.6237 

0.6061 

First  and  third  sp.  ^.  dotermioatiuns  made  on  sap-wood 

AU  aap-wood 

0.5760 

0.29 

35.90 

0.4676 
0.6000 
0.6297 
0.6168 
0.6316 
0.6070 
0.6380 
0.5837 
0.5849 

0.24 
0.31 
0.24 
0.24 
0.20 
0.25 
0.27 
0.25 
0.24 

222 
224 
225 
722 
83S 
990 
106» 

loea 

106T 

0.5  sap-wood 

First  Bp.  }iT.  detorminatiou  made  on  0.6  sap-wood;  second  sp. 
er.  determination  made  on  0.76  sap-wood. 

0.6395 



0.6112 
0.5843 
0.5745 

Alt  san-wood                ... 

0.6056 

0.25 

37.11 

0. 6032 
0.6028 

0.18 
0.41 

62» 
62» 

0.67«f 

0.6030 

0.30 

37.68 

0.6998 
0.7047 
0.6416 
0. 7104 
0.6445 
0.6369 
0.6494 

0.6568 

0.26 
0.33 
0.60 
0.20 
0.27 
0.25 
0.27 

155 
2801 
230> 
848 

1061 
1069 
1070 

0.676  sap-wood..  .  

0.7200 
0.6293 
0.6472 
0.6543 

0. 5721 
0.5508 
0.6759 
0.6075 
0.6836 

0.7604 
0.6M6 

asiao  ■ 

0.7080 
0.6578 
0.6256 
0.6382 

0.25 
0.25 
0.22 

aar 

0.81 
0.31 
0.38 
0.38 
0.40 

0.20 
0.32 
O.SS 

0.81 

40.84 

0.6666 
0.5631 
0.5827 
0.3086 
0.5793 

0.31 
0.29 
0.38 
0.38 
0.42 

0.85 

IM 
191 

841 
842 

All  san-wood 

0.6811 
0  5965 
0.6088 

• 

, 

IIM 

0.5763 

0.7870 
0.7145 
0.8118 

8S.91 

0.18 
0.29 
0.80 

t 
221 
CM 

0.8109 

a  7617 

6.20 

47.47 

t;;. :: 


f 


i  ' 

li 


ill 


If 


-;:ii 


w 


-  k 

m 


,■■■+ 

"■■  ,. 

=  m  ■ 


•\m<\ 


Wgljgj     )       J: 

mmii '  '^ 

'mi:       ■' 


r       I 


1)  . 


u 


Si 

11 


326 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  L— SPECIFIC  GEAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  700T 


}^_     i: 


species. 

1 
s 
S 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Dii'meter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

LATEBS  OF 
OBOWTII. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

300   Alniu  mftritima 

809 
810 

067 

001 

1025 

717 
070 

604 

641 
611 

374 
862 

232 
856 

884 
908 
Bll 

600 

1219 

640 
981 

889 
1174 
»5S 

T)elaware 

Adgor'smiU 

•W.M.Conby 

....do 

Moist,  sandy  loam. 
...do 

0.108 

25 

Seaside  Alder. 

...  do 

Alaska    

Sitka 

Poul  Schaltze 

Alder. 

Wnsbiogton    ter- 
ritory. 
Oregon  

Pnyallnp 

Portland  Fumitare 
Company. 

Missoula 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 



309    Alnna  rliombifolla 

Sereno  Watson 

C.&Sargent 

W  a.  Wriitht 

Wet 

Alder. 

Drain 

Moist  loam  -•....■ 

303.  AlnuaobloDfflfoUa ■ 

California. 

San  Bernardino 

Stockton 

Altomaha  river 

HinealniTgh 

Aider.       " 

C.Mohr 

Wet 

BUxek  Alder.    Smooth  Alder. 

A.H.Curtiss 

C.G-.Pringle 

0.108 

38 

805   Alnna  f nciina 

Wet  loam  

Speetled  Alder.    Hoary  Alder.    Blaek 
Alder. 

Massaohnsetts — 

....do  

SALIOACEJt. 
806.  Sallxnlirra 

■ 

C.G.Pringle 

J.  Robinaon 

BUtekWUlow. 

Massachusetts  — 
Utah  

Topsfli'Id 

Alluriol 

0.202 

12 

50 

307.  Salii  amygdelolde* 

Salt  Lake  City 

CaDon  City 

M.  K. Jones 

E.  Weston 

Clav 

WiUow'. " 

Colorado 

...  do       

do 

308.  Saliz  Invlgata 

California 

Santa  Cruz  

Q.  Bngelraann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Moist  sondv  .. 

WiUow. 
300.  Sallx  iRsiandm 

....do 

....do  

....do.... 

Strawberry  valley  . . 
Portland 

WiUow. 
300.  Salix  laaiondra,  var.  UnclfoUa 

O.  Engelmann  and 

C.  8.  Sargent. 
F.Skinner 

Moist,  rich 

Oregon  

AUnvial    

300.  Sullx  iMlandni,  var.  Fendleriiua 

ni»h 

City  Creek  caBon... 
Bookford 

310.  Bitllx  longifolia 

niinoii 

M.  S.  Bebb 

0.120 

4 

11 

Sand-bar  WiUow. 
310.  Sallz  lonKlfolU,  var.  exlgna 

Texas  

Matagorda  bay 

C.  Mohr 

Moist  saline    

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


327 


BPBCIFIO  OBAVITT  DETBBMDCATIONS. 

1 

A8H  DETBBUINATIOKg. 

Weight,  per 
onbio  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Bemarka. 

\ 

First. 

Seoond. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

a 

0.4988 
0.4923 

0.4922 
0.4855 
0.4829 

t     0.4556 
)     0.4427:' 
0.4172 

i 

0.4138 

0.4714 
P.  4573 

1 

0.4029 
0.4960 

0.4327 
0.4790 

1 

0.4580 
0.4680 
0.4612 

0. 4016 

0  4810 

0.450'> 
0.5063 

0.4676 
'0.4901 
0  6221 

0.5186 
0.4889 

0.4851 
0.4847 
0.4565 

0.3722 
0.4183 

0.3823 

0.4635 
0.4738 

0.4842 
0.4643 

0.4102 
0.4621 

0.6087 
0.4906 

0.34 
0.37 

0.3i> 
0.59 
0.36 

C     0.30 

(    n.43 

0.19 

0.42 

0.32 
0.47 

0.47 
0.38 

0.62 
0.65 

0.55 

!  ^-^ 

(     1.8b 

0.56 

0.60 

0.61 
1.00 

0.53 
0.46 
1.03 

0.35 
0.47 

0.40 
0.40 
0.28 

0.45) 
0.30) 
0.26 

0.48 
0  34 

0.35 
0.42 

800 
810 

' 

0.4996 

0.30 

81.13 

0.4887 
0.48S6 
0.4697 

0.4813 

0.39 
0.64 
0.32 

967 
991 
1025 

0.3604 

Finrt  gp.  RT.  deterrotnavion  made  on  sap-wood ;  seoond  sp.  gr. 
determinntion  made  on  0.5  iiiip-\<'ood. 

0.42 

20.90 

0.4077 
0.4178 

0.39 
0.22 

717 
979 

0. 4127 
0.3081 

0.31 

25.72 

0.42 

24.81 

694 

0.4675 
0.4656 

n  u 

641 

0  39    '       n  m 

611 

0.38 

0.4666 

20.08 

0.4436 
0.4778 

n  tA. 

ST4 

0.4732 

28.71 

862 

0.70 
0.71 

0.80 
0.91 
1.08) 

0.60 

0.60 

0.73 
0.72 

0.58 
0.40 
1.00 

0.4607 

0.42 

0.421S 
0.4690, 

0.71 
0.68 

232 

0.4676 

First  and  second  sp.  gr.  determinations  made  on  0.66  sA^-wood ; 

855 

0.4456 

0.7C 

27.77 

0.4530 
0.44S8 

0.72 
1.11 

884 

0.4448 
0.4201 

0.4828 

0. 4702 

0.4536 
0.4573 

0.4619 
0.4959 

o.osy 

908 

i 

911 

0.4509 

0.92 

ase 

28.10 

0.4872 

80.36 

690 

0.4750 

0.60 

20.04 

1210 

0.  J319 
0.4675 

0.67 
0.91 

0.70 

640 

0.4080 

081 

0.4547 

2P.84 

0.4598 

0.66 

28.65 

880 

0.4980 

0.48 

30.72 

1174 

0.5483 

0.6843 

1 

1.06 

33.20 

056 

f 


m 

\:V'.. 


vn- 


I'll 


m\ 


;!      ,LI   a.lNIIP^^W^^^i^l^^liPB 


^mmmmm 


■■■ 


!:i 


328 


Speoiea. 


311.  Solix  seaaiUfolia  . 


nt.  Salix  discolor 

Gtaucotu  WiBovi. 


31S.  SalixflaTewens. 


313.  Sallx  fiaTesoens,  var.  SconleriaiUk. 
Jnack  Willow. 


lU.  Salix  Hookoiiana . 


SIS.  Snllx  ccnlaU,  var.  TesUta  . 
Diamond  WiUow. 


SIS.  Salix  lasiolepia  . 
WUlow. 


317.  Salix  SitclienaU  . 
SiU-y  Willoti). 


lis.  Populua  tremuloidM 

Atptn.     Quaking  Atp. 


IM.  PopnlDa  Rrandldentate . 


no.  PopnluaJicterophyUa 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


lirtr  Cottonviood.  Swamp  OoUttMood. 


1143 


8S» 


1225 


Ml 
721 


972 


1175 
1180 


1161 

272  > 
272« 
272» 
ill 

1036 


157 
S47 


Stete. 


Oreeon  . 


Mauaolinsetts. 


New  York . 


New  .Mexico . 

Montana 

Utah 


Washington  terri- 
tory. 


Orpgon  , 


Nebraska . 
Iowa 


Locality. 


Mouth  uf  Willam- 
ette river. 


TopsBold.. 
Ellenburg  . 


Finns  Altoa  mount- 
ains. 

Patteo's  cafion,  Mis- 
soula. 

City  Creek  collon  . . . 


Seattle. 


Winchester  bay  . 


BrownsN-ille  . 
SlonxCtty.. 


California Santa  Cmi 


Oregon Saurio's  Island 


Collector. 


Jos.  Howells. 


J.  Robinson . 
J. n.  Sears.. 


E.  L.  Greene  . 
S.  Watson  . . . 
M.  £.  Jones ■ . 


SoU. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


AUuTial . 


Loam. 
..do. 


Rich,  moist 

Moist,  gravelly . 


G.  Enjrelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


.do  . 


R.  W.  Furuaa  . 
W.O.  Wright.. 


Colorado. 
...do.... 
...do... 
Vermont. 


Maasacbusetts. 


Vermont 

Masaachusetta. 


523 
564 


I 


SSI.  Ponulus  balsamifera ;      16t 

Bttliam.  latamaluu.  BaXmatOilMd.  I 

tai 


Tenneaaee . 
Alabama... 


Alpine 

...do 

...do 

Charlotte . 


O.  En);elmiiun  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


Jos.  Howells  . 


T.  S.Brandegee.. 

...do 

...do 


Moist,  sandy. 
Sandy  saline . 


AUnvial . 
...do... 


Sandy  loam . 


AUuvial . 


Damp  . 
...do. 
...do. 


O.O.  Pringle Moist 


Danvon J,  Robiniton 


Charlotte . 
Danvora . . 


Gravelly. 


C.  O.  Prlnglo  . 
J.  Robinson  . . 


Sandy  loam . 
Gravelly — 


NashviUe. 
Stockton.. 


A.  Gattinger Alluvial  . 

O.Mohr do  .... 


Vermont Sbelbame i  O.O.  Pringle. 

Alaaka Cbllooot  inlet ;  PanlSchaltk^. 


Sandy  loam . 
lUnvlal... 


0.001 


0.0S0 


0.160 


0.148 
0.117 


0.128 


LATBBaor 

OBOwin. 


Sap-   I  Hoart- 
wood.     wood. 


13 


23 


IS 


0.137 


JT 


0.220  41 


10 


11 
14 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DEY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


329 


BPBCIFIC  OKAVITT  DKTEBMIHATIONB. 

ASH  OETIBiaMATIOm. 

onbfo  foot, 
in  pounds 
(■Tersge). 

Itomarks. 

1 

1 

FinL 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

irirat. 

Second. 

Arerage. 

0.4326 

0.4930 

(     0.4434 

0.8074 

0.4912 

■     0.5234 

0.4923 

0.6320 

0.6471 

0.6750 
0.6303 

0.6704 

0;6011 

0.3786 
0.8570 
0.3569 
0.4880 
(     0.4184 
I     0.4227 

0. 6110 
0. 4206 

o.uat 

0.4116 

0.3624 
0.3848 

0.4645 

0.4184) 
0.4643> 

0.4319 

0.4397 

0.49 

0.48 
0.36 

0.79 
0.36 
0.67 

0.43 

0.33 

0.49 
C.72 

1.01 

0.67 

0.76 
0.72 

0.50 

0.49 
0.37 

0.68 
0.42 
0.72 

0.34 

0.32 

0.44 
0.71 

0.96 
0.62 

0.60 

27.40 

1143 

1 

0.4648 
0.3974 

0.40 
0.37 

859 

i 

1826 

0.5081 
0.4953 
0.4707 

0.5504 

0.5229 

0.6683 
0.6450 

0.5323 
0.6133 

0.4261 

0.48 

26.65 

0.4997 
0.5004 
0. 4816 

0.74 
0.39 
0.70 

641 



721 

888 

0.4969 

0.61 

30.97 

0.6412 

0.30 

33.73 

973 

0.5350 

0.32 

33.34 

966 

0. 6716 
0.6422 

0.47 
0.72 

1176 

1180 

0.5734 

a  6069 

0.60 

37.82 

0.8587 
0.5072 

0.98 
0.50 

34.82 
31.01 

669 

1161 

All  sap-wood 

0.3786 
0. 3579 
0.3569 
0. 4951 

0.4278 

0.76 
0.72 


272 » 

272" 

All  sap-wood 

272  • 

0.6021 
0.4266 
0.4446) 

• 

0.4872 
0.4416 

0.4113 
0.4106 

0.3404 
0.3768 

0.31 
0.43 

0.31 
0.39 

0.43 
0.47 

0.70 
0.90 

0.72 
0.40 

0.31 
0.41 

'■ 

411 

1035 

0.4032 

0.66 

25.13 

0.4996 
0.4268 

0.4632 

0.43 
0.46 

157 

0.4182 

0.46 

0.74 
0.90 

1.12 
0.80 

847 

0.46 

28.87 

0.4068 
0.4110 

0.72 
0.00 

622 

664 

0.4080 

0.81 

2S.48 

0.3464 
0.3806 

0.92 
0.40 

159 

061 

0.8686 

0.66 

22.05 

'  ii.i 


.  n 


rr 


;  JJ 
I"   > 


:  -  if  •■!' 


^ 


I    I 


!1^ 


^i: 


■  11 


1 


330 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPEOIPIO  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

LATRBS  OF 
OBOWTU. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

421.  Fopuliis  bnlaaniUbra,  var.  oondicana  . . . 

1054 

662 

1012 
1028 

109 
234 
256 
804 
809 
754 

669 
640 

679 
634 
662 

101 
379 
782 
783 
790 
792 
796 
874 
1099 

1017 
1021 

880 
860 
651 
852 

MMsaohuBetts . . . . 

J.  BoblnFon 

Bobert  Douglas 

F.  Skiuiior   

0.203 
0.098 

11 
10 

19 
11 

Himlton  Springi 

Saint  John's  Barrel 
rni'tory,  Portland. 

Portlnnd  I''iiruitat« 
Company. 

Bnmoy  and  Smith 

ManufactiiTingCo. 

Charlotte 

AUenton 

do     

Sandy  loam 

lllaek  Cottontcood. 
S25.  PoDulua tricbocama 

Oregon  .  . .  ...... 

lUackColtonuiood.  BtU$am  Cottonwood. 

G.  EuKi-linann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

fi.  E.  Bamev   

324.  PopuluR  monilit'era           

Ohio 

Cottonwood.    IfeeOaet  Pofiar.    Ctoro- 
Una  Poplar.    Big  CoWmwood. 

Vemioot  ......... 

C.G.  Pi  ingle 

O.W.Lettermon.... 
....,lo    

Alluvial 

Missouri..... 

..    do 

....do 

....do .'-.. 

Dalloa 

Chattabooobee 

Sacramento  valley . . 
San  Bernardino 

Sawmill,       Straw- 
berry valley. 

....do  

0.806 
0.250 

0.444 

6 

20 

10 

69 
10 

Florida 

A.  H.  Curtiss    

....do 

325.  Populua  FremontU 

CnlifomlA 

G.  K.  Vasoy     

...  do    

Cottonwood. 

825.  Populus  Fremontll,  ran  Wiallcenl 

Cottonwood.    Whit*  Cottonwood. 

CONIFBR.E. 
820.  Libowdrus  decurrenB 

..  do 

W.G.  Wright 

O.  Engelmann  and 
C.S.Sargent, 

....do  

.  do 

Whitt  Cedar.    Battard  Cedar.    Pott 

....do 

....do  

Saw-mill,  San  Ber. 
nardlnomonn  tains. 

Monkton    

Vr.  G.Wright 

tSn.  Tbnva  occidentalls 

White  Cedar.    Arhor.vitm. 

VermODt 

C.G.Pringle 

do     

Cold  neatv 

....do  

do     

...  do  

New  BruDBwlok . . 

Intercolonial     rail. 

way. 
Ed.  Sinclair 

...do 

ProTinoe  of  Quebec 
....do  

A.Grant 

Grand  Trnnk   rail, 
way. 

....do 

Maine 

Uattawamkeac 

Eau  Claire 

a  172 

19 

71 

Wiaoonain 

■ 

H.C.Putnam  

G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  &  Sargent 
..do 

Drift 

79i.  Thayaffigantea 

Weidler'a  saw-mlU, 

Portland. 
Portland  Furniture 

Company. 

Cottage  HIU 

Beverly 

....do  

Red  Cedar.    Oano4  OWor. 

....do  

SS9.  ChamiecTparis  apluBroldea 

Alabama 

Massachuaetta 

....do  

...do 

C.Mohr    

Sandy,  wet 

0.298 

7 

20 

WhU*  dedaf. 

....do  

....do 

....do  

....do 

do 

19 


11 


59 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
•OP  DRY  3PB0IMEN8  OF  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


831 


BTKIinC  QHAVITT  BBTBBlUHATIOKg. 

Aan  DITBBin«ATI0R8. 

cobro  foot, 
In  ponnda 
(average). 

Remarka. 

1 

T\nt. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Average. 

i 

0.3059 

0. 3942 

0. 3611 
0.4163 

0.3817 
0.8038 
0.8815 
0.3201 
0.4706 
0.4355 

0.S490 
0.4827 

0.3891 
0. 3428 
0.4580 

0.3048 
0. 2847 
0.3284 
0. 3163 
0. 8016 
0.8452 
0.8108 
0.8684 
0. 3121 

0.8996 
0.8460 

0.3337 
0. 8105 
0.8038 
0.2990 

0.4222 

0.3881 

0.3656 
0. 3937 

0.3S46 
0.3302 
0.3444 
0. 3231 
0.4778 
0.4632 

0.4655 
0. 4176 

0.3830 
0. 3769 
0.4506 

0.3021 
0.  2870 
0. 3276 
0.3275 
0.3007 
0.2880 
0.310* 
o:852B 
0.3232 

0. 4178 
0.8551 

0.3447 
0.3644 
0.3086 
0.3091 

0.4301 

0. 4101 

0.48 

0.62 

1.47 
1.56 

1.34 
0.68 
1.18 
0.83 
1.09 
0.69 

0.77 
1.17 

0.03 
0.13 
0.08 

0.20 
0.20 
0.49 
0.39 
0.20 
0.36 
0.43 
0.39 
0.37 

0.12 
0.24 

i 

i 

'        0.»4 

1        0.17 

i        0.18 

0.11 

0.43 

0.76 

0.87 
1.18 

1.43 
0.94 
0.92 
0.79 
0.96 
0.60 

0.46 

25.93 

i 

Cultivated.    First  and  seoond  ap.  gr.  determinations  made  on 
aap'Wuod. 

1054 

0.3912 

0.79 

24.38 

55" 

0.8567 

0.3578 
0.4050 

1.17 
1.37 

Third  flD.  ffr.  determination  made  on  aan- wood 

lOP 



1028 

0.-8814 

1.27 

23.77 

0.3882    ! 

0.3621 

0.3380 

0.3216 

0.4742 

0.4404    ! 

I 

1.39 
0.81 
1.06 
0.81 
1.03 
0.05 

199 

234 

256 

I 

304 

809 

764 

0.4507 
0.4860 

0.3889    j 

0.9« 

24.24 

0.4014    ' 

0.77 

80.62 

669 

1.00 

0.04 
0.17 
0.05 

0.25 
0.29 
0.61 
0.44 
0.31 
0.44 
0.37 
0.34 
0.38 

0.14 
0.19 

0.90 
0.16 
0.11 
0.13 

0.4621    : 

1.18 

28.80 

646 

0.3861 
0.8599 
0.4591 

0.04 
0.15 
0.06 

634 

662 

0.4017 

i 

0.08 

25.03 

0.3035 
0. 2859 
0.3280 
0. 3237 
0.3U12 
0.3166 
0.3106 
0.3603 
0. 3177 

0.27 
0.29 
0.50 
0.42 
0.30 
0.40 
0.40 
0.87 
0.38 

0.37 

0.13 
0.22 

104 

370 

782 

0.8272 

783 

i 

L.,... 

790 

1 

702 

796 

0.8097 

874 

1099 

0.3164 

19.72 

0.4087 
0.3506 

1 

1017 

1021 

• 

0.3796 

ft  17 

23.06 

0.8392 
0. 3277 
0.3085 
0.3536 

0.82 
0.16 
0.12 
0.12 

I 

350 

0.3061 
0.3182 
0.4627 

850 

851 

853 

0.3322 

ftSS 

30.70 

I  ill 


Hi' 


P^ 


V'  i 


!■■; 


i      •-' 


332 


FORES'r  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Bpcole*. 


no.  ChunieoypoTi*  Nutknenili 

r«{(oii>  Oyprtu.    Sitka  OypriM. 


331.  Chamocypiiris  Lawsonlans 

Port  Or/ord  Cedar.  Oregon  Cedar. 
TTAtto  Cedar.  Laviotfi  Ofpreu. 
Oinger  Pint. 


332.  Cnnrrgsnaniaoroosrpa. 
Monterey  Oyprai. 

383.  Cnpreasua  OoTenlona  . 


S3t.  Copresans  Gaadalapcnaia  . 


IS(.  Jiinippnia  Califomloa 

Juniper. 

330.  Juniperua  Californloa,  var.  ITtahenala  . . 
Jnnipar. 


(37.  jDnipema  pachyphloM  . 
Juniper. 


.  Jnnipenis  oocidentalia 

Juniper. 

Junipema  ocoidtntalia,  var.  monoaperms 
Juniper. 


Janipema  oceidentalla,  tar.  coqjagena. . 
Juniper. 


ttfl.  Jnniperaa  Tlrgfoiana . 
Red  Cedar.    Savin. 


M» 

083 

9M 

1000 


701 

707 


e7S 


691 
1100 


708 
IMS 


1220 


887 


S55 
S82 


State. 


Alaaka 

Britiah  Columbia 

AlaakB 

...do 


Oregon  . 
...do... 


624 


420 
527 


030 
UOS 


14 
327 
734 
800 
837 
024 

loss 


CaliforuU 


...do. 
....do. 


Eastern  Arizona . 


Looalltf. 


Sitka 

Saw-mill,  Victoria . 
Peril  strait 


Weidlor's  aaw-mlll, 
Portland,  Oregon. 


Dean  &  Co. 'a  aaw- 
mlll,  MaraUleld. 
...do 


Monterey . 


Harin  county. 
Calistoga 


Arizona  . 


California 


Utah 


Sun  Francisco  mount- 
ains. 

Santa         (.'atnlina 
monntoina. 


San      Bernardino 
connty. 


Lewiaton . 


New  Ueztco. 

Arizona 

...do 


California . 


New  Mexico. 
Colorado 


Tezaa  . 
...do.. 


Maasaohuaetta. . 

Texas 

Florida 

...do 

Maaaachnaetta.. 

Florida 

Maaaaohaaetta.. 


Silver  City 

Sanii  Kita  mount- 
ains, 
-..do 


Oolleotor. 


FaoISohultte 

G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent 
FaulSohuTtzo 


O.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


Sou. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


Q-RVaaey.. 
■W.F.  Fisher. 


E.  L.  Greene . 
C.G.Fringle. 


...do  

M.  £.  .Tones  . 
E.  L.  Greene. 


G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do  


Yreka  ploioa . 


Silver  City 

Maniton  Springs. . . . 


Austin  . 

...do... 


Arnold  Arboretum 

Dallaa 

Chattahoochee 

Saint  John'a  river  . 

Danvers 

Chattahoochee 

Topsfleld 


do. 


E.  L.  Greene.... 
Bobert  Douglas. 


C.  Mohr 

8.  B.  Buckley  . 


Gravelly  loam  . 


Dryridgea. 
...do  


Rocky. 
...do.. 


Gravelly. 
...do.... 


Stony.... 
Gravelly. 
...do.... 


.do. 


Stony.... 
Gravelly. 


Limestone . 
...do 


C.  8.  Sargent . 
J.  Bererchon. 
A.  Q.  Cortias. 

...do 

J.  Bobinaon  . . 

C.  Mohr 

J.  Bobinaon  ... 


Drift 

Caloareona  . 

...do 

Sandy  loam . 

Drift 

AUuTial .... 
Drift 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0.283 
0.234 


0.072 


0.175 


0.134 


0.230 
0.484 


0.208 


LATMS  or 
OROWTH. 


Sap. 
wood. 


05 


55 


22 


23 


10 
16 


IS 


Heart- 
wood. 


12 


64 


28 


40 
66 


ST 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPBOIMENS  OP  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


333 


■FXOIFIC  QBAVITT  DBTBB1U1IATI0I(B. 

ASII  DBTKBHUIATIOMS. 

Weight,  per 
cablo  foot, 
in  poonda 
(average). 

Bemarka. 

1 

FIrat. 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First 

Sooond. 

Average. 

0.4011 
0.4987 
0.8386 
0.4555 

0.43S6 
0.4380 

0.6260 

0.4492 
0.4620 

0.4648 
0.4826 

0.6309 

0.6504 

0.5744 
0.5085 
0.6186 

0.8724 

0.7329 
0.6768 

0.4484 
a  6010 
0.5160 
0.4686 

0.4487 
0.6259 

0.6263 

0.4733 
0.4010 

0.4643 
0.5272 

0.6255 

0.5539 

0.6065 

0.56101 

0.5321) 

0.6807 

0.7440 
0.6035 

0.6967 
0.6840 

0.6045 
0.4403 
0.6310 
0.4727 
0.4603 
0.4705 
0.4037 

0.4248 
0.4900 
0.8261 
0.4621 

0.30 
0.20 
0.20 
0.3ft 

0.07 
0.08 

0.55 

0.41 
0.54 

0.43 
0.41 

0.77 

0.47 

0.11 
(     0.07 
(     0.08 

0.12 

0.68 
0.89 

0.48 
0.39 

0.15 
0.12 
0.16 
0.13 
0.16 
0.16 
0.00 

a  37 

0.34 

0.34    ;        0.32 
0.34    :        0.33 
0.  30            0. 38 

004 



1000 

0.4782 

0.12 

0.34 

28.80 

0.4422 
0.4819 

0.10 

.... 


701 

0. 00            0. 00 



1 

0.50 
O.U.'i 

0.4021 

0.10 

28.80 

0.6261 

0.67 

30.02 

078 

0.4613 
0.4765 

0.38 

001 

0. 47            0. 51 

1100 

0.4617 

AUsaU'Wood  .  ..■■.. 

0.4689 

0.38 
0.51 

0.73 
0.61 
0.16 

0.00.S 

0.12 

0.68 
0.86 

0.4" 
0:83 

0.14 
0.14 
0.17 
0.08 
0.14 
0.12 
0.08 

0.46 

29.22 

0.4636 
0.5040 

0.41 
0.46 

-    ,  -_ 

7')p 



1140 

. 

0.4843 

0.44 

0.75 

0.40 

0.14 
0.08 

30.18 

0.0282 

39.18 

1229 

0.8  Bap-wood 

0. 5522 

34.41 

887 

0.6356 
0. 5302 

5»2 

692 

0.6820 

0. 11 

36.32 

0.8705 

0.12 

35.03 

024 

0.7385 
0.6852 

0.68 
0.88 

420 

r."7 

0.7110 

0.78 

44.86 

0.6067 
0.6846 

0.46 
0.46 

039 
llOi 

0.6750 

0. 5112 
0.4585 
0.:-456 
0.4901 
0.4804 
0.4838 
0.6290 

0.6948 

0.6907 

0.46 

43.04 

0.6079 
0.4538 
0.S433 
0. 4814 
0.4748 
0. 4761 
0.5111 

0.14 
0.13 
0.16 
0.11 
0.15 
0.14 
0.08 

14 

327 
734 
800 
837 

0.5633 

t 

0.4733 
0.4740 
0.  5107 

024 

1055 

0.4020 

0.13 

30.70 

'■  I 

n 


» 


rn 


i  91 


II- 


Vj.- 


¥ 


i\ 


i'i 


li^ 


'     :.f 


; :  ^f  ^ 


"1    11 


v; 


334 


FOREST  TKKES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tadlb  I.— SIMH^IFUl  (JUAVITY,  A8II,  AND  WKIimT  PKR  OUIUC  FOOT' 


H|ii>i'U'ii, 

1 

AHA 
A4} 
M.1 
A«l 
AKl 
741 
WM> 
»(»4» 

IK1,1 

itia 
vm 

lau 

(IA7 
«M 

A70 
710 
711" 
711' 
■713 
71S 
7U 
716 

r» 

30} 

an 

«S1 

1 

1(14 
JOS 

r>3 

777, 

HtnlK. 

l.ocHllty, 

Collrotor. 

8oU. 
Alluvial 

Dlanielrr 

of  Ifl'll, 

til 
nii'toni. 

I.AIINR  or 
niiowTii. 

Hap.     Heart- 
wood,     wowl, 

'MO,  TitxiNlluni  dt  iMvliiini    

AInbiim*     .    . 

Slm^kton 

C.  Molir  

JtaM  (Vt>*'M<      mark  (Vlirnf.     AVil 
0M«  (\fpr*t». 

..  ,lo     

Ulli&<;u.,iinwiiilll. 
...,i|o 

, .  do    

. . .  do 

....do  

...  do 

...  do 

Utllo  Honk 

O.  W.  Lrtteriimu  ... 
...do  

..do   

• 

...Ho 

...do  

...do   

FlorhU 

CliuttiiliooohiMt 

A,  lI.CiirtiM 

0.AI4 

AS 

ago 

l>ei)iirliMeiit  of  Ag- 

rlenltiire. 
...  do 

HtoikloH 

C.Molir 

Allnvlal 

do 

. .  do       

Pnyim  I.«  llnHcry  . . 

Tnliiro  ooHiK.v 

u>   

.    do 

Alluvial 

0»llft>nili» 

..  lUi 

0.  KtiBolinnnn  and 
(•.8.t»»rgi'nt. 

.  ,|o 

/Jl'jJ  iSw, 

..  do 

.tl3     4<<illinlll  •vmiHTTlTOUt 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...  do  

KuhkIhii  rlvor 

SlUltll  t'lHIl 

....do  

C.8.  Saritent 

K^iir\Wi1. 

Turner,      Konnedy 

A  Show. 
....do 

do    

...  do 

Uoiidwiiio  roiinly . . 
do 

J.  Ki<nllleld  &  Co  . . 

..  do    

...do 

do 

do 

..do    

do 

Ao 

S«.  Tuxnii  l>n>Tir«liii 

^trrgnn 

0.  Knizi'lniaiin  nud 
C.  S.l^irgi'nt. 

Moist,  rich 

0.370 

8 

4A 

344.  Tmcu*  FloridMM 

Flat  Creek 

Tut. 

S4.V  Tortvvi*  tavifolU 

do 

Chiit(«liooehe« 

....do  

C.  8.  Sariicnt 

A.  H.  CnrllsH 

Alluvial 



■Sti'nh'iij;  (Vift7r,     jitirin. 

....do 

ClUifornU 

MMuMchniit<tU 

Mirliipui 

...do 

Vennont 

Prnnaylvkoiii  — 
New  Bmnawiok . . 

Caloaroons 

0.284 

0.  itfll 
0.SI0 

13 

30 
10 

78 

7a 

At 

* 
Marin  county 

Arnold  ArlMtretnm  . 

VToodsnm  Hkchtno 

romiNUiy. 
lUriii'v     A     Smiili 

MitnnractiiringCo. 
Charlotte 

Williftiuaport 

t\»;(yirMi.»  \titmfff.    StiHtiitf  CMiir. 
J4T.  Finn*  Stn<bii« ' 

CaSaTiseut 

Prlft 

Whitt  Piiu.     WtfWKmHk  Pint. 

1 

do 

1 

C.G.  PrinRle 

do 

Wet  awamnv 

Interrolonlal     rati-  ' 
way. 

1 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DItY  8PK0IMENS  OF  TIIW  WOODS  OF  Till]  UNITED  STATES— Oontiuuwl. 


335 


HfRI'IKUl  IllUVrrr  HKTItHMIMATIONI. 

A»ll  IIKTKIIMINATIONII, 

Wiilah(,piir 
fliibk)  fimt, 
In  puuiidn 

Koinarki. 

CS.r.3B 

lint. 

0.455U 
U.5I14 
0.  5017 
U.  40X2 
0. 4083 

0. 4in» 

0. 2444 
0. 2302 
r     0. 8442 
0. 4282 
Q.45U0 
0.4112 
0.8800 
0. 4120 
0. 4H78 

(     0. 3204 

(     0.8280 

0  •'524 

0.8788 
0. 4242 
0. 8003 
0. 4012 
0.0015 
0. 0010 
0. 5220 
0.4827 

0.0300 

0.  n:i4o 

0.0034 
0.4728 

t 

0.4823 

0.3040 
0.8481 
0.8400 
0.4880 
0.3000 
0.8000 

Becunil. 

Third. 

0.4511 
II.  6005 
II.M21 
U.  4014 
0. 4857 
0.  4020 

ririt 

0.44 
0.05 
0.60 
0.38 
0.84 
0.27 
O.tfl 
0.55 

C     0.801 
(     0.48> 

0.50 
0.51 
0.30 

(     0.54 

(     0.41 

0.50 

0.12 
0.16 
0.11 
0.14 
0.00 
0.18 
0.17 
0.10 

0.22 

0.20 

1.08 
0.25 

1.27 

0.11 
0.13 
0.22 
0.23 
0.18 

Hwiond. 

Aventjis. 

i 

0. 4442 

0. 4800 
II.  5224 
0.4545 
0.0081 
0.40S4 
0. 2010 
U.  2304 
0.8050 
0. 8705 
0.5022 
0.4380 
0.  8750 
0. 4057 
0.4804 

0.32021 
0.8280 
0. 2523 

0.8005 
0. 4281 
0.4444 
0.4502 
0.2082 
0.  3012 
0. 4714 
0.5181 

0.0553 

0.40 
0,81 
0.52 
0.45 
0.20 
0.80 

0.42 
0.88 
0.50 
0.42 
0.82 
0.82 

tSft 
64» 
54S 

581 
583 
741 

niiiok  oviirnH 

0.  0808 

Wlilt<»  oyproM  Mr*  woort 

lliitt  of  kfidn      

804' 
894* 

Tod  of  knofl  . 

0.  4072 

0, 8805 
0.  4540 
0. 48111 

0.44 

0.50 
0.62 
0.87 

Friini  opiKMlto  iildiMi  of  cfiiitvr  of  trim  noit  to  heart. . 

Next  oil t«ld«  of  |irOG04lliiK 

>Onetrm. 
do 

OiitHldfi  of  truo 

[ 

92a 

0.50 
0.68 
0.07 

0.61/ 
0.88 
0.64 

0.28 
0.10 

0.0482 

Ontaldu  wood ( 

Olio  trcoi  White  oyprvM < 

Iloart-wood >                                                                   ( 

1212 
1213 
121i 

0.4543 

0. 8240 
0. 2524 
0. 2882 

0.42 

27.68 

0.44 
0.57 
0.50 

657 
666 

All  SAII-WOOll                                                      .... 

18.20 

0. 8877 
0.4202 
0.4204 
0. 4737 
0.200U 
0.3011 
0.  4070 
0. 5004 

0.4808 

O.IT 
0.18 
0.11 
0.14 
0.00 
0.17 
0.17 
0.12 

0.14 
0.22 
0.21 

67S 
710 
711' 
711* 

0.11 
0.15 
0.10 
0.18 

0.22 

0.22 

1.88 
0.21 

•1.40 

0.10 
0.17 
0.20 
0.21 

(1.12 

712 
713 
714 
715 

0.6230 

26.22 
89.83 

0.0801 
0.0340 

078 

89.51 

305 

0.53e» 
0.4447 

0.4006 

0. 4100 
0.3450 
0.8418 
0.6401 
0. 8850 
0.3140 

0. 5702 
0.4D88 

1.23 
0.23 

62 

277 

C  M45 

0.78 

82.06 

0.4760 

1.84 

0.15 
0.18 
0.21 
0.22 
0.15 
0.26 

20.66 

651 

0.4020 
0. 3470 
0.3400 
0.5070 
0. 8770 
0.  8373 

1 

164 

208 

222 

723 

0.23            0.30 

1 



777 



m 


if 

~ 

'/ 

ijr 

■ 

R     i' 


I' 

(■1  "s 


t 


I 


1      ■  '■" 

1^^ 

--   •■    -  - 

-« f 

■ 

r 

44 

til  -■-'-'■ 

■  '■ 

■r    -i 

1f"it 

BjB    ' 

♦  ^ 

»Ji^  !    ,      "( 

r! 

^i]'-' 

i ' 

3 

1 

I 

% 

- 

336 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tadlb  I— specific  QltAVlTY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


8pMl«a. 


M7.  I'lnui  Htrobun— ooatinntd . 


1M8.  IMimR  niontlroU . 
irAi(«  IHn*. 


Mil,  IMiiiiii  I.nniliorllMi* . 


i 


3A0.  I'iniM  llcxtlia 


sni.  I'iniiH  nibicsiilta  . 


»7ii«  Vint. 


353.  IMduh  rurrvnn* 

l\Htm.    .V«<  I'in*. 


788 
788 

7»7 


»7» 
»I17 


038 
008 
730 


81B 
813 


ma 

507 
602 
601 


600 


Htnlo. 


New  llruimwlvk . 

I'rnvliioo  <if  Quo- 

Imhv 
...«1.> 


Murai'liiiiiettit 


HiitlahCulunilitn  . 
Uregou 


raltrdrnln. 
...do 


....do. 


Colonulo. 
Nevada... 


British  Colunililn 


Arizoua 

Now  Mo&tco, 
Arizona ...    . 


Looallty. 


Ilrldgot^iii 
AniquI  — 


ItMMllUit  . 


IIiintliiK'n  HAW. mill, 

llinrHril  liilot. 
Uaacado  iuoiuiIaIdr 


Haw.inlll,       Straw, 
borry  valley. 


LoMoii's  peak . 


ForiwtClt.T.... 
Monitor  mngo 


Colleotor. 


Bd.  SInoliilr 
A.tirant  ... 


B«U. 


Umnk  Trunk  rail 

way. 
J.Uobluaou Drift. 


().  RnKolniiinn  and 

C.  S.  HarKont. 
0.  H.  Hargent 


O.  Rnitolniann  wid 

C.  8.nar)(«nt. 
G.R  Vaaoy 


Hotatloam. 


Siorra  liUmlier  Com. 
pnny,  8au  Fran, 
oiaco. 


T.  S.  HrawU'geo 
A.  Triple 


:t.'t4.  I'iiiiin  combroidrs 12°J0 

Kut  l\nt. 


:i.'w.  Pinna  cdulis 

l\Hon.  A'tttiNiM. 


3J0.  Pinna  monimhy  11a... 
i*iAon.    A  lit  Pin*. 


857.  Pinna  Balfonriaoa . 


357.  Pinna  Balibutiana.  ear.  sristat*  . 
Foxtail  Pine.    Oiekory  IHn*. 


358.  Pinua  reaiuoM 

JUd  Pine.    Jforteay  Pine. 


;i97 
S2:i 

882 
881 

too 

SIS 


577 
631 


821 
814 


C'aliAirola. 


Arituna  . 


Colorado . 


Eaatom  Arliona. 
Utah    


Silver  Monntnin  vnl- 
loy,  I''riiBi>r  river. 

Siinta  Itltu  mount- 

aina. 
PinoR  AltoH  mount- 

iilns. 
Sautu  Kit  a  mount- 

aluf. 


Sap  DIugo  oouuty. . 


Santa         <'i>.tilina 
mountain'^ 


CaOon  City  . 


San  Frsnoisoo  mount- 

aina. 
Lowiaton 


Eaatem  Ariiona. .  San  Franoiaoo  mount- 
ains. 
California. 

Nevada .... 


California . 


Colorado. 
Nevada . . 


184    I  Michigan . 


Danville . 


Scott  mouDtaina . 


ForeatCity 

Prospect  mountain . 


Q.  Rnuelniaun  and 
('.  H.  Saritent. 


...do 

K.  h.  Greene  - 


O.  Bngehnann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


a.  K.  Vaaey . . 
C.O.Pringle. 
£.  Weston  - . . 


K.  L.  Dreenu  . 
M.  £.  Jones . . 
B.L.  Greene  . 


Department  of  Ag- 

noultnro. 
A.  Triple 


O.  Bngehnann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


T.  S.  Uiandegee. 
A.  Triple 


Barney     &     Smith  I  K.  R.  Bai  uey . 
IIanufacturinv;Co. 


Omvelly. 
...do... 


Kocky. 


Gravelly . 


...do.. 
Kocky. 


Gnvelly. 


Rocky. 


Kooky. 


Lhuneter 
oftrae, 

In 
mrtont. 


0.315 


0.502 


0.484 


0.284 


LATIMOr 

oiowm. 


Bap- 
wood. 


15 


38 


50 


0.104 


0.308 


0.450 


IS 


76 


44 


BmH- 
wood. 


18 


120 


100 


7S 


308 


138 


1« 


100 


70 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  HPPCTMENS  OF  TDK  WOODS  OF  THF  UNITED  STATES— Coiitinuojl. 


007 
00  t 


m'Koivic  anAviTY  oktibminatioiiii. 


First. 


0.8001 
0. 8024 
0.800S 
0.8003 


0. 4201 
0.8084 


0.4000 
0. 8782 
0.  3IS3 


0.4065 
0.420S 


0. 4238 

0. 4720 
0. 40X0 
0.4869 


0. 5028 

0. 6005 

0.  S8i;i 

O.UOOO 
0. 4400 
0.0140 
0.  571,'i 
0.  SS85 


0. 6134 
0.6680 


0.4007 
0.  OUO 


0. 4872 


Bccnnil.         ThInI 


0.8070 
0.8403 
0.8725 
0.  8613 


0. 4102 
0.3664 


0.  4014 
0.3880 
0.  3201 


0. 40H1 


0.4007 

0.6263 
0. 4001 
0. 4000 


0.  6721 


0.  0330 


0.  ittm 
0.  4844 
0.  7017 
0.  5230 


0.5319 


0.4838 


0.  34)18 


0. 4620 


0.  6062  j 
0. 4847 ! 


0.  6400  0.  6273 

0.  .'>47a 


0.4671 


A  vrrn^o. 


0.8080 
0. 3543 
0.UHI6 
0.  ;i485 


0. 3854 

0. 4197 
0.30M) 

(1. 30U8 

0.4040 
().  3H36 
0.3177 

0.3684 

0.  4.107 
0. 42U0 

0.4358 
0.4105 

0.4071 
0. 4783 
0.4877 

0. 6075 
0.  ( 612 


0.  0388 

0.  67S1 
0.  4.172 
0.  0878 
0.  6-173 
0.  6.185 

0.6608 
0.5431 


0.4000 
0. 0140 

0.6572 
0.4856 


22  FOB 


AMI  1) 

l-lrnt. 

RTKItUINA'l 

lOM. 
AvornRo. 

0.20 
0.10 
0.81 
0.13 

0.10 

0.27 
0.18 

0.23 

0.17 

0.27 
0.  23 

0.22 

0.20 
0.85 

0.28 

W^'l^l^t,^le^ 
nlhlr  luni, 

III  pOllllllH 

(uvi'iaKi'). 

Itamarks. 

1 

a 
'J 

0. 20 

788 

0.  10 

0.10 
0.22 
0.  13 

U.28 
0.  21 

0.10 
0.  26 
0.  24 

0.20 

780 

0. 21 

707 

0. 10 

1044 

24.02 

0.20 

075 

0  15 

CiltntA  800  fraf  rlrTktl'i 

887 

0. 17 

24.36 

638 

0  ''O 

668 

0  1!2 

730 

0.20 
0  35 

22.  OS 

Si'nniiil  up.  ut.  (Iptorminttionmnileon  up-wood.  Cat  at  elevation 

of  10,000  t'oct. 
Alliiap.wooil 

819 
013 

0.23 

0.  21 1 
0.  20  ) 
0.27 

27. 16 
26.00 

0.30 

0.27 

0.24 
0.28 
0.20 

0.64 
0.00 

003 

^      0. 24 

\     0. 27 

0.30 

FInit  ap.  gr.  determinntlon  mado  on  aap-wood i 

607 

•03 

001 

0.64 

30.30 
35.87 
40.58 
30.81 

em 

0.88 

0.02 

0.08 

II.  05 
0.77 
0.72 
0.70 

1226 

0.  .17 

0.02 

0.71 
0.72 
0.72 
0.83 
0.41 

0.68 
0.40 

0.18 
0.42 

307 

0.78 

823 

0.07 



883 

0.72 
0.  HO 

ftcooud  sp.  i;r.  npccimen  waa  vor;  realnoaa 

891 
000 

0.41 

915 

(     0.41 

0.411 
0.  42  ) 

0.18 

85.20 
33.80 

677 

(     0.38 
0.18 

631 
821 

0.42 

014 

0.18 

0.23 

0.30 
0.20 

34  72 

104 

i  k  i 


ii!'   ( 


K  : 


IfT 


m 


ii 


i>.f 


333 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
taulk  1.— specific  gravity,  ash,  and  weight  pee  cubic  foot 


Spoolc«. 

i 

B 
g 

s 

1 

815 
413 
770 
785 
1074 
1075 
1076 

000 

1144 
1164 
115A 
1156 

610 
020 
630 
6;i2 
63n 
689 
718 
731 
007 
010 
1007 

578 
633 
667 

503 
664 

907 

293 
563 

a» 

571 
044 

Rtatp. 

Locality. 

Collm*t4)r. 

Soil. 

Dinmotor 
of  trcu, 

in 
melora. 

I.ATKM  OP 
OKOWTII. 

Sop- 
WOO<l. 

Heart- 
wood. 

Iloraoy 

ClmrloUo 

W.  J  Itoal 

(Mi.Prin^lo 

IntoHMdonial     rail. 

way. 
Ed.  Sinclair 

Clay 

Nkw  Bninntli'k . . 
....(to 

C.  (!.  rringlo 

....do  

....do  

..  do 

....,lo 

...  do 

do 

CnUfoniia  

AriEouA 

S«n  I)i»KO  connty . . 

Snnt4t   Kita  nionnt- 
...do 

G.  Engvlmann 

C.  O.  IMInRle 

....do  

0.234 

R! 

8 

360.  Pinns  Arlxonica 

Rooky 

XeUouf  l\i%4. 

....do    

..do 

....do  

...do 

do 

....do 

....do  

...  do 

...do  

....do  

Ml<  Plnnd  pondoroBA 

Ditkittn    

Hobort'  Dnufcloa 

(i.  Kn^clnnuin  and 
(-.  S.  Sar;;t'ut. 
.  *lo 

TtUowi-iiw.    SMPint. 

Ori'>:on 

I'alifornin 

Siiw-niiil,  A»liland.. 
Striiwln-rr.v  volley  .. 
...do       

Low,  wet,  swampy 

..do       

. .  do 

Snwmlll,  AbIiIiuhI.. 

Siiw-iiiill.  Snu   Hor- 

n^inlinii. 
Siiwniill,  Mlsaonln.. 

I,;tr(*i'ii'B  \wt\k 

CaflonCily 

.  d.« 

....do 

C«lifi>nii!»  

Montana 

CttlifoMllil . 

\V.  0.  Wrixlit 

8.  Wtttflon 

Siprra  (.timber  Com- 
pany. 

do    

..do 

CnUfonilij 

....do.  

.  do 

Saw-mill.  Sun  Ber- 
n.irillno. 

Scott  monntalns  ... 
do 

\V.  O.  Wright 

U.  Kopclninnn  and 
0.  S.  Sarucut. 

LuUl'iiu.    Blaekl'ine. 

do 

Cftliforaia 

S.i\v.niill.  San  Ilvr- 
niinlino. 

Siintn   Kita  ninnnt- 
11  ins. 
do 

3E3.  Piiim  Chilmahiuuia 

G.  Knucltniinu  and 
('.  S.  Sartjciit. 
..ilu         

Dry,  gravelly 

...do 

0.510 

102 

53 

...  do 

BritlMiColumbia.. 

Vanrouvcr'H  littanci 
K»n>Bf  City 

G.  Kn^'dniann  and 
C.  S.  Sarcunt. 

T.  S.  Ilnindn).'eei  . . . 
C.  S.  Sar);ent      .  ... 

....do  

Scrub  }\nt. 

Moiat,  Bandy  loam, 
do    

0.280 

43 

28 

Tnmnraek. '   Jtlaek  Pint.     Lodgt-poU 
i1n«.    Spnut  Pint. 

...do 

California 

do 

do    

Srott  nionntalnii 

O.  KoKi'lniann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

O.  K.  Vosey 

do 

8M.  PinliA  SflhiniRnn                          -- 

Digiltr  Pin*.    B\M  Pin*. 

do 

Coutra  Co8la  county 

...,do  

Qravelly 

OiBia 

43 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OP  TUB  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Coutinued. 


339 


U'KCIFIO  ORAVITt  UBTSUHIHATIONS. 


Tint. 


O.MSO 
0.S121 
0.4SB5 
0.42S0 
0.4GS7 
O.iSSl 
0.4893 


0.4050 


0.5300 

0.5070 

0.S000 

0.7844 

0.4507 

0.4204 

0.4108 

0.8804 

0. 4r>«i 

0.  4085 
0.5083 


O.V>84 
0.  !>Vit 

0.  .'>700 

0.3560 
0. 42D1 
0. 4204 


0. 4.VJ8 
0.4088 


Second. 


0.5410 
0.4537 
0.4011 
0.4031 
0. 4762 
0. 40'.>2 
0.4583 


0.61  IB 


0.4877 

0. 4813 

0.45r)2 

0.4410 

0. 4571 

0. 4153 

0. 6204 

0.6350 

0.4184 

0.4210 

0. 6144 

0. 5205 

0.  .1973 

0. 4470 

0. 4284 

0. 4437 

0.  4«7fl 

0.  530,'> 

0.4370 

0.  un 

0. 5.131 

0.  6412 

0.4520 
0.5075 
0.  5374 


u.  6780  1 
0.  !J230  ) 

0.5085 

0.  3.'.61 
0. 4307 
0.4711 


0.  4.131 
0. 5313 


Third. 


0. 5227 
0.4845 
0.4868 


0.4800 


0.4011 


AvoraKO. 


0.5433 
0. 4820 
0. 4733 
0.  4441 
0.  4800 
0.4809 
0. 4777 

0.4864 
0.4870 

0.5230 
0.0415 
0.4461 
0. 4016 

0.5038 


0.4845 
0. 4485 
U.  43C3 
0.  6307 
0.  4312 
«.  5204 
0.  422.'> 
0.  43IM 
0.4000 
0.4417 
fl.  6406 

0. 4715 


ABII  UXTEUMIMATIOMH. 


0.5760 


0. 4785 
0.5638 

0.6200 

.  i        0.  .14,'->7 

0.  ,'>816 

0.3551 

0. 4270 
0. 4467 

0.40BS 

U.  4.130 
a  5160 

0.  4840 


KIriit 


0. 20 
0.34 
0.38 
0.30 
0.28 
0.20 
0.24 


0.14 
0.21 
0.10 
0.25 


0.27 
0.3a 
0.38 
0.31 
0.34 
0.23 
0.40 
0.  38 
0.  58 
0. 45 
fl.  30 


0.22 
fl.  33 
0.20 


(     0. 37 
\     0.41 

0.21 

0.30 
0.38 
0.37 


0.43 
0.40 


Soonnd. 


Average. 


0.24 
0.24 
0.30 
0..14 
0.27 
0.39 
0.31 


0.33 

0.15 
0.30 
0.30 
0.34 


0.36 
0.41 
0.30 
0.30 
0.43 
0.33 
0..3fi 
0.25 
0.40 
0.  4.1 
0.33 


0.20 
fl.  3li 
0.24 


0.371 
0.40) 

0.16 

0.30 
0.  36 
a  37 


0.41 

0.36 


0.32 
0.34 
0.30 
0.37 
0.37 
0.38 
0.28 

0.27 


0.86 

0.14 
0.20 
0.23 
0.24 

0.20 

0.27 
0.40 
0.37 
0.30 
0.39 
0.23 
0.38 
U.27 
0.40 
U.  45 
0.32 

0.36 


WrlL'hl.piT 
cubic  flMit, 
ill  potiii(U 
(uverikKe). 


80.26 


80.40 


KoiDftrki. 


All  HHp.WIKid  . 

All  mtp-wood  . 


All  anp-wootl 

FIihI,  mill  tliiriUp.  Rr.  ilrtnrmiimUoim  mniln  on  0.6  unp-wofldi 
Hiiroiiil  Hp.  f;i'.  (loti'riiiiiiullnii  niiiiloou  Hiip-wooil, 

Soriiiiil  np.  Ill',  di'liiniiliintion  niwlnoii  0.5  hap-wood;  third  ip. 
gr.  iliitDrniiniiUuii  niodii  ou  nap-wood. 


FIrat  aud  Bocond  up.  gr.  determliiBtions  made  on  sap-wood  . 


Second  ep.  gr    i.fjluinii  y<  ry  roalnons. 


31.40 


0.26 
0.27 

0.20 

0.  39 

0.19 

0.33 
0.36 
0.37 

0.32 

0.42 
0.37 


20.46 


32.44 


All  »»p.wood  . 
All  wip-wood  . 
All  aap-wood  . 
All  tiiip-wuod  . 


All  Hitp-wond  . 
All  Hiip-woiid  . 
All  Http-wuoil  . 

All  Hiip-WIIOll 


wtiii'  tree.    r'uui'tliiip-Kr.detamitnatlonn>aduou0.5Hap-n'iioil.  < 


All  Hup-woixl  . 


36.34 


Olio  tree . 


2S.t>8 


30.10 


All  imp-wood  . 
All  KBp-wood  . 


315 
413 

770 
78S 
1074 
1075 
1070 


1144 
1154 
11.15 
11.10 


019 
020 
030 

fl:)3 
n.'iii 

OHO 
7IH 
7.11 
907 
910 
1007 


.1TH 

firi 

007 


.1!I3 
004 

907 

203 
.Wl 
Oil 


,171 
644 


i-m 


>M  i 


_^ u 


!! 

1 

\  ' 

1 

m 


l-rr 


i^i 


340 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASE,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Speolea. 


867.  Pinii8  Coulteri. 


368.  Pinna  InBlRnls . . . 
Monterey  Pine. 


300.  Finns  tnbercnlata . 
Knobcon4  IHnt. 


370.  PlnnsTsecla 

Loblolly  Htm.    Old-JMd  Pint.    Bote- 
maty  Pitn. 


VII.  Finns  rigid*.. 
PiUhPint. 


372.  Finns  serotina. 
Potui  Pine. 


373.  Pinusinoiis 021 

Jertey  Pint.    Serub  Pin*. 

022 

1109 

1172 


374.  Finns  riaiisii 279 

HandlHne.  Scrub  Pitu.    SpruetPitte.  ; 


375.  Finns  pnnscns '      321 

Table-mountain  Pine,    nickory  Pine,    i 

390 


I 


1157 


070 


670 


356 


13 
1040 


370.  Finns  ntnrjr.ita 

Obi6i>'i  I'ine.    llilhop't  Pitie. 


377.  FiniiR  niitis 

Irlli/w     I'ine.       Short-leaved     Pitie. 
Spruce  Pine.     Bull  Pine. 


878.  l»inns  ulnliia 

OdarPine.  Sprue*  Pine.   WhittPine. 


071 


278 
310 
667 
668 
669 


142 
644 
7M 


State. 


California . 


..do. 
..do. 


Locality. 


Collector. 


San  Boronrdino ;  W.  G.  Wrigljt . 


Monterey G.  R.  Vasoy 

'enartmcn( 
ricultui'o. 


SoU. 


Dry,  gravelly . . 
Gravelly  loam  . 


Department  of  Ag- 
■Ici  ■■ 


.do MonntSliasta 


Duval  connty. 
Cottage  UiU . . 


Florida 

Alabama 

North  Carolina  . . . !  'Wilmington 
...do do 


Massacbnsetts. 
...do 


Florida . 


South  Carolina... 

...do  

Indiana 

New  Jersey 


G.  Engelniann  and  ,  Gravelly. 

C.  S.  Sargent.  ! 


A.  n.  Curtiss ''  Moist,  sandy. 

C.  Mohr j  IjOW,  rich 

Edward  Kidder i  Loam 

...do do 


Arnold  Arboretum. .   C.  S.  Sargent . 
North  Heading '  J.  Robinson . . . 


Duval  county ;  A.  U.  Curtiss 

i 

Aiken ^  II.  W.  Ravenol . . 

do I do 

New  Albany . . . 
Mount  Holly. . . 


M.  J.  Robinson . 
S.  P.  Sharpies  .. 


Florida j  Apalachicola [  A.  H,  Curtiss 


Virginia Wythoville 


n.  Sliriver . 


Pennsylvania Coleraiu  Forge J.  R.  Lowrie. 


California Marin  county G.  K.  Vasoy  . 


Drift. 
...do. 


I       LATBBI  OF 

Diameter;       qbowth. 
of  tree,   ' 

in       |— i -■ 

meters.       gap.    I  Heart- 
wood.  I  wood. 


0.644 


0.418 


0.034 


a.  267 
0.230 


Moist,  sandy  loam.       0.312 


Dry,  sandy  . 
...do 


0.206 
0.104 


Dry,  sandy  barrens      0. 238 


Clay . 
Slate.. 


Gravelly . 


Florida Chattahoochee A.  II.  Curtiss. 


Clay. 


Louisiana Amite C.  Mohr Sandy  loam . 


Arl<nns»s Texarl<ana F.  L.  Harvey ' — do  . 

...do do do ' do  . 

...do —  do do do  . 


Soiitli  Carolina  . . .    linnueau's  Dupot 

Mississippi Gaiiiosvilli' 

Florida Cliattahoochee 


II.  W.  Ravenol.. 

O.Molir 

A.  U.  Curtiss... 


Ricli  upland  . 
Low,  sandy  . . 
Low,  wot   .., 


0.264 
0.010 


0.243 


0.015 


»5 


35 


27 


21 
20 


8 
28 


20 
14 


29 


33 


18 


15 
8 


19 


42 
84 


86 


36 


'tl 


18 


16 
8 


19 


42 
34 


36 


36 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DKY  SPECIMENS  OP  THE  TVOOD3  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Coutiuued. 


341 


BFKCI 

First. 

no  OIIAVIIT  OE.riBMIXATIOKB. 

ABH  DBTKBHDfATIOini. 

■Woicht,  per 
cubVo  foot, 
in  pounds 
(average). 

Remarks. 

i 

B 

a 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

Firat. 

Second. 

Average. ! 

a 

0.4272 

0.4052 
0.4082 

0.3460 

0.  5010 
0.  5788 
0.6458 
0.  5045 

0.  5507 
(     0. 4065 
(     0.4131 

0.7004 

0.4005 
0.5571 
0. 5140 
0. 6778 

0.4696 

0. 6236 
0  4861 

0.5054 

0.3004 

0.6244 
0. 4018 

0. 3529 

0.5009 
':  5400 
0.  5C51 
0.4896 

0.5669 

0.4154^ 

0.0323) 

0.7031 

0.4830 
0.6680 
0. 4003 
0.5841 

0.6456 

0.5050 
0.4002 

0. 4831 

0.  4650 
0.7500 
0.6129 
0. 7232 
0.4689 

0.4236 
0. 8741 
0.4003 

0.4133    ! 

1 
0  ."^OOS 

0.34 

0.25 
0.34 

0.36 

0.20 
0.-J5 
0.  28 
0.27 

0.19 
(     0.82 

(    o.ioj 

0.15 

0.24 
0.32 
0.32 
0.29 

0.30 

0.30 
0. 24 

0.Z6 

a  35 

0.  22 
0. 23 
0.33 
0.32 

0.40 
0.63 
0.8S 

1 

0.40 

0.20 
0.37 

0.30 

0.29 
0.26 
0.26 
0.23 

0.21 

0.37    ' 

25.76 

1157 

0.23    ; 
0.36 

676 

0  4060 

1 
1 

890 

1 

0.4574    1 

1 

1 

0.80    1 
0.33 

28.60 
21.81 

0.3499 

1 

678 

i 
0.  6000 

0.  5027 

0.  555B 

0.4971     1 

0.5441 

1 
0.27 
0.26 
0.27     ' 
0.26 

0.26 

0.20 

0.26 

83 

1 

355 





388 

889 

33.91 

All  sap-wood  

i  First  Hp.  f^r.  detprniinntion  made  on  anp-wood ;  second  and 
^     third  ftp.  nr.  deterniiiiationH  made  on  O.S  »ap-wood.    Fourth 
(     8p.  gr.  Bpccimen  very  rosinous. 

0.5033 
0.  4008 

0. 6151 
0. 7042 

13 

1046 

0.7900 

0.18 

0.27 
0.31 
0.23 
0.34 

0.31 

0.30 
0.22 

0.25 
0.35 

1 
0. 23     1         32. 10 

0.17 

0.26 
0.32 
0.2H 
0.32 

49.49 

83 

0.4867 

021 

0.  5020 

ft.  .fKTfi 

623 

1160 

0. 6991    '       (1.  .'i87a 

1173 



0.5309 

0.80 

33.00 

0.  5.-)70 

0. 5143 

0. 4727 

0.81 

0.30 
0.23 

a  27 

0.20 
0.35 

347S 

270 

321 



896 

0.4935 

!          80. 7S 

t 

0.4042 

30.80 

671 

0.  .'i-30 

■ 
0. 5144 
0. 7333 

' 

278 

(1.  7008 

0.22    '        0.22 

! 

310 

0  6086 
0. 7262 
0.4689 

0.4368 
0.8232 
0.4018 

1 

0.  6107 
0. 7247 

0.17 
0.31 
0.41 

0.81 
0.44 

ass 

0.^0 
0.32 
0.37 

0.20 

0.50 
0.40 
0.35 

567 



j 

668 

0.4680 
0.6104 

550 

1         38.04 

1 

0.4297 
0. 8487 
0. 4010 

142 

644 

764 

o.as3i 

0.48 

34.80 

■ 


If 


I 


\ 


I   .- 


i 


f 


It      1 


im:: 

■'Or    ^ 

§■ 


!■:  '■•; 


I  : 


1': 


'm^. 


342 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 


370.  PinnB  Banksiana 

Oraj/Pine.  ScrvbPiTU.  Prinee'iPine. 


PiBiis  palnPtriB 

Lonu-leaved  Pine.  Southern  Pine, 
Georgia  Pine,  Yellow  Pine.  Hard 
Pine. 


382.  Plce.i  iiijira 

Elack  Upruee. 


383.  PIcpnnlhs 

White  Sprttee. 


884.  FirpA  Kncelroamd . 
While  Spruee. 


304 
780 
870 


81 
85 
172 
243 
302 
357 
358 
350 
360 
381 
384 
385 
300 
562 
1006 


881.  PliTOB  Cnlienais !       8t 

Bunh  Pine.     Smamp  Pint.     Baetard 
Pine.    Meadow  Pine.  356 

403 


100 
231 
373 
776 
704 


613 
020 
773 
784 
701 


202 
876 
822 
809 
905 


State. 


Ulcliigan 

New  Brunswick  . 
...do 


Locality. 


Baldwin . 


Barney     &     Smith 

Maiiiifactiiriii};C'o 

Saw  inilt,  Saiut 

Johu'a  river, 
Aiki'U 


Florida Dnvnl  connty 

— do \ do 

llissisflippi 

Florida 

South  Carolina 

.Alabama Cottaso  llill . 

.  -  do Citrouelle  . 

■     do Chunrhula. 

— do do  . 

—  do do  . 


Florida '  Sawmill,        Cedar 

Keys. 
...do do 


North  Carolina . 


"Wilmington  . . 
Texas !  Sabine  county 


Alabama Mobile 


FIoi  ilia Duval  county . 

Alabama Cottage  Hill . . 

Florida BayBiacayne. 


Vemiimt Charlotte 


...do 

do 

New  Brunswick.. 
I'ruvince  Quebea  . 
New  Brunswick  . . 


New  nampshire . . 

Dakota    

New  Brunswick 
..  do 


...do  

Iliintingdon  ... 
Bay  of  Fundy  . 
Danvillo  . . .  . 
Brldgeton 


Province  of  Qne. 
hcc. 


Colorado. 
....do... 

...do  ... 
...do.... 

UUh  .... 


Collector. 


W.  J.  Beal. 


Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 
do 


Soa 


Low,  sandy. 


I 
A.  H.  Curtiss |  Sandy  loam . . 

do Moist,  sandy. 

E.  E.  Barney 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

H.^W.  Ravenol..., 

C.  Mohr , 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do  

A.  H.  Curtiss 

..do 

E.  Kidder 

G.  W.  Lotterman. 

C.Mohr 


A.  H.  Curtiss  . 

C.Mohr 

A.  II.  Curtiss  . 


Sandy  loam. 

...do  

...do 

...do 

..do 

..do 


Moist,  sandy  . 

...do 

Coral 


C.O.Prlngle i  Gravelly... 

do '  Cold,  peaty. 

Gravelly  ... 


.do  . 


Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 

Griin'd  Trunk  rail- 
way. 

Ed.  Sinclair 


St  nil  ford CO.  Pringle. 

Teiry's  peak j  Eobt rt  Dougia 


Bay  of  tMndy '  Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 

Bridgeton !  Ed.  iiiinclair 

I 
Amqn; A.Grant 


Forest  City j  T.  S.  Brandegee  . 

...do C.  S.  Sargent.... 

...do T.  S.  Brandegee  . 


De])ar(  ment  (ff  Affri. 

culture. 
...  do 


Gravelly . 


Damp  . 
Peaty. 
...do. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 


0.353 
0.355 


0.326 


0.186 


LATBRS  0» 
OBOWTU. 


Sap- 
wood. 


25 
46 


58 


10 


0.320 


0.318 


45 


Eewt- 
wood. 


119 
51 


60 


22 


76 


71 


i 


m 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


343 


iiii 


1 

BPECIFIO  GBAVl'l'X  DETSBMINATIONB.               \ 

i 

AHR  DETEBUINATIOXB. 

Weight  por 
cable  foot, 
in  iionude 
(average). 

Bemarks. 

1 

First 

Second. 

Third. 

Average. 

First 

Second. 

Average. 

0.4622 

0.4965 
0.4588 
0.5065 

0.7284 

0.4794 
0.4588 
0.4900 

0.28 
0.20 
0.19 

0.26 
0.16 
0.26 
0.28 
0.39 
0.27 
0.28 
0.15 
0.21 
'    0.23 
0.32 
0.28 
0.29 
0.17 
0.19 

0.31 
0.16 
0.30 

0.23 
0.25 
0.29 
0.29 
0.29 
0.38 

0.26 
0.42 
0.34 
0.32 
0.24 

0.30 
0.  35 
0.29 
0.32 
0.43 

0.33 
0.10 
0.18 

0.26 
0.17 
0.26 
0.21 
0.24 
0.27 
0.20 
0.16 

0.30 
0.20 
0.19 

391 

San-wood..-- — ---.  -  --.-.------------..-    - -... 

780 

0.4778 

0.7551 
0. 7117 
0.6027 
0. 7509 
0.01S9 
0.6602 
0.8052 
0.  S509 
0.0673 
0.7500 
0.0163 
0.6549 
0.4002 
0.7744 
0.6415 

0. 6533 
0.7881 
0.8529 

0.4576 
0.  5289 
0. 4285 
0. 4730 
0.4U6S 
0.4830 

0. 4074 
0.3818 
0. 4231 
0.  3800 
0.  3737 

0. 3630 
0.3305 
0.3507 
0.  8717 
0.  3105 

0.4857 

879 

0.4761 

0.2? 

29.67 

0. 7418 
0.7117 
0.6950 
0.7109 
0.5603 
0.6609 
0.8989 
0. 8479 
0.7294 
0.7663 
0.6938 
0. 6236 
0. 5731 
0.7245 
0.6453 

0.26 
0.17 
0.26 
0.25 
0.31 
0.27 
0.24 
0.16 
0.21 
0.23 
0.32 
0.28 
0.32 
0.18 
0.22 

0.25 

81 

85 

0.6974 
0.6829 
0.5101 
0.6616 
0. 9325 
0.8450 
0.  7914 
0. 7736 
0. 5714 
0. 5924 
0. 6186 
0.0745 
0.6490 

0.6506 
0.7340 
0.8389 

0.4715 
0.  6256 
0.4486 
0. 4593 
0.4290 
0.  4U98 

0. 4194 
C.4034 
0.4375 
0.4188 
0.4020 

0. 3551 
0.3217 
0.3.-.28 
0. 3726 
0.3137 

172 

243 

302 

357 

Boxed  for  tarpentlne,  1852 ;  chipped  10  years ;  abandoned,  1861 . 

Boxed  for  tnrpentine,  1876 ;  chipped  4  years ;  specimen  taken 

almiff  chip. 
B(».  u<l  for  tnrpentine,  1876 ;  chipped  4  years ;  specimen  talcen 

above  cliip. 

353 

359 

360 

0.23 
0.32 
0.28 
0.34 
0.18 
0.26 

0.31 
0.15 
0.31 

0.17 
0.27 
0.29 
0.27 
0.25 
0.28 

0.21 
0.38 
0.38 
0.31 
0.29 

0.29 
6  35 
0.24 
0.33 
0.20 

361 

384 

383 

0.6413 

390 

562 

Tree  boxed  for  tnmentine  18  or  20  vears affo.  -- 

1096 

0.6099 

43.62 

0.6520 
0. 7011 
0.8379 

0.31 
0.16 
0.31 

84 

366 

a  8220 

'93 

[P.  mbral 

0.7504 

0.20 

0.20 
0.26 
0.29 
0.28 
0.27 
0.33 

0.27 

46.76 

0.4646 
0.5272 
0.4386 
0.4002 
0.4087 
0. 4451 

109 

231 

[P.  TOhraJ ~ 

373 

776 

0.3907 
0.4425 

704 

880 

0. 4584 

28.57 

0.4134 
0.3941 
0.4303 
0.3999 
0. 3879 

0.24 
0.40 
0..3fl 
0. 32 
0.27 

513 

020 

773 

784 

701 

0.4051 

0.32 

0.33 
0.36 
0.27 
0.33 

o.;t4 

0.32 

26.25 

0.  3.'i31 
0. 3291 
0. 3518 
0. 3721 
0.  3160 

202 

675 

822 

899 

90S 

0.3449 

21.40 

w    ?j 

I 


■if;. 


lii         If 


aU' 


i| 


m 

r    ..    • 

1- 

I 

'■  i^  :l 

f?1 

i.-?   It: 


!:■ 


1 1! 


■%' 


Hi 

■;l 

It 


U4 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  L— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


Species. 

1 

State. 

Locality. 

Colleotor. 

Soil. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters. 

LATIBSOV 
OBOWTH. 

wood. 

Heart- 
wood. 

209 
270 
901 
900 

970 

977 

1016 

1019 

1026 

S 
219 
726 
772 
775 
778 
787 
793 
817 
1040 
1042 

623 

971 
995 

980 

271 
827 
702 
704 
705 
706 
T08 
709 
730 
732 
881 
973 
974 
980 
980 

T.  S.  Brandegee  .... 
....do  

While  Spnut.    Situ  Bpnut, 

...  do 

....do  

....do  

....do  

Department  of  Agri- 
culture, 
do .             

Utah 

180.  Pioea  SitoheiulB        

Alaska 

Sitka            

Fanl  Sohnltze     .... 

Tid^iand  Bpnut, 

Sritisli  Colombia . 

Saw.niill,     Barrard 

inlet. 
WcidUr'.sniUl,  Port- 

lunil. 
Saw-mill,  Astoria 

O.  Engolmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent 

....do 

....do 

do 

Portland  Famitnre 
Company. 

Arnold  Arborotam. . 
Charlotte  

....do  

Wl.  Tunra Caiuilfniila  ........>.■■■>■. 

Massacbusette 

Vermont - . 

C.S.Sargent 

C.  G.  Pringle 

.  do               

Drift 

0.382 

87 

67 

mmlo«t. 

Gravelly 

remisylyania 

Now  Brunswick . . 

"WiUiamaport   

Damn 

Intercolonial     rail- 
way. 

...do 

....do  

do 

....do  

Province  Qaobeo  . 
West  Virginia ... 
Uassachasetts.... 
...do  

Danville 

Grand  Trunk  rail- 
way. 
C.  G.  Pringle 

J.  Robinson 

....do  

Moist,  loam 

0.230 
0.260 

0.228 

28 
16 

61 

02 

83 

14 

North  Beading 

North  Carolina... 

Washington  terri- 
tory. 
Alaska 

Eendersonville 

Wilkeson 

A.  H.  CnrUss 

G.  En^ielmaiin  and 
C.  S.  Saruent 

Dry.rocky 

Rich  loam 

Hemlock. 
889.  TROffo  MpftenslAiiA..... 

Hemloek. 

Sitka 

Britisli  Colambia . 
Colorado 

Silver    peak,    near 
Fruscr  river. 

Aloine 

O.  Eiigelmann  and 
C.  a  Sargent. 

T.  S.  Brandegee 

G.  EriKi'lmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
do 

SOI.  PsoudotHnga  DonglasU 

Ktd  Fir.    raUoto  Fbr.    Ongcn  Pine. 
OotigtaiFir. 

1 

Moist 

0.270 

40 

166 

California 

Oregon 

Saw-niill.Stiawherry 

valley. 
Saw-mill,  Marshfield 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do  

do 

E.   B.   Dean's  saw- 
mill, Marshfield. 
....do  

do 

do 

...do 

...do    

do 

....do  

do    

do     

Kentana 

Saw-mill,  Hissonla. . 
LiisHon's  pt'ak 

8  Watson 

Sierra  Liimlwr  Com- 
pany. 
M.E.  Jones 

p  S  Sarircnt 

Utah 

British  Columbia . 

...do 

...do 

Oregon 

Saw-niill,     Burrard 
Imet. 
il<i 

do 

Saw-niill,  Victoria.. 
Sawmill,  Portland.. 

G.  Kugclmann  and 

C.  S.  Surgent. 
do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Coutiuued. 


345 


BPICnnO  OBATITT  DBTBHIflNJ  riONS. 

ASn  DKTEIlMlNATIONg. 

Wolfiht.pcr 
vut>ic  foot, 
in  pounds 
(UTorage). 

Bemarks. 

1 

1 

Flnit. 

Second. 

Third. 

1 
Average. 

First. 

Second. 

Avcmge 

0.S480 

0.3480 
0.3549 
0.4292 
0.3641 

0.22 
0.32 
0.49 
0.69 

0.23 
0.16 
0.16 
0.22 
0.13 

0.24 
0.73 
0.43 
0.45 
0.34 
0.54 
0.44 
0.46 
0.45 
0.51 
0.52 

0.39 

0.41 
0.43 

0.34 

0.16 
0.10 
0.08 
0.02 
0.03 
0.10 
0.02 
0.04 
0.09 
0.12 
0.18 
0.05 
0.06 
0.10 
0.10 

0.22 
0.31 
0.50 
0.48 

289 

0. 3640 

0.8558 
0.4274 
0.S517 

0.6485 
0.3974 

0.29 
0.51 
0.28 

0.24 
0.17 
0.18 
0.13 
0.12 

0.25 
0.67 
0.86 
0.46 
0.42 
0.56 
0.48 
0.46 
0  51 
0.60 
0.31 

0.41 

0.45 
0.39 

0.63 

270 

0.4S09 

001 

<),  8764 

900 

0.3740 

0.38 

0.24 
0.17 
0.1S 
0.18 
0.13 

23.81 

0.6029 

0.8257 
0. 3816 
0.4280 
0.3463 
0. 3619 

070 

0.3658 

077 

0. 4280 

1015 

a  3520 

0. 3423 
0. 3570 

0.3896 
0.4624 
0.3823 
0.4704 
0.4707 
0.3343 
0. 4338 
0.  5101 
0.  3,'>00 
0.4554 
0. 4080 

0.4260 

U.  4833 
0.4975 

0.4396 

0.4874 
0. 5653 
0.4364 
0. 6769 
0.525C 
0.6937 
0. 6786 
0.3869 
0.  5215 
0. 4941 
0.5855 
0.4679 
a  4848 
0.4504 
0.5022 

0. 8446 

1019 

0. 8061 

1020 

0.4287 

0.17 

26.72 

0.3880 

0. 3888 
0. 4629 
0. 3820 
0. 4333 
0.  4773 
0. 3381 
0. 4538 
0.5112 
0.3G10 
0.4443 
0.4097 

0.25 
0.70 
0.40 
0.46 
0.38 
0.55 
0.46 
0.46 
0.48 
0.66 
0.42 

0.46 
0.40 

0.43 
0.41 

0.42 
0.44 

5 

0.4638 

210 

0. 3817 

720 

0.3963 

773 

0.4830 

White  hemlook 

775 

0.3418 

778 

0. 4,138 

787 

0. 5033 

793 

0.  3719 

817 

0  4213 

0.4561 
0.4008 

1040 

0  4112 

1042 

0.4230 

26.42 

0. 4289 

0.4275 

26.04 

623 

0.5671 

0.5252 
0.5122 

971 
096 

0  4981 

0.5411 
0.4603 

0.5182 

32.20 

0  4462 

0.4464 

2(7.76 

986 

3.  1401 

0.4508 
0.5012 
0.4214 
0.6551 
0.5233 
0. 6715 
0.6987 
0.4067 
0.  5242 
a  4918 
0.6553 
0.4744 
0.4908 
0.4608 
0.5956 

0.16 
0.08 
0.08 
0.03 
0.02 
0.08 
0.03 
0.04 
0.11 
0.13 
0.18 
0.06 
0.05 
0.09 
0.11 

271 

'J.  5570 

0.06 
0.07 
0.01 
0.01 
0.06 
0.03 
0.03 
0.12 
0.13 
0.18 
0.06 
0.04 
0.08 
0.11 

027 

0.4063 

702 

0.6332 

704 

0.  6215 

0.6493 

706 

0.6189 

Cuaat  fir 

798 

0.42U 

20  miles  firom  coMtf  cl6Ar yellow 

700 

0.5269 

720 

0.48M 

783 

0.  5201 

881 

0.4800 

Red  fir 

073 

1).  6U28 

974 

0.  4511 

986 

0.6990 

989 

1 


''  i'. 


i  ! 


:l) 


■   4-:^-: 


;t=i 


■ 


i.  -'  , 


.![ 


••       1 


346 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Tablk  I.— specific  gravity,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PER  CUBIC  FOOT 


BpcclM. 


t91.  Fsendot/  <g»  Donglaali— oontlnaed . 


SOI.  Pacndot«ngnI)oaglMU,«ar.iuBoro«aTpa. 
nemtcek. 


392.  AbloK  Frnaeri 

lialtam.    She  Baltam. 


303.  AbieH  Imleaiiiea 

lialtam  t\r.    Balm  of  QHmA  Fir. 


394.  Abif!)  inbRlplna . 
BaUam. 


S96.  Abien  gninclis  . 
TTArte  nr. 


390.  Ablea  conrolor 

WhittFir.  BaUamFir. 


397.  Abies  bracteatA . 

398.  AI)icB  aniabills  . . 


899.  AbieB  Dobilia . 
lied  Fir. 


400.  Abiea  nmsnUloa . 
Hed  llr. 


401.  Larix  Amcricnna 

Larch.      Itlack  Larek.      Tamarack. 
Haekmalaek. 


1008 
1011 
1016 
1018 
1020 
1022 


G42 


623 


107 
377 


449' 
44g> 
820 


State. 


Britiah  Colnmbln . 

Oregon 

..do 

..  do 


do. 
do. 


California 

Kortli  Carolina  . 


Vcnnont. . 
..do.... 


Locality. 


Saw-mill,     Bnrrard 

inlet. 
Oiot!(in  Rnilwny  and 

Navi):»tiou  Co. 
Wrldh'r's  aaw-niUl, 

I'ortliiuil. 
Sawmill,  Astoria  .. 

Portliind  Fiirnitnre 

Company. 
Pnrtlimd  Furniture 

Company. 


Saw-mill,  San   Ber- 
nardino. 


Roan  mountain  . 


672 

1004 

965 

647 

226> 

L'20» 

228> 

774 

781 

786 

795 

840 


Colorado. 
...do...., 
...do.... 


Oregon  . 


Colorado.. 
Colirnmia  . 

...do 

...do 


.do. 


British  Colambtk . 
Oregon 

California 


Vermont 

...  do 

.    do 

New  Brunawlck  . 

..  do 

...do  

...do  

Mnaaachnsetta  .. 


Green  mountains . . 
lionkton 


Forest  City. 

...do 

...do  


Collector. 


O.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent.  ■ 
..do...... 


..do  . 
..do. 


...do. 
...do. 


W.  G.  ■Wright. 

WalcottOibba. 

C.  O.  Pringle . . 
...do 


Portland - 


Engelmann's  oaflon 
Strawberry  valley . 

..  do 

Lanaen's  peak 


SantA  Lucia  mount- 
ains. 

Silver    peak,   near 
Fraaer  river. 

Cascade  mountains 
Siidii  Springs 


Charlotte 

..  do 

..  do 

Buy  i)f  Fnndy . 


Briilgeton 
Uiinvllle.. 
Weiihain  . 


T.  S.  Brandegee  . 

...do 

...do 


O.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sar):eut. 


Sou. 


Peaty  loam . 


Cold,  grsTelly  loam 
Peaty 


Hoist,  sandy  loam, 

...do 

...do 


Rich,  allavlal. 


Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meters, 


0.180 


0.844 


Robert  Douglas Rocky . . . 

Alluvial . 
...do.... 


O.  Engelnmnn  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
. .  do 


Sierra  Lnmbcr  Com- 
pany. 


O.  K.  Vasey . 


Ci.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


-.  do 

...do 

C.  Q.  Pringle. 

..do 

do 


Inton'oloninl     rail- 
way. 
...do    — 


Ed.  Sinclair . . 

Grand  Tmnk  rail- 
way. 
J.  Robinson 


Rich,  sandy  loam 

Rich 

Gravelly  loam . . . 


Cold,  swampy. 

..  do 

..do 


Swampy . 


aTSS 


a  196 


0.584 


1.324 


IJkTRRa  OF 
OKOWTH. 


Sap- 
wood. 


48 


17 


S« 


20 


SO 


71 


Heart- 
woo<l. 


MB 


120 


267 


i  t 


"Iff*- 


iL 


THE  WOODS  OF  THK  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMKNS  OF  THIO  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— Continued. 


847 


ISB 


120 


267 


SPKCIPIC  OllATITT  DRTRIIMINATIOKB. 

ABII  DRTBIIMINATIONS. 

Wciplit.piT 
nihtu  fiiot, 
in  piiuuilH 
(avciaKO). 

Remarks. 

1 

First. 

Socond. 

Thlnl. 

AvomRo. 

KIrst. 

0.03 
0.03 
0.11 
0.05 
0.07 
0.06 

0.08 

0.47 

0.63 
0.  33 

0.66 
0.33 
0.34 

r     0.38 

s      0. 03 
[     0.50 

0.87 

:        1. 12 

0.50 

0.70 

2.09 

0.25 

0.27 

0.30 

0.20 
0.27 

0.32 

1 

1        0.  ,10 

1        0  47 

0.35 

0.36 

0.27 

Secoii<l. 

Avvrace. 

■ 

i 

0.  .5268 
0.4802 
}.  5831 
0.5060 
0.  4331 
0. 4-162 

0.4U04 

0.3609 

0.3380 
0.4248 

0.  .5200 
0.  4885 
0.  5715 
0.  5092 
0.  4.177 
0.  4575 

0.04 
0.03 
0.07 
0.04 
0.11 
0.07 

0.08 

0.00 

0.40 
0.35 

0.04 
0.03 
0.00 
0.05 
OOO 
0.07 

0.08 

0.08 

1008 

0.4807 
0.5500 
0.  5726 
0.4422 
0.4588 

0.4403 

0.3431 

0. 3342 
J.  4200 

Rallroatl  tlo 

1011 

1010 

1022 

0.  6157 

32.14 

0.4503 

28.44 

042 

0.3505 

0.64 

0.56 
0.34 

0.4S 

0.06 
0.33 
0.34 

22.22 

523 

0.3304 
0. 4273 

107 
377 

0. 3819 

0. 3481 
0. 3541 
0.  3405 

0.3470 

23.80 

0. 3446            0  3515 
0. 8442           0  !>n4l 

4A9* 

0. 3475 

f    0..1410 

0.  3643 

I     «.  3300 

0.  3013 
0.  3059 
0.3286 
0.424V 

0  /082 

0. 42117 

0.  4025 

0.  4752 

0.0973 
0.6!H5 
0. 083,% 
0.  51)75 
0. 5025 
0.5380 
0.5882 

0  3307 

tf.  3371 
0.3842 
0. 3025 

0. 3717 
0. 2910 
0. 37«0 
0.  4500 

0.(M83 

0. 4159 

0.  4497 

0.4014 

0. 7075 
0.7779 
0.  0009 
0. 5705 
0. 5740 
0. 5.570 
0.5804 

0. 3342 

0.33 

0.321 
0.57  ■ 
0.47  J 

0.80 
1.12 
0.4S 
1.04 

1.00 
0.21 
0.41 
0.30 

One  tree < 

0.44 

21.06 

0.  .T'i45 

0.  30G5 
0.  2B85 
0.  3,'>33 
0.  4371 

0. 3638 

0.40 

21.07 

059 

1000 

0.3,W1  ■ 

1010 

0.88 
1.12 
0.52 
0.87 

0.86 

520 

030 
733 

22.67 
42. 27 

0.6783 
0.4228 
0.4501 

2.04 

672 

0.23 
0.34 

26.35 
28. 42 
29.30 

1004 
965 

0. 47.18 

0. 4701 

0.7024 
0. 7302 
0.CI52 
«.  5H70 
0.  5833 
0. 5470 
0.  .'i873 
0. 8O0O 

0.30 

0.26 
0.27 
0.32 
0.28 
0.48 
0.33 
0.34 
0.38 

0.33 

647 

226< 
226» 
226« 
774 
781 
786 
705 

0.27 
0.40 
0.30 
0.32 
0.48 

0.0006 

a  6236 

38.88 

!^^ 


■| 


f'«  i 


I' 

!;  rifjf '^ 


4,ii 


348 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Table  I.— SPECIFIC  GRAVITY,  ASH,  AND  WEIGHT  PEE  CUBIC  FOOT 


SpeoiM. 

I 

State. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

8oU. 

Diameter 
of  tree, 

in 
meten. 

I.AYRIIS  01* 
QBOWTII. 

Sap.    { Heart- 
wood.  ,  wood. 

710 

084 

1006 

242 

1150 

504 
1107 

500 
1110 

S6S 
1110 

10«3 

695 
606 

6S8 

1003 

Miaaonla .'. 

Tamarack. 

Waabington    ter- 
ritory. 
...  do    

Kulila 

do                

WlUiaiuN.Slkadorf. 
.  .  do    

Moiat 

PALMACE^. 
404.  Sabul  rnlniHto 

Florida...  

California 

riorida  

..do 

Sister  islanil 

Agun  C'allpnte 

A.U.CurtiBB 

W.G.Wright 

A.U  Curti«B 

.    do    

Shell 

Cabbage  Tree.    Cabbage  Palmetto. 
406.  Wasliinctonla  IIIifiTa 

t'ajilta/  Palm. 
406,  Thriiiax  pnrviflora 

Coral 

Silk-top  Palmetto. 

Bahin  HondB  Key  . . 
Siigar-lottf  Sound  . . . 

....do  

407.  Tlirinax  arecntca 

.  do   

do    ... 

....do 

Siher-tap  I'alviftto.    Briekley  Thateh. 
Brittle  Thatch. 

...do    

...  do  

do 

....do  

Hoy. 'Palm. 

.do    

Lost  Man's  river. . 
Mataeorda 

....do 

...do 

HLIACE.fi. 
409.  Yiicc.T  ciiiialicuhita 

Texas 

California 

.do              .  . 

C.  Molir 

Sondv  aalino 

Spanith  linyunet. 
410.  Yiirca  brovifolia. 

Mohave* 

G.  Engclmann  and 

C.  8.  Sargent. 
,  .do 

Drv.  ffravellv 

The  JoHhua.    Joshua  Tree. 

do    

....do    

411.   Yiicra  data 

Taeaon ..._ 

SknDiage 

.    do    

do 

itpanith  Bayonet. 

Oalifonik^     

G.  XngtUnaDS  .....* 

....do 

KjinniKh  Jiayonet.    Mexican  Sunetn*. 

;:|: 


.:   :      ".■f.- 


IW 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OP  DRY  SPECIMENS  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  TnE  TTNITED  STATES— Continued. 


349 


al-KCIFIC  OKAVITT 

1 
DXTKimiNATtOMI.               | 

ABU  DXTKOMHATIOm. 

■Weight,  per 
culiii'  loot, 
in  iioiiiiiU 
(avorugo). 

Bemarkt. 

i 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

AvoroRO.  ' 

1 

First. 

Second. 

Averago. 

0. 0003 
0.7717 
0.8340 

0.5002 

t     0.5507 
(     0.4700 

0. 7014 
0.4530 

0.7357 
0. 6775 

0. 2370 
0. 8178 
0. 7451 

0.7162 

0. 8473 
0. 4002 

0. 2327 
0.1900 

0.6807 
0.7830 
0.7084 

0.4020 

0.4042 
0.5453) 

0.7258 
0. 4057 

0.7408 
0.0007 

0.1887 
0.8807 
0. 7513 

0.5875 

0. 3472 
0.4002 

0.  6511 
0. 3458 

1 
0.  0280 
0.  7778 
0.  8102 

0.7407    i 

1 

0.08 
0.00 
0.07 

7.61 
1.80 

2.65 

5.73 

1.71 
3.90 

2.96 
1.31 
2.79 

7.03 

5.53 
2.66 

8.50 
8.94 

0.00 
0.09 
0.12 

'.-.80 
1.98 

2  79 

4.81 

3.10 
4.26 

2.52 
1.14 
2.63 

5.52 

4.75 
3.08 

10.06 

0.00    1 

0.00 

0.00 

710 

984 

1006 

0.4101 

0.09    1 

40.16 

0.4404 

7.68 

27.44 

242 

0. 5173 

1.89 

33.24 

11S9 

0. 7136 
0.4846 

0.5D91 

2.72 
5.27 

504 

0.603S 

1107 

8. 99 

87.34 

0. 7412 
0. 0083 

1.05 
4.07 

566 

0. 7118 

1116 

Pith..) 

.Qua  tree 

0.7172 

3.01 

44.70 

0. 2128 
0.8402 
0.7482 

2.74 
1.23 
2.66 

565 

Rind..) 

Rind     

1 

1110 

0.6094 

37.60 

0.0034 

2.31 

0. 6677 

6.27 

1 

41. 61 

1063 

0.  3472 
0.  4002 

6.14 

2.87 

4.00 

1 

605 

i 

696 

0. 4573 

1 

0.  S737 

23.29 

0.4470 

9.28 

.  27. 86 
16.07 

(OS 

0.  2724 

8.94 

1003 

350 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  II.— ACTUAL  FUEL  VALUE  OP  SOME  OF  THE 


!  I 


M 


ii 


III 


if'i; 


Its 
toa 

452 
274 
845 
927 
883 
1182 

128 
1084 
227 
180 
633 
126 

200 
322 

2»> 
539) 

72 

1051 

838 
287 
802 
1050 
988 
424 

31 

92 

247 

339 
548 
511 
868 
55 
848 
225 
272 
754 

874 
701 

627 

923 

711 
1044 
638 
900 
104 
632 
625 

671 
389 
1946 
83 
621 
S21 
667 


i;   \ 


a 

I 

8 
29 
31 
64 
77 
93 

iin 

139 

155 

184 
192 
207 
224 
235 

239 
241 


244 


24G 
247 
248 
251 
253 
257 

200 
272 
274 

278 
277 
280 
290 
201 
294 
29,-1 
318 
324 

827 
331 


Botanical  nun*. 


Llrlodontlron  Tnlipifora 

Biimern  gammifvra 

SwIetPiiiu  MiihoRonl 

Acer  Bucchariouni,  var.  nigrum  . 

Uobiiiitt  rsenilnoacia 

Frotopls  julillovn 

Corcouiirinii}  lodifullQB 

Lliiuidanibar  Styrnciflna 


Nysfla  untflora 

Dlnspj-roA  Virciniana. 
rruxtnus  Americana  . 

C'Utalpa  Hpeciusa 

Ulmiia  Americana 

riatanua  ooclilimtalls . . 


Juglans  nigra 

Cnrya  uUvtcfornils . 


Caryaalba 

Carya  tomentoaa  . 


Carya  poroina  . 


Carya  amara 

Carya  myriaticaformU  . 

Carya  aquatica 

Qucrciia  aUm 

QiierciiB  Garryana 

QuercUB  lyrata 


338 

340 

342 
317 
349 
356 
358 
361 
365 

360 
370 
371 
372 
373 
375 
377 


QiiorcuaPrimiB... 

QiiorcuB  rubra 

Qucrcua  tinctoria . 


Qui'ri'UB  nigra 

Quercua  falcata 

QtierciiB  aquatica 

CuBtanoa  vulcaria,  var.  Americana. . . 

Fagas  fcrruginea 

Bctnla  alba,  var.  popnllfolia 

Botiiln  papyrifora 

PopuluB  tremuloidea 

Populiia  monilifera 


Thuya  occidentalis 

Cbaiiiecyparis  Lawsonlana . 


JuniperuB   occidentalis,  var.   mono- 

Bperma. 
Taxodium  disticham 


Sequoia  Bemporvirens  . 

Pinus  Strobus 

Pinus  Lambertiaua 

PinuB  monnpbylla 

PiuuB  reBinoaa  

PinuB  pondcroBa 

PiuuB  Murrayana 


Pinna  Sabiniana . 

PiuiiBTieda 

Pimiarigida 

PinuB  Berotina . . . 

Pinus  inopB 

Pin"  -  pnngens... 
PinuBmitis 


Common  name. 


Tulip  Tree.    Yellow  Poplar.    Wliite  Wood Atlantic. 

GnmElumi.  Uuuibo  Limbo.    Woal  Indiau  Birch   Semi-tropical  Florida . 


Bsflon. 


Mahogany.    Hadvira 

Black  Sugar  Ma|il« 

Locnst.    Black  Locust.    Yellow  Locust 

Mflsquit.  Algaroba.  Uonoy  Locust.  Honey  Pod 

Uouutain  Mahogany 

8wcot  Ouui.    Star-leaved  Gum.    Liqoidamber, 

Bud  Uum.    Bilsti'd, 

Large  Tupelo.    Cutlou  Gum.    Tupelo  Gum 

Porsimmou , 

WhiloABh 

WcBlorn  C'atalpa 

White  Elm.    AiuorivanElm.    Water  Elm 

Sycamore.     Button  Wood.     Button-ball  Tree. 

Water  Beech. 

Black  Walnut 

Pecan.    Illinois  Nut 


...do 

Atlantic 

...do 

Mexican  boundary  . 

Interior  Pacific 

Atlantic 


Sonthem  Atlantic  . 

Atlantic 

...do  


ShelMiark  Hickory.    Shag-bark  Ilickorj 

Mocker  Nut.  Black  Uickory.  Bull  Nut.  Big- 
bud  Hickory.  Wliitobeart  Hickory .  King  Nut 

Pig  Nut.  Brown  Hickory.  Black  Hickory, 
Switch-bud  Hickory. 

Bitter  Nut.    Swamp  Uickory 

Nutmeg  Uickory 

Water  Hickory.   Swamp  Uickory.  Bitter  Pecan 

White  Oak 

..-.do 

Orer-cupOak.  Swamp  Post  Oak.  Water  White 
Oak. 

Chestnut  Oak.    Kock  Chestnut  Oak 

KedOak.    BlaokOak 

Black  Oak.  Yellow-bark  Oak.  Quercitron  Oak. 
Yellow  Oak. 

Blackjack.    Jack  Oak 

Spaninh  Oak.    Ked  Oak 

WaterOak.  DuckOak.  PoesumOak.  PunkOak 

Chestnut 

Beech 

White  Birch.    Old-HcId  Birch.    Gray  Birch 

Canon  Birch.    White  Birch.    Paper  Birch 

Aspen.    Quakiug  Asp 

Cottonwood.  Necklace  Poplar.  Carolina  Pop- 
lar.   Big  Cottonwood.     • 

WhitoCedar.    Arbor-vitas 

Port  Orford  Cedar.  Oregon  Cedar.  White  Ce- 
dar.   LaWBon's  Cypress.    Ginger  Pine. 

Juniper 


do  . 
do. 
.do. 

.do. 
do. 


Bald  Cypress.     Black  Cypress.     Bed  CyprcBs. 

White  Cypress.    Deciduous  Cypress. 

Redwood 

While  Pine.    Weymouth  Pine 

Sugar  Pine 

Pihou.    Nut  Pine 

Red  Pino.     Norway  Pino 

Yellow  Pino.    Bull  Pino 

Tamarack.      Black   Pine.      Lodge-pole  Pine. 

Spruce  Pine. 

Digger  Pine.    Bull  pine 

Loblolly  Pine.    Old-field  Pino.    Rosemary  Pine . 

Pitch  Pine 

Pond  Pine 

Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pino 

Table-mountain  Pine.    Hickory  Pine 

Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine.    Spruce  Fine. 

Boll  Fine. 


...do  . 
...do  . 

...do. 


...do 

Southern  Atlantic . 

....do 

Atlantic 

Northern  Paciflc... 
Southern  Atlantic . 


...do  .... 
Atlantic . 
...do  .... 


...do 

Sonthem  Atlantic  . . . 

..  do 

Atlantic 

...do 

Northern  Atlantic . . . 

...do    

Atlantic  and  Paoiflo . 
Atlantic 


Korthem  Atlantic . 
Northern  Pacific . . . 


Faoiao. 


Southern  Atlantic  . 


California  coast 

Niirtheru  Atlantic . 

Pacific 

Interior  Paciflc 

Northern  Atlautlo . 

Pacific 

...do  


California 

Soutliurn  Atlantic . 

Atlantic  coast 

Southern  Atlantic  . 

Atlantic 

Alleghany 

Athintic 


rUBL  VALUa. 


Per  cnbto 
decimeter. 


1425. 67 
997.82 
27  (i9. 31 
3091. 37 
2822. 90 
8291. 21 
4234. 06 
2255. 24 

2332. 41 
2970, 45 
2052. 34 
1582.42 
8247. 02 
2406. 89 

1984.66 

2768. 72 

r   8851.17 

[   8319.70 

8380.67 

8302. 12 

2863.42 

3108. 27 

3140. 33 
8197. 41 

2594. 31 
8208. 92 

284,1. 09 
3002. 08 
2595. 04 

2892.  51 

3103. 28 
2655. 82 

1808. 25 

2705. 34 
2509. 00 
2682. 00 
1024. 04 
1906.42 

14U.  57 
2327. 52 

3143. 67 

1935. 71 

19B5. 50 
1489. 03 
1785. 40 
2248. 13 
2001.  75 
2141.24 

1791. 32 

1804. 29 
2031. 75 

3472. 26 
8980. 96 
2008. 20 
2054. 78 
3091.  92 


Per  klloBram, 


3744. 61 
2013. 68 
8802, 06 
4345.48 
3890. 02 

4352. 80 
4052. 90 
4016. 46 

4181.83 
8781. 61 
4217. 42 
3036.  38 
4101.87 
4071.83 

8857. 26 
3054,76 

4078. 76 
3811.43 
3804.11 

8922. 89 

3003. 26 
3877. 68 
4078. 60 
4187.  83 

3007. 30 
4105.  C5 

3007.  32 
4075. 10 
3774. 00 

3713. 81 
4056.48 

3718. 07 

4042. 96 

3803. 04 
4073.  05 
4101.41 

4292. 31 
4242.15 

3017. 77 
6203. 50 

4587. 81 

4730. 73 

4191.  47 
4272. 09 
4410  31 

4107. 08 

4226. 05 
4(ion.  04 
4019. 12 

3962. 97 
4087. 20 
6491.47 
6012.54 
4120. 16 
8995.30 
5062.76 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

MOBE  IMPORTANT  WOODS  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


351 


BBLATIVa  FVBL  TALUI. 


By  TolamB. 


67 
69 
B2 
23 
20 
14 
8 
4S 

48 
25 
88 
85 
18 
43 

53 
88 
7 
18 
11 

10 

27 
21 
20 
17 
38 
15 

28 
24 
37 

84 
18 
35 
56 
31 
40 
80 
63 
55 

08 
44 

19 

54 

62 
66 
60 
40 
40 
41 
68 

67 
60 
» 
0 
61 
48 
22 


By  weight. 


66 

70 
62 
18 
68 
18 
42 
46 


24 
52 
26 

40 

60 
50 
86 
61 
66 

58 

56 
59 
88 
28 
68 
83 

47 
87 
64 


41 
07 
43 
67 
80 
84 
20 
22 

54 
3 

11 


27 
21 
13 
82 
23 
0 
45 

40 

85 

1 

6 

81 

48 

6 


rncwTAOB  n  dbt  wood. 


Alb. 


0.27 
2.00 
1.09 
0.56 
0.23 
2.05 
1.20 
0.48 

0.74 
0.77 
0.80 
0.47 
0.74 
0.67 

0.50 
0.95 
0.78 
0.83 
1.04 

0.74 

1.03 
1.06 
1.10 
0.24 
0.33 
0.58 

0.84 
0.15 
0.15 

1.37 
0.29 
0.83 
0.13 
0.54 
0.29 
0.23 
0.74 
0.65 

0.37 
0.10 

0.88 

0.40 

0.18 
0.113 
0.19 
0.83 
0.20 
0.31 
0.37 

0.42 
0.25 
1.12 
0.17 
0.20 
0.30 
0.20 


□ydrogen. 


0.43 
6.02 
6.69 
6.61 
6.17 
6.61 
6.45 
6.85 

6.07 
6.44 
6.03 
6.02 
6.57 
5.83 

6.00 
6.15 
6.49 
6.13 
5.03 

6.28 

5.91 
0.37 
6.60 
6.59 
5.73 
6.75 

6.33 
6.02 


5.73 
6.14 
5.75 
5.70 
6.11 
6.40 
7.12 
6.58 
6.20 

8.37 
6.28 

6.03 

6.54 

6.01 
6.08 
6.40 
0.30 
0.07 
7.02 


6.04 
0.23 
7.19 
6.80 
6.30 
6.78 
6.91 


Carbon. 


47.20 
40.80 
40,70 
61.65 
49.19 
51.08 
52. 14 
50.99 

48.78 
47.87 
49.73 
47.44 
60.35 
51.46 

49.28 
40.51 
40.07 
48. 45 
40.69 

48.98 

49.71 

48.26 
40.  IG 
60.44 
48.56 
40.22 

40.50 
40.49 
48.78 

48.58 
50.53 
48.73 
51.74 
40.27 
49.77 
48.28 
51.13 
51.64 

48.80 
60.07 

64.07 

54.08 

52. 10 
62.55 
52.  S3 
60.48 
52.18 
52.00 
50.  (15 

.10.  22 
60.00 
50  00 
.W.  55 
50.74 
51.07 
56.64 


Oxygen. 


46.01 
51.00 
45.46 
41. 28 
44.41 
40.26 
41.21 
42.68 

43.51 
46.42 
43.04 
45.17 
42.34 
42.16 

44.16 
43.39 
43.12 
44.59 
43.34 

44  00 

43.20 
44.31 
43.05 
42.73 
45.38 
43.45 

43.74 
43. 74 
44.08 

44.32 
42.90 
44.69 
42.43 
44.08 
43. 4.5 
44.37 
41.55 
41.45 

44.46 
33.65 

38.12 

38.08 


41. 

70 

41. 

25 

40.50 

43. 

30 

41 

55 

40.07 

43.30 

43.  32 

42 

92 

32 

08 

30.48 

42 

70 

42 

85 

3a25 

Hydrose 
tmbiueun 


en 
comUlueU  vltb 
oxygen. 


&76 
0.30 
6.68 
6.10 
5.55 
5.03 
5.15 
6.33 

6.44 
6.67 
6.38 
5.65 
6  29 
5.27 

5.52 
5.42 
5.39 
5.57 
5.42 

6.60 

5.41 

5.54 
5.38 
5.34 
5.07 
6.43 

5.47 
5.47 
6.62 

6.54 
6.37 
5.58 
5.30 
5.51 
5.43 
5.54 
5.10 
5.18 

5.56 
4.21 

4.76 

4.76 

5.22 
5.15 
5.07 
5.41 
5.10 
5.01 
5.42 

5.41 
5.30 
4.08 
4.56 
5. 34 
5.35 
4.63 


Exceu 

of 

hydrogen. 


0.68 
0.36 
1.01 
1.45 
0.02 
1.58 
0.30 
0.52 

1.53 
0.77 
1.55 
1.27 
1.28 
0.60 

0.48 
0.73 
1.10 
0.60 
0.51 

0.78 

0.50 
0.83 
1.22 
1.25 
0.06 
1.32 

0.86 
1.15 
0.37 

0.10 
0.77 
0.17 
0.40 

oeo 

1.00 
1.58 
1.39 
1.08 

0.81 
2.07 

1.27 

1.78 

0.79 
0.93 
1.33 
0.08 
9.88 
2.01 
0.80 

0.63 
0.87 
3.11 
2.24 
O.OII 
0.43 
2.88 


Bpeeiflc 
gravity. 


0.8807 
0.3423 
0. 7282 
0.7114 
0. 7257 
0.7502 
1.0447 
0.5615 

0.5645 
0.7855 
0.6289 
0.4020 
0. 7748 
0.5911 

0. 5145 
O.70O1 
0.9442 
0.8710 
0.8850 

0.8647 

0.7336 
0. 8010 
0. 7700 
0.7635 
0. 7074 
0.7002 

0.7114 

0. 7514 
0.6875 

0. 7250 
0. 7874 
0. 7143 
0.4021 
0.7175 
0.6160 
0. 6297 
0. 3785 
0.4494 

0. 3003 
0.4422 

0.6852 

0.4084 

0. 4737 
0.3485 
0.4040 
0.5473 
0.4855 
0. 5307 
0.4457 

0. 4530 
0.4971 
0.  6323 
0. 7012 
0. 4R67 
0.  5143 
0.6107 


WolBht  of 

oablu  root,  in 

poonda. 


23.73 
21. 33 
45.38 
44. 32 
46.22 
47. 12 
65.10 
34.99 

85.17 
48.05 
89.19 
25. 05 
48.27 
36.83 

82.06 
43.63 
58.84 
54.28 
53.95 

53.  H8 

45.71 
49.05 
48.01 
40.58 
44.08 
40.61 

44.32 
46.72 
43.84 

45.18 
40.07 
44.51 
28. 80 
44.71 
38.05 
30.24 
2X50 
28.  00 

22.  45 
27.50 

42.  70 

24. 45 


1051 


29.  52 

7U 

21. 72 

1044 

25.18 

638 

34.11 

000 

30. 20 

104 

33.07 

033 

27.78 

025 

28.  28 

671 

30.08 

389 

30.  40 

1040 

40.  4U 

sa 

30.33 

J2: 

32.05 

321 

3a  UO 

657 

\m 


!  .      I 


352 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Taulk  II— actual  fuel  VALUE  OP  SOME  OF  THE 


I 


Botanicnl  numo. 


870 

a  .'IRO 

81 

3M 
6  358 

:m 

7»4 
1043 
TOO 

:t2 

>  MS 
(tWS 


3*0     I'tiinii  nanVRiana . 


381 


I 


Common  name. 


OmyPlne.    SornbPino.    Prince'*  Pino . 


Kit..,.  ..,.i...<.j.  I  JLonRle»vi'il  Piiw.     SonI horn  Pino.     Oeoriria  > 

1  lm.«  ,ialu»t.rl» J     „,«p     Yellow  I'l  no.    JlardPlne.  I 


Piniis  CubcnHit) 

r 

Picon  iilgni 

TniiRHCanxloniilii 

I'sruilol  in;ru  IloiiglMii  , 


I    3:12 
I    387 

.'tai 

.    401  '  \Mrix  Amci-icnna  . 


Uogion. 


Northern  Atlantic . 


Sonth  Atlaiitlo  coaot. . 


404     Siibdl  PnlniPtto '  I'aliliiijic  Tree.    CnkbaKO  I'aliuctt 


Slaiili    Pine.      .Swamp   Pino.      Iktotard    Pino ilo  . 

Mcvlnw  Pino. 

niack  Spruce Nnrthoni  A  IJantlo  . 

rionilnck ^ . ! do 

RcilVir.   Yellow  Kir.   On';»nnPinc.   TVinjiIasFir     Paoillc 

I.arcb.    Tllnck  T.iircli.   Tamariick.    HucknmtiK'k.,  Nitrllicni  Atliinli' 


Sniilk  Atliinlic  roast. 


5408  ;  OrcoUcxareifJa Koyul  Palm 


•  Boxetl  for  fnrpentlno  1878:  chippoil  4  .ve.in<;  operimcn  takon  nlong  chip. 
h  Boxed  for  turpentine  ifK;  <hippe<t  10  yeara:  abandoned  1881. 


FURL  VALUE. 


Per  onbic 
decimoter. 


ScMil-tropicnl  Florida ;{ 


21S2. 88 
434S.  88 
4084. 77 
2810.  20 
4129.0.''. 
4310.07 

3:ig;i.  4u 

tni4. 11 

1724.2.'-. 
1700.32 
2037.  40 
1053.  .-i:. 
8,-.0.  (17 
.1708. 48 


e  PItll. 
d  Bind. 


Por  kilogram. 


4.303. 18 
f)120.  04 
.5480.  3.''> 
4.''i08.  42 
45Q4.  07 
4800.  O.'i 
44l8.n.'i 

3940.  37 
4208.  .IK 
43.->4  i;4 
4I8'.'.  04 
37.-Kt.2l 
4037.01 
4307.03 


■'  !   iV 


If 


■      ii  iS' 


rf 


A 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
MOltE  IMPORTANT  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES -Coutiuued. 


353 


93.18 

20.04 

80.  ;i.-i 

06.  42 

94. 117 

00.  O.'. 

iK.r..'; 

49.  :i7 

IH,  .-•.« 

-.4  t;4 

B'.'.  04 

■hI.  il 

17.01 

)7.  o;i 

RBLATIVK  FIJKL  VAI.UR. 

1-KIlCK.NTAaB  IN 

DBY  WOOD. 

Speoiflo 
gravity. 

Weljjhtof 

oubiu  foot,  In 

poiindH. 

T!y  Vdliiino. 

1 
By  weight. 

A8)l. 

Ilyrtiogcn. 

Carbon. 

Oxygen. 

Hyrtroeen 
oombinduwiili 

KxecRD 

or 

1 

oxygen. 

bydrogon. 

s 

• 
t 

§ 

47 

15 

0.10 

0.20 

52.03 

40.60 

6.07 

1.22 

0.4000 

30.64 

870 

1 

* 

0.15 

7.20 

50.10 

30.30 

4.64 

2.72 

0.8470 

52.84 

369 

5 

2 

0.20 

7.41 

58. 61 

33.  72 

4.21 

3.20 

0.7417 

40. 22 

81 

30 

12 

0.28 

0.70 

52. 70 

40.  32 

6.04 

1.60 

0.  0330 

38.80 

385 

4 

10 

0..'8 

6.85 

62.00 

39.88 

4.00 

1.86 

0.8088 

55.06 

368 

2 

7           , 

0.24 

0.83 

51.78 

38.15 

4.77 

2.06 

0.8088 

66.00 

358 

Vi 

14 

0.10 

0.22 

63. 33 

40.  20 

.5.03 

1.19 

0.7612 

47.44 

356 

m 

I>1 

0.30 

0.58 

48.45 

44.07 

6.58 

1.00 

0.  4087 

25. 47 

704 

01 

25 

0.48 

6.01 

62. 38 

41.  23 

6.16 

0.70 

0.4007 

25.53 

1042 

00 

17 

0.03 

0.42 

62. 32 

41.  23 

6.15 

1.27 

0.4056 

25.28 

709 

I'fl 

20 

0.27 

(1.03 

51.01 

41.70 

6.22 

O.Sl 

0.7024 

43.77 

226 

rt'J 

05 

7.00 

7.00 

43. 35 

41.03 

6.24 

1.82 

0. 4404 

27.45 

243 

70 

44 

2.74 

6.82 

47.73 

42.71 

6.34 

1.48 

0.2128 

13.20 

665 

8 

10 

1.24 

0.B8 

50.46 

41.82 

5.16 

1.82 

0.8402 

52.02 

565 

26  lou 


354 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  IU.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


:t'» 


J- 


Sp«Cl«M 


MAONOUACE^. 


1.  Uacnolin  Kraiuliflora 

Big  Laurel.     Jlutl  Hay. 


2.  MaKUolin  clauon 

Su!(f>  Bay.  iniifd  Bay.  Beaver 
Tree.  White  Laurel.  Swamp 
Laurel. 


S.  Mftifuol  in  nciiniiuiita 

Cucumber  IVte.    iltuntain  Hag- 
nolia. 


4.  MaeuoIIa  cordnta . 
Cucumber  Tree. 


6.  Mn^uolin  tn.icrt>pb.vUa 

Large-leaved  CucumJ>er  Tree. 


Magnolia  ITinbrcl'.a 

Vmbrdla  Tret.     Kl*  Wood. 


T.  Masnnlia  Francri 

Lontfleavea  Cutrumber  2Vw. 


AKONACEiE. 


•.  Asimina  trilnlMi 

J'apau.    VutUtrd  AppU. 


10.  Anoua  laiirtfolia. 
i'ond  Apple. 


CANELLACE.S. 


13.  Canrlla  ollia 

^mte  Wnnd.     (\nnamon  Bark. 
Wild  Cinnamon. 


TEKXSTUOSMIACEiH. 


3onInni:i  I.aiiiantbuii 

Loblolly  Bay.    Tan  Bay. 


MB 

340 

3.^4 
354 

!>40 

no 

201' 
2fll> 
S34 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

260> 

zee 

200 

•JflU' 


state. 


Alabama  . 
...do 


. .  do  . 
..do. 


Locality. 


Cottage  nUl . 
...do 


do 
do 


Colloctor. 


C.  Mohr. 
...do  ... 


.do Swampy . 

.do '....do 


Virginia Wytlieville H.  Shrivor. 

..do ' do I do 


8.  Lirioili'iiili-OD  Tiilipirora 3D5 

Tulip  Tree,   lellou  Poplar.   WlaU  i 
yrood.  818 

618 

1231 

1231 

1231 

123;i 

1232 

1282 

1236 


...do 

....do 

Mi88i63ippi  . 

...do 


Fancy  Gap  . . 

...do 

SelTorB'  mill. 
...do 


I 


Alabama |  Winston  counsy  . 

10 do  .   


Hisaisaippi 
..do 


Quitman . 
.    do.... 


Virginia . 
...do    ... 


do  . 
do  . 


Michigan 

West  Virginia. 

..do 

Pennsylvania  . 

...do 

..  do 

..do 

...do 

..do 


Wythoville . 


do  , 


Fancy  Hap do 

..do    do  . 


....do... 

...do... 

C.  Hobr. 
...do... 


do 
do  . 

do. 
do. 


B.  Shrivor 
...do  


Lanaing 

Gmfton 

..do 

Clieater  county ... 

...do 

...do 

..do 

..do.      

..do 


Tcnneaae* Sawmill   at   Naab. 

ville. 
123S    ....do I.... do 


1230 
1287 
12aS 

211 

211 
332 

479 
479 

1131 
1131 

23« 
•J30 
414 
414 


..do. 
...do. 
...do  . 


Miasourl  . . 

..do 

TenneHM . 


Florida  . 
..do    .. 


...do 
..do. 


Sonth  Carolina. 

...dv , 

...do , 

...do 


(!o  . 
do. 
do. 


Meramoi'  riv  r.  Jr/. 

Icrsou  county. 
.    do 


Cunilierland  river 


Bay  BIscayne . 
...do  


Elliott's  Key. 
...do 


Bonnean  «  Depot . 

...do  

Aiken 

...do  


W.  J.  Beal    ... 
CO.  rringle.. 

...do 

r  V*.  Sharpies. 

...do  

..do 

..do 

...do 

...do , 

A.E.Balta  .... 
...do  


.uo 

■lo 

do 


Soil. 


Clay  limcstsno. 

...do 

Rlcli,  light 

...do  

...do 

...do 


Rich,  low. 
...do  


a.  W.  Letterman 

..do 

A.  Gattinger 


A.  n.  Curtiss 
...do 


do. 
do 


AUuvlal 
..do    ... 
...do  .... 


Swampy . 
...do     .. 


Coral  . 
...do. 


II.  W.  Bavonel  . 

...do 

...do  

...d» 


Wot  pine-barren . 

...do  

Swampj 

...do 


1.1 


Kich  loam 0.  TO.'il 

I 
...do 0.7000 


0.  5222 
0.5028 

0.6000 
0.  4755 
0. 4802 
0.45C4 
0.  5082 
0.6852 

0.4318 
0.4025 

0.5807 
0.5580 

0.4170 
0.5051 


coKFFiciiirr  ov 

KLASTICITT. 


Damp 0.5688 

...do 0.5103 


3J 
«  . 


1061 

887 

07U 
976 

cot 

930 

788 

'20 

lOAl 

1  itf 


I 


4174 
4030 
4^09 
4704 
4911 
4610 
4381 
4611 
4550 
4614 
4687 
4501 
4380 
446." 

.  3034 
.  K'Ti 
.  4323 


11^ 

m 


in 


0.570.-.  h'}'^ 
0.6704  \=r^' 

1.1280  ^ 

i.()8:i7  [  j 

I 

i   I 

0.4844  r'!j]; 
»•■'"-»  □ 

0.M7U  0 
0.5005 


i 


888  j 
070  i 

1101 
1252  I 

80U 

oon 

030 

887 

010 

lOli.-i 
108.'-. 

0711 

021 

070 

u  :i 

970 

904 

888 

872 

888  I 

857  ! 

976  ' 

444  ' 

362  I 
008 

542 
.130 

1085 
1085 

718 
(87  I 
888 
751 


! 


957  820 

849  I  701 

930  I  .52 

880  !  717 


1061 
021 
734 
723 
1050 
1085 

864 
1017 


673 

070 
912 

010 
1170 
10.-.0 
070 
1007 
U,-.7 
818 
10'.'8 
921 
834 
888 
849 
848 
970 

407 
315 
723 


1085 
1148 

723 
763 
921 
76t 


703 
065 
674 
525 
717 
830 

604 
037 


1086   61 « 
1252   IT6 

814   663 


613 

811 

«CJ 

473 
7.'-.« 
675 
743 
820 
765 
4.''.7 
722 
601 
694 
045 
B84 
584 
636 

312 
28< 
574 


514   628 
488 


906 
1148 

499 
071 
77S 
TJ9 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


355 


UNITED  STATES  UNDElt  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN. 


E 

O 

s 

1 


820 
701 

717 

703 
OOS 
674 
526 
717 
830 

Mi 
037 

61« 
876 

663 

eia 

811 
OCl! 

473 
7r)8 
075 
743 
820 
765 
457 
722 

mil 

004 
645 
584 
584 
036 

312 


DBFIJICTIOX,  IN  HtU.lMRTKnB,  UNDEtt  A  I'RBHBUBR,  IN  KILOQIIAHS,  OF— 


SO  I  loo    130   !IOO 


4. 0     10. 2  :  10. 0     22.  8 

I  I  I 

6.5  ,  11.5  ;  ia7     23.4 


1    5.0  10.5  1  10.0     21.7 

I         :  I 

;     .'i.O  10.0  10.7     24.0 

!     .1.4  0.2  14.  i     20.0 

I  .  ■ 

1     5. 2  HI.  0  17. 0     24. 0 

I  .  ; 

I    0.2  '  13.3  21.0     34.3 

U.7  .  13. 5  21.0     31.8 

i  I 

4.0  0.3  I  14  5     20.  U 

4.4  0.  0  '  13.7 


5.5     11.3     17.3 
.'i.  0       0.0      i:..2 


O      300 


1. 0     22. 5 
2.0  '  23.0 

1.0  I  22.0 
2  3  I  24.  0 


4.1 

3.!) 


20.1  \ 

22.0 

i 
1').2, 

1.0 
1.0 
4.8 
3.4 
1.0 
0.7 

2.0 
1.4 


U.  0      13.  8 


7.8      11.0  !  1.'..8 


i 
0  1      12.0      10.4      30,  S  I 

7  3      14.  .•>      23.  0  I  34.  8  i 

I  I 

6.2     10.0      14.4  '  10.0 
.'>.P  '  10.7      10  4     24.7  I 


8.0     10.0     20.0 

4.  5  ]     8.  3  I  12.  0 

I 
4.  5  I     0,  3      14.  3  ] 

6.0  '  10.  0  I  15.0 


4.5 

4.0 

1.0 
2.0 


20.0 
25.0 
36.0 
33.0 
20.0 
IB.  2 

27.0 
23.  0 


m.  5 

15.  H 

32.  1 

30.  3 

20.0 
25.  5 


'iS€>  300  »ao'4oo  4ao 


30.  5     30.  5 
31.2     40.5 

30.0     44.5 
31.5  '  60.8 

28.8  I  46.0 
33.7 


27.0 
20.0 


32.4 


20.8 


00.0 

20.3 
30.8 


36.0 


28.  5 


37.2 


5.3 
.5.0 
6.0 
.5.0 


0.7  I  14.4 

10.2  I  1.5.2 

11.5  16.0 

D.  j  14. 0 

5.  4  I  10.  0  15. 7 

0.0  I  11.7  10.0 

I  I 

.5.0      11.0  10.0 

5.5  ,  11.5  17.5 

5.7      11.5  17.2 

8.0      10.0  15.2 


10.8 
20.0 
20.  6 
20.0 
20.  0 


0.  4  I  la  0  '  24.  5  !  34. 0 


I 


0.7 

0.5 : 

0.0  ; 

0.5 


20. 2  I  28. 8 
20.7  j  28.0 
20.  5  '  25. 8 
20. 0     27. 0 


54.  S 


54.0 


40.0 


I 


22.  0  I 

23.  0 
20.0 
27.0 


0.5 
0.0 
1.0 
1.4 
2.0 


10. 4     25.  4 
.0     30. 0 


1 1.0     24.0 

I 
13. 5     31.  0 

7.0     13.S 


22.4 
23.5 
27.0 
28.0 
22. 4 


21.0  ;  31.0       2.0  I  33.3 


0.  0     10. 0  :  31. 0  '  50.  5     10.  0     56. 4 
0.2     20.0  '  32.6  '51.5     10.0     54.3 


31.  S 
33.0 


31.  U 


4.5       0.0 

13,7 

18.  5 

1.0 

10.6 

4. 5       8. 6     12.  6 

^            1 

17.5 

0.8 

17.8 

1        ! 

a.  8     13.  S     21. 6 

32.0 

3.0 

32.6 

e.  2     12. 8 

20.0 

•:».  2 

2.5 

30.0 

6. 6  '  10. 6 

10  3 

23.6 

1.2 

23.7 

"!"" 

10.6 

27.0 

2.0 

28.2 

04.0 
8.1.  J 

25.0 


37.7 

34. 2     50. 0 

37.7 


30.0 


31.0     38.0 
28.  0     :i4. « 


40.0 
31.0 
27.0 


44.0 
68.0 


42.0 


soo 


60.0 


aso 


'5  a 

SI 


RpmarkK, 


350 
325 

321 
300 

300 
284 
245 
224 
306 
858 


Drake  snddeDly  with  lung  apliDten  . 
do 


(M-nnlied  at  center  brariog;  broke  Roddenly  and  aqnarely,  splUting 

to  llio  end. 
do 


Crushed  at  center  boarini; ;  broke  with  fine  aplintera 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do    


210     CiuBlicd  at  ceiiti  r  beaiiiiK  ;  square  brctk  — 
272     CniHhcd  at  center  bcui  in^ ;  nplintrrcd  break 


220     S]tO(  iiiien  cro<;H.{;ruined  ;  Htarted  at  knot 
374     Broke  with  fine  iiplint(<ni  . 


230  I  SplintorHStaitoil  u>  nuinll  kiiotH 
201  1 do 


346 
257 

202 
322 
288 
317 
350 
322 
105 
308 
262 
200 
275 
24U 
240 


Crushed  ut  O'uler  liiuriiig :  biciku  with  fine Bpliutcm  . 
Specimen  crnH8-gr.'>ined :  broke  with  long  aplintera  . .. 


.S(iu.ir('  break 

Ilniki'  with  long  Bpliutern 

Crii.slied  at  (•(  ntir  bearing;  broke  W'tb  long  aplintera  - 
]  Crushed  at  center  beiiriug  ;  broke  with  largo  aplintera. 
d.i 


Cniabed  at  renter  bearing;  xqiiaio  break 

Crushed  at  center  boarin;; ;  Bipiarc  break  at  large  knot 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  flno  hplintera 

Crushed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  long  Hplintira  at  knot 

.Square  break  un  tenMiun  aide,  splitting  in  axia  

.Specimen  (Tussgruiued  ;  biokr  \\  ith  the  grain 

.  Specimen  cioHsgrHlncil;  started  at  the  angle  of  two  laies 

■  S<iuare  break 

' do 


133  '  Broke  with  large  aplintera  .. 

123    do 

245     Drake  with  aplintera  at  knot 


208     {^mailed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  aplintera 
250     Square  brejik 


380     Spccliuon  defccUvo,  0.75  aap-wood ;  aqiiare  break  . 
400     0.75  aiip-woud ;  broke  with  lung,  toarae  aplintera  - 


213     Sup'Wowl;  broke  at  knot  with  hu-ge  aplintera 

200     ('mailed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  long,  line  apllnt«n  . 


330 
811 


do 


Broke  with  long,  coarae  apllnten. 


aa 

3M 
SM 

346 

34« 

a6i> 

634 
634 

1178 
1178 

633 
68S 

26flP 

260 
200> 

38t 

818 
818 
1331 
1231 
1231 
1233 
1233 
1331 
1336 
1236 
1386 
13>T 
1236 

3U 
SU 
I8I 

476 

4Tt 

USl 
1181 


m 


-.1-  IJ-  'HI^W^BHtW^^WfB^WI 


356 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III,— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


■P 


3         I 


Species. 


TILIACE^ffl. 


17.  TUla  Americana 

Z/ime  Trte.    Ban  Wood.    Ameri- 
can Linden.    Lin.     Bee  Tree.    ; 


State. 


2  '  MassBclinsetts 

252     Stiseonri 


IT.  Tilia  Amerloona,  rar.  piibrarrns . 


18.  Tilia  Iietcropbylla 

White  Bass  Wood.     Wahoo. 


iiALriGniACE.a!. 


19.  Byrsonimii  lucidft 

TalloKbcrnj.     (llamberry. 


ZTGOI'HTLLACEiE. 


0.  Gnaiacum  »iinctuin  . 
Li'jnuw-vittx. 


RUTACE/Ti. 


23.  XaMthoxylnm  ("lav.T-nprc'ilin 

ViHtthaclie  Tree.  VricMy  Ash. 
Sea  Ash.  I'eppcr  Wood.  Wild 
Orange. 


24.  Xaii(hoxvliim  Cariliiciim  . 
aatin  Wood. 


StMARUnEiE. 


28.  Siinuiiiliii  ^lallca  . 
raroiliie  Tree. 


nnRSERACE.a:. 


29.  Diir.icin  Kiiiii'iiifeia   

Qum  lilemi.   (lumbo  Litnbo.    West 
Tmlian  Jlireh. 


80.  AniMin  Bvlviilii 
riirch  Woi.d. 


252  i....<lo 

316  i  Micliigan 

1039  I  Uassaclinsctts... 
1039  I.'. ..do 


745  '  Georgia. 

7ir<  .....lo  ... 


Locality. 


Collector. 


AmolU  Arborc'tum..    C.  S.  Sargent . 


Soil. 


"o 
S 


eOEFKICIKNTOF 
EI.ASTILITY. 


•a  a  ^      *- 


Drift. 


AUenton 

do do  . 

Herscy W.  J.  Bcal. 

Danvers '  J.  Robiusta 

— do ' do 


G.  W.  Letterman.    Allnrial . 


Bainbddgp  . 
...do 


I 


...do 

Rich  loam  .  ■ . 
Moist  gravel. 
..  do 


285'    Kentucky 

SS.^'...  do 

285»    ...do 

320 

320 


i 


A.  H.  Cnrtiss '  Low  .. 

-do do  , 


i 


CliffsKcntucky  river   VT.  M.  Linnoy Limestone  . 


I 


Mercer  connty. 
do 


Tennensee Cumberland  river 

...do do 


i 


1113 


470 
11.13 

735 

735 

IU86 

1088 

11411 
IHO 

487 
487 

402 
402 

47.1 
475 


Florida  . 


...do  . 
...do. 

..  do  . 
..  do.. 
Texas  . 
...do.. 


No-Name  Kev  . 


tlimcr   Metacombe 
ElliotfsKey 


...do 

..  do 

A.  Gattinger  . 
...do  


A.  n.  Curties 


....do. 
....do. 


Chattaiiooclicp. 

..do 

Palestine 

...do  


Florida . 
. .  do  . . . 


MEMACEiE.  ! 

31.  Swielenia  Miiho'innl  452 

Jiti/ic'7iiJi'/.    ^tadeira. 

4i.J 


ILICINEJil. 


SS.  Ilex  ci|Niri> 

Atnenrun  llully. 


280 
280 


..do. 
...do  . 

..  do. 
..  do. 

..do  . 
...Jo. 

. .  do  . 
...do  . 


Babia  Honda  Key. 
...do 


Bay  lllaeaxne 
...do 


Dpper    Metacombe 
..do;  .' 


do 
.do. 


...do... 
...do.... 
C.  Mohr  . 
...do.... 


..do  .... 
...do.... 
Alluvial . 
..do... 


Coral  ... 


0.  4601 
0. 4008 
0.5400 
0. 4517 
r. 4492 
0.  4237 

0.  4702 
0.  4535 

'  0.  4017 
0.3944 
0.392(1 
0.47BU 
0.4924 

0.  o.'in 


m 


m 


1: 


I 


do 

.do 


Dry,  Bandy  . . 

..  do 

Dam|i,  sandy  . 
..do 


A.  H.  Cnrtiss Coral  . 

...do I do  . 


do. 
do  . 


do 

do 


.do  . 
d<.  . 


...do. 
...do  . 


.do  . 
do 


do 
do  . 


.do. 
do 


do  . 
do  . 


do  . 
do  . 


1. 1430 
1.1582 
i  I 

n.  5240 
".  n3.'i3 
0.5S08 
0.  5545 

0.9833 

I 
0  9515 

0.  4.".tiO 
0.  4104 

0.  30«0 
0.  30tl(i 

1. 1140 

L1273 

I 

I  ! 

\  ' 

'  O.K36t  ; 
0.  8221 


m 


.*out!>r»r.illna    ..    Waveily  MilU W.  Si.  J.  Alii/.yi  k      Sandj  luaui 

..  do do '. . .  do '...  do  . 


(4.  nexDabiToii '    484 

Dahiinn.     Dahocn  UoUy. 

484 


CVRII.LAOE^. 


I 


»7.  Cyrlllii  nii-eiiii!!fira I    Ml 

Irvit  Wood.  I 

I 

•8.  CUrioiil.ilicMi.liiiin I    338 

Tilt.   Iron  iTood.    Buehchtat  Trtt. 

338 


I'lorida  . 
...do  ... 


Hay  niseaync ;  A.TT.  Curtiss  . 


Alabama CbaDchula C.  Mohr 

! 
...do '  Cottage  inn 

do ' do , 


814 
976 

1638 
8S8 

(,m 
ms 

842 

814 


097  i 


827  I 
1085  ■• 


976  1 


.■112 


"  3 

r 


781 
070 
1027 
888 
729 
038 

83  ( 

788 

634 
723 
814 
1085 
976 


El 

800 

m 

850 

■M 

651 

069 
8.57 
659 

814 
8It 

888 
1001 


1038 
970 

976 
1109 

(151 
707 

01(1 

«l'7 

46.') 


625 


814 
912 


r.(;9 
610 
804 
525 
553 
469 

569 
5-18 

403 
525 
.541 
703 
712 

424 


028 
947 


698  ;  628 

688  I  708 

888  I  7.-)7 

6,30  460 


814 
021 


820 
687 


868  I  586 
076   544 


183 
112 

108:.  ,  1244 


1085 


070 
1148 


622 
064 


1366 


805 

nil 


7U3 
670 


610  I  .586 
673  I  658 


488   314 


751  j  .'■,74 
814  !  478 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVEItSE  STRAIN— Contiuued. 


357 


DEFLECTION,  IX  MILLUIETEIIS,  UKUEIt  A  I'HERBUUE,  IN  KILOGUAMH,  UF— 


SO 

I 
100 

II.  0 

12.5 

fi.O 

10.0 

4.7 

9..-. 

5..-P 

11.0 

7.0 

13.4 

7.3 

15.3 

ISO    400 


O      -JOO    -.2.10    nOO    U.IO   400 

.MM.)  ! 


430    SOO   330 


20.3 
10.5 
14.0 
17.3 
22.3 
20.4 

.■i.  S      11.7  ,  18.5 

(i.  0      li.  I   ,  I8.K 

i 

7.  0     IS.  4  i  24.  0 


32.  0        4.  0 


34.  U 


24. 2  2. 2 

II).  4  1.0 

27.  0  3.  5  I  29.  5 

.■;i.  3  4. 0  I  .'i«.  0 

50.5      18.0  I 


25.5     37.0  I 

19.8     25.9     33.5 


0.  5     13. 0 


20.3 


r>.  0     12. 0     18. 4 


4. 5       9.  0 
.").  0     10.0 


9.0     IS.  I) 


fi.  1 
5.7 

7.5 
7.3^ 

:<.!  ' 

7.4  ^ 

0.0 
0.0 

I 

:,.  5 

4.0 

! 

U.7  , 


13.7 
15.3 


28.0     :i.  5    nrt.fl 

2S.  5        3.  0      30.  1 


31.0        3..^. 


29.  0       3.  5  I  31.  3  ; 

19.0       0.7  '  19.5  '  20.0 


30.5  I 


1.5 


.  0      211.  0  i  41. 0  ! 


12.0 
10.7 

ll.O 
11.  2 

11.11 

l,'!.  5 

12.0  ' 
10.0 

i 
11.0 

10.0 


18.0 
15.0 


25.0 


1.2 
1.0 


22.  0     27.  0  1  34.  0 


I 


I 

4.7      o.e 

.5.  0       0.  0 


5.0 
4.4 


21.  C     31.0 
22.5     31.5; 
17.5     25.5 

23.8     35.0  , 

1  I 

I 

18.0     24.0  ' 

Ut.  5     21.2 

I 

18.  0  .  20.  5 
15.  5  ;  21.  7 


1.3 
1.0 


4.0 
2.0 


13.3 
13.6 


10.  0     14.  n 
8. 5     13.  2 


7.5  15.7 

«.«  j  14.7 

8.0  10. 0 

7. 0  I  14.  5 

i 

10.5  ,  20.0 

7. 0  ,  13. 0 

I 

0.0  ,  12.0 


25.  0 
24. 0 

20.0 
23.  S 


20.  n 

19.8 


32.  3  43.  0 
3.'t.  0  43.  5 
27.0     30.0 


24.  5  '  31.  0 
21.7     28.0 


28. 0  I . 
23.5! 


j" 

18.0  ,   '■.    !  .8.2 

18. 0       0. 3     18. 2 


22.7 
23.0 


20.4  !     I.O     22.0     27.0     32.0     30.0    

18. 4  ;    0. 9     18. 0  '  24. 1     30. 0     35. 5  '  41. 4 


70.5 
58.0 


39.0 


41.2 


Jit 


CS  <U 

'^  a 


Ilemarka 


243     Crushed  nt  couterbeaiiu);;  broke  with  Ado  Bplinteis. 
263  I do 


343  I. 


.do. 


I    224  I  Crushed  at  ccntor  bearing ;  broke  suddenly  . 

I    230  '  llroke  suddenly  with  largo  spliuter.s 

£00     lliokc,  on  reloading,  with  hirge  splinters 


243  :  Crushed  at  ccnier  bearing;  stiuuro  break . 


49.0 


28.0 
27.7 


33. 2  I  38. 8  i  46.  3 

I  I 

32.  0  I  3a  0  >  44. 0 


40.  0       :,.  0     42. 0     .18. 0     84. 6 

I  I  I 

,37  7  :    5. 3     30. 0     57. 1 


i 


30.2 
34.3 


24.8 
27.0 


5.  6     41. 0 
5. 0     38. 3 


30.0 


2.5  i  28.8 


50.6 


172  ; 

224; 
231 
300 
304 


.do  . 

.do  . 
.do  . 
.do  . 
.do 
.do  . 


181  ;  Spceimeu  cross-grained ;  split  with  the  grain. 


208 
404 

268 
302 
323 
200 

350 
293 


.do  . 
.do 


53.0 
51.0 


01.0 


Long  fracture  witli  ouo  large  splinter  .. 
Long  fiaeture  witli  two  large  splinters  . 

do 

Speeinien  cross-grained;  sciuare  break . . 


Broke  in  three  pieces 

Square  break  on  tension   side  with  largo  llake  on  compressior 
side;  bn>ke  at  knot. 


250     Square  break  witli  large  splinters  . 
232     Square  break,  the  ends  splitting. . . 


78 
48 

531 
583 

382 
474 

30J 
280 

230 
238 

134 

24.-I 
204 


2 
252 
252 
316 
1039 
1039 

745 
745 

286' 

285» 

28^ 

320 

320 

1113 


476 
1133 

735 
735 
1086 
1086 

1140 
1140 

487 
487 


Square  lireak 462 

do 462 


lirokc  with  long  splinters 

Broke  witli  hing  splinters  on  compression  side  . 


Broke  suddenly  ;  stick  shattered. 
do 


S|ieeiiiieu  oross-grnined  ;  broke  with  long  split . 
Square  breiik 


Siieciiiieii  ei-uss-giuiued ;  broke  with  long  split 

S<|iiari'  break  on  tension  side  with  large  flake  on  compression  side 


Hpeeliuen  ciosMuniiued  ;  broke  through  smail  knot«. 


liroke  at  knot 

Speeiuieu  eioM-grained  ;  oblique  fracture. 


475 

47S 

482 
452 

280 
280 

484 
484 

841 

838 
888 


i 


i 


■uniT-swrniMWi 


hj^^^i^-"^-:^^v=^^.-S^^^?>gjpi^>gc-^iijpBWjgasy 


1 

1 

I 

1 

H  ■■;  ^^■ 

I, 

* 
•f 

7' 

'1  ,■ 

' 

m 


lli'.i 


358 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III— BEHAVIOR  OP  TUE  PEINOIPAL  M'^OODS  OP  THE 


8p«rlM. 


UnAMNACE.T,. 


StAt*. 


Kloriila . 


42.  UcyiioBln  liitlfolin VA 

Itrd  Iron  Wuoil.     Darling  i'ium.     ' 

4S.  Comlnllii  fi>rro» 400  ' do  . 

Illark  Irmi  Wood.  ■  ' 


400 


do 
do. 


4S.  RlmniiniH  ('iiniliiiiiinA i    ao:i  \. 

/fi('i'i/i  f'lirrn).  \ 

lOlvi     Arkannas 


I 


47.  RlinmiiiiH  riiiHlilanii I    OOII 

litarliftry.     lltar  WmhI.    Shittim 
Wood.  \ 

41).  Cflliibrliin  nrlluiitft I  1 130 

.Va*«.l  Wood. 


.>*AlMNI)A(;Ki»;. 


W.  ^.8i'iilii»  i;l:ilirii     

Ohio  lluekeye.     Fetid  lluektyf. 


Oropm 
Florida  . 


Loritllt.r. 


Uimor   MotAoombo 

...do  

...do 


Sniut  iIoliii'H  river  . 
Joiirnboro' 


IS.  .XHciiliinCalitmnioA. 
Viitifnmia  Ituekeyf. 


M.  Saiiiiidn.i  inHVKiiintiis  . 
Wild  CI 


fViiNrt.     Sonpbrrry. 


2U7  1  MiHHi'iiii... 

207    ....do    

4'J7  I  Toimi-Hnco  . 

i 
(!84  j  Califiiriiia  . 

084    ...  do    

■107     Tixu» 


rortlanJ 

Uiiihrclla  Koy  . 


.\1l«'nton. 
...do  .... 
Nnnlivilli' 


CoUcotor. 


A.  II.  Ctirtiaa. 


.do  . 
.do  . 


...do 

T.ll.  Kilchona. 


KIch,  alluvial. 
A.  II.  CuftlsH ,  Coral 


G.  Enc«lmannand 
C  S.  SarKi'iil. 


Soil. 


Coral. 


do. 
.do. 


liicli  hamraoiik 


Miiiin  i'oiiiity. 


G.  \V.  l.iltirman      liU  h,  inoiat 

...  do i do 

A.  (intllnj!Pi' 


1.2012 

1.3540 
1.  34110 

0.  A3n0 
O.SOtO 

0.6043 

0. 8721 

0. 40.^3 

0. 4002 

Uirb,  nioiat {  0.4070 


u  «  S 


m 


m 


....do 

j 

I  Dalliifl  . 
do.. 


(i.K.  ViiHi'j- Jlitli  upland  ... 

...do ' do 


0.  t*nt 
0.  B228 


choii 


iiit'h,  dump  . ... 
...do  


307    ...  do ...do do 

i  I  I  I 
828  , do I  Aiutiii C.  .Mohr l.iiiuslono 

I  I 
028  : ...  ilo !...  do    I do ..  do 


M.  Hvpolnto  iKinii'iil.ttn 

Ink  Wood.     Iran  Wtmd. 


403     Kloriila ... 


I 
Unpor    Mi'lai-onibo  i  A.  11.  t'orlmx Coral 

I 


403 


60.  Aoor  niaoroitliylloni 082 

Xroadlfavfd  Mnntf.  I 

I    082 

;  1023 

i  1023 


a.  Acer  cirt'inatiim  . 


1013 


do 


Tmior 
Ki-y. 
do  . 


do. 


Oregon  . 
...do  ., 
..  do  .. 
.    do    . 


IVirllaiid 
..do... 


Poilli'.iid  Fumltiiro 

Coiiipaiiy. 
. .  do 


G.  KiiKiliHiiiinand     '"I'l,  alluvial. 
r,  S.  Sar/ji'iiU 


do  . 
do. 
do  . 


.do. 


.  do 


1014      \Vn«liiiit;tim    lor- 

I      ri(<»i\-. 


64.  Acor  watTbnrtiuun 200  |  MisHonri. 

Stiaar  Majilt'.   .Niii/ar  Trrr.     Hard 


Uaplt.     It^Kk  ilaptf. 


;17«  i  Voiiiiout 


4.111 
1333 
1233 
1234 
1234 
123R 
r.'35 


Ni'w  Kn;;land  . .  - 

Voiinont 

..do 

do 

..do 

do         

.    .do  ... 


64.  AporMfcliarimim.  rar.  niRnim 
niofJi  tfugar  Aloftle. 


213  '.       do    

3741  Mlimoiiri  . 
440  j  Trnnt  hhco  . 
7A7     Floiid.i    ... 


$k  Aenr  da«ri-Arpuin 

Sfifl  itaplf.     Whitf  UapU.    Sihtr 
MapU. 
66.  Acer  nibrum  . 


il« 


lO.VJ     MaNNiii  liunotta 


rortliiiid ..  do Muisl,  alluvial 

Wilki'Him  do do 


All.nton  . 
("Inirlolli* 


I  ) 

I  O.  W.  I.i'ttorman.  I  1'1<I>  upland  . 

(\G.rrlnKlo I  firav.-lly 


m 

pun 


o.70«i  }m 

|i_J 

0.7784  ['".^ 
0.. 243  111 
0.5310  !['7j 


COBPriCIKNTO* 
BLABTICITY. 


1. 0405 

i.or.;3 

0.  hUt< 

o.,v:ii 

0.  4007 

0.  :iim 

0.  0028 


0.7001    I'''"'' 


Cliarbstown  Navy.     S.  11.  Pool 

V;iril.  I 

Cliiirlotto    


0.8381 

0.  0832 
0. 0775 


do 
do  . 
do  . 
do 
do 


K.  II,  llomf.inl    ..  I I  0.7447 


15! 


do. 

do 

do. 

do. 

do. 


t 


0.8086  II     i; 


.  *o C.  G.  Vi lnsl». . .         Clay 

AlIiBton     4)  W.  U'tU  mian       I.oir,  nllavldl 

NnMivillo I  A.OaUiBRor IlMi 


Chntiahoi.fhiw A.  H  Curlim '  Clay 0.6870  ''V'h 


...1 


0.  7416.1 
fl'7l«8 
0  7ilii7 
11.7180 

0.72-11  1:1 

Ell 

0.  7353  |E 
0.0*3  .(11 


I 


d.. 


do 0.0824  'I 


Rtd  MixpU.    .Vwiinin  ilapl*.     S^l 
UapU      Wilfr  llifilf. 


M  do 

!>:«i     IliMin.ippI 


T"p»(l<"ld 


il.  K.OtinMon l.t>w  inoudow  . 


Arnold  A rlxir.-f  Hill       <'.  s.  Sarccnt I'rift 

Xetnpi  r'n  mill ('.  Mohr Kloh,  awmmp; 


0.6C4I 

0.  7146  { 
0.0136 


2.2 


070 

1101 
1101 

814 
718 

776 

021 

VA 
087 
610 

607 
678 

888 
837 
842 

t»8 

ii'in 

030 

(107 
T.'.l 
007 

v:;a 

0211 

6;i4 

l.M'O 

888  ' 

I 

76il  i 
1683 
1878  ; 

1220  ' 

I 
1305 

1028 

1430 

1030 
1085 

888 

«57 

810 

076  I 

tai  \ 

•71  ! 


o 
•o-s 


I 


1100 

1127 

1170 

680 

704 

518 

687 

616 

012 

750 

876 

1216 

707 

400 

65'J 

408 

574 

540 

000 

518 

008 

040 

CSS 

(>C3 

048 

840 

814 

820 

007 

703 

1200  ;  1201  I 

I      I 

1017  I  1118 


734 
7.'.! 
842 
704 


000  I 

006  I 

I 

001  i 


713  712  I 

723  S18  I 

i4.'>7  1210  I 

078  810  I 

030  ;  07,-,  I 

lO.j:)  um  I 

i 

1808  r.'.iO  I 

1305  123.-.  j 

Ui-O  I2S1  I 

1.57S  12  !2  I 

I 

1.575  1104  I 

1140  10-.'. 


1221  '  ln.->5 
1148     ln'4  1 


I 


830 

088  I 


0.13 
743 


1106     1010 

I 


804 
1638 


738  i 
►20  ' 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
XJinTED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continaed. 


DIFUtCTIOR,  III  yiLMMBTKHR,  UHUKB  A  I'llKKBUKR,  IN  KIL001UM8,  OF— 


SO 


R.O 

4.1 
4.1 

8.0 
S.8 

8.8 

5.8 

8.6 

7.1 

ao 

7.0 
7.2 

S.6 
S.7 
S.8 
7.1 

t.3 
6.2 

7.0 
8.6 
7.0 
8.7 

7.8 
7.7 

8.2 
6.6 
6.4 
2.9 
2.8 
4.0 
3.6 
3.0 
3.4 

4.7 
4.8 

s.n 

6.7 
1.0 

1.) 

S.9 
••• 


lOO 


0.3 

a8 

8.3 

12.3 
14.2 

10.7 

10.0 

I. 'I.  8 
1.'^..  0 
17.0 

U.fl 
14.0 

II. U 
10.3 
12.0 
14.0 

H.  1 
0.0 

13.  :i 
13.0 
11.  S 
12.3 

13.7 
13.6 

6.7 
10.0 
10.6 
6.0 
6.4 
7.0 
«.« 
0.2 
6.2 

8.6 
H.  0 
8.6 
10.5 

ut 
II 

11.1 

9.4 


ISO 


13.5 

11.6 
12.1 

18.0 
22.1 

10.5 

1.5.0 

•-•2. 4 
1!4.0 
27. 0 

23.0 
21.7 

10. « 
l.'..  5 
10.0 

:;2.o 

12.0 
14.  5 

21.0 
10.8 
17.8 
10.4 

21. .') 
21.0 

10.2 
16.0 
15.6 
7.7 
8.4 
10.2 
10.0 


!I00 


18.0 

15.  S 
18.0 

26.6 
33.0 

22.0 

10.0 


O 

(net.) 


0.6 

O.P 
0.5 

2.4 
2.6 

1.0 

0.6 


41.6 
44.0 

31.6 
30.3 

23.6 
22.4 
29.0 
.'12.0 

16.6 
10.0 

30.5 
•JO.  5 
26,  0 
20.0 

30.  r, 

2!».  .'i 

13.6 
20. 0 
20.6 
10.2 
11.2 
13.6 
13.0 


I 


9.6 

lao 

0.1 

12.2 

13.5 

18.2 

12.0 

15.5 

13.0 

17.6 

10.6 

23.0 

HI.O 

10.0 

MO 

11.0 

17.1 

24.8 

14.  S 

19.5 

300  SISO 


1ft.  0 


10.0 
17.0 

27.5 
34.0 


23.0 
19.6 


7.5 

1.8 
2.8 

1.6 
1.6 
3.0 
4.2 

0.7 
1.0 

3.4 
3.0 
2.0 
2.5 

2.0 
2.0 

0.3 
0.7 
0.8 


1 


48.6 

32.0 
31.8 

21.  6 
23. 4 
20.7 
34.2 

17.0 
10.0 

32.  0 
31.0 
26.0 
30.0 

31.4 
30.0 

13.  8 
•JO.  3 
21.3 


23.0 

'J0.0 
21.2 


28.0 
24.5 


44.0 
44.2 

32.0 
30.7 
37.0 
45.0 

21.6 
24.0 


0.0 

10.2 

0.0 

11.2 

0.3 

13.6 

0.2 

13.0 

0.0 

13.0 

0.0 

12.5 

0.5 

18.0 

0,5 

16,3 

0  A 

18.0 

1.8 

24.0 

2.0 

30.7 

1  1 

10.1 

1.6 

26  0 

i.a 

W« 

4.3.0 
42.0 
3.6.0 
41.0 

40.3 
30.0 

17.0 
•JO.  0 
27.0 

r2.e 

14,0 
18.8 

16.0 
16.8 
15.4 

23.5 

20.0 


:ioo 


30.  U 
24.6 


30.6 
20.0 


42.0 
42.0 
53.0 


27.0 
30.5 


350 


30.0 


34.5 


60.0 
68. 0 


33.2 
36  6 


50.5 

21.5 
35.0 


15.2 
17,0 
20.2 
19  5 
19.7 
10.0 

30.0 
26  0 


400  480 


33.7 


40.0 


4a  0 


00.0 


39.5 
44.6 


25.8 


22.6 

29.6 

30.7 

41.6 

40.4 

54.0 

25.0 

n.o 

35.0 

at 

MO 

«9f 

18.2 
20.2 
24.6 
23.4 
24.7 
22.0 

38.0 
3'2.0 
37.0 
53.0 


32.0 


21.7 
26.3 
.10.0 

27,7 
30,  n 
27.0 

40.5 
4.3.6 
52.0 


67.0 


4a  6 
68.0 


aoo 


sao 


62.0 


30.0 


!!.'i.4 


60.5 


Is 

so. 

SI: 


Bemarka. 


360     SpeclineD  oroai-gTmined . 


31.4 


30.  0  I  30. 0 


4M    M,« 


M-l 


sao 

33.0 
3ff.  8 
.U6 

86.0 


I 


.-IB.  3 


47.0 
42.0 
50,0  '. 


481 
200 

221 
263 

320 

519 

100 

200 
234 

205 
277 

383 
403 
350 
300 

538 
477 

207 
297 
206 
280 

304 
34D 

551 
348 
288 
.'>89 
.650 
.627 
548 
.'..30 
471 


LonK,  nhattered  break  . . 
Spcclmon  croiB-Rralncd . 


Long  break,  Rtartlng  ut  amall  knot.. 
Slmttored 


Tioug,  ahattertMl  break  with  largo  xplinters. 
Specimen  Rronagrnineil -,  ahntterod 


CruHliwl  nt  renter  bearing 

do 

CniRbcd  nt  center  bearing ;  broke  at  knot  on  tension  nide 


I.nng  fracture;  Inrge  nplintere. 
Long  fracture 


Long,  Riilintercd  fraotnre . 

Splintered  fractnro 

do 

Long,  Rplinterrd  fractnn> 


Shattered  . 
do  ... 


Short  brink,  nplitting  in  axiR  ofRtick 

Slightly  cniRhc<l  at  center  bearing 

.Slightly  cruRhcd  at  center  bearing;  splintered . 
Short  break  with  long,  largo  splinter 


Lonp,  Rbftttered  break. 
do      


Liin;^  Rplinter<in  angle  of  two  fnceR 

Spliutei'cd 

.Spccimrn  croRg-graine<l ;  Rplit  witli  grain 

r.roke  with  6uo  Rplintera  on  back 

do 

Sitnare  break  on  tenRion  Hide,  Rplittlng  in  aiia 

do 

....  do 

NpecimeD  troMi  gruintMl ;  abattered  on  angle  nf  two  facea. 


460    Kroke  with  long  Kptinlers ..iwi., 

4M     Craalicd  aliiihtl.y  at  center  liRtflAg  i  hrilUt  With  /Inc  apllntera 

437     Ilriikc  «i(/i  (Ine  upllntem 

308  I  Spllnteretl  on  iinglc.  at. ii ling  at  amall  knot 

317  I  Bnilie  with  hmx.  flnii  Rplintet* 


411  I  Itiiilie  »llh  hiw;.  line  RpllnterR 


315 
MO 


SperiTDcn  Rap-woMl,  croM  grained ;  broke  at  knot  — 
CniRhed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  fine  apllntert. 


359 


454 

460 
400 

808 
1094 

093 

1139 

207 
207 
427 

684 
684 

307 
307 
0'-'8 
028 

403 
463 

0»2 
082 
1023 
1023 

1013 
1014 

299 
376 

400 

ij:i3 

1233 
12.!  I 
1231 

12:1.-. 

rj:i,-) 


21:1 

274' 
440 
757 
767 

lesi 

V) 


:M: 


m 


wn 


W:t 


I    i| 


.-   lb 


i   if! 

!  i 


3C0 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOK  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


M.  Acer  rabmra— cuntinucd . 


Rtate. 


2ti88i8Sipjti 

Gt'Oijiiiv 

...du 

Mosaacbusctts. . . 
...  ilo 


530 

743 

743 

878 

878  I 

1048    ...  do Xortli  Ki-iidiug 

1048     ..  do do 


Locality. 


Collector. 


SoU. 


Kcmpcr'a  mill C.  Molir 

Biiiubridge A.  11.  CurtisH  . 

. .  do do 

Dniivci  a !  J.  Bobinsoii . . . 

—  do ' . . .  do 


COKFnCIKNT  OK 

Ei.ABricn'Y. 


Sis 
s,t:  a 

OS 


IJ 

0 


do  . 


Kicb,sirniiipy. 

Low 

...  do 

...do 

...  do 

...  do 

...do 


87.  ■''eguudo  nccroldcs 

Sox  Elder.    Athleaved  Maple. 


2fW     Misfouii AUoiitoii... 

2U0    do do 

311     Ti'xna  Dallaa 

311    ...do do 


...    n.W.  I.itlirmim..;  Rich  biiltoiu  . 

. ..  'lo I. . .  .do 

. . .    J.  Rcveicboii do 

do ' ....  do 


68.  Xciiiindo ('idifornit'uni. 
Box  i:ider. 


AN.\('AI!I>IACEir:. 


C4.>     Culifoniia. . . 
043    ...do  


CNiiitra  Costa  ciiuiity    (J.  It.  Vani'y ;  Kk-li,  moiat  . 

.  -  do do do 


O.5O0O 

0.  o->:;4 

■  0.  5500 
0.0818 

0. 7ue 
u.Gcua 

0.  6710 

0.  4750 
0.  4585 
0. 4773 
0.  4014 

0.  .'.^^7 
0.  52J7 


S  a 
I" 


*       I 


m\ 


m 


m 


1 1.  lUins  copalliiia  ... 
DuarJ  Sumach. 


7:;(i     I'lmida . 
730    ...do  ... 


Cb.ittal:ooi:li('e . 
...do  


.\.  II.  CiirtisH  . 
....do  


71    Klius  Mi'lopidiu 

I't'itn'n  M'o'tl.  Cural  Sumach. 
Miji'iitain  Mancliinccl.  JUmi 
Wi>mt.   H->nPUim.  lioctortium. 

J.EGrMINO.S.i;. 


77.  Kobinia  I'aoiidararia 

Locust.      lil'tck  Locust. 
Locv.'it. 


•107     Florida 
4U7    do    .. 


Upper    ^Utacoinliu     A.  II.  Cuitiss. 
do    


Jmur 
dii  ■ 


Uryilay    j  0.4888 

..do I  (1.  ,"054 


Corul  . 
...do  . 


0. 7M7 
0.8105 


Yellow 


40.") 

40,"i 

405 

815 

815 

1247 

1247 

1248 

1248 


Chail.'HtOKii    Navy.     S.  II.  I'ook 

vard. 
...do ...do 


ilo do    

Wr.it  Viraiuia...     Grafton C.  G.  Tringle 

—  do do do 

Xew  York [  Long  Islaiid M.  C.  Betdlo  . 

—  do — do do 

.  ..do do do 

—  do ...do .do 


70.  Kobinia  \eo.M('xicaua 

l.ocunt. 


80.  Oliiiya  Tisota 

Iron  ^\'ood■     Arbol  dc  Jiierro. 


81.  PJHi'idia  I^rythi-ina 

'Ttnnaicu  Ihnncooii. 


82.  Cladra.^tiH  tiiictoria 

YcUvio\Yvnd     YcUinc  A»U.  Ooptier 
Wood. 


1U31     Colorado 


Trinidad . . . 


i i 

\V.  L.  StrouK Low,  moist 


M.  Sopburu  allinis. 


1(5.  Gvinitor-laduB  CaiiadcnalH 

KerUuely  tufee  Tree.     Coffee  Nut.  I 


;tC.  (ilHiIitHrbiii  tt-laoMithHW*  

IJonffi  Liiciml.  Kack  Loeutt. 
TliTe^thoriifd  J<a<i(i.  tiwfel 
/Maul,    iloneii  JSiirl*. 


tl'iO 

.">04 
."j«4 

33 
33 

320 
032 

510 
1241 
1242 
1243 

53> 
53» 


Callfoiiiia L()\vcr        Coloiado     G.  K!);:i'Iiiiaiiiiaiid     Dry,  gravelly  . i 

valloy.                            (.'.  S.  Sargent.              '                 *  ! 

. . .  -do d*t tlo do    


Klor  ida 
. . .  do  . . 


.  do 


r    Aft-taeombe     A.  II.  Curtias CornI  . 

do do  . 


Kentucky ilorcer  county W.  M.  Liiiney  . . . .    LimcstoDe  . 

..  do do do do 


Texa.a Dalla.s 1.  lievercbou    j  Dry,  calcareous. 

do Austin C.  Mobr ' do 


Tennessee . 
Missouri... 

.   ..do 

...do 


1 


NasbTillo 

Allen  ton 

...do 

..do  


\  A.  Gatlinger 

G.  W.  Leltci-man 


do do 

do j do 

Xeuoesiiee Naabville . 


do. 
do. 


...do 

...do  

A.  Oattinger. 


Limestone 
Alluvial  ... 

..do 

...do  


Low,  rich ■ 

do 1 

Dr  jisandy  barrens' 


0. 8205 
0. 8148 
0. 0133 
0.0433 
0.7036 
0. 77(10 
0.  8U(iU 
0.  8450 

0.  8010 

0.9841 
1. 1060 

1.0308 
0.  04GC 

0.7852 
I  0.G444 

0.8607 
0. 0504 

0.  7143 
0.6S66 
0.  0873 
0.0670 

0.6250 
0.B381 
0.6900 


JLlii]] 

B 

'  i.TT'"rl 


11 


ii 


076 
888 
070 
888 
775 
888 
842 

010 
02B 
4,12 
514 

1130 

021  , 

i 
1 

031  , 

703  , 

I 
021  1 

021  . 

1305 
857  1 

i:;2i  . 

1030 

814 
1520 
1027  , 

070 
13-JO 

1001 

970 
650 

740 
812 


1028 

030 
1085 

888 

835 

004 

013 

618  I 
607  I 

478  J 

530 

I 

986  , 
004 

638 
835 


809 
600 
707 
037 
830 
820 
037 

443 
572 
500 
501 

785 
800 

004 
G33 


1050   010 
1050  \     (iOi 


I 


1302 

I 
1302 

1268 

103U 

970 

1027 

1027 

1123  ' 

1430  , 


1481 
13(12 
1514 
1041 
851 
1387 
1355 
1000 
1307 


1140  .  909 


1030  I  042 


CD7 


814 
888 


888  j    076 
9,''i7  !   102S 


842 
1150  I 

872  i 
1001  ; 
1221 

076  i 

I 

070 
1104 

888 


857 
1007  I 

840  I 
1110 
1140 
1085 

1140 

1221 


SS8 


820 
675 


813 

820 
700 

703 
813 

760 
802 


907 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Coutinueil. 


361 


DEFLECTION,  IK  UII.LIUETEnB,  I'N'DKR  A  fllEgglUIE,  IN  KILOQRAUg,  OF— 


SO    too 


B.U 

5.  n 

0.3 
5..-! 
D.« 

8.0 
7.8 
10.8 
a.j 


150;  30O 


(set.) 


I 


0.5 
10.  C 

n.o 

11.0 
11.7 
10.8 
IP.  7 

15.8 
14.  II 
L'O.  0 
18.2 


I 


:..  3  1).  u 

.1. 3  I  10.8 

I  I 

7.7  ,  15.  :i 

0.4  11.7  I 

:       i 

5.3  '  9.3  j 

5.3  0.3 


4>.    (     .        (.  ,) 

4. 0  7.  7 

4.7  0.3 

0.0  10.0 

3.  2  0.  0 

3.  0  0.  0 


5.0 

8.7  ' 

3.7 

0.8 

4.  G 

8.5 

5.0 

0.4 

7.4 

14.0 

0.0 

12.0 

6.8 

11.0 

5.3 

10.0 

5.1 

9.5 

5.8 

11.4 

4.4 

8.0 

5.0 

11.5 

4.6 

8.8 

4.0 

8.5 

5.0 

0.0 

.O.O 

8.5 

4.2 

8.0 

5.  5 

11.0 

14.5 
10.5 
14.6 
17.0 
18.3 
10.0 
15.6 

20.  3 
22.0  1 
31.0  j 

30.  0  i 

14.2 
15.8 

I 

23.2 ; 

18.0  , 

I 

14.3 ; 

14.5 

I 
11.0  I 
12.0 
11.5 
13.8 
14.5 
0.0 
0.0 
12.5 
10.0 


10.0 
23.6 
20.0 


0. 5  :  19. 2 


!24., 


28.0 
22.0 
21.5 


2.0 
0.7 
1.2 
3.0 


24.3 
20. 5 
25. 0 
28.4 


33.6 
4t.5 
42.  0 

21.2 
21.0 

32.3 
27.0 

21.3 
21.  .1 

14.5 
15. 5 
1.5.0 
10.1 
19.0 
12.0 
11.0 
10.  0 

ia.2 


1. 1  I  23.  0 
1.0  ;  21.8 


3.8 
,'j.  0 
3.  5 

1.0 

2.0 ; 

3.1  i 

i 

1.0  I 

1.5  ! 

i 
I 
I 

0.8 
0.3 
0.2 
0.3 
0.  5 
0.0 
0.2 
0.4 
O.o 


35.0 
47.0 
44.9 


25.0 
32.0 
27.0 
33.0 
37.  .'■> 
31.5 
28.0 


300  :i3o 


35.6 


30.0 
42.0 
.I)  .'i 


4O0 


01.0 
90.0 


112.  a 
42.0 
37. 0     50. 0 


4ao 


soo  sso 


21.2 

1  22.  0 

33.5 
28.0 

23.0 
23.0 

14.7 
15.8 
l,";.  3 
10.0 
19.5 
12.0 
11.8 
10.  S 

i;i.5 


71.0  I 

I  I 

28.  0  i  37.  5 

1 
28.0  ,  30.5 


I  43.5  j 

I  37.3  j 

30.5 
30.5 


I  lao  1 22.0 

10.  0  i  23.  5 


25.  8  I  30.  2 

2S.7  I  3.").0 

I 


37.  0  I  44. 5     51. 8 


10.  0  .  23.  9  i  2(1.  0  '■  32.  0 

23.  7  I  30.  0  I  38.  0  j  47.  7 

24. 0  I  30. 0  I  42. 0  j 

LS.  0     18.0  I  21.0     24.9 

U..%      17.8  21.2"    2.1.4 

20.8     2,-i.5  31.0  i  30.5  j  45.0 

10. 4     20. 1  24.  3  !  28. 0  i  3i.  6     39. 0     40.  4 


33.0 

40.0 


41.5 

47.0 


47.8 
5."i.  0 


29.3     34.7  ,  42.3 


31. 2     3«.  0  I  40.  6 


12.4     10.2  ,    0.4     16.7     20.0     23.0 


14. 2  I  19. 5       0. 5  I  20. 0     20. 5  i  33. 7 


21.0  1  29.  £ 


1.4  1  31.0 


19. 5     26. 0  I  1.  S  j  27. 1  ,  33.  5  j  43. 0 

17.3     24.0  I  1.4     24.6  |  80.5  ' 

158     21.6  i  1.1  I  22.5  29.0 

'  ! 

14.5     20.2  1.0     20.5  !  2aO 


17.0  I  23.0 


.6  '  26.0  •  83.0 


13.0  I  ia2  '     1.2     18. V     24.0     31.0 


18. 5  29. 9 
13.0  I  18.4 
14. 0  j  19. 2 
13.7  j  20.0 

12.6  ;  la  8 


3.0 
0.0 


37.0 


42.0 


29. 0     37. 3 
18.8     20.0 


L5  I  20.0     28.7 


1.4 


20.6     2^.3 


31.0 


42.0 


61.0 


5>.S 


I 
47.0  ,  68.0 


52.0 
37.5 
40.6 
44.0 


i 


O.fl     18.0     24.0  '  31.0     41.0  ,  57.0 


12.9 


17.0  I     1.0  ,  18.7 


16.4     22.5       1.0  '  23.5 


I 


25. 0    ;i;i.  0    47. 0 

31. 7  I  so.  3  ;  .15.  5 


I  i 


11 


345     Broke  vrltli  long  RpUnfcrs 

2!>0  :  SiKH'inien  0. 75  sup-wood  j  crcia-gniiucd 

340  j  Snp-woo();  oruslicd  nt  crntorlirarini;;  broko  with  Quo  apUutcrB. .  ■ 

400    ilu 

358     Snp-wooil;  biiiko  -witli  long,  large  spliuters 

350    ilo 


4U0 


do  . 


160  Bioku  lit  knot  lunr  center  beai in;; 

244  (.'niched  nt  center  bcarinj;:  sipiaro  break 

217  Stpiiiro  lireiik  at  kn<»t 

252  .  Flaked  on  tension  t^ide;  bi'oke  at  Humll  knot . 


335  :  Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  into  long  splinters 

343  !  Cruslied  at  center  bearing;  brok(y  into  long,  fino  ?'iIintor». 


200     f^Iiatteud,  splitting  to  llie  end. 
2711    do  .   


203     S(inare  brc;ik  . 
200    do 


630 
743 
743 
878 
878 
1048 
1048 

200 
290 
311 
311 

645 

045 

730 
736 

407 
407 


032     (io.2  niilliuioters  dellection  with  000  kilogiams;    spieimen  eioss- 

griiiiu'd.  I 

681      liroke  with  line  s]dintcrs ' 

040     04. 3  niillinieti  IS  detlecliou  witU  600  kilogranus  ;   broke  with  line 

splinlci's.  t 

444      r.roke  «itli  coarse  ..jpUntcrs 


303  do 

502  Splintered  on  coruiis 

578  Broke  with  lino  splinters 

430  Broke  witli  hirgo  splinters  on  comers. 

fiOrt  do 


I  Broke  with  long  splinters  . 


402     Cro.'isgraiued ;  split  with  grain . . . 


238 

3!)4 
288 


.Scpiarc  break 


Broke  with  long,  largo  sjilinters  . 
do 


422  I  Long,  large  splinters  ou  angle  of  two  faces  . .. 
347  I  Started  at  small  knot :  long,  obli<ine  fracture  . 


350  I  Broke  at  large  knot  with  lou'.;  siilinters. 
341  i  Long,  oblique  break 


300     Squaio  bicak  on  tension  side,  splitting  ili  axis  of  the  stick 

347     Splintered  on  iiii;:le  uf  twi>  faces 

828  I  Broki'  willi  line  sjdinier 


842 


.do 


413  '  Crushed  ul  i enter  liearing  ;  broke  with  Ano  splinter  . 

387     Broke  w  it ii  Hue  »pl inter 

:\n     lindse  with  loiii  splinter 


405 

405 

406 

816 

816 
1247 
1247 
1248 
1248 

1031 

060 
650 

564 
664 

33 
33 

320 
932 

510 
1241 
1242 
1243 

.13' 
53» 
4U 


f  i; 

1,  ■ '.' 


I 


Li      1'; 


■uwiiiiMi.Mir'iwiBr* 


362 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THH 


I    ' 


II 


i  ^1^1 


,i  ji 


Spcoiei 


Wl.  Oleditaohla  moDoapennn  . 
Water  Loeuit. 


ParkinHonift  Torreyana 

Ortm-bark  Aeaeia.    Palo  Vcrdt. 


n.  Cercin  Cniindensis 

Redbvd.    Judai  Tru. 


Pixwopis  juHflora 

M«s<iuxt.  Algaroba.  Honey  LocueU 
Ilonei/  I'ud. 


Pn>Hopin  i>uboHC»ii8 
Serno  Jiean. 
I'omilla. 


Serewpod   UcaquiL 


Acacia  0  reg};!! 

Cat'K  Olatv. 

I.  Lymlonm  Inlisiluiua 
Wild  Tamarind. 


760 

7eo 

678 

678 

436 
J089 
1090 
1001 

080 
680 
927 

658 


SUte. 


FloricUk. 
...do  ... 


Arizona . 
...do.... 


XeDDeswe . 
MlBnoiiri... 

...do  

...do 


Arizona  . 
...do... 
Texaa  . . . 


Locality. 


Chattahoochee. 
...do  


Lower       Colorado 

river. 
...do  


Nashville. 
Allpnton.. 

...do 

..  do 


Tucson  . 
...do... 
Austin  . 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Curtlss  . 
..do 


Q.  EnKnlmann  and 

U.  8.  SurKent. 
...do 


A.  Gattinger 

a.  W.Lettermao. 

..  do 

...do  


C.S.  Surgcnt. 

...do 

C.  Mohr 


Sou. 


«  3  . 


Alluvial . 
...do... 


(A 


is 


0. 7628 
0.  7748 


Sandy 0. 6705 

...do 0.6727 


COKPnCIIXT  OP 
KLABTICITY.      I 


Limestone 0. 7323 

Rich 0.6341 

...do j  0.0834 

...do 0.6250 


Calll'orula I'ort  Yuma 1  (>.  EnKi'lmano  and 

;      C.  8.  Siirgciit. 
...do do 


058  |....do. 


.do. 


!  I 

697  I  Arlitona Santa  ttita  mount- 

j  aina.  , 

509  !  Floriiln ,  Boca  Clilni  Key  . ..      A.  U.  Cortiss  . 


Rich,  calcareous . 


Sandy 


I 


ROSACKiK. 


Dry,  gravelly. 
Coral .. 


0. 7818 
0.7014 

0. 7750  ' 

0.8068 
0.8SC8 

0. 8714 

0.6670 


102. 
103. 


CiirvKoliitlanu.s  Ic 
Ciicott  I'ium. 


480 


do 


I 
Bay  Biscaynu  ! — do    i  Snampy 0.7753 


Prnnus  AintTiciinii    

Wild     Plum.      Canada    Plum. 
Uorge  Pltiin, 


Allentou... 
...do 


I'runiiH  itn;ztiiilJi'oli;(     

OhickaMiw  Plum.     Hug  Plum. 


104. 

107.  PiiinuH  eniiii'giuiita,  var.  mollis  . . 


,]      68  {  Missouri 

I      68  j  -  ■  do 

i    334  I  Texas |  Dallas  . . . 

1  I 

I    435  '  TennoHfloe Xushvitlo 


968     M';iHliingt«u    tor.     Wilkesim. . . 

i      rllory. 
008       .  do do 


I 


G.  W.  Lottcrman. 

...do    

J.  Rovorchon    ... 

A.ljattiiiKer 


G.Engi'lmnnniind 

O.  S.  Sargout. 
...do 


108. 


PrunuH  Hnrotina 

WUd  Black  Cherry.    A'um  Cherry. 


UO.  Pninna  demissa . 
WUd  Cherry. 


MI.  Pmnns  Caroliniana 

ITiid    Orange.     Mock    Orange. 
Wild  Peach. 


15'  M.is.siicliusetts  - . ..    Koxbury... 

15     .    "Ill do 

115'    Slic.liigun 'Lansing... 

115»    ..  ilo Dansvilli.    . 

127     Missimii  Allenton 

127    ...  do ....do 

148  ,  Illinois WiUiki'giui 

317     Michlgau I  llersiiy 

317  |....do ....(lu 

868  ■  Vermont i  Chirlottn  ... 


406     Virginia  or  Mid. 

dfo  Stutt's. 
703  ,  Floridii 


763    ...  do 

1053  I  Massachusetts... 
1053  !...  do 


C.  S.  Sargent   

..  do 

W.J.Btiil 

...do 

G.  W.  Lftterman  . 

...do 

1!.  Dougl.18  

W.J.Bcil 

...io  

C.  G.  Pringlc... 
S.  U.  Po.ik 


Rich  upland  . 

...do 

Rich . 


Klvcr  bluff  . 

Low,  rich  . . . 
...do 


Cb.Trlrbtowu  Navy 

yalil.  I 

Cljultuhoochee A.  II.  Cnrtiss  . 


—  do do 

Topsiiold   i  J.  Robinson . 


do 


do  . 


637     California. 


1032 
1062 
1M3 


Florida  . 
Texas  . . 
...do... 


Strawberry  valley  . . 


Jacksonville. 

Victoria 

...do 


G.  Kn^olmanit  and 
C.  S.Sur^eut. 

A.  H.  Curtlss 

C.Mohr 

....do 


Gravelly  . 

...do 

..do 

. .  do 

Uich  loam 

..  do 

Gravelly... 

Rich 

. .  .do 

Gravelly... 


0.  C003 
0.  5010  I 
0.  6045 


8 


1061 
1221 

514 
S68 

814 
588 
452 
051 

542 
596 
609 


■a  3 


1149 

1101 

514 
602 

904 
610 
514 
723 

618 
630 
5U1 


814 

835 

787 

814 

1039 

1085 

488 

401 

957 


I 


i        I 
0.4099    1"^! 

0.4750  rh 

I         I 
0.7438  ;[II]]]I 

0.7386  llJi^' 

0.  .131 5-1  (mil  ^ 


0.  .'i048 


m 


Clay 

...do  .... 
Gravelly. 
. .  do  . . . . 


0.6790 
0.  0070 
0.  0471 
0.5315  p 
0.  5I9.1  f-Vl 
0.  5648  [^ 
0.5028  '[jJI] 
0.0105  l^l 
0.6244  ll^^l 
0.6751  l|^ 

0.6716^  mm 


I 


I..OW,  rich  . 


Sandy  

Rich,  moist . 
...do 


0.7630  I  p.; 


n 


0.8785 
0.  8008 
O.tMVl 


775 
1017 
651 
814 
970 
1221 
970 
775 
842 
704 
651 
070 
888 
740 
606 

814 

697 
1191 
976 


1073 
982 

511 
570 

1003 
734 
040 
510 

469 
574 
412 

1H)2 
880 

702 

653 


11 lU       901 


814  !  769  049 
651  .  734  703 
921  ;        076     1240 


0.0538    ^         634  ,        003  |    409 


I 


751  :   '8411 
751  ;    872 


687 
670 


849  1171 

888  I  1084 
673 


840 

T24 

970 

005 

1028 

906 

930 

937 

800 

680 

828 

UOI 

857 

7C9 

718 

642 

958 

797 

970 

702 

709 

820 

775 

820 

709  •  001 

I 

718  i  586 

1097  I  1206 

906  ^  IHO 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


303 


UNITED  STATES  UNDE14  TKANSVBR8B  STRAIN— Contiuued. 


DKruKrrioN,  im  i(ii.i.imktkiu),  vavan  a  i-BKiutuHK,  in  kiloubamb,  or— 


ti 


so 


4.0 

4.0 

0.5 
8.0 

&0 
8.8 
10.8 
7.» 

0.0 
8.2 

o.e 

0.0 
8.2 

4.7 

10.0 


0.U 
7.3 


lOO 

t 
ISO 

8.8 

13.3 

8.2 

12.8 

10.0 

2a  4 

10.2 

25.4 

1U.8 

15,8 

lao 

24.6 

19.0 

20.7 

13.6 

20.0 

ilOO 

0 

(SLt.) 

aoo 

4:12 

0.8 

18.0 

IK  5 

1.0 

10.5 

43.2 

8.4 

40.0 

35.2 

3.U 

;i7. 7 

-.ISO 


23.5 
25.6 


22.8 
35.0 
43.0 
28.1 


15.8  1  23.0  ; 

J15.6J22,,'. 
I  10.  5  I  31.  5  j 


30.7 


I. A 
2.5 
0.0 
1.6 


37.0 

45..-. 
.30.0 


I'0. 7 
48.0 
61.0 


.0  j  31.7    


(11.7  17.7  j 

I  12.0  I  17.3  ' 

I 

0.0  •  14.0 

I  21.  2  i  31'.  7 

8.8  I  13.0 

12.7  1  18.3 

I 
I 


24.3 

24.  n  i 

1 
i 

i  18.1 
I 
,-.1.3 


1.3 
2.2 


25.  U  '  32.  0 


25.5 


33.5 


0.0  I  18.6  I  24.0 


17.  8  i    0. 0  1  18. 0 


13.3  I  21.0 


10.  fl     U.  9  : 


10.  2  :  20.  0 


0.  5  I 
0.  .->  1 

0.3 

4.8  I 

7.5  I 

0.0     ; 

6.0 

4.0 

5.0 

0.3  I 

6.8 

0.4, 

7.5 

5.(1 
I 

5.6  1 


11.5 

"- 

11.  .-.  ; 
11.0  i 
14.5  I 
11.5 

1(1.  0 

'J.  :> 
10.  r. 
12.2, 
11.8  1 
U.4  ! 
13.0 
10.  2 
10.0 


0.0 

12.7 

7.0 

12.0 

6.0 

12.  7 

7.0 

13.6 

4.1 

8.0 

6.0 

0.8 

17,7 
17.  U 

17.3 
16.0 
21.7 
17.  (i 
M  2 
!.■>.  0 

10.0 

19.0 

10.7 

10.7 

I 
21.  5  I 

15.2  I 

15.5  i 

10.5  I 


27.4 
28.0 
30.7 

3H.  5 

25.2 
24.7 

23.0 
22.0 
32.0 
24.  0 
21.5 
21.  0 


1.7  '  28.  0 


1.0 

0.  .■> 


29.0 

■.:o.  (i 


300 


29.0 
83.0 


38.0 
74.6 


41.0 
42.0 

29.0 


23.0 


31.6 


37.0 

30.5    

27. 0  I  34. 0 


I    4.: 


1.5 
1.7 

1.0 
0.0 
1.0  I 
1.0  \ 

1.3 : 
1.2 


19.  .-> 

19.5 

22.0 
13.  5 
14.0 


21.  .-. 

1.0 

20.  H 

1.1 

23.0 

0.0 

22.  0 

I.O 

30,7 

1.7 

21.0 

0.0 

20.  S 

1.0 

27.(1 

1,5 

20,  5. 

1.5 

28  4 

l.fl 

32.3 

4.0 

18.4 

0.2 

18.5 

0.6 

28.  0 
2(i.  0 

24.  2 
22.0 
32.5 
25.0 
22.(1 
22.  0 

27.5 
24.0 
2.3.0 
31.6 
21.8 
21.5 
28.0 
27.0 

28.3 

34.0 
19.0 
19.  • 


30.0  ' 

no,  5 


30.  0     38.  5 
28.  0  i  35.  7 


32.5  I  45.0 
28.5  '  36.5 
2a  0  I  30.0 
28. 0     30.  5 


36.0 

30.0 

30.0 

43.5 

26.6 

27.0 

30.0 

3J.0 

36.5 

73.0 

23.6 

24.6 

40.5 


aso 


40.6 


60.0 


63.0 


40.0 


400 


42.0 

52.6 


08.0 


4ao  soo 

I 


1 |- 


6&0 


41.0 


60.0 


40.5 
44.0 


47.0 
4.V  0 
45.6 


34.0 

3ii.  0 

40.  0  j  62.  5 

40.0     ,W. 


29.2 
82.0 


61.6 


57. 5     73. 0 
.^5.0 


art.  7 
37.6 


41.7 


84.0 


aso 


63.0  I  74.0 


SB 

3  ? 

ji 

468 
410 

218 
217 

428 
313 
277 
220 

200 
245 
170 

385 
S78 

338 

236 


410 
« 

277 
300 
529 

200 

293 
286 

500 
467 
247 
309 
386 
425 
100 
204 
205 
328 
274 
340 
338 
350 
350 

205 

250 
640 
387 


Rumarki. 


0.66  Mi>.wood ;  broke  with  long,  flno  ipUntera  . 
Bpeclnicn  oroes-Kraincd ;  split  with  grain 


Sprciiucn  cross-Kminod;  broke  at  knot . 
Long,  oliliqne  f ract'<r« : 


Broke  with  lung,  large  nplinters  . 

do 

do 

Broke  at  knot  nenr  support 


Specimen  (■i'0HB.}>raincd|  («hort,  oblique  fracture. 

do 

Spoclmi'U  croaH');ruincd  ;  ehatlercd 


Specirai'U  croHx.grnincdi  short,  oblique  fracture. 
, do 


Broke  at  knot  near  the  end  . 
Specimen  cra8S-graine<l 


760 
760 

076 
871 

430 
1080 
1090 
1091 

680 
680 
927 

058 

058 

697 
500 

480 

68 
68 
334 

435 

908 
068 

16 

Br(,'ko  with  fine  spliutcrs j  15 

Long,  oblique  fracture , 116 

do j  116 

Binlir  with  long  splinterrt i  127 

Sbnttered;  long  H]iliiit<iR I  127 

Broke  with  fine  fplintrrs 148 

Shuttered;  long  spliudrs  on  corner 317 

Broke  with  long  siilintcrs  nn  corner 1  317 

Broke  with  coarse  splint<:r8 


Broke  with  long  splinters,  starting  at  knot. 


Broke  with  long  splinters 

Broke  with  long,  large  splinters  . 
Broke  with  fine  splinters 


Specimen  ciossgr.iined,  defcctiro;  square  break  on  tension  side  . 


Broke  witli  lung,  course  H}ilinterH  . 
Shattered 


.do  . 


Sp<u;inHMi  eroHH-gniined ;  single  fracture 406 

llrulic  with  fine  splinters 703 

Broke  with  long,  large  splinters 768 

Specimen  cro.'4H-;;raiui.Ml ;  long  fracture 1053 

do 1053 


Specimen  gross  grained  ;  split  with  the  grain. 


637 

103i 
1061 
Specimen  cress  grained ;  shattered 1  1061 


Specimen  cross-grained. 
do 


■..ii 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 


// 


O 


,^ 


Kf^ 


% 


«i< 


'^J 


1.0 


I.I 


15.0    ^^^      hHB 

■tt  Ui   |22 


us 

lU 

u 


11.25  i  1.4 


Ili4 


^^^ 

% 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


ti  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WItSTM.N.Y.  MStO 

(71«)«72-4S03 


n 


4r 


o^ 


8G4 


FORES']^  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  TUE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


IWiv 


Spociea. 


113.  Prunufl  ilicifolia  . 
Ulatf. 


117.  PyiUH  cdronariii ' 

'a  th  erica  7i    ("ra  b.      Sivcet-scented 
Crab. 


121.  Pynis  Mambiiiafulia 

Mountain  Ahii. 

125.  Cratiegna  arbni cr^cciiti 


120.  CratiTfius  ('rus-j:fllli 

<  'ockspur  Thorn.   Keivcastle  Thorn, 


128.  CratiL'piis  anhvillnsa 

Scarlet  JIaw. 

120.  CratiL'ffiis  touu-ntos.'i 

Jilack  Thorn.    Vear  Haio. 

ri'J    L'iiita';ius  ftpfilhulat;! 

Umall/ruited  Ilan: 

i'.U.  C'l.itn  izuM  a.'stiviilw  

Maji  Ilatc.    Ap^'ie  Jlav. 

l?>'y.  Crat:r;rii8  flava,  irtr.  pum'SCcnH. . . 
Sumiiicr  Ilaw.     JCcJ  llaio. 

l:J7.  AniclaiH'hior  Caniulciirtis 

Juncbcrrif.  A'/iau  Jinth.  Scrr'.ce 
Tree.     May  Cherry. 

lIxVilAMELACEiE. 

.89.  I.inuidanibarStyrariflua 

isweet  Gum.  Starlcaied  Qum. 
Liquidamber.  ned  Oum. 
misted. 


i 

a 


1158 
1158 

1087 
1087 
1088 
1088 


Stnie. 


Culifomia  . 
...do 


PcnusjlvnuiK. 

...ilo 

...<Io 

...ilo 


LocoUty. 


Snnta  Cruz 
...do 


Collector. 


C.  L.Anderson. 
...do 


! 
Kaznretli |  J.  Htuiy . 

...do ...  do 

...do I do 

..  .do ' do 


Soil. 


l<H.i 

1 

!  o  y 

a  1 

^.  i. 

ez    1 

tfi  1 

,    rt  oi 

fM       ' 

t;-n 

®  i 

i    -'-3 

a  ' 

COKFI-ICIENT  OF 
KI.ASTICITY. 


0.9078 

Moist 0.7357 

do I  0.7228 

do 0.7:140 


0.9734  1^1 


•llu     W'MUDnt. 


RHIZUPUORACEf. 

140.  RliiKO|iliiim  Mangle 

ilanyriiif. 

COMBKEVACK*. 

141.  Couo4>arpiin  crecta 

Button  WoaJ. 

143.  Luiriinciiliirlii  rHi't'niosa 

Whilt  lUilton  Wnoil.     Whiff  Han 
yrui'c. 


Oo:   ■ 
007  1 

328  ; 

328  I 
1093  I 
1003  j 

040 

1081 

420  ' 
420 

!I20 

239 

707 

241 
849 
849 

540 

540 
1005 
1095 
1173 
1173 
1181 
1181 
1182 
1182 
U8S 
1163 

48S 
486 

480  , 
480  j 

807  i 
I 
S07 


Ouoi';;] 
. . .  .do  . 


Mount  Man  F  field  . 

OgCL'clieo 

...do 


C.  G.  I'rinjilc 


HnsMicbuaotts.... 

...do  

Missouri 

..  do 


Itrooliliuo. 


A.n.  Curtiss 
...do 


■<io !"-™^'^l 


1 


Gravullj- ;  0.  ,•.727  |  ^ 

!  I 

Low I  0.0818    El 

...do '  0.7120 


Texas    .. 
Missouri. 


Tennessee 
..do 


LoiiisiaMa 

South  Carolina.. 
Florida 


Kontuck;  

Massachusotta. . . . 
..do 


Alabama.... 

...do  

Arknosas... 

...do    

New  Jersey 

...do  

Misaisa.t'Pi . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do  


Alleuton 

...do 


I  J.  Robinson 

I.. ..do 

G.  W.  Lettcrnian 
'  ...do 


Loam 


Vi'toria 

Saint  Louis 


Na.slivillo . 
.»-do 


Webster  ])arish. . . 
Bonncau's  Depot. . 
Aspalafia 


BrumQeld  Station. 

iJanvern 

..do 


Kemper's  I  lill 

..do 

Litllo  Rock 

...do  

Mourt  Holly 

...do 

Yaioo  River  bottom 

...do  

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


(,'.Mobr. 

II.Egger 


0.  iwtc 
0.7  IOC 


...do 

Low,  wet '  0.  771'.' 

...do n  70t(i 


m 


m 
m 


AlUv.ial  .... 


0.  7."U.".      |;_^ 

o.w;70  CLi 


A.  Gattinger Linie.'*toue  .. 

do do 


0.7  lUO 
0.  7327 


C.  Jlohr Clav '  0.7102  ik'M 

I  o 

n.  \V.  Itavcnel Ilamp,  rieb (1.7230    L;;!) 


A.  H.  Curtiss '  Ury  day. 


II    -i.-T        "" 


W.  M.  Liuncy... 

J.  Robinson 

...do 


Waveily  sbalo. ...    ii.  8312  j|[j|{| 

Loam '  0.8472  j^ 

...do ;  0.8410   ESJ 


C.  Mobr  . 
...do  .... 


Rich,  allnvial 1  0. 3448 


.do 


I 


Florida Bay  Biacayne 

...do do 


I 


..do  . 
...do. 


do. 
do. 


A.  H.  Curtiss  . 
...do 


Clay. 


G.  W.  Lcttermiiu.' I  0.6012 

...do 

S.  r.  Sharpies  . . . 

...do  

R.  Abbey 

...do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


0.5765 
0.6080 

....do I  0.8477 

Alluvial 0.5664 

...uo 0.0001 


do  . 
.do. 


0. 0250 
0. 0375 


do 0.5409 

.do 0.0159 


m 


Salt-niarah '  1.1480    [[|^ 

....do- 1.1333    t7"; 


.do. 
do. 


..  do I  Sugar-Loaf  Sound  ..  — do  . 

— do I do do  . 


do 1.0240    j^ 

do 1.0292    f';l 

I  [fir 


751 
097 

751 
729 
508 
651 

675 

814 
788 

543 
SOiS 
7i! 
731 

921  I 
I 

842    ; 

740  j 
031 


603 

688 

888 

076 

751 

6D7 

751 

7S7 

076 
1103 

814 
1017 

1027 
1027 

814  I 
1062 


751 
712 

751 
723 
403 
030 


814 
763 

.373 
514 

794 

913 

M8 

.  740 
723 


820 
743 

441 
422 
452 

62.-; 


443 

610 
580 
703 

708 


718 

(i71 

505 

592 

710 

7(18 

1191 

1221 

1085 

1149 

1103 

1221 

610 

074 
930 
096 
709 
490 
781 
849 

1017 

1001 
888 
970 

1627 
1684 

013 
1186  ' 


J.  7384  Oj   OUH  I   034 
a  7230^    775  j   814 


720 

000 

712 

721 

1256 
lOfS 
1054 

S20 

603 
776 
703 
750 
738 
653 
544 
070 
614 
661 
610 

1308 
1106 

830 
1056 

272 
764 


I-1  -x. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVEKSE  STRAIN— ContiiuitHl. 


DEFIKCIION.    IN   MILLIMETEIIP,   I'NIIF.K  A  rilHB8URE,   IX  KII.OGRAUB,  OF— 


SO 


loo  130  aoo    o 

(set.) 


6.5 

7.0 

6.5 
6.7 

g.o 

7.5 


0.U 
0.1> 

0.0 

».« 


13.0 
13.7 


la.  5 
21.  U 
1.'..  5 


ao.o    2n.o     3.0 


22.3 


32.5      4.C 


33.0 

24. 0  ;  30. 5  ;    4. 8 


15. 6  '  25. 5  ! 


12.0  ;  18.3 

I 
12.  S     20.  5 


17.  0  '  28.  0     30.  0 
10.  0  i  28.  5     42.  3 


4.0 

:>.o 


.  5     12.  0     20.  0     20.  0  1     2. 1 


i-  3 
S.8 

0.6 
7.5 

6.8 

a2 

0.6 

4.1 
4.5 
4.2 

8.1 
7.1 
5.5 
5.0 
e.5 
7.0 
6.5 
6.2 
b.O 
4.2 
6.0 


12.  3     18. 1 


10.7      10.0 


20.0 


22.0 


11.0     16.0     25.5 


13.2     20.2 
13.5  !  21.0 


14.5 

16.5 

13.8 

8.0 


22.5 
28.0 
23.5 
11.5 


8.5  '  12.0 
8.0  ;  12  4 


10.0 

14.5 

10.6 

0.8 

12.7 

12.0 

12.5 

11.5 

0.0 

0.2 

11. U 


4.8    in.o 


24.5 

23.5 

,  10.0 

[  14.5 

'  20.  5 

10  7 

j  10.0 

:  17.0 

I 

,  14.6 

14  7 

17.(1 

15.5 


3. 0  I.   6. 0 
3.0       5.8 


20.0 
30.3 

33.  0 


2.0 

l.U 
2.1 

-.  2 
3.0 

2.5 


30. 0  5.  (I 

34. 0  '  4.  3 

! 

14.6  I  0.0 

17.0  I  0.8 

17. 0  0. 7 


300 


30.0 
35.0 


37.0 


27.1 


30.2 
34.5 
22.5 
20.0 
31.0  I 
20.0  ■ 
S2.2  I 
28.  7  I 
20.4  I 
23.0 
2.5. 0 
23.7 


3.1 
1.5 
1.0 
0,0 
3.5 
2.7 
3.6 
4.0 
1.0 
1.2 
1.4 
2.4 


6.0 
4.6 

7.0 


8.4  11.0 

8.5  It. 5 


10. 7     10. 0 


ai.s 


8.6 


!.'>.  4 


6.8     12.0 


12.7  :  17.8 

I 


I0.S   as.  7 


41.0 
44.0 
29.0 
20.5 

23.0 
20.0 

30.5 
82.0 

34.0 

41.7 

35.0 

14.0 
17.4 
17.7 

37.0 
36.2 
2.1.2 
21.0 
32  0 
30.4 
3.5.0 
31.0 
21.2 
23.0 
25.0 
20.  0 


!tSO 


38.0 
48.0 


61.5 


35.0 


68.0 


38.0 
34.2 

20.0 
34.0 

30.2 
41.0 


57.0 

44.5 

18.6 
:;2. 0 


I       ! 

SOO  330   400 


56.0 
67.0 


47.0 


46.5 
37.0 


59.0 


23.  0     30.  0 


0.2  II. 0 

0. 2  I  U.  6 

0.0  i  22.6 

I 

0.0  I  17,5 


52.5 
30.2 
28.6 
45.0 
42.0 


20. 2 
36.0 
35.  U 
40.0 


83.0 

70.0 

22.3 
20.0 


79.0 
07.0 


00.0 


49.6 


28.0 
36.0 
37.0 


13.  5  I  17.  0 
14. 5     18.  0 


28.3 
22.0 


35.5 
28.6 


1.2     20.6  :  3&0     61.0 


430 


32. 6 

47.5 
57.0 


300   SSO 


40.6 


20. 0     24. 0 
21. 6  I  26. 7 


47.5 
35.0 


45.0 


51.6  I. 

I 

I 


28. 0     32. 2 
28.0    


IS* 

si 

a  » 

•11 


Remarks. 


350 
318 

188 
180 
103  ' 
200 


Broke  with  largo  splintera . 
Broke  with  Um^f  Hplintcrs. . 


Broke  at  knot 

Specimen  croan-graineil 

Specimen  cross-grnlned;  defective. 
Specimen  cross-grained 


100     Broke  at  knots. 


i 


341 

180 


Specimen  cruss-grnined ;  broke  with  one  lor.g  splinter . 
Broke  at  knot 


204 
230 

300  : 
302 

307 
203 

208 
307 

210 

3U4 

3U0 

536 
403 
4.'>0 


281 
331 
300 
320 
315 
236 
2.12 
280 
202 
282 
203 


Broke  with  long  splinters 

Specimen  crossgrninc d ;  split  with  grain  . 

Sqntire  break 

Broke  nt  knots 


Specimen  cross-grained ;  split  with  grain  . 
Broke  at  knot 


Broke  with  a  long  splinter,  starting  at  knot. 
Broke  at  knot i.. 


.do. 


.do  . 


Broke  at  knot  with  a  large  splinter . 


38.3       568 
,    472 


Broke  with  fine  spltnLeis  . 

....  do  

do 


365 


1158 
1168 

3087 
1087 
1088 
1088 

410 

607 
607 

328 
328 
1003 
1093 

048' 

1081 

426 
426 

026 

238 

707 

241 
840 
c49 


Sap'Wood;  split  ien^lhwlse  without  breaking 546 

Siip-woud;  eru.sliedand  splintered  646 

I-ong,  sliattered  l)ri'ak i  1005 

do 1005 


Sap-wood;  broke  witli  tine  splinters. 
do 


Brukuwitlihuig  Bplinters 
do 


1173 

1173 

1181 

1181 

Crnshed  nt  center  bearing ;  broke  with  one  long  splinter !  1182 

llroKe  with  long,  iiuuso  splintors ]  1182 

I 
('rnslied  at  center  bearing ;  shattered 1183 

do 118J 


Broke  witii  coarse  t-pliiite 
do 


486 
485 


:)64     Specimen  cmsS'giiiined  :  nplil  with  grulB 480 

460     Spliutervd ,  488 

I 

110     Broke  at  knot j  507 

326  j  Shattered 607 


i:|^ 


'  M 


41 


ii 


it 


•:  1 


s^*!7,'^V?ff ',??W^i*» 


3Ga 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Speeim. 


MTETACBfi. 


Ui.  Knsenia  buxifolU 

Qvrgcon  Sloppe..    Spanith  Sup- 
per. 
146.  EiiAi'iiia  ninnlicnla 

Stopper.     Whilt  Stopper, 


148.  EiifLeninprocc'i. 
Jicd  Stopper. 


CORNACEie. 


ISl.  CorniiH  fioriiln 

Flovering  Dogviood.    Boa  Wood. 


152.  ComnsNiitlaliil 

Fhwering  Dogwood. 


153.  N.vsR.a  cnpitata 

OfTffcI.ee    Lime, 
(lopher  flum. 


Smir   Tupelo. 


Mt    V.vowi  nniflora. . . 
Larije    Tupelo. 
I'upelo  (Aim. 


OoUon    Oum. 


CAPRIFOLIACB«. 


J-:k(r.r. 


168.  Viliiirtiiim  )iriiiiir»liimi 

Ulaek  Jlatc.    Stag  Buth. 


RUUIACEA. 
tnn.  K^nMonimnCarilNBum. 


1118 

113S 

1127 
1127 

67 
67 
761 
812 
812 
1077 
1077 
1092 


SUte. 


Florida  . 


do  . 

do 
do 


Minaonri 

..  do 

Florida 

West  Virffinia 

..do 

Miasonri 

..do 

..do 


960     Oregon 
..do    . 


605  :  GeoTKia 
605  '....do  ... 


154.  Kv8Hn  aylvntica 235 

Tupelo.    Soiw  Oum.    Pepperidge. 
Black  Ovm.  235 

617 

750 

760 

813 

813 

833 


834 
834 

836 

128 
128 
650 
660 
004 
004 

«8! 

no« 

110* 
739 

466 

4<a 


Ifll.  rini')iiifiyAtin1i«ii« 381 

(Jtorgia  Bark.  ' 


CalirornU. . 

Kentnrky  . 

..do    

Georgia 


Florida 
...do    .. 


LooaUty. 


Lost  Man's  river. . 


Umbrella  Key  . 


MlBmi  . 
...do.. 


I 


South  Carnllna 

...do 

Tennessea 

Florida 

...do 

■Weat  ViraJnla  . 
...  do    

MauacIiiiBetta.. 

...do 

...do 

....do     

do 


South  Carolina. . . 

...do 

Alabama 

...do 

Georgiii 

...do 


Allenton 

..do 

Chettahoochee. 

Graft  on 

..do , 

Allenton 

..do 

..  do 


Portland . 
...do  .... 


Ogeeohee  river. 
...do  


CoUeotor. 


A.  H.  CnrtlM  . 


.do. 

do  . 
.do. 


G.  W.  Lcttorman. 

...do 

A.  H.  CnrtiBS  . . . . 
C.G.Pringle  .... 

...  do 

G.  W.Lettemian. 

..  do 

..do 


Soil. 


Hnmna  and  coral 


Coral . 


do. 
do. 


Upland 

..do 

Calcareotia. 

Dry 

...do 

Gravelly... 

...  do 

Flinty 


G.  Engelmnnn  and 
C.  S.  Sargent.       i 
do 


Bonncaii'8  Depot 

...do  

Cnmbeiland  river. 

Chattahoochee 

..do 

Grafton 

..do 

West  Newbury 

..do 

..do 

..  do , 

Chebacco  pond 


SouUi  Carolina... 


Bonneau'a  Depot . 

...do 

Stockton 

..  do 

Ugeecheo  river 

..  do 


A.  n.  Cnrtisa Swampy  . 

do do  — 


H.  W.  Ravenel . 

...do  

A.  Gnttinger... 
A.H.  Curtiss  .. 

...do  

C.G.  Pringlo... 

..do 

J.  Kobingon  — 

...do 

...do 

...do    

...do  


H.  W.  Riivcnel . 

...do 

C.Mohr  

...do 

A.  Il.Curtias  .. 
..do 


Unck 
..do. 


Clay.. 
..do 


Ill 


1.0635 

0.0405 

0.9906 
1.0023 

0.8937 
0.8904 
0.7795 
fl.  7980 
0.7947 
0.8647 
0.8490 
0.8387 

0. 7703 
0. 7807 

0. 5739 
0. 6170 


I 


COKFFICIKirr  OF 
KLABTirlTT. 


■as 
9  u 

C   V 

Via 


Rich.. 
...do. 
..do  . 
. .  do 


Swampy . 
...do  .... 
Alluvial . 
..do  .... 


D066 
5735 
6979 
7855 
7936 
6222 
6547 
7364 
7534 
7233 
6800 
7914 


0.6648  B 

0.6135  [[II]] 

0.5.55  1^1 

0.5228  m\ 


Swampy 0.6730 

...do 0.8841 


ContraCoBlaconnty.   G.R.Vasey Gravelly. 


Mercer  ronaty. 

..do 

Bainbridge 


Upi>er    Metaoombe 


Jnjx 
Ive 


do 


Bluflflon  ... 


W.  H.  IJnney UudHon        River 

I      nhule. 
do Treuton  Umcatone 


A.n.CiirtlM '  Clay 


A.  U.  Curtiea Coral  . 

do do 


J.  H.  UellichBDip  .    Bandy  awamp. 


0.5216    !^ 

0. 8352  f  p 
0.9034  [^^1 
0.,''270 

0.9554 
0. 0.'i24 

0.5425 


1627 

1017 

1191  I 
1163  I 

787  i 

787 

787 

787 

763 

827 

888 

610 

814 
976 

«10 

607  I 

687  ! 

888  j 

814 

800 

763  ; 

030 

888 

740 

SSI 

660 

814 

642 

542 
561 
444 

505 
450 
488 

:t4r< 

976 
904 
708 

1130 
1221 


1575 

1085 

1206 
1177 

814 
840 
794 
849 
814 
84» 
957 
647 

976 
1086 

638 
723 

781 
849 
814 
849 


1055 

1172 

1179 
1172 

872 
1012 
820 
951 
888 
1015 
968 
710 

930 
1052 

694 
668 

783 
745 
688 
9M 


781  I    052 
783 


1030 
769 
814 
713 
872 
661 

592 
564 
471 
Sl!5 
444 
444 

306 

967 

1028 
734 

1085 
1302 

683 


89« 
912 
738 
827 
824 
717 

701 
724 
628 
687 
63S 
658 

870 

729 
1228 


958 
1053 


870 


4M 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


367 


DEFLBCnOK,  IK  UIMJXETEBS,  VKDBB  A  FRESSUBB,  IN  KILOOBAMS,  OP— 


SO 


3.0 

4.8 

4.1 
4.2 

0.2 
0.2 
6.2 
6.2 
6.4 
D.0 
5.6 
8.0 

6.0 
5.0 

8.0 
7.0 

7.1 
5.5 
0.0 
6.1 
6.4 
5.2 
5.5 
0.0 
'..5 
7.4 
0.0 
7.6 

0.0 
8.7 
11.0 
8.2 
10.7 
10.0 


lOO 

6.2 

0.0 

8.1 

8.3 

12.0 

11. 5 

12.3 

11.6 

12.0 

11.5 

10.2 

15.2 

ISO 


!IOO 

o 

(set.) 

12.5 

0.3 

las 

.7 

17.0 

0.0 

10.8 

0.6 

9.0 

l.''i.3 
13.5 

12.5 

11.6 

12.0 

11.5 

12.5 

11.0 

0.4 

12.7 

12.0  ' 

I 

13.7  I 

11.2 

\ 
15.0  I 

I 

10. 5  ' 
17.3! 
20.7  ' 
10.7 
22.0 
22.  0 


12.5 


18.2  :  20.9 
17.0  24.5 
20.0  i  29.0 

:         I 

18.2  I  26.7  * 
18. 7  '  27.0  ' 
16  7     23.  6  ! 

10.3  24. 0 

24.  5     35.  3  ! 
i  I 

14.  5  '  20.  3 

13.  2     17.  5  ' 


23.0 
20.3 


i 


19.0  ' 

18.0 

19.  r> 

17.7 
10.0 
10.2 
13.5 
19.7 
19.0 
21.6 
17.0 


37.3 
29.5 

27.5  : 
2.1.  5  ' 
2S.7  '. 
•2r,.  7 
•.•0..'i  [ 
22.,'; 
18.0  ' 
28.7  I 

':!).  0  ■ 

I 

32.0  I 
25.0 


26.0 

38.5  ' 

20.0 

44.6  1 

28.7 

43.0 

2.2 
2.0  i 
3.  5  I 

2.2  1 
I 

2.5 
I 

1.5 

1.0 

U.0 

0.0 
0.4 

H.a 
2.2 

1.6 

1.5 
2.4 
2.0 
2.0 
0.4 
0.4 
2.3 
3.0 
3.5 
2.2 
5.5 1 

7.2  ] 
7.5 


33.0     48.5  >    8.5 


26.7  39.0 
36.  5  '  67.  5 
30.  5     !,,>.  0 


5.0 
11.  r. 
12.2 


300 


13.0 

18.5 

17.9 
17.5 

27.6 
25.5 
31.2 
28.5 
23.6 
24.  J 
24.  C 
37.0 

20.3 
18.0 

.18.0 
30.5 

'  28. 2 

■  20.3 

'  29.5 

20.0 

2:  5 

23  0 

'  18.2 

20.7 

30.0 
I 
,  33.5 

2.-I.  2 

40.6 

40.0 
45.  5 
53.0 
40.8 
02. 5 
00.  5 


990 


10.  E 


23.0 
22.4 

36.0 
32.7 
40.6 
30.5 
39.0 
32.0 
'  32.0 
!  48.5 


I 

I 

300   350 


I 


25.5 
23.0 

.'>2.0 
41.0 

37.5 
34.7 
38.0 
3(.0 
37.0 
20.0 
22.0 
38.0 
42.0 
45.0 
32.  .1 
58.0 


21.0 

30.3 

28.6 
29.0 

50.0 
43.1 
50.0 
52.0 
55.0 
43.0 
42.6 
76.0 

32.0 
20.0 


.'1.0 
54.5 


20.0 


37.0 


36.0 


400   400 


32. 0  '  43. 5 


46.." 


46.5 


3.5.0  I  46.0 


70.0 
.18.2 


08.0 
87.0 
60.6 
57. 0 


42.5 
34.0 


84.5 


110.0 


81.5 


43.0 


40.  0  ;  03.  n     93.  0 
48.5  1  74.0  1120.0 

;)8.o  .... 


27.5 
53.0 
57.5 
66.0 
44.0 
100.0 


35.0 
84.0 
95.0 
116.0 
64.0 


60.0 

66.2   108.0 

82. 0  ! 

69.5 


108.0 


soo 


61.5 


62.0  ' 
61.5 


sso 


U.  0  :  32.0      5-..  0 


5.0 

.'•..4 
6.9 

«.U 
4.0 

7.4 


10.2      14.7     20.6 
0.5     14.0      10.7  , 


0.0  ,11.5     IS.  5  j 
7.5  !  11.4  !  16.2 


14.8  '  22.3 


3.6 
0.0 

a.o 

0.4 
0.S 


21.0 
21.0 
31.0 


I 


27.0 
26.0 
40.0 


15.7     20.0 
16.4     10.0 


34.0 
33.5 
53.0 

23.7 
23.0 


41.0 
71.0 


28.0 
28.6 


S1.0 


33.5 
33.0 


68.5 


38.0 


92.0 


il 

si 


Bemarka. 


460 

SOO 

503 
600 

372 
432 
360 
406 
378 
433 
412 
30:1 

397 
449 


Shattered. 


Splintered . 


Spccinicn  oroM-grained ;  splintered  . 
Bruk«  with  coarse  spIinterB 


Broke  at  knot 

Maximum  deflection,  120  millimeters ;  broke  with  large  splinters. 

Broke  with  large  splinters 

Square  break  ou  tension  side  with  large  flakes 

Square  break  on  tension  side  with  long  splinters 

Broke  with  long,  coarse  splinters 

Shattered  one  end 

Spcrinicn  cross-grained ;  broke  with  large  splinters 


Broke  witli  long  splinters 
du 


296  I  Broke  short  and  split  in  axis. 


285 

334 
318 
294 
425 
406 
334 
388 
389 
377 
SfB 
394 
306 

290 
309 
268 
293 
271 
230 


Shattered. 


.do  . 
.do 


Long  split  at  one  end 

Broke  into  lino  splinters 

Dellocted  I'lO  uiillimeters  and  slipped  from  the  bearing  . 
Sluittorcd 


.do. 


Sapv.'oodi  broke  with  fino  splinters. 
do 


di) 


.1    138 


FaiU'il  from  small  splinter  on  comer 

Crumpled  on  compression  side  at  knot;   square  break  with  fine 
splinters. 

Broke  with  long  splintevs 

Sliulteri'd  at  the  end 

Ct  iislied  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  long  splinters 


.do  . 


Kaileil  from  large  splinter  on  comer  . 
do 


lUI 

list 

112T 
112T 

«7 
87 
761 
8» 
81< 
1077 
1077 
1002 

ao* 

96* 

606 
60t 

23i 
236 
61T 
75* 
75* 
811 
811 


83« 

834 

8li 

128 
IZt 

sst 

5M 
«0« 


Broke  at  knot  . 


311    do 

I 
I    52t  1  Broke  at  knot  with  one  large  splinter  . 

i    383     Shutter'-d 


40H 
48« 

173 


Siierimun  cross-grained ;  snlil  with  grain . 
Broke  with  Une  splinters 


Broke  at  knot  with  large  splinten. 


«n 
111* 

110« 


It  i- 


4 


881 


a^:t 


WV 


■n 

f   '  1 

■).' 

1 

h:            '  > 

M' 


'■,iX 


•■",{ 


I      ll 


t   11 


3.    :* 
/I 


3G8 


FOREST  TREKS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tablk  III.— IJKIIAVIOU  OK  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  TFIM 


i 

Spi'ricM. 

a 

kkicack.t:. 

IfiS.  And 

loiiiMla  fi  iTrj;im']» 

I  WW  ' 

.SInto. 


I.oculity. 


106.  ArluitUH  &r(Mizii-}fii  . 
itadroHa. 


167.  Arbuliis  XulniioiiBla. 


lOtf.  Oxydt-nilruTii  arbiiroiiin 

Sorrrl  Tiff.     Si'Ur  Woiid. 


170.  K»lmiii  lalif.iliii 

l.aurrl.      i'tiiii-o  Jlitah.      Spoon 
}Yoiid,     In/. 


171.  HIindiMlt'iHlnin  niaviinnin... 
Orftit  I.attrd.     it'o^c  liny. 


SAPOTACE/'E. 
175.  Clir\M)]ili,vUuni  i>Uv:''orme. 


I 


Jr.'.'ksoiivillo 


Collector. 


•      COEKFICIRNT  OK 
•9    '      ELABTR'lTy. 


Soil. 


I 


A.  II.  CiirlinR Ilninmook  . . . 


Ciilifciniin  . 

....ilo 

...  .10 

..<lo    


Arizuim Saiitii   Kita  nioiiiit-     li.KnKclnuiniiuitd 

\      n*iia.                               C  S.  Sai'i;cul. 
. . .  .»Io (U> do 


043 
6<3 
670 

679 

683 
083 

3S3 
3S3 

202^ 
202' 

2«3i 

203' 

I 

I 

4112    Vloliilft  . 
4!V.'      . .  do  . . . 


Contra  C'oHtA  connty  G.  Tl.  VnRoy Gravrlly . 

.  ...do ...  do do 

Marin  rounty i do do 

do do ...  «io  . ... 


o 
'  a 
i  .2 


V  ■ 

•Si 


Alabama ,  CottuKe  JlilJ .  C.  Molir l.'iKlit,  rich 

..  do ; — do .;. ..  do — do 


Virginia. 
..do   .... 


Fancy  Gap IT.  Slirivor ,  Moist . 

..do do ...  do  . 


...do 
...do  . 


do  . 
.do  . 


Itny  lliarajuc. 
..  do 


.do. 
.do. 


.,  ..  do  . 
.l....do  . 


A.  11.  Ciirtlgs Coral  . 

. .  do do  . 


176.  Sidomwlou  Madlkliodondron . 
itaglii: 


177.  l)ii.lu.liss;iliiilVilia.... 


401 


do    TTiijiir    Miiaconibc    do. 

do. 


mi.r 
Ivoy 
401    do i do  . 


I 


I 


do  . 
.do  . 


inliiilis  s:ilii  iliiiia  . 
liustic.     t'ag.\ada 


178.  Ilnnitdia  tcnax. 


488 
488 


I 


do  .. 
do... 
do... 


500 

I 
740     GooiHin. 


170.  lliitiiolia  I.uniuiiiosa 

(jiiin  l^UiKtic.     ^hittim  Wood. 


9:10  Texas  ... 
030  ....do... 
1083  I  MUeouri. 


181.  Itiunt-lin  l>ri(ndi>.s 

IrtinWiii'd.     Kiiilhrrn  Hiieklhirn. 

182.  Ilnnu'lia  I'uiio.ata 

Aiitti'  Wi.inl.     Pownward  I'lum. 
Sii^nni  rtunl. 

183.  MilMllHt>])s  Siidivlt     .--I 

HiVif  i>i:i„. 


KliKXACKJ'.. 

184.  Diospyroa  Virginiantt  . 
l*frtimvton. 


133     Tcnneaace. 


Hay  r>i.s(ay:io , do do 

. ..  do do do 

Umlirclla  Ki-v ' do do 


Haiiibiidu 


do. 


Austin I  C.  Mohr 

. .  do do 

Alleoton I  O.  W.  Lettvrmnn. 

NasliTiUe A.  Qattingor 


Low  . 


Linieatono . 

...do  

...do 


AUiiriol  . 


I 


1 IJ I     Florida ■  Uoc.-J  Cliicrt  Key 

!  I 

4^8  I do UnpiT    )f utaoomlra 

4S8  ;....do ;...  do 


STTEArACES. 


ISO.  Syniploooa  tinrUiria    

llurte  Sttgar.     Sictit  Ltaf. 


IK7    Uali'sia  dipt.ro    

Stuiv  drvp  Vrtt.    SUver-Ml  Tret. 


01  .  Miasouri. 
01    ....do 


A.II.Curtiaa Coral... 


do. 
do. 


do  . 
..lo  . 


a.  W.  I.A<ttonuaii . .   Rich  upland  . 
...ilo do 


All.'uton 

...  .lo 

i 
42.1     T.iin.'aaro ;  Nnahvillc ]  A.  Gattingor 1  Rich  loam 

fU     W.'at  VirBinia...    Grpft.m C.O.Prinslo ' 

811    ...  do ;....ilo ...do 


0.7273    y^i 

0.7200    [|| 
0.7000    ["l* 

o.74Mrf 

0.7540  :iJ 

I     ! 

0.7670    ^ 
0.7601  !^ 

i        i 
0.7380,  [If  ^ 

0.7501  ![^ 
0.71)42    [.^ 

0.  nmii   '^^ 

0.  02I«   '  '^ 
0.(i403   [^.jl! 

i 

0. 1M«13    p 


814 

740 
610 
070 
842 

651 
531 


,.2 


814 

794 
020 
1002 
872 

68.'l 
540 


787 

030  i 

i 
O.M  I 

4U5  I 

051  ' 

I 

010  I 

1130 


0.0872  fW 

0.0827  P^ 

0.0602  [^j 

0.9173  ^ 

0.8823  ra 

I 

0.7014  [^ 

0.5847  ["^ 

0.5C0;i  Q^ 

0.7148  j5 

0.8001  y 

0.8030  [^ 

1.0780  ,|^ 

1.0101  '"^' 

0. 70;i3 

0.7302  ["^ 


070 
070 

1350 
1805 
1101 

751 

488 
478 
488 

007 

600  I 
006  ' 


814 
751 


I 


I 


i  ;  ill 

1084     Miaaoiiri Alltuton :  G.  W. Lt'ttcrman . . i  Rich  upland 


1084    ...do. 
Ua     ...do. 


.to  . 
do  . 


do 
do. 


...do. 
Rich.. 


347     .Mnbnmn . 


738     Georgia. 
7il8    ...  do  ... 


Cottaj!.'  Hill . 


I)ainlirii1);p  . 
...lo 


C.  Mohr Sandy  . 


i 


080 

893 
827 
)UI5 
898 

.t>80 
540 

400 


070  ,    079 

070       606 

500       584 


073       091 

I 
018  I     033 


1252       947 


0.9583    r^i        021  9Ufl      1237 


1149 
1050 

1430 


910 
1022 

1203 


1395  ;  1171 


ir 

761 

400 
4:12 
522 

781 

603 

1028 
076 


I 


1008 

673 

507 
205 
380 

S62 

616 

osa 

874 


704       483 
TBI       818 


883 
932 
846 


A.  ]I.  Curtlaii Low.. 

...do ....do  . 


0.8710    ["1 

1395 

1 
1337 

0.8170    [[[ill 

010 

622  . 

0,8110    Q] 

010 

603 

0.8125,13 

751 

814 

0.8410    ('■■■| 

574 

003 

0.8240    0 

607 

784 

»•  «"»■!! 

610 

623 

0.0704  j|-3 

042 

673 

0.0577  jdJJjj 

600 

097 

610 

881 
8.'(2 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNFll^D  STATES. 
UNITICl)  P.TATF.a  UNDER  TltANSVKItSE  ST!?AIN— Coiitiuued. 


IiUKl.HCTIO.N,  IN  MII.l  1M11EL:H,  INUKI:  a   rilKHHlIlK,  IN   KM.OIIUAMS  OI'- 


so   loo  ISO  •Mo\   o    •am  •i.'io  smt  ano 

'  («ft.) ' 


0.0 

0.0 
8.0 
5.0 

n.8 

7.8 
0.1 

0.2 
5.2 

10.  5 

7.5 
8.0 

4.  ;i 
5.:i 

6.0 
5.0 

,1.0 
3.B 
4.1 

0.5 

10.0 
10  1 
10.0 

7.0 

7.4 

4.0 
K.2 

6.0 
6.5 
8.S 
8.0 
8.0 
6.5 
8.5 
7.0 

8.0 

7.6 
7.4 


12.0      IH.  5 


15.0 
0.2 
11.2 


I 


24.0 
14.0 
10.3 


'JO.  0        2.  0 


27. 


M.  0 


I 


14.3  ]  22.0 
17.8  !  "0.0 


12  2     10.0 

I 
10.0  :  l.^o 


14.0     22.4 
10.5  !  :ti.o 

14.5     22.8 
l.S.  8     25.  0 

7.  8      12.  0  I 
0.  8      15.  5 

8.  5  ,  12.  8  I 
0.3  ;  13.0 

fl.  8     U).  0 
7.0      10.0 

8  3      12. 3 

j 

13.  0  I  20.  0 

I 

10.7  I  31.  B 

2ifl  ' 

18.7    


27.0       1.8     2tf.O  ■  3.5.  n 

I  ! 

;i:i.  2     2. 8  '  sr<.  0  44.  5 

I 

10.0        n,  (1      20.0  ,  2."i.  5 

22.  5  ^     1.0     2.1.5  '  30.0 

31.  6  ;    2. 5  :  .'12. 8  I  43.  fl 


43.  5       5.  .'i  I  40, 0 

I 


21.0]    1.2     21.0 

2. 0  !  :';i.  0 

4.8  !  47.0 

I 
I 

2.3     3.1.5 
2.  8  '  3.-I.  5 


:i1.2 

44.  0 

32.t  j 

34. 2  ! 

10.4  1 

28.0 
44.5 


44.0 
40.0 


12.5  10.5 

10.2  20,7 

0.  5  14. 7 

10.0  15.0 


12.3 
13.0 


0.0 
21.  0       1.  0 


17.  5  0.  0 

18.  3  ^  0.  0 

13.0  !  0.3 

14.11  j  0.3 

10.  0  I  0.  4 

i 

20.5  i  2.8 


46.0       7.0 


28. 5  I  2. 4 

40. 0  7.  5 

10.7  ;  1.0 

I 

20.2  '  0.8 


17.4  '  21.8 
22.  0     38. 5 

18.0  '  24.0 
10.0     23.6 

13.7  '.  17.0 

14.5  '  18.0 

17.  C  :  21.6 

j 

31.5  !  41.0 
40.2    


47.5 
,"^0. 0 


41.5 
3a  2     .51.0 


30.0 


too '  no  ;ioo  ssn 


Q  CO 

« 

S  T. 

,  *;;  a 


5:1. 0 


47.0 


I 


20.7 
43. 5 


10.0 

21.0 


IH.O     20.2 

1 

10.  4     20. 0 

I  i 

7.3     11.0  I  15.0 

I  I 

15,7  !  24.8     3,'>.  3 

1 

10.  2  i  2.'>.  7      38.  0 

I  I 

12.0  I  10,3  j  28,5 

16.2  I  20.0  j  38.0 

13.3  21.0  i  30.4 


2.0  1  28.0 

3.2  I  20.7 

0.2  :  l.'i.O 

4.  0  '17.  a 


4.5 
2.5 
5.2 
3.0 


15.7  I  25.6 


40.0  I    5.5 


I 


14.  S  I  23. 0  I  32. 0 
14. 0  I  22. 5  ;  82. 0  ; 
2i  FOU 


I 


2.6 
2.0 


33.  0 
30.0 
40.2 
31.8 

43.0 

33.0 
33.0 


25.2 
26.  5 


28. 2 
37. 2 

30.0 
30.  fl 

20.0 
22.0 
27.0 


35.0 


41.0 
.3P,0 

25,0 
27,0 
33.5 


05.0 


200 

3S1 
3.W 
4:1:1 
3k:i 


20-1 
233 


200 
!     422 


40.0 


40.0 

30.0 
31.6 
40.0 


.37.0 
37.6 


32.0     3D,  7 


,33.! 


43,5 


,51, 0 

5,-,.o' 


I 


30.0 


30.0 

30.0 

10.0 

50.0  i  70.0    111.6 

.".2.5  i  70.0    115.5 

38.0     62.0  I  73.0 

.55.0  I  78.0    13.5.0 

40.6  i 


48,7 


3,5.2  I  43,0 


68,0 


03,0  \ 


44,0  I  60.0 
43.0     60.0 


78.0 


4.5. 0 
40.0 


66.0 


82.0  j 
06.5 


Kuiimrku. 


IJroKf,  at  kiHit 

S]inrhiH'n  ('ioss-;:rainr(l 

.1.1    

SuM.ii'o  liri'itU 

'riiifw  nlVIJiifii'  lliikrn  on  triiHioii  nido  . 


I.jii  ;;o  liakt*  iiii  u  imlon  siilr 

Ilroko  nt  lii'.dt ;  IliiKi-  I'li  i  nTiipit'Hsiuii  Hiilo  . 


SpfciMHii  (Mdss.KniiniMl ;  H|iliiiti'i'  hIiuImI  at  laico  knot  . . 
f'rin'lii'il  at  iiiitcr  Ix'aiiii^;  Imiko  with  lino  npIintciH 

lliokn  at  Knot  


240     Sjii  ( iiiicii  iiiiss  L'lniiMil ;  sliiiitCTid;  long  Kplit  witli  grain  . . 


205  Tlirrw  ntrilaki^  tVoni  ti-nsinn  hIiIo  . 

2711      I'mko  al  knot    

404     SiMTiincn  <'i'osH-^M'aini'<l 

828    do 


.     302     Uroko  Willi  largp  Hplintcr.s. 


4:10      Ilrokr  w  itlt  roai-Ho  hp1intt'i-a 


530  I  llruko  Willi  lonfr,  coarac  HplintcrB 

500' do    

430  I  lIro!;i,  at  knot  Willi  lout/,  coarso  Hplintera  . 

! 

287  '  .S|ti  1  iint'ii  iTOMH-yitiirml;  lirokn  at  knot  ... 


242     Itrok^  with  n  Itiv^o  Hplintcr 

113     »nik.>  with  lai^'c  Hiilint.r  iit  Unot... 
HI      I)i>tVotiv(»  H]ii-t-iint'n;  \»nknat  knot  . 


240      lli-okt'  lit  kiint  witli  niir  lai;;)'  txplintc 


3G9 


220  !  S|n'('inicii  cTos.s-jirainoil;  lar^p  Hake  on  roniprcHsion  ^ide  . .. 

I 

I 
400  '  Spet'iiiioii  rro^^H  irraiiii'il;  Inoko  ut  knot 

373  !  Spi'ciinru  cross-grainrd;  lirtio  tliike  from  coniproMloii  side 


200  '  Spoi'inirii  (TosH-jirahicd ;    short  hronk  on  ti^naion  aido,  flako  from 


i>iui,ri'f,Hion  aide. 


75.0  !    650 


I 


377 
308 


361 
377 


up 
."^liLit  liriMik  on  linaion  siili'i  llako  from  roniprratiinn  side. 

Ilroko  w  ith  lim-  HplinloiH 


1033 

043 
043 
070 
070 

083 
083 

353 
353 

262' 

202  » 

203  • 
203' 

402 
402 

401 
401 

488 
488 
500 

746 

030 
830 
1083 

333 

1124 

458 
458 

01 

61 

425 

811 


UKlKiitid  17iimi1lin)rlir.s  hc'forohroakingi  liroko  with  fluOBpllntei.y    811 
Sqimi'u  break  on  trnnion  aiilc,  huge  flako  on  compression  side 


do  . 


204     iSiMTinicn  croaa.iiraiiu'd 


1084 
1084 


1162 


847 


738 


376     Mhattcrrd  at  lino  ond  

366  j  Broke  with  largo  spliulers I    738 


370 


FOKEST  TUVA<:S  OF  NOimi  AJIERICA. 

taulk  in.— juoiiamojj  of  the  riiiis'oirAL  woods  of  the 


I,'  I 


'Wf 


Species. 


OLEACK.ffi!. 

101.  ViMxiiiiiH  iiiHtiu'iivfvlin. 
A  ah. 


192    KrnxiiuiH  Americana  . 
While  Ath. 


060  i 

acu  |. 

! 

114' 

ill> 

114«| 
114' I 
114» 
130  I 
130  ! 
212  I 

227  I 

I 
227' I 

227'; 

227' 

2«7' 

431 

651  j 

651  I 

747 

747 

037 

1045 

104.'i 

19-'.  Fnixinus Amcricauil, rnr.Texeuais.     304 

301 


State 


Ai'izniiii 

..  do 


Mitttioiiri 

Mtelii|;ail 

...do 

,...d.i 

...do 


Locality. 


Santa  lliln  iiiomit- 

aitis. 
..do 


Collector. 


Soil. 


G.  KiiKeliiiaiiiiiiiid    Low 

C.  S,  Sai'uenu       | 
...do '....do 


Allcntoii j  O.  W.  Lettenimii  . do 


I)aiii.ville I  W.J.lieal. 

. .  ilo di> 

Ilmlsoii    do 

LauKin^ I do 


..do I'aiirtville !  ..do 

South  L'ai'olinn  —  liomieaii's  Deiiot —    II.  \V.  liaveiul. 

I                                       I 
..  do ...  di> 1 do 


Clay.. 
...do  . 


<^:i"y 

Wet 

...do.... 


Vii-Kiuia Wy theviUe 

...do ;  —  do 

VOTiiioiit j  Cha-lotte 

...do    :...  do 


..do    

...do  

Virginia 

Teuiiea.see 

Aluliainii  

...do 

("leor^ia 

...do 

Tex.is 


..  do 

. .  do 

Wytlieville... 

Nat^hvilU> 

iCeiniH'i-'H  mill  . 

...do 

liaiiihi'iili^e 

...do 

-Viistin 


11.  Slirivcr 

...do \ 

C.  O.  rriiiijic I  Gnivclly. 

..  do ■ do 

..do ...do    ... 

...  do i...  do  .... 

II.  Sli  liver I 


0.  0033 

0.  (ii'nr> 
u.  «r>n2 

0.  401^3 
«.  5401) 


rDKKKICIKVIOl' 
IH-AHTICIir. 


□ 


'lilH 


1 


Linie.Htoiie 


A.  iiattin;;er  . 


C.  iMolir Alluvial  . 


(1. 7,-i3,"i 
«.  0022 

(I.  .-11)20  |[^J 
0..1U14|[i 
0.0Wi4  j[._j 

o.o.wo  jjY^ 

0.(151)4  !Q 

If.-.!; 
«.  0347 


s  • 


lli- 


(I.  (1013 
0.  7213 


.do  . 


A.  Il.t.'iiitiss 

....do  

C.Mohr 


...d. 

Ikivel'.l.iKtolu 

...do 

Kieli.ealcaieouH  . . 


0.  7151 

rn 

"■''-•'"'  ik.l 

0.  (1702  ;  [^  1 

0. 1'i417 

0.  OUliS 

t    -i 

0.  (i.'il2 

iZ3 

0.  ■y::io 

K.  72M 

'7'' 

ila^Miu'Ii'U et ts ,  Keiidiu^ J.  Ktibiiisuii 

. . .  lici do ....do 


I 


Texa.'* . . 
..   do  ... 


l)aUa« 

....do  


.1  J.  Kevercliou i  Diy,  calcareoua. . 

., do ! do 


0.  8205 

0.  Kl!14 
0.  77C2 


lt)3.  I''faxiiii'.s  luibesceiis i:!'.' 

22!> 


221) 
1050 


194.  I'raxiuuB  viridia... 
drtrii  Aih. 


^Iielii;;an 
"N'eniioul .. 
...  .lo 


l.aii.siuj;  ., 
Cliarl.iiio  . 
....do  


MaH.sai  lul^e(t». . . .    Top.stit  Id 


W. ,7.  Ileal :  I'eol- I 

j 
C.  (1.  I'linfile Clay j 

do do ' 

J.  lioliiiiKou  liiverWidtuni 


0.0410  jliliJ 
0. 7005  '  i'^ ; 


0.  0!<I2    I 


O.liUfO 


UULlI 


IDS.  Fr.Txinua  platycarpa 

I^«^•r  Afift, 

190.  FraxiiiuH  iiundrangulata. 
JJluc  Ath. 


57 
308 
308 
438 
048 
048 
957 
957 
057 

63C 

00 

eo 

125 
136 


.Misaouii i  Allmton G.  W.  I.ellennan. .    l!ieli,«it 

Texas  Dallas J.  Keverelinn — do 

. . .  dii    .  -  do  . ■. ..  lUi . .  u(i 

Timuaaeo Na.>.livilU> A.Galtiu;;er lUcli  uplaud    ... 

Texas '  Vieloiia C.  itolir '  Kieli.Het 

. ..  do do do till 


-J 


<lo Matagorda  bay 

do do 


Alabama 


Missouri. .. 

...  do  

Michigau . . 
...do 


do 


Stockton... 


Alien  ton . . . 

...  do 

LaiisiuK  ... 
...do 


do 

do 

do 

do 

(ill 

W.  Lettemian.. 
do          

Ur. 

J.Heal 

do 

Ki< 

0.  7273 

o.;,077  ,.:^ij 
0.  052J  i  I    . J I 

I  »■■'*'■'  ,01 

,  ().8i:5:ji|[ill 

i  0.7022  ■[iljij! 

!«-"«'^JEj| 
I  0.8893  l[^ 


li,  ulltivial 0.475% 


upland. 


I 


h  loam  . 


do. 


0. 8424 
0.  8020 
0.5180 
O.S2(m 


Hi 


ETi 
lidl 


5^ 


514 

008 

1110 

612 

(i!)8 
1001 
1101 

814 
1101 
1130 

070 

030 

814 

888 
1221 
1470 

004 

not  i 

970  i 

lOM  ' 

I 

(100  I 

.'■i49  i 

fll'7  ! 

814  j 

1221  I 

1085  j      I02S     1115 
1103        1135     li;i4 


07(1 
721) 
070 

407 

GIU 
Oil) 
888 
070 
888 
0114 
77.) 
1028 
Ii07 

4)3 

814 
842 
740 
034 


1 


542 

6i;o 

1220 
531 
071) 
1103 
1284 
872 
1284 
1221 
1085 
1007 
030 
0.57 
1302 
1525 
070 


OOU 

578 

028 
680 
010 
1041 
027 
743 
1)73 
951 
855 
007 
813 
800 
10,59 
1289 
820 


1221  i  908 

j 

1085   803 


l)7(i 

704 

042 

415 

504 

093 

708 

OM 

057 

1017 

1101 

1101 

1122 

752 


1073 

780 


070  :  1010 

398  I  581 


502 
Oil) 
0.'ll) 

l(-85 
840 
970 
781 

1575 
720 

47U 

7r7 
888 
751 
687 


I 


810 

:,it 

8.0 
UOl 
944 
9M1 
1)37 
1179 
870 


951 
940 
077 
U33 


028 

CWi 

oil) 

11)41 
01:7 
743 
073 
OSt 
835 
007 
813 

8i;u 
uir.tt 

I'JSO 
820 
008 
603 
704 
41S 
003 
Oil 
1017 
1101 


1073 
780 

low 

C8I 

810 
.141 
8J0 
001 
044 
080 
037 
11711 
870 


037 

O'll 
»40 
077 
033 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  [TNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Coiitiimed. 


nil 


HKI-LIXTION,   IN   Mll.l.lMi.TKUH,    tMlKIl  A  I'UKhXI'lli:,   IN'  KIJAKMIASIM,   (ir— 


ao 

too 

■  AO 

!<00 

0 

(HUl.) 

o.r. 

18.0 

r 

20.  .-i 

42.  8 

6.2 

7.0 

It.  8 

24.  2 

30.6 

4.4 

4.4 

8.0 

11.  n 

16.  0 

0.4 

0.0 

18.4 

20.  6 

47.  4 

0.2 

7.0 

14.4 

23.  2 

o.y  .5 

4.2 

4.0 

8.4 

12.3 

17.0 

1.0 

4.1 

7.0 

11.6 

1.6.  0 

0.4 

0.0 

11.2 

17.8 

20.3 

2.0 

4.1 

7.0 

11. n 

10.0 

0.3 

4.3 

8.0 

11.4 

16.8 

0.3 

5.0 

D.O 

M.  0 

II'.O 

0.5 

f).2 

0.7 

14.0 

2ii.  0 

1.0 

0.0 

10.  ri 

l.^.1 

22.  0 

1.0 

6.5 

111.  2 

10.0 

22.8 

1.1 

4.0 

'■•' 

11.  B 

1!).  2 

0.3 

3. 3 

0.4 

0.8 

13.0 

0.2 

D.4 

10.  0 

14  2 

10.5 

0.0 

4.1 

8.0 

12.2 

10.6 

0.6 

,'..0 

0.0 

13.0 

10.0 

1.0 

4.  .5 

1(1. 0 

14. :, 

21.5 

1.3 

7.4 

1!).  2 

23.  3 

8.0 

17.3 

27.0 

3».  2 

4.2 

7.0 

1:1.8 

22.  0 

32.  3 

3.  0 

CO 

10.2 

|-,  •• 

21.6 

1.6 

4.0 

».■: 

12.8 

IT.O 

11.0 

1 

i.-< 

«..-. 

13.0 

IT.O 

0.7 

4.2 

8.0 

13.0 

18.0 

0.5 

5. 0 

8.7 

12.8 

17.  li 

1.0 

C.7 

ri.  0 

21..-. 

3J.  2 

6.0 

-,.0 

10.  II 

1.1.0 

•Jl.O 

1.7 

12.0 

24.  .'■) 

44.2 

70. 11 

18.6 

8.0 

10.  r, 

*J7.  *J 

.■10.6 

5.8 

ao 

10.0 

24.  r, 

3.).  0 

3.6 

r,.r, 

10.  ."i 

i.i. ,-. 

21.0 

0.8 

5.0 

0.0 

13.3 

10.0 

l.O 

5.r> 

U..'> 

18.0 

20.  2 

2.4 

6.4 

10.0 

1:..  0 

21.  0 

1.1 

0.3 

12.6 

10.0 

20.1 

1.8 

a.o 

0.2 

0.4 

12.7 

0.5 

7.0 

13.4 

20.0 

30.  n 

2.6 

11.0 

20.  6 

33.  6 

62. 2 

7.0 

0.0 

12.4 

10.  6 

27.2 

2.0 

r..8 

11.0 

17.0 

23. 2 

1.4 

0.0 

13.0 

20.  2 

20.4 

2.1 

7.7 

14.2 

22.  0 

32.0 

2.0 

■joo :  •j.'io 


44.5 

38.0 

10.  6 
60.0 
30.0 
17.  6 
16.2 
27.5 
10.0 
10.0 
19.5 
20.  3 
22.0 
23.5 
16.3 
13.0 
20.7 
17.0 
10.  5 
22.  5 

41.0 
33.2 
22. 0 
17.  6 

16.3 
18.4 

17.7 
33. 2 
21.0 
81.0 

41.0 
87. « 
21.3 
10.5 
20.3 
21.0 
20.4 
12. 0 
30.2 

50.0 

28.0 
24.0 
30.6 
33.0 


04.0 


64.0 
22.  6 
10.0 
37.2 
20. 7 
20. 4 
211.0 
20.  0 
29.3 
31.0 
IB.  3 
10.0 
27.0 
21.2 
20.0 
30.0 


JOO   .-ISO 

I 


23.0 


J..  •> 

46. 6 
27.3 


60.0 

27.6 
24.0 
36.0 
28.5 
34. 0 
10.0 
41.8 


38.0 
31.2 
43.0 
44.0 


30.7 
24. 0 
68.0 
20.  2 
20.4 
34. 6 
35.0 
39.0 
41.6 
24.8 
19.7 
50.0 
27. 6 
36.  0 
42.0 


,60.  2 
44.5 
2,1.'.'  i  30.5 
20.  0 


30.7 
30.  6 

28.  6 
04.6 
3.6.  4 


04.0 

38.0 
32.  4 
47.0 
38.0 
45. 5 
21.0 
57.0 


37.0 


,TO.O 
30.  5 


33.2 
35.  0 
50.0 
60.  0 


00.0 
30.2 
23.7 

3.6. 0 


400 


60.6 
41.0 


46.5 
47.0 


38.2 
20.0 


48.: 


47.  0     fl.'i.  0 

37. 0     40.  6 

I 
Sfl.  6  j  .13.  0 

38.  0  1  40. 0 


;;,-..  4 


47.0 


46.  7 


0.6. 7 


62.0 
41.2 


I 


51.0 
42.0 
04.5 
50.5 
00.0 
20.5 
84.0 


72.5 
S8.6 


61.0 
110.0 
00.0 


32.  J 


•130 


51.2 
36.  5 


300 


46.0 


79.6 
03.  6 


41.0 


.68.0 


sno 


.60. 0 


B2 


IteinarkB. 


284     Si|iiiin>  1>rt'nl(  on  It'iision  Hido  with  Inrgo  flako  on  comiiroHt^ion  hIiIo 
247  ' il.. 


3110  ; 

260 : 

201  I 
444  ; 

-! 

317  I 

416  I 

400  I 

305 

387 

347 

3117 

4.62 

5.60 

360 

413 

343 

;i2c 

177 

200 
2iil 
431 
4711 

470 

in 

4.68 
333 
444 

24.S 


liKiUi^  Willi  coiirHci  Hplinli'iH 

Liiiif;,  Hliitttfi'etl  lu't'iiU 

.SIjoi  t  lifi'iik  nil  U-iiHion  Hiilt' 

Saii-wiind  ;  liroktt  Willi  liinmpliuturs 

lliokn  with  ('Oiil-Hr  HiililitrlH    

Briiko  Willi  limi  HpIintiTH 

liiiike  witli  liUK"'  HpliiitorM  on  trnxioit  Bido  . 
Urokt'  with  lino  Hplintcrn  on  ttiinion  siilo  . . 
Brokn  with  Iart;«  Hpliutcrn  uu  tcnxlon  xiilo. 
«1(. 


do  . 
.  do  . 


Specimen  iroHR-^raiiied ;  broke  with  long  HplinterB 

Isiiled  I'rnni  splinter  on  coriior 

S.piuii'  break  on  teiiHinn  Hide  with  thikcon  comprcBHinn  Hido.. 

Si|iiaif  lirruk  witli  huge  mduitiTH  on  tennion  Hide 

llrokf  Willi  1.1  !•;;('  HjiIintoiB  on  tension  Hido 

do 


000 
000 

39  » 
111' 
114' 
114» 
114« 
114» 
130 
l.')0 


Spec  inn  11  eiosH-j^rrtiiieii ;  brnko  at  knot 

Itinke  w  illi  l.iriti  s])]inli-rH  on  teimion  Ride  . 
.Speiinicn  rros.i-;iriniied  ;  brnUo  lit  knot.. ... 
l*l(dve  w  itii  liu  i;e  jijdiilti  la  on  teimion  Hido  . 
IlrtiUe  Willi  line  spliiiltrH  on  toiiHioii  Hido... 


212 

227 
227' 

227' 

207  •' 
431 
661 
561 
747 
747 
037 
1046 
1046 


I'.riike  w  itii  lino  Hplinter.H 

Jlioke  with  fine  Ftplinters;  bneklt  d  on  eonipioRHion  Bide  . 


(.'luidied  lit  cell! er  bi'.uingi  broku  wilh  Hiie  Hplinters ^ 

r.rol;e  witli  large  Hake  on  i:onipreH.si()n  nidc^  

I 
l''uii'-d  I  loin  two  l.ir;:e  Hplinleis  on  an;;leH  of  tt-OBion  eido j 

Sipi:'vi-  break  wilii  liii;;e  llaUe  on  <:onipreM.sion  Mido ! 


;i(:4 
.■104 

139 


348 
232 
3.'0 
410 
403 
421 
400 
603 
374 


400 
406 
289 
270 


Urokii  will'  .smalt  Hp1iiifer.s 

S:ip-w-uod:  sipiaro  lilt  ak,  .splitting  in  a.\iB 

Speeiinen  eroHK-jiraiiied;  Kpiit  ill  il\iH 

Ilroko  with  fine  BplintftiB 

do    


220 

ll'.lll 


do 
do 


.do 


Si|Uaru  break  on  tonsion  Hido;  split  in  a%ln  . 
Short  break  ;  Hhiittered 


ilioUo  Willi  lluii  BplinterB  nt  Rinall  knot  on  coinprcBBion  Bido  . 
do 


Split  and  Bhiit  toi  ed 

Square  break  on  tension  stdo  with  large  flake  on  comprrssion  side  . 


308 
308 
438 
048 
048 
0"( 
0.67 
057 


liO 
OB 
1'.'6 
125 


f  ■■' 


1^ 


");■ 


■    ^: 


i  > 


-^'.-jyvvr^j^'p^YTr  V 


?>T2 


FORi:ST  TIWA'.S  OF  NORTH  Ai\II<:RTOA. 

Taijij;  III.— 13EUAV10U  OP  TUE  I'lUNCIPAL  WOODS  OF  TIIK 


Spocii'8. 


IIW.  I'"rnxiiiiiH  qiiailniuRuIala— cont'd  . 


107.  rrnxiims  Oiogiiiia. 
Oregon  Ath. 


188.  Frti\iiin9  anmlmclfolln 

Black  Ash.    IJ nop  Ash.    Ground 
A$h. 


IfiO.  Fon'slM-ra  aniiiiiiutta. 
I'rifel. 


201.  Oniiifiiitlr.i:^  ,\nit»ricumi8  . 
Vfvil  ll'emrf. 


liOIUiAfilXACKiK. 


204.  lloiirrcriii  Knvuui'iisiB  . 
Stro)!!/  Hark. 


20ri.  Klirci'a  I'ili-ilica  

Knarkair  1)/.    Aiiaqua. 

I.IONONIACK.^. 


•JOO.  Cifalpa  lii,;ii«iiioid(S 

Caliilpa.     Cclaicha.     llran  Tree. 
Vigar  Tree.    Indian  liean. 


207.  Cataljia  opioin-a 

We*len\  Calalpa.  \ 

20-'',  Chilopsirt  aitM'jua 

Desert  Willuw. 

VEUUKXACE.S:.  I 

210.  Citii:^r''X\lmii  villosam  . .     I 

FiMIc  ir.-..,!. 

NVCrAr.IXACK.E. 

212.  Piaoni.i  iilitus.ila 

PiijroH  ll'c  i((.     Ilir/  Wood.    Cork 
'>Voo,l.     I'ork  Iloiii/.  , 

rOLYC.ONAI.'K.*;.  1 

I 

2ia.  CocToldli.i  I'lo-  iilana  I 

I'iyei.n  I'lrnii. 

i.AruA'-K.r,.  ; 

21.'>.    I'rlfiw  <';ltnllliru«iS 1 

lied  r.iKj.  1 


2K0 
2HU' 
201 
518 

nn4 

0C4 
1001 

1001 

1024 
1024 
1030 

loao 

122 
147 
8^» 
838 

737 
737 

2S3 
283 
5S4 

1137 
042 

MO 
744 
744 
744 

38  I 
38 

682 
682  : 

490 

400 

I 
474 


473 

473 

585 
585 


Statu. 


ICi'iiliii-li.v  . .. 

...  ill) 

JTNwonri  .     . 
TomicRsi'e  . . . 

On'Kiiii 

..do 

...do     

. .  do 

do 

do 

..do 

...do 


^lioliignu 

illiuoia 

Ma.isai'litiactta  . 
..  do 


Locality. 


Mi'icff  <iiiiiit.\". 

...do 

AlloiitMii 

Xnslivilli« 


(Ndlt'iitor. 


Soil. 


rorllMiid 

..  do 

Wi>idlor'B  fiHW-mlll. 
..do 


roiiliiiid  I'liinUiiio 

Vonipan.v. 
.     do 


.do  . 
do  . 


tii'or^ia. 
...do  ... 


Paiihvillo  . . 
M'aiiUo^'an. 
Duuvora  .. 
. .  do 


Malnbridgo. 
..do 


Luuititjua 

..do 

Florida 


Amito 

...do 

Saint  John's  river  . . 


do Koy  I.ar;xo 

Ti>i»» Xew  Braunfcls 


Alabama  . 
Ouorgia... 

..  do 

..  do 


Miasunri 

..  do 


Stocktou 

UaiiiluidRo 

...do. 

...do 


W.  M.  I.hiiH'.v r.inivatonu 

...do I (111 


O.  W.  T.pttcrniaii. 

A.  (iailiiip'r  .     . 


G.  ]-*n^r1ioniiiiand 

0.  S.  Saiyi'iit. 
...do 


do. 
.do  . 
do  . 
do  . 
do 
do  . 


W.J.  Deal 

I'nlMTt  Doiijilaa 

J.  IvobinHoii 

...do 


A.ll.  (.^urtlnH. 
...do 


Sandy  loam 

Kiel]  linioHtono  . 

Low,  wet  ... 

.    ..do 


Wet,  pculy.. 

Low,  w:»t 

Uirl).  loHm.y. 
...do 


C.  Mnbr 

..do 

A.IT.  Curtisa. 


...do... 
C.Mohr. 


Clmrloston . . . 
..  do 


Arizona TiiBCon 

..do do 


Florida Bay  Biscnyne . . 

do !  —  do 


I 


do  . 


TTpjior    T^Ictacombe 
Koy. 


...do. 
. .  do  . 


do. 

do  . 


..  do    j  Saint  John's  rivor  . 

..  do !...  do 


215.  Person    CarolinoDBiii,   rar,    pnlus- 
tiia. 


340  ;  Alabama Mobilo  county. 


...do 

A.  II.  Ciirtisa 

..  do 

...do 


C.  S. Sargont . 
...do 


G.  KTi<r('linnnn  and 

C.  S.  Sarpciit. 
...  do 


4.  H.Curti«9  . 
..  do 


...do. 


do. 
do  . 

.do. 
do. 


Uicli,  alluvial  . 

...do 

Sandv  loam . . . 


Coral 

Kiel),  alluvial  . 


Low,  wot... 

day 

...do 

...do 


Wit  clay 
...do 


Moiat,  Kravelly 


Coral  . 
...do. 


...do... 


C.  Mohr  . 


do., 
do.. 


Sandy  loam . 
...do  


Damp,  sandy. 


a. a 

I.CS 


0. 70.«fl 
0.  7014 
0.  0081) 
0.7923  1^ 


0.0182  |i 
0.0C57  [ir?; 
0. 02>5 
0. 0001 
0. 4804 
0. 4t;32 
0. 0430 
0.0410 


roKFi'irii'Nr  or 
Ki..\Hrionv. 


070 
007 
051 
010 

030 
842 
888 
740 
478 
425 
1U02 
1220 


0. 5875  I 
0..-I814  i 


0.8702  I  Hi 
0.84,--5  g^j 
0.7330  I^ 


0. 7084 
0.0640 

0.4816 
0. 4413 
0.  43.'.2 
0.  4.-.85 

0. 4015 
0. 4015 

0.0103 
0. 5716 

1.03'23 
1.03(i0 

0.0884 


0.0718 
0.  97.12 

0.6427 
0.  6480 

0.6216 


m 
m 

m 


0..'-.2I5:lil|U  814 

0.7371  !{|^^!  070 

0.73G.lijf^|  888 

0.7.'-.75i[l!  814 


010 
872 

1221 
1002 
1085 

888 
425 


600 

574 

I   507 

f-3|i   814 

i        787 
I;   763 

li   "* 
655 

1103 
1320 


405 


1103 
1017 

814 
814 

814 


1028  I  1104 

U07  i  715 


1107 

734 

U5I 

731 

0)8 

820 

030 

7.'i7 

013 

803 

781 

720 

474 

340 

4'2J 

331 

1085 

738 

12'20 

706 

814 

012 

1002 

077 

840 

8'.'0 

763 

811 

502 

608 

814 

734 

1.T28 

1202 

12J1 

1015 

1130 

937 

006 

945 

807 

722 

607 

682 

610 

623 

•Wl 

460 

888 

691 

840 

673 

704 

595 

514 

469 

674 

680 

1177 

703 

1338 

1170 

465 

208 

1221 

937 

1050 

898 

861 

021 

814 

883 

830 

8'.'0 

.  i    1 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TBANSVERSE  STRAIN— Com  I  iimed. 


37;] 


UKPLKCTION,  IN  MII.I.IMI.TKIIB,  IMKIl  A  I'llKBSUIIK,  IN  KILOUIIAHB,  UK— 


SO 


ri.  0 

7.0 
7.5 
8.0 

5.2 
.'I.  8 
5.5 
0.U 
10.2 
11.5 
4.0 
4.0 


lOO 

1.10 

0.5 

14.  !l 

11.0 

21.0 

14.0 

21.4 

15  0 

23.4 

10.3 

15.0 

111.4 

10.0 

10.7 

10.2 

12.  5 

l.-i.7 

•iOO 


lU.  3  I 
20.0 
00.  0 
33. 0 

20  d 
23. 0 
21.0 
2.-..  7 


(aet.)| 

0.0 
2.7  : 
2.3 
3.S 

0.7 
0.0  j 
0.  5 
1.0 


'OM  !J50   :iOO   .'I30    lOO   430   MO   S30 


I 
20.  0  I 

I 
32.0  j 

32.0  ■ 

3,'i.O  j 


—  r 


20.0  :, 

2:1.0  ,, 

0.0 1 

8.0  I 


13.0 
12.  5 


0.0     12.0  I  10.0 


5.0 
,5.5 
6.0 

8.0 
5.G 

4.0 
4.6 
4.5 

5.5 
U.5 

7.3 

8.5 

8.0 

6.0  I 

i 
0.2, 

0.4 

9.5 

8.8 

4.2 
3.7 


0.2  :  14.0 


11.5 
12.8 

16.6 
12.0 


18.0 
22.0 

20.5 
18.0 


7.3  j  11.2 
8.0  1  12.7 
8.  6     13. 0 


9.8 


18.C  j 
17.0  I 

20.5 
20.  0 
20.0 
31.2 

88.7 

27.0 

16.3 
17.8 
18.0 


14.6 


24. 0     36. 0 


1 


0.0 
0.4 

1.0 
1.7 
2.5 
3.9 

4.R 

2.0 

0.4 
1.0 
1.0 


21.  5 

22.  5 
22.  5 
20.0 


18.6 
17.3 


2.'i.0  I 
44.2  I 
•11.0  I 
40.5  { 

2.'*.  0 

:!o.o 

28.0 
34.0 


:il.2     38.0 

00.0 

,50.  0    

60.5 

30.0 
11.0 
30.0 


4&. . 


47.0  I  01.0 


23.5 
21.8 


30.2 


28.7     39.0    

21. 0  I  28. 0     36.  0 


10. 8       0. 6     20. 0 


27.  5  .  35.  7 

34.0     48.0 

I 

42.0  I  61.0 

28.2  I  38.0 

I 
17.7  j  20.0 

18.0     23.5 

18.  2  i  23. 5 


53.0       0.0     .'ifl.O  ■  77.5 


14.0 
10.0 
18.4 
11.0 

11.0 
12.8 

I  10.  0  : 
!  17.0  ! 


31.0 
37.0 


2.4 
4.5 


25.0 


32.5 


!)3. 0 
71.0 


04.5 


24.5 
30.0 
30.0 

32.0 
131.0 


4t.0 


41.0    


21.5 

20.0 

31.0  , 

18. 0  .  25. 2       1. 4     28. 0     35. 0 


0;).  0  I  17.  5 


49.0 
81.6 


74.0 


I 


31.0 
37.0 

39.5 

40.0 


8.3 
7.3  ; 


17.0 
20.4 

31.6 
20.0 

12.5 
11.4 


10.  i 


4.2      8.0  .  12.4 

4. 8  '    9. 3     13. 5 


23. 5  j     1. 2  I 

30. 0  j    2.  6 

i 
50.  5       6.  0  I 

37.  0  '    3.  0  I 

17.5       0.7 
13.0       0.4 


24.3  I  3.1.2    .... 


I 


30.7 

,18.0 

18.0 
15.7 


!      i 

16. 8  I    0. 4 
19.0  '    0.8  , 


17.5 


63.0 

54.0 

23.0 
20.0 


37.0 
48.0 
56.0 

50.0 


40.0 


60.6 


25.0 


21.6 


18.7     24.0 


I 


6.0  I 
6.0  I 


11.3 
12.0 


18.0 
17.6 


6.0  :  11.6     10.6 


'  I 

24.8  I    1.0  I 

24.3  '    1.2  I 

i 
23.6  I    1.3 


20.1 


30.0     37.0     40.0  1. 


31.0 


25.0  I  31.0  i  40.0 
90.2  '  40.0 


'I 


24.2 
24.0 


32.0  I  43.0 


30.0 

50.0 

51.0 

67.6 

go. 

o 

as 

471 
305 
313 
312 

3511 
32,1 
313 
311 
140 
150 
31,'> 
827 

201 
417 
350 
346 

208 
313 

613 
433 
400 

403 


ItuiMurkH. 


S))c(;iiii<>]i  croKt4.;4riiiii(-il ;  i*plit 

FaiKil  nt  knot 

ItriiUo  with  cull^Kl^  K|>iiiitcrH;  sliiilttTL'tl 

SIllltllTOll    ...     


Sqiiai'f  hieuk  on  tcnsimi  r,itlc  with  n^lit  in  n\'u. 
Shulturnl 


SiM'tunit'ii  I'l'o.'-K.u'raliH'tl ;    Htjiiaii)   liicak  on  tci1ai4.11  Hiilu,  llaku  on 

t-iMnprt'HHJioi  Hiili'. 
S|M'cinn'ii  cioMH-'.;i.iiuc(t 


ilo 


.Spvt-iiniin  criiHrt-f^r.iiut  il;  tlalhu  on  toimion  hIiIo  .. 
Siifcinicn  cioMs.^raiuril;  liiuak  Htartcil  at  knot  . 
dn 


S({tuii't4  hrcak  on  t<'ii.>«inii  .sidt!  witli  i'l.urHO  HpIintoiB- 

Scpiui'o  liri'iik  witii  twd  Iarj;n  hplititeia 

3c|nani  break  on  tcnsiuu  .lidu  witli  co.iriM'  Hpliiitorfi . 
ill) 


Square  hreiik  on  tension  side  ;  Hlinttorpd  . 
do    


I 


S(iuuo  break  on  ton^tion  Hidf,  splitting  in  tho  axis  witli  One  splinters. 

Ssp-wood;  speciineu  Clous-grained;  bioku  with  long  sidinlors 

do 


Specinieu  cross-grained ;  splintered . 


308  {  Specimen  crnss-gruined  ;  H(|iiari'  break  ou  toiisii>u  sidu ;  split  in  axis. 


I    291 

!    223 

:    200 

293 


2rt7 
251 


Broke  with  coarse  splintcr.s 

CrnHlicd  at  ei-'iitt-i'  boarin;::  broke  willi  coarsp  sidiniuvs  ... 

do 

ilo 

(,'ru~bi;d  at  ci'Utor  bom  ing ;  .h]  lintmcd 

d.i 


200  '  .Splinli-ii  il  "11  conier 


.j     201 

i 


::(io 


,^in-('iiiu  n  fr.iwrt.^raiiiiHi 


SpiM-iim-n  fn^4s-;;ritiiii  il ;  bi.-'ii  .,t  knots 


400  I  llniUe  with  tine  .'^I'Untfr.^ 


127     Spi-iiiui  11  en  h.x-i.'i'.iiiiMl  1  r.iihd  liutii  hi rgii  i<idinteis  on  corner 


280  ■ 
2«0« 
201 
518 

964 

004 
1001 
1001 
1024 
1024 
1030 
103O 

122 
147 
830 
839 

737 
737 

?83 
283 
384 

1137 
042 

540 
744 
744 
744 

38 
38 

'     032 

400 
400 


400  !  .'^batleiedi  laige  (hikis  on  lensinn  wide  . 
383     llioKe  Willi  eiKir.'ie  .-iplintei.s 


303  I  Sliattend. 
377      ...     do  . . . 


473 
473 

583 
683 


I 


1'.^ 


350  .  Broke  witli  coar^H  spliulers j    340 


TSgqiyMWI^aMif^ig-jyw^ilWgli^WB^ 


HE!  1  '      1 

1 

1 

i 

i 

( 

'Ml 

' 

w 

t  ',' 

t 

It 

1 

FOREST  TREKS  OF  NORTTT  AMERICA. 

TABLia  III.-BEUAVIOII  OF  TIIK  PllINOirAL  WOODS  OF  TUB 


Hpi'l'lM. 


Stiite, 


Iioonllty. 


S»'*--;ilV;iM  iilDrllliilo  . 
Simsnfnu. 


1187 

:iH7 

44il 
till 
KI4 
804 
H54 


.  .  ilo  ... 
. . .  il,-  .... 
.....lo  .... 


.MIrtllon 

.  lU.  .... 
. .  <lo  . . . . 
..  .lo  .... 


'r)'mu'f»rtoc Xinili\inr 

Wi-»l  VliKliilii....'  tirnrinn 

. . .  (lit ilo 

MimMnrlniTtlH. . . .    l>;invtM'M 

..  .  .»li» -  .  ^U} 


Oolluotor. 


U.  W.  [.I'tlcMinin 

.     ill)  

..  lll> 

...ill. 

A.OiiKliip'r..-. 
t'.li.  I'llnnlc... 

..  tin 

.1.  ItiiMnsnii     nil  h  lii:im 

.  ..iln     .    »1» 


Hnll. 


I.nw,  liih 

...ilo 

.Mluvliil 

..  <lo    

null 


•J  IS. 


VmlM'MiiIiiii.i  (".illl'iiitiliMV 

Moiiutflin  l.nt'yrt.  t\^!i/ornia  I, mi- 
ni. .V;i.Vi' /■/■.  1'  C.l.l.'l'"'-  '''I't'i-r- 
Mill  Cliir.    Cidifi'riiiit  Uiiff  Tree. 

v.vvno\un\ci:.r,.  ' 


O.  I'^t^i'linflllll  !Util    . .. 
C.  S.  Sai-^i'iit. 
ill 


lli-\  vi'li'-^  rroo-  a 

(iidiimi  I'liiiii.     ntiilf  irniiif. 


I'll). 

'..'li>.  P' \  I'l't- .■*  iMoi'i  a.  t'ur.  Iiititiil! 


vkiuacim:. 


I'lmn^  11  's-iilitUa. 
('I'uiij'  Klin. 


riiniiM  fiilvii 

Hitl  i:iin,    Sllppfrji  Kim.     Mouse 
A.  .'III. 


?  i  0 

Sf*^  p 
t/i 

(I.  nnHii 
0. 4r.mi 
(i,4ri4<i 

I  (l.4fltH 
0.  4824 

0.  riHii) 

0.  8H:>8 
0. 4H'.'« 
0.  TiOiU 

0.  AH  III 
0, 07r.5 


1  llHI'flrlKNT  oi' 
iti.AHTicnv. 


m 


o 


i 

h 

.= 

rs  J 
•O'S 

ri(i7 

nni 

f)7l 

02(1 

4l:i 

4(iri 

Ulil 

(i.',i 

(ini 

I17n 

mt7 

fiia 

48H 

Mil 

!IIM 

;ia7 

1125 

3in 

KIK.I 

11411 

888 

08(1 

Coral 


.   I 


I  0.  Olio  I 


■"I 


ri'niw  .\mrrirnim   

UV.i.v    I. 111}.       itiii^riVai)    Kliii. 
Wiilfr  Klin. 


V'lniiiM  raopniosi* 

7i'iii-t  Kim.     CoH-  Kim.     lliclvni 
Kim.     nVii/cWm.     Cliff  Klin'. 


326. 


Ulronsalata 

IFiMoo.     Winiied  Elm. 


1124 
324 
1)2!) 

1)21! 

i:i4 

134 

:Wii 
4:;!i 

III 
HI 
2S1 
958 
OSS 
lOllfi 
1030 
1040 
1048 

111!' 
UP' 
lUi" 
110' 
314 
314 
42S 

l;in 
3S0 
533 
533 


'I'l'xan DalliiB    J.  l!ovi>iition 

do '  .     ilo    t        ilo      

...ilo '  AiKidii     O.Molir 

ilo '...  do    '...  do    


lUcli  lonni 

..  do 

. .  do 

.    do 


K.ntih'Ii.v    .. 

Mi.Mionii 

iln    

\  I'linnnt 

'rrrnrt.soo 

M;|..s.ulnliip(tK 

.     il.>      

M  i.s.vouvi 


Morri'I'  riitnity 

.Mit'iiion 

...  do  

Cli.nl.ili,. 

Nii.-lnillo 


\V.  M.  l,iiim\v 1  Limi'Htiiiui 

U.  W.  I-i'llci'inaii.  .1  Uicli,  alluvial  . 
do        •   . .  do 

I'.li.  l'iiili;Ii'   I  (iravi'lly    .  .    .. 

I 
A.tlntliiiivi'r '  I'lav 


'  0.031)1    [^ 
0.0218  ;[ 

.  0. 11700  T"']: 
I  "•™«!|    J! 

|o.Rn7ii|[^^i 

'  0.8082  ',("% 
I       ! 

0.W7S  '|[]|[|; 

0.7200  r"''ii 

0.  ii:i;i3 


0.117(17 
(1.  0821 


Ain.M  .Viliontum      C  S.  Siii);,.|il  tlrift 

.     .1.1  do I   .     ilo  ... 

Allnitmi  (5.  W.  Lrlli'iinaii.     Alliiviiil 


llllii' 


Toxiia :  Colorado  river 

..  do do 

Mas>;iohiisi»tls Daiivii'ti    

..  do do 

do Noilh  UoaiUng  .... 

..  do do .(.. 


C.  Molir Alluvial 

do    do 

<T.  Koliiu.son (ifiivi'iiy 

—  do . .  do 

...do do    

—  do i do 


Miiliijian  . 

.    do 

...do 


l);iusvilli> W.d.Ili.al 

BigUapids do 

. .  do I do 


. .  do Hudson I ...  .do 

.    do I  llorsoy '■ do 

..do do i do 

Ti'iim-asi-o i  Xaalivillo   !  A.  Ciattinger... 

i 
lir.iincau'B  Di'pot  ...    11.  W.  KRvennl . 

Davidflou  oounty  ...    A.  GattiuKeT... 

KempiTs  Mill \  C.  Mohr 

— do I du 


South  Carolina  ... 

Xcunesaoe  

Misma-iippi 

...do 


do    

..do 

Low,  ijravolly  . . 

Alluvial 

Kloh  loaiu 

...do  

...do 


...do.... 

Loam 

Alluvial  . 
...do  .... 


0.0020 

o,7osojjjj:;i| 

0.0177  jt;^' 

i  ().0.-.Ofl  [_'"jj 
0.010S  |j]iij| 
0.7370    [^jl 

o.73.'->i)  ["'■]; 

0.7000  ,|2| 

0.7159  l:"^l 

,    ! 

().8M2  f_^ 

1 0.0245 '][;] 

\  0.0830  [/-!j 
0.74(;i  1^ 
0.  7077 
0  7400 
0.7442 


0.8708 
0. 8015 
0. 8243 
0.7883 


1170 


7.-il 
811 

02(1 
MO 

07ll 

10)7 
814 
1JI4 

070 
021 
71S 
751 
720 
4iiO 
Ml 
828 
811 

li:iil 

814 
1130 

000 
1220 
1103 

051 

452 
574 
610 
007 


872 
8IIU 

781 

888 
0111 
531 

1170 
ii:io 
111112 

llllll 

8,'i7 

«7li 
1)30 
718 
800 
835 
301 
511 


•8 


880 
708 
301 
703 
058 
000 
07;i 
308 
4(1-1 

037 
075 

7117 

501 

825 

800 
733 
787 
702 

783 
i):i7 
o:i7 
!i;3 
712 

OSO 
11150 
704 
813 
805 
.'.74 

i;m) 


840 

101(1 

857 

023 

11  Oil 

13111 

1121 

am 

1221 

1055 

1073 

1004 

1302 

IIOS 

1208 

1030 

007 

800 

470 

745 

608 

703 

631 

820 

087 

900 

K»«J".»1 


UK  WOODS  OF  THE  [INTrKD  STATES. 


r,75 


ITNITKI)  STATKS  TTNDKH,  TI.'ANHVKI.'HK  STI.'AI^— <'.iiitiiiii.«l. 


IIKKI.KITION,  IN  Mill  IMKIKIIK,  I  M>KU  A  I'lirhHIIII',  IN  KIMXIIIAMH,  (>|'- 


ao 


T 


l<H> 


H.U 

17.4 

H.r. 

l.Ml 

11.11 

l!l.  0 

RU 

15.11 

7.r. 

II.  r, 

H.U 

IH.II 

10.  (1 

Id  r> 

14  (I 

'Jll.  II 

1.-..0 

:ii.(i 

lAO 


iiH,  0 
•£l  4 

iin.6 

lill.  2 
22.(1 
lilt,  tl 

:iii.  II 

I".  0 


r..  M 
(1.  .'i 

0.  r. 
n.o 

7.  K 
(1.4 

n.  II 
fi.n 

4.  K 
0.(1 
11.11 

:>.  II 

tl.  K 
II.  H 
0.5 
(1.7 
IJ.  'J 
!l.  (I 
,1. 1) 

n.  I) 

1.  II 

U.II 

4.:i 

4.(1 

4.n 

4.2 
7.S 

10.8 
8.5 
8.0 
7.0 


K.  r,     Vi.  5 
n.ii    ir..7 


11.4 


14.  n 


1 1. 'J     17.11 


in.  I! 


•JO.  (I 


11.0  I  1H.H 

I 
in  n  (  27.5 


!JO« 


40.  7 

ii;i.  M 

!I4.  0 
92.  5 
4.'>.  II 
42.  0 


O 

(wl.) 


4... 
2.7 


17.0 
•.'1.0 


24. .'. 
■-'7. 2 

•Jll.  0 

2:1.  5 
40.  5 


IH.  2  1  ill.O  \  44.0 


n.  2 
4  0 


(1.0 

1.1 


!tO» 


•M. .', 

Illl.  0 
114.  0 
40.  (I 
■\t<.  7 


IH.O 
21.,'. 


!J30 


(10.  0 
47.5 


47.  0 

74.  (I 
0:1. 0 


22.  5 
27.  5 


;ioo 


20. 5 


20. 0    :i:i.  (1 


111.0  ,  (.'■..2 

III..'':       1(1.0 


10.4 
11.4 


1.5.5 
17.0 


Ill.O  I   l.'i.  0 


10.4 
Ill.O 


M.7 
21.2 


211.  II 
2J.  H 
20.  0 
20. 11 
21.2 

20.  8 
20.  4 
Ill.O 


Illl.  11 

i.n 

24  5 

0.0 

42.0 

0.5 

47.0 

112.  5 
Illl.  5 

42.  0 
Ill.O 

.57.  0 
(15  0 


I 


12.2 
11.7 


Ill.O  i  21.0  ,  Illl.  (I 

10.5  ;  2H.0 

17.0  ,  2.1.0 

2.5.0  '•  41.5     Oil.  2 

i 
Ill.O  j  .II.O     40.2 

11.5     17.5     2.5.5 

11.4      17.5  '  24.0 

i 
8.2      II'.O      10.7 

Kl.li     10.1 

8.  0      12.  2 

0.1      111.7 

7.5     11.0 

7.7     11.7 
14.0  :  22.4 


22.  II 
10.5 
IK.  2 
14.  0 
15  8 
3X2 


20.4  :  aa.O  1  4.5.  B 


17.  2  28.  8 
15. «  21.7 
14. 2  ,23.0 


411.5 
34.0 
32.3 


1.7 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.2 

1.0 
0.5 
3.1 
11.0 
3.0 
2.2 
11.4 
0.2 
2.  0 
l.U 

0.  5 
II.  0 
0.4 
0.7 
0.5 
0.5 
3.5 

5.5 
7.2 
3.3 
2.4 


211.  0 
2.1.  5 
20.  H 
20.3 
"Tl  ■' 

21.3 

21.0 
31.0 
111.0 
20.0 
2.5.  0 
711.  0 
411.2 
20.  2 
24. 0 

17.fl 
211.  n 
111.7 

IK.  I 
1.5.0 
10.0 
35.0  ' 

47.0 
4.5.5 
3.5. 3 
33.  S 


4(1.  5 
.50.  0 

iin.2 

HI.  0 
117.  0 


I 

:iao ,  100 


iito  .100  ano 


37.  a 


30. 5    47. 0 

31.5     411.0 


27.0 
2(1.  II 
112. 0 

20.5 
27.0 
41.11 


illl.  0 
35.  0 
.50. 0 

35. 0 
34.7 
(10.  0 


41.8     01.5 


40.0 
34.  5 


71.  3 


33.  2 
31.  5 


50.  (I 
47.7 


4.5.  0 
44.0 


i 


01.0 


f.U.  2 
51.2 
47.5 


I 


112.0 
80.0 

no.  0 


4.5.  g 
45.7 


04.0 

00.0 


03.0 
00.0 


22  0  'JO.  5  31.(1 

I         i 

21).  n  ll.i-.  5  511.5 

21.0  20.5  34.0 

211. 0  III).  (I  3K.  II 

111.0  \  24.0  211.4 

20.  3  I  2(1.  (I  ,  32.  0 

4."..0  (.4.0  01.5 


DK.2 


I17K 

302 
1.54 

IlliO 
281 
25(1 
2i<7 
1.57 
lliH 


RoniKrka. 


Iiniki'  nliiiil  iinil  h|iIII 

Ilinki'  ^\l(li  fliio  Hpliiitorn  . 
.'^llllll^'r<Ml 


.lo. 


( 'ipillht*  Kpliiilrl 
.SliiiUennl 


...til. 

.Sijtiiiiii  liiriik  nil  li'Miiliin  hIiIi'  Willi  largn  flukn  on  coniprnnflliiii  hIiIii 
.    .  do 


I 


4011       S|)r('tllirll  ('I'IMI.iII-ilillrll  ;    n)l1lt 
288      <1(|      


40. 8     40. 0     04. 0 


04.  5 
50.3 
48.0 
44.5 


114.0    

8.5.5  ■ 

01.0      DO.  0 
64.0  j  97.0 


40.0  '  05.0 
48.  5  07.  0 
38.7  ,  52.0 
44.0  1 


2.52 
352 

315 
1113 
3110 
32.- 


,Sli:illi:lril. 


.S;ip-Wl«ill  ;   Mli^llh'lrll 

."^piiciinnii  iTOHH-^'iiilnril ;  Hllp.^rmll1 ;  Hlmttdrod. 


lliiikr  wllh  ruiilrt*'  H[)1lnli>|-H 
Stiull.  hlrttl:  nil  t^'ilMioli  n\tU). 

.Slip-Wlilill ;    Hlllllil-rp<l 

(Ill 


.'Kit     (  riitilii'il  III  iiuiitiT  liiiHrhit;;  lirtit  anil  Rpllnloroil  witlinnt  brcalilii);. . 
4110    (li.    1 


400  I (Ill 

415      Tiiill  Hi::ili>  nil  li-liHinn  hIiIh 

1104   ■    lli-nkn  Willi  ciiHlHr  .HplinlnrH  ;  HUlicil  at  knot. 


422  ■   (1.5  s:i)i-wnnil ;  Hpliiil<'l''-(1  niwnrn'Tn 

41:^    • .1,. 

3110      Urnl.r  Willi  (n(ir.'*n  Hpliiitij-.H .... 

Illl         ...    iln  

!    347  1  Itinki' Willi  IliK!  nplintorH 

382  '  S(|tiiii'n  liM'iik  on  ti-nsinii  hiiIo,  Hpilltin;;  In  axin. 

245  I  Spi'f'iiii'-iirrnHfi-jxriiiir'il 

!    277  I  Hrckn  V.  illl  (inn  Hpiiiiloi-H 

'    4I!I  ' ilci        

1101  IliMikli'il  mi  roiiipi.'H..inii  Hi. In;  fino  HplintrfH  ... 


.5F1      r.rnki'  Willi  Hill'  Mjili nil-is '. 

II7H  Cniiliid  lit  coiilor  liniiiiii".';  lirnko  willi  flno  Hpllntnra  . 

4.50      Minkn  witli  film  Hplilll«rH 

407      ...     ill. 

407  ■ do 

442    iln 

371    do 


318  .Sup- wood  :  failnd  at  knot 

300  0.75  In'.iit  woiid;  Hplinlcii-d  at  comers 

3.50  Iliokn  with  conrso  splinters 

384  Slipped  from  bearlii|!9;  biinklcd  Urge  Rplintor  on  corner. 


71 
71 

387 
1187 
440 
814 

814 

854 
8.54 

7011 
703 

40o 

4.50 
4.5!) 

324 
324 
0211 
029 

301 
134 
131 
300 
429 

19 

19 

281 
2HI 
058 
0.58  . 
10110 

iniio 

1019 
1049 

1101 

nil' 

110» 

no* 

,    ■'<H 

;    314 

!     428 

I 

380 
S33 
S33 


^1 


Ri  ''( 


i.  '. 


o  —  /* 


FOllEST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLii  III.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


1,27.  Plunrra  aqnntica  . 


22t.  Celtis  occidcntalis  

Suga/beny.    Backbtiry. 


234.  Manlara  nnrantlara 

Osage  Orange.    Boil  d'An. 

PLATANACEa:. 

23.5.  Plal auii.4  Kcciuontnllg 

Sycamore.    JSuUon  Woo(..    But- 
ton-ball Tree.     Water  Beech. 

23().  I'lutauus  racomosa 

Sycamore.    ButtoytWood. 

237.  I'hitaiiiM  Wrigtitii 

f<ltcatuore. 

JUGLANDACEJi. 

238.  Jnulaiis  cii: irea '. 

liutterttut.    Whitt  Walnut. 


230.  Jiiul.iiiH  ulcra  .. 
Jilaek  W^nut. 


Locality. 


T58     I'loiiiln |  CliattaUooctaeo. 


228.  CcUls  occidentalla,  car.  rcticniata. 
naekberry.    Palo  Blanco. 


229.  Ftoaaanrea 

231.  Ficiia  n -"Innonlatn 

WiljFig.    India-nOiber  Tree. 

233.  Mom.'!  rubra 

Red  Mulberry. 


758 
018 

7;! 

75 
30G 
300 
300 
873 
873 

nil 

Ull 


..  do  . 
...do  . 


.do  . 
.do  . 


Missonrl. Allenton. 

— do do 

Texaa Uallns  . .  ■ 

..do do 

. .  do do 


Collector. 


A.  n.  Cnrtiss  . 

...uo 

C.lIoLr 


Massuchuaetts. . . 

...do  

Miasonrl 

...do  


6.'i2     Arizona Santa  Eita  monn^ 

ains. 
651i   — do do 


Salem 

...do 

Saint  Louis . 
...do  


480     Florida . 
480  :  ..  do... 


liOS    ..-.do  . 


132  I  Mijsuarl. 


132 
1244 
1245 
1240 
1255 
1255 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do  . 
...do  . 
..do. 


253  I  Texas 
253     . .  do  . 


Bay  Biscayne 
...do 


Boca  Cbica  Key  .. 


G.  W.  Lettermon 

...do 

J.  Koverchon 

...do 

...do  

J.  Kobinaon 

...do 

Henry  Eggerl 

....do  


SoU. 


Kicb,  alluvial . 

...do  

...do  


G.  Eugclmann  and 
(!.  S.  Sargent. 


Low,  rich 

Alluvial 

...do 

...do  

...do 

Loam 

...do 

Motst  loam  . . . 
...do 


A.  n.  Cnrtiss 
...do 


do. 


Allenton j  G.  W.  Lettennan . 

...do do 

. .  do J  — do 

...do j — do 

...do do 

...do do 

I 
.-  do do 


Dallas 
...do.. 


21  i  Ma«sacbusetts 

120     Mieaouii 

l':fl   ...do 


Arnold  Arbort^tnm 

Allenton 

..do 


068     Cnlifonila Carmel  river. 

080     ...do do 


048  '  Arii^niia  . 
648    ...  do.... 


lU 

10 

76 

78 

76> 

123 

303 

1057 

112 
1)7 
149  , 


^fassacbusetts. 

...do 

JliSBODrl 

...do 

...do 


J.  Itevercbon 
...  do 


C. S. Sargent 

G.  W.  Letterman. 
..  ilo 


G.  K.  Vaspy. 
...do 


Santa  JCila  mount- 

aina. 
..do 


Arunld  Arboretum.. 

..  do 

AllimtDii 

..  do 

...do 


O.  Enirelninnn  and 

U.  S.  Sargent. 
...  do 


G.  S.  Sargent 

..do 

O.W.Letterman. 

..do 

...do 


.MIeblgan Dansvillo '  W.  J.Beal. 


Sfirliinan Lansliif;    do 

MaHHa;-)iu»etts — j  I'opsUi^ld I  J.  Robtason  . 


Dry  .. 
...do. 


Conn 
...do. 


.do. 


Bich  loam  . 

...do  

Upland 

...do 

..do 

Rich 

...do 


Bottom  . 
...do.. 


Drift 

Rich,  allnvial . 


Clay. 


Rich,  gravelly  . 
...•lo 


VI.A 

1 

he 

0 

a 

c.b 

S*c 

S^E 

■t 

tb 

M 

Drift 

..  do 

MoiHt,  alluvial . . . 
..do 


Rii'li.    moiat    U))- 

lanil. 
G.avelly  clay 


Gravelly  bam  . 
Drift 


llisaourl j  Alli    tun ■  G. W. Lettenuan . -    Alluvial. 

Alieliiguu j  llanavillo W.  ,T,  Ileal Giavelly. 

llliiioin I  Waukugiiu Robert  l)<)UglaR...E  Loam.... 


0. 5701 
0. 5921)  ^ 
0.5:.13  1 


5887 
0023 
723') 
7558 
7700 


7727  ! 
7020 
7013 
7154 

7920 
7882 


0.3215 
0. 3001 

0. 6085 

0.0878  I 

0.0784  [ 

o.c.ie  [ 

0.6500  [ 

0.0312  [ 

0.0875  [ 

0.0846  I 

0.8011  1 1 

0.7027  I 

0.5724  I 

0.B125  n 


.do 0.6205 


0.5170 


.do 0.4812 


0.  5170 
0. 5;i0'.) 

0. 4820 
0.  4.->70 
0.43  IK 
0.4375 
a.  40411 
U.  :>8G4 
0. 3205 
0.  ,Vjm 

0.  ii852 
(1.  .V.'i2 
U.  U031 


llllll 


12] 
Hi 


COErFTriENT  OF 
ELASTICITY. 

Modulus  of  rapture. 

First  deflec- 
tion. 

i 
Second    de- 
flection. 

509 

488 

674 

097 

751 

820 

407 

415 

469 

010 

685 

712 

787 

849 

808 

555 

552 

738 

478 

528 

755 

761 

697 

846 

642 

664 

771 

626 

610 

762 

787 

763 

891 

976 

g3b 

820 

669 

661 

586 

976 

1085 

1024 

317 

257 

278 

222 

199 

407 

230 

1039 

1002 

087 

8U 

904 

848 

939 

888 

766 

718 

814 

738 

697 

723 

696 

751 

897 

745 

634 

878 

698 

857 

930 

nil 

0.39 

957 

1160 

407 

454 

468 

888 

976 

792 

1130 

1100 

842 

626 

622 

686 

695 

626 

637 

407 

425 

468 

531 

468 

887 

634 

651 

368 

763 

787 

668 

814 

888 

687 

976 

1017 

640 

1130 

1221 

606 

007 

6«7 

fOO 

48H 

424 

828 

814 

814 

818 

904 

1030 

1U20 

904 

070 

706 

872 

070 

726 

rOF 

f 

r. 

§ 

i 

i 

o 

s 

488 

674 

751 

820 

41S 

460 

66S 

712 

840 

808 

S52 

788 

S28 

755 

667 

846 

S64 

771 

010 

762 

763 

891 

931. 

820 

BSl 

686 

08S 

1024 

257 

278 

.... 

199 

.... 

230 

062 

DS7 

)04 

848 

388 

766 

314 

738 

f23 

606 

197 

748 

178 

698 

130 

nil 

157 

1150 

54 

468 

176 

792 

00 

642 

22 

586 

26 

637 

25 

468 

88 

387 

51 

368 

87 

668 

88 

687 

17 

649 

21 

606 

07 

fOO 

24 

828 

14 

818 

30 

1U20 

TO 

706 

76 

726 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVKKSE  STRATX— ('onliiiucd. 


.77 


UKFLECTION,  IN  MILM»ETKr.8,  I'NDKB  A  I'BKBSVKR,  IN  KILOr.RAUS,  OP— 


Kemarks. 


Sap.wood;  broke  tbi'ongli  knot 

Spi'cini'^n  crns3-;;riiiucil 

Biuki"  with  large S'.iliiiteis;  Hliatteiud  . 


IJimUo  witli  coarse  aplintrr.s 

Fiiilt  tl  by  hi-ndiii;^;  fiiu'  splintors 

Spi'finn-ii  rro.-*H-j^iinneil;  Ritlinlcrs  on  comers  at  knots  . 

BroKp  with  1:11  ;xo  npl inters 

Ut'oUo  with  lnr;j:e  Hnllo 

Si|iiai'i!  break  on  teii.siou  t^iilu  w  itb  i:oarse  splinters 

Ih'okc  witli  coai.-^c  spl intern 

Sliattfrcd  J  larj;i',  coarnt'  HplintvrH 

Bri)lio  at  knot ;  cnjirso  splintrr.'* 


Sperini'-ii  cro.ss-uraini'tl ;  sjilit  with  grain 

HptH'inh'ii  uiodie-gruini'tl ;  broke  with  largo  splinters. 


Squan^  bri'uk 
....  .1;. 


Spicim.'n  er(WM-gra'':til ;  split  with  gn 


Broke  with  rotirsc  ttplinte 
do 


Broke  with  tbin  flakes 

Failed  from  spliuteis  *m  the  comer 

Vailed  from  thin  seal  \s  ttn  tension  side  . 

Broke  Willi  large,  splinter.s 

do 


Bii>ke  with  tine  .splinters  . 
..   ..do 


Specimen  cross.gruiued;  Hplit  with  grain  . 

Sipiaru  break  with  coarse  splinters 

lo    


a 
o 


7.' 3 
758 
018 

75 
75 
306 
300 
306 
873 
873 
nil 

nil 

652 
652 

480 
486 

508 

132 
132 
1244 
1245 
1246 
1255 
1255 

253 
253 

21 
126 
126 


Broke  wi{h  line  »pliptirs 686 

Brc^ke  rtithlhiu  Hakes  from  ten nlon  side '     686 

I 
1 

S|u-t  inien  erit.s.*.i;i-aineil;  ^^plit  witli  grain '    048 


Specimen  eri>rtH.g ruined 

Spec i men  t  roi>s.  :iMihed ;  lindve  u1  small  knots 

Siiual'e  break  en  tell.^ioll  i>id<';  .«plit  ill  axis    

d< 


U48 

16 
16 

76 
76 


t'rii^le  .1  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  long  splintors 

(.'riiHlieil  at  C'nter  bearing:  broke  wiili  lino  tplintore i      76* 

linak i    123 


Ripinre  bre:ik  on  tension  side,  splltiinK  in  axiii  shattered  . 


SptM  imen  eio8s.gi:iiiied  :  t*\  uUered 

lo 

.Spct'iiiien  ciiiss-gruiued;  long  break  stai  i)d  nt  small  knot. 


893 

1057 

113 
117 
149 


'M' 


i 


m 


'} 


iJi^ 


H 

P 

'■^^^" 

1 

i'  1 

m- 


'Ml . , 


iii^ 


C78 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAIi  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


239.  Juglans  nigra— cantinned. 


240.  iTimlniis  tuyeetrls. 


241.  Cnrva  oliv.Tfonnls 

Vceaii,    JlliuoU  Kut. 


242.  Cirv:!  nllm 

Hiipll  ijark  Hickory. 
Hickory. 


Shag.hark 


MS.  Con  ;i  Biilon(« 

JJia    HhiUbaTk.     Bottom  Shell- 
bark. 


»1R 
32.'> 
407 
430 

7i;b 

700 
0.-il 
031 

41.T 
415 
072 
072 


State. 


Loc  ility. 


Michiuiui     Lausiut;  .. 

Texas !  JliiUiia  .... 


Ti'UiU'S.st'O  . , . 

Floridii 

. .  ilo 


C'li;>i!o9town  Navy- 

v:iv(l. 
JJiishville 


Agi|tnl;l;:;l 
...di.  .... 


Tcxiis i  N«w  ISrannfiOs. 


do. 


I 


322 
3Lfl 
32(1 

a 

3 
29- 
US' 
118^ 
ir.2 
240 
240 
24!) 
531 

5ni 

.Wl 
539 
530 
810 
810 
lO.IO 
10f)« 
1007 
1007 


Xfw  Mexico 

...do  

Cnlil'ciriiiiv  ... 
..  do 

Misaissippi . . 

...do 

Texas  

. .  do 


do. 


PinoH  Altos  mount 

aiiiH. 
.     do 


Collector. 


W.  iT.  Bcal 

J.  Iveverchon . 

S.  H.  Pooli 

A.  Gattingor  . 
A.  n.  Curtias. 

do    i.   . 

C.  Molir 

...  do 


Soil. 


Loam 

Alluvial .. 


Limostono 

Clny 

...do 

lloiat,  calcarconi) 
..do 


Mas.^aclniactts.  - . 

..  do 

Keiitmliy 

Xliclii;:a» 

ilo 

■Missouri 

Vii'Lliuia 

..  do 

...  do 

MisB{8!li]ipi 

...  do    , 

...do  

.     do    

..  do 

West  Virginia... 
...do 

^^lls.*'ilcll^s(■tt8 

...do 

MlsHOuri .. 

...dr      


CniitraCwta  county 
...do . 


GrccnvlMc 

..do 

Uallag 

...do  .  .. 


U.  I...  Greene  Alluvial  . 

.  -  do do  . ... 

G.  U.  Vuscy ..  du  .... 

.do do 


I. 


C.  Mohr 

...do 

.1.  Revcrchon  . 
....do  


Arn.'lil -Xilioritum      C.  S.  Sart;ent 


...do 

W.  M.  Linney. 
^y.J.Bcal.... 
...do  


G.  W.  I.ctternion  .    Tiidi  upland 


..do 

llanville 

Hudson 

Lausini: 

Alteutou 
Wyllievllle    ... 

...do 

...do 

Kempcr'n  mill 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Grafton 

.do 

Tepsfleld 

..do 

A  llontim G .  \\'.  Lottommu 

.  ..do do 


...do 

....do  

....do  

...do 

Drift 

....do 

Slialo 

Clay.'. 

....do 


m 


m 


nl 


Clay 

...do.... 
...do.... 
Alluvial  . 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 


n.  Shrivcr  , 

...do  

...do  

C.  Mohr  . . . 

...do 

..do 

...do    

...do 

C.  G.  Prlngle I . . .  do 

...do . .  do 

J. Robinaon ',  Rlchlnam.. 

...do '. . .  do 

fVllnvial .... 


91     Kinlueliy '  Mirei  i  county '  W. M.  Linney. 

01»    .     do !..     do I. ...do 


383 
301 
3UI 
10S2 
1082 
1184 
IIH 
1164 


isHouri  

do 

do 

A I 

do 

do 

ilo 

.... 

do 

.do 

.do 

do 1.... 

do. 

du. 
.do 
.do. 

do  . 

do. 
.do. 

do. 

do. 


do  . 
.do. 
.do. 

do  . 
.do. 

do. 

do. 
.do. 
.do. 


•St 

u 

m 

0.  60!9 
0.  Ol.-iS 
0.  S081 
0.  r.724 
0.  C933 
0.  (1949 
0.  7483 
0. 7386 

0.  G12!i 
0.  7297 
0.69V  7 
(1.  0003 

0.  7444  I 
0.  7489 
0.7181 

O.CJ.-'i 

0. 829.") 
0. 79ij  j 
0.0710 
0. 8085 
0.  8035' 
IV  (i217 
0. 8108 
0. 8041 
0.8103 
0.88.33  irVTil 
0.8829  ';':.,) 
0.8740  'r'"V 
0.014*  ,■  I 
0.7098  X'J'Ji 
0.7.509  lIFTl 
0.7047  j^ 
0.  ffll4  ra 
0.  8430 
0.  8261 


COEFFICIENT  OF 
ELABTICITV. 


m 


m 

m 

m 
m 


.11', 


..do 

-du 

..do 


.do. 
.do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 
do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 


0.7622 

m 

0.  7130 

m 

0. 11803 

M 

LiiU 

0. 0378 

a 

0. 0333 

m 

0. 9421 

n 

0.8H86 

23 

0.8648 

m 

0.0000 

m 

0.8834 

0  7027 

11 

0.84H1 

m 

0.7762 

m 

.=  ?  I  --.f 


t^ 


970 

376 

970 

857 

1221 

1627 

1221 

930 

697 
600 
775 
020 

042 
004 
470 
Mi 

1393 
1320 
1103 
1350 
1575 
1627 
1221 
1085 
1221 
1320 
1330 
1626 
1285 
1479 
1620 
1028 
800 
888 
1303 
1221 

B76 
T20 
731 
660 
939 
H72 
839 
749 
661) 
1221 

laso 

1221 


076 
930 
1136 
921 
1221 
1627 
1191 
1017 

088 
679 
842 
097 

031 
076 
490 
542 

1336 
1356 
1220 
139.' 


9 

"S 

» 

686 
668 
923 
898 
820 
1137 
923 
937 

402 
949 
468 
520 

457 
676 
581 
600 

1245 
1240 
1260 
1037 


l.")30  I  103B 


1027 
1191 
1103 
1320 


]!::2 

1144 

1100 
1242 
1479  1280 
1305  I  1280 
1«01  I  1444 
l.'i20  I  1242 
1575  I  1237 

1027  I  1041 

1028  I  1216 
076  1137 
021  '  1073  ! 

l.-|02  1331 
1350   1172 


1002  1022 

781  7.W 

842  1223 

720  1055 

1(183  nOfl 

0.''7  1172 

1007  1116 

K49  1(IS7 

8.13  UW3 

1191  1144 

1526  13.12 
180S  ,  1287 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


379 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


IlP.nj!':TtON,  IN  M1I.I.IS1F.TK1IS,  INDKB  A  rnESBUHB,   IK  KILOOKAMB,  OF— 


I 


SO  liool  l/SO 


I 


iOO 


O       SOO   330 

(SL-t.)j  I       ■ 


5.0    i().n  '  in.o  'Ji.c 

i  '  I         I 

n.O  I  to.  5  :  Ki.O  I  •2].0 

5.0  I     8.0  i;i.  0  17.,'. 

.I.  7  I  10.0  Ifi.  0  -JJ.  0 

4.0  I   ao  ■  !■_'.<;  iH. II 

3.0  I   «.o  i    o.«  !  lli.^ 

4.0     8.2  '  v:.-  '  v.r, 

6.2  I    0.0  ,15.0  •J\.i) 


0.  (i  I 

I 

1.0  I 

I 

0.2  I 

0.7  : 

1.2  i 

0.2 ; 

1.0  I 

1.  :< 


21. 7 
21.7 
17.7 
23.0 

18.7 

n.a 

18.0 
21.2 


300  3SO  400 


28.  0 


1  28. 

In. 


7  i  28.  5     i)8.  0 
2     ;i7. 0     49. 5 


0  I  32.0 
0  I  21.0 
0  '  2!l.  3 


41.0 

'.;ao 

3D.  2 


28.  0  I  :iO.  0  I  49.  5 


7.0 
7.4 
0.3 


14.2  J  23.0 
14. 4  '  21.  5 
11.0     17.2 


4SO 


32.  0  I  40  0 


7.  8  !  14. U 


21. 


■JO.  0 
2 1.  » 

:;(i.  0 


30O 


2.0  ;  29.4  ;  38.5  1  50.0  i  08.5    112.0 

! 


1.0 ;  r)i.2 


7.C  ,  i.'i.o    2:1.0 


5.4 
10.4 
n  0 


10.0      1.T7  '  21.4 

t  I 

10.7  ;  32.0  i  51.5 


o.n  I  21.0  I  28.0  I. 


1.=.  0     2D.  3     43. 0 

I  I 

'1.2  ,   11.4   '   IC.O 

!0.K  I  14.4 

8.0  '  V:.2  I  17.0 

7.0      10.5  -  11.(1 

0.3       0.0  12.1 

0.0  '     r.2  '  12.5 

8.2      1:1.11  IS.  2 

8.4      12.7  10.8 

7.4  I  11.2  ;  l.->.3 

C.  0      10.0  1.1  0 

7.0     10.2  ■  1.1.2 

0.1  I     0.0:  12.0 

0.4       !'.  0  12.5 

0.2        0.2  12.0 

(LO        0.0  1.'.  0 

0.U        Kfi  11.5 

6.1  I   10.0  I  M.C  20.0 

R.Ci  '  10.  «     10.  li      22.0 
I 

8.6  ;     0.5       U.U      12.5 

4.  0  '    7. 2  I  10. 5  '  U.  2 

5.0       D.S  I  14.0  j  18.5 

6.7  12.5  '  18.5  I  20.2 


5. 3     44. 0     01. 0 


3.  5  {     V  ! 
3.7  !     7.: 
4.2  ! 
3.0  1 
3.1! 
3.0  ' 
4.0  I 
4.5  I 
4.0  j 
3.7 
.1.0 

n.2' 

,1.8  I 

:i.  3 
3.2 

3.0  i 

I 


0.4  '  14.5     18.2  I  2X5 

I  '  I 

0.  !l  ]  17.1,  i  23.0  I  29.5 

(I.  fi  ;  11.2  ;  17.6  !  21.7 

11.2     12.4  I  15.  5  '  ID.O 

I'.  2  '  :2.ft  1  ICO  '  ID. 5 

1.0  I  Ul.O  !  2,"..0  '■  33.0 

I  '  ' 

O.J     17,  .1  :  21.5     28.5 

0.8  !  1.-1.4  I  10.2  !  2,^7 

0  2  j  13.2      10.(1  ■  21.0 


[ 


21.0 


0.3     .,1.;.  ,  17.0 

i  !  i 

0.3  '  12.2  '  l.'i.S  ,  19.0 

0.3  '  i;t,0     15.8  !  20.2 


(1.2   ;    1:1.0  I   10.2 

0.2  ;  12,5  ;  10.0 
o.;t  I  11,5  '  14.2 
0,0  I  20.4  I  20,2 

1.0  I  23,0  I  30.3 

1  I 

0, 3    Ki.  0  :  10, 0 

I',  5  '  14.4  ,  If.O 


20.0 
lii.7 
1H,2 

:;:..  o 

40.2 

21).  2 


1 


34.  r, 

30.0 
GG.  0 
2.,.  ,~> 
23.0 
24.0 
43.0 
30.0 
3:1.  5 
25.  5 
.20.  0 

23.  5 

24.  0 
25. 0 
24.  5 
22.5 
45,0 
54.0 
2.'.  0 
28.  0 


4.1.0 
37.  0 
44.0 

;;2. 0 
29. 5 
20.0 
no.  0 

40.0 

45.0 


58.0 
50.7 
00.4 
40.0 


70.0 
01,0 
57,0 


87,0 
75,0 
82,0 


SSO 


33,0  I  41,0 


U.4  '  19.8     21.2  ;  30.8     41. (i 

I            I            I            i 
1.4     27,0     30.0  [  riO,0  ^ 


0,6  I  11,0  ,  i;,0     ::>.()       2.0     20.1  I  33,6     4.1.2  ;  00. 0 


7.4  I  13.4  !  21,5  I  30,5  ! 
It.fl  I   13.2  I  18,3  I 


10,2     15,0  I  20,5 


5,2! 

6,0 

5,2 

0,0 

7.4 

4.0 

3,0 

4,0 

1 

3, 2  I  31, 0 
1,  0     lU,  1 

1.1  !  21.0 

I 


33,0 
28,4 
20,5 
31,5 
30,5 
28,5 
5a  0 
74, 5 
30,7 

:.:.o 
55, 0 


I 


40.0 
35.0 
39.0 
40.0 


0.7 
11.6 


14.7 
10.1 


I 


40. 0  1  .'.•-i  0 
25,0     31.4 

:8.o  i  :ifl.o 


3a  0 

81,0 
105. 0 
38.0 
48,0 


11.7     10.0  21,3  ' 

8,  2  !  12.  0  10.  5  1 

0.  4  !    g.  6  12.  8 

7.0  ,  J0,2  13,6  : 


I.O     20.0  i  26,5     34,0 

1.0  22,0  ;  :io.o  I  40.0 

1.1  22,0  ;  27,5  I  36,0     47,0     (1.I.O 


8S,0 
78,5  4112,5 
41,4  .''•4,5 
40.0  59.0 
43.0  '  01.6 
54.0  I  77.0  1130.0 


84.0    

55.0  1 100.0 

55.0  I  

44.5  j  69.0 

64.0    

59,5    ,  ... 


49.6 


49. 6     71. 2 
70.0  ! 


■6?  I 

a  %    ' 


S2 


KrmallM. 


250 
265 
394 
383 
350 
485 
394 
400 

197 

405 
200 


Specimen  croas-grainod ;  8liatt«red 

Speciiuou  ciu88-;;iain(Ml;  sjilit  at  i:uni«T 

('ruslicd  at  center  bearinj; ;  broko  in  long  splinters. 

i  S(im. re  break;  split  from  enil  to  end 

I  S(]iiaru  break  on  teut^iun  Kide;  split  inaxia 

j do 

Specimen  crosa-^jrained 

!  Shattered 


1.12.0 
104.0 

7,->.  0 

01.0    186,0 

84.0 


I  ■ 


I 


I 


0.0  16,6     21.0 

0.4  !  12,7  I  10.0 

i  I 

0  4  I  14,0  I  17,  4 


27.6 
20, 0 
22,0 


86. 0 

24.  5 
27.4 


46.0 
30. 3 
33.2 


05.0 
66.6 
87.  C 
42.6 


46.0 
66.0 


222 

195 
288 
248 
250 

531 
533 
510 
451 
442 
483 
488 
495 
530 
550 
550 
010 
530 
328 
44t 
519 
485 
458 

Has 

500 

430 
322 
479 
450 
405 
600 
470 
404 
462 
488 
577 
640 


Sjiecinien  erosg. pained;  br„ko  at  knot 

Failed  fioin  splinters  on  enriiers 

Specimen  ernsH-grained ;  lirokoat  knot , 

CroBH-fjrainiil ;  broke  witli  larf;e  .'splinters 

Defective  specimi-n  ;  squaie  break  on  tension  side 

Split;  did  not  break 

Specimen  eross-graineil ;  pipiare  break  on  tension  side ;  split  in  axis 
Siiiiare  break  on  tension  sidt^ ;  lon^  splinters 


Sap-wooti  ;  broi;e  vitli  liHi- splinters 

....  do 


IJioke  Willi  tino  spl Inters 

r.roko  Willi  loiiij  liiilie.s  IVoni  tension  side., 

llroke  witli  lou;r.  lint-  splinter.* 

llroke  i\i;li  Iar<:i',  eoitisi'  splinters 

Sap-wood  ;  broke  Willi  line  splinters 

do 


do. 


Cruslied  at  center  bearinii ;  tine  splinters. 
do    


Pi  II,  etion  of  88  millimetfrrt  under  pressure  of  000  kilo{;rams ;  some 

ernsbint:  at  lenn  rbei'nn;;. 
Crushed  at  cenier  Inaiing;  tine  splinters 

0.  5  siip.wood  ;  eriislied  at  center  bearing ;  lino  splinters 

Uroke  witii  long  spliutera 


do. 


Bri'ke  witli  line  splinters 

Sap-wood;  limki  witli  line  splinlers- 
do 


0.5  sap-wood  ;  bnd,e  witli  lino  splinters. 


Ilroke  with  two  larjii'  splinters  on  tension  side 

Failed  IVimi  lh*.i  li.ikes  011  back - ,. 

Slipped  from  bearings ;  siilinioTtil 

Sap-woial ;  slIppiHl  Ironi  lieHriugs ;  did  not  break . 

Failed  from  tliin  Itake;^  on  back 

Broke  witli  line  Kidint.rs    

0.5  saji. wood  ;  biiike  villi  line  spliutcm 

Did  not  break  ;  pu'.liiii  through  the  bearings  .... 

Broke  with  flue  splinters 

do 


318 
325 
407 
430 
780 
700 
951 
951 

415 
415 
672 
672 

322 
322 
320 

320 


29» 
US' 
11R» 
1,52 
240 
249 
249 
.Ml 
531 
.531 
539 
539 
816 
810 
10,16 
1050 
1097 
1097 


do 
.do. 


01 
91« 
383 
383 
383 
.191 
301 
1082 
1082 
1104 
1104 
1164 


il;f 


;  1 


rr  f 


I';  '■  'li  ni 


380 


FORFJST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tabi-k  III— behavior  of  THE  rKINCirAIi  WOODS  OF  THE 


Spooics. 


243.  Caryu  milcatn— continned  . 


244.  Ciirya  •omt'niosa 

Mocker  Nut.  lilack  Jliekory. 
Hull  j\h(.  Bia-bud  llicko-nj. 
White-heart  llickor^i.  King 
Nut. 


246.  Cnrva  porrlnn 

Pig  S'ut.   Itrown  Hickory.    Jilack 
Hickory.    Smteh-bttd  Hickory. 


24fl.  Carvft  amara 

Bitter  Nut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

247.  Cnryii  myristirfffomilB 

Xutme'g  Hickory. 

248.  Ciirya  miiintica 

It'ii'T  llickory.  Swamp  Hickory. 
Hitter  Pecan. 


MYKICACEa:. 

240.  Mviiiii  ri'iifi>ift , 

iSnxiiierry.     Wax  Myrtle. 

2.'.0.  Xlyiica  CaUfornica 


lies 

1100 
1170 


234 
348 

e 

6 

88 

88 

121' 

288 

442 

538 

638 

538 

1061 

1061 

1098 

1008 

1188 

1168 


State. 


Ma.'sancbUHetta. 

...  rto  

.....lo 


Locality. 


North  r.ondiDg  . 

...do 

....<lo 


Ki'iituoky Pony villo 

do do 

I 
Miasoiii  i Alli'Utoii . . . 

Alabama i  Citronellu  . 


CoUiTtor. 


Soil. 


J.  Kubiiison . 

..do 

...do  


e  S 

.•e  « 
>•« 

n 
f  ?= 

t;  i  a, 
CO 


V  '     Ki.A8'ricnY.     ' 

1^  r". — r-. — 


Drift  . 
..do. 
..do  . 


I 


Mnasnolinsetta I  Aruuld  Arboretum  . 

...  do  ......... 

Missouri 

...do 

Micliigiin 

MisBimri 

Tenu»'8pee . . . 


Alabama 

..  do 

...do 

Massachusetts. . . 

..do 

Missouri 

..do 

..  do 

...do 


■\V.  M.  Linnty j  Ulioa  shalo 

do j do 

U.  W.  Letti'iiiiau.:  lUih  u|>l.uid  ... 
C.  Mohr I  bandy  

C.  S.  Snrpont I  llrift 

.    do ! do 


no 

1 
Alhnlon G.  W.  lattcrinnn  .    liii  b  Im'.in  ... 

...do ! do do 

Dansvillo I  W.J. Heal Gravelly  clay i 

Alli'iituii 1  G.  \V.  Letti'rman   ,  Kicli  lo.im i 

Nasbvillo I  A.  Gattinpr    ..   .1  U^ilaiid 

Ki'inper's  mill C.  Slulir \  Alluvi.tl 


0.  71H1    i^Ji 
|0.8tSl    ij|||lj 

.  o.7(i:;o  [iiiyi 

.|0.7>7    [513 1 
.     0..>-(!.-8     Ei 

.    0.8.iM,^^, 
. '  0.7818    W':\\ 

(1.  iiiiri-'  :"  ■ : 
0. niif.B  \f^\\ 
o.oo.'io  ipi 

0.8473  IIUII 
0.8452    1^ 


do. 
do  . 


.do  . 
do. 


...do 

...do 

Urilt 


North  Keadiug J.  Kol>inson 

do «lo 

AUeiitoii I  G.  AV.  Let l>  rmau  i  I'linly 

,  ...do 1 do do 


I 


163 

KI8 
838 
838 

1:37 
287 

120 

362 

362  ! 

362 

740 

740 

740 

017 


do. 


.do  . 
.do. 

do  . 


.do. 
do  . 

do  . 


Mnpsarhuaptts Danvers J.  Itobinsnu  . 


...do 
..do 


do 

do 


I 


do 

lo 


South  Caroiimi Bonupau's  Depot . . .  I  H.  \V.  Karriicl . . 

....do I — do ! do 


I 


...do    do do 

Mis8issii>|d '  Vielisburp C.  Mohr  . 

...do I do ' do 


.do do  . 

Georgia |  Uaiubridiii' 

....do ' do  . 

du    do  . 


do 

A.  II.  Curtiaa. 

..  do 

...do 


.do  . 
do  . 


n.siKl   Ilii'i' 

I  Uliil] 

I  0.6932  '^j 

1 0.7463  ;|:'^| 

|o.8«;.«g: 
'  o.cy.in  ;[.'"]' 
,o.e«.4!|^j 

0.8113    ^  •'''■ 
0.8680    WvA 

1 0.8500  If:--; 


liii'li  ujihiud  . 
Kii'h  loam  . . . 

..do    

...do    


.Ui 


Kich,  8\vauii>y  . 
...do 


0.  81  .'13 

0.  7804 

0.8040  r  "^ 

0.8(.'8O  P?'\ 

,1 11 

0.8036  iJjTyjl 

■  0.  S3::n  :'■  I 


Swauipy 


CtJPULIFER.*:. 


251.  Qurrcus  alba  . 
White  Oak. 


6811 

C(i5 
005 

8 

8 

32 

33» 

>2> 


I'Uiiida  ... 

...do 

Culiforuift 
...do 


(Jhattalioochoo I  C.  Mohr 

i 
I 
Saiiil  -IoIui'h  river  ...  A.  II.  (.'urti.^a  , 


Alluvial.. 

..do 

...d.i 

...do 


0.7380  '[||]l| 
0.764(1    p"'i. 

I  0.78.3    glUl 


(ill 


Saudv  Id.iui 


Santa  ('tu;'.    ,  G.  Kn^rlinanii  and    IMih  Ic.aiu 

I      ('.  S.  .S.u->ieiit. 
do ' do do 


AIuNHachusetts 1  Aruohl  Arboretum..,  O.S.Sargout Drift  . 


..  do 

Kentucky  . 

...do  

...do  


. .  do )....do ..  do 

Mereereounty W.  M.  Linnpy LiriiPatoiin  . 

Shalo 


Boylu  county <lo  . 

du do  . 


Slate 


0. 8470 

0.81!"J  l^'l 

0.64 1.'-.  \^\ 

0.0227  1^ 

II.  nr.n  ■■] 

«.oii2-.  i'-ih 

I  !        I 

j  0.7432  .jl.j 

I  0.8.168  ^y 

0.8000  '(ITITI 

■  lljll 

0.7008  O 

0.6534  jy; 


888  ' 
070 
12.V2 
1030 

1085  : 

970 

751 

10C2 

I 
1002 

1U85 

I 

525 

0011 

888  I 

718 

OGU  . 

8U0  I 

I 
I03U  j 

703 

057  ' 

1086  ' 

1221  I 

14711  I 

I 

1062  I 
06.  ^ 
11711  I 
070  I 
1171  i  ■ 

12;:i 

1086 
72U  , 

814 

I 

9114 
070 

079 

703 

1136  ! 

814  I 

I 
D04  ' 


5a 

-0 

3 

(4 

1221 

1221 

939 

1007 

12:.. 

1305 

004 

948 

UTO 

1085 

1470 

1U:8 

814 

030 

780 
1086 
1020 

919 
1041 
1411 
1146 

070  I  1054 
1062  I  1054 
1395  I  1354 


1149 

1171 

1221 

876 

108.-. 

1140 

814 

800 

1221 

1002 

1007 

028 

1221 

1110 

734 

1104 

1097 

1108 

814 

063 

751 

035 

713 

Oil 

860  !  1054 


1083  I  1132 


814 
1085 
1130 

1302 


935 
li:2 
1214 

12U6 


1028  I  1402 

1163  1004 

007  !  921 

948  i  937 

I 

07i'  '  1099 

lO.'-.'i  787 


137 


1028 
648 


I 


1235 
408 
663 


888  j  955 

070  '  IIlW 
1(07  •  1017 


723 
8e8 
1136 
0.30 
948 


782 
018 
1028 
Oil 
818 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


381 


i\ 


UI^IITED  STATES  UNDER  TJlxiXSVlHISE  STRAIN— Conliinica. 


IIKFLKCTION,   IX  JIIt.U5ir.TKl;8,   INtlKll  A  rilESBlIKi:,  IS  KlI.OnnAMS,  OF— 


SO 


4.0 
6.2 
4.0 

5.4 
SO 
3..t 
0.0 

B.5 
5.0 
3.0 
4.7 
4.5 
6.0 
6.5 
4.0 
4.0 
4.5 
9.3 
4.0 
6.5 
0.8 
7.4 
0.1 

4.7 
0.4 
5.1 
4.5 

4.0 

■J.  3 

4.0 
7.5 
5.0 
5.U 
5.0 
4.0 
4.5 
0.7 

8.0 

5.4 

r,.o 

7.3 

e.4 

4.3 
8.0 

S.4 


lOO 

ISO 

B.(l 

11.5 

0.7 

15.0 

7.0 

10.5 

Remarks. 


!200      O 

(ml.) 


i'>.  0  o.r, 
•-'0.8  l..'i 
13.5  ■     O.i" 


dOO;:J.'SO   iSOO    JSO    lOO   J 30   S0O,S3O 


I 


i«.  0  !  :;o.  0    'JD.  0 

•JI.  0  I  "JK.  0     :iT.  -J 
14.(1     18.  0  I  L'4.0 


10.3 

n.o 

O.H 
10.4 


I 

10.0 

0.2 

7.0 

8.5 

8.0 

0.0 
12.0 

8.0 

8.9 

8.0  ! 

I 
13.  3 

8.9  I 

I?.0  ! 
I 
13.0 

13.7  ' 

11.1  I 

!>.0  I 

I 

I-J.O  I 


1.-.  8 
13.8 

n.o 

l.').  0 

14.5 
14.2 

10.  n 

12. 5 
12.0 

i;i.7 

19.0 
11.9 
12.  7 
U.fl 
18.0 
1.1.4 
18.8 
19.2 


22.0  ' 
10.0  I 


l.t 
1.1 


12.2  I    0.  ;i 

I 

21.4  I     1.1 


20.4 
20.0 
14.2 
17.5 


1.0 
1.1 
0.5 
1.1 


!  23. 0     20. 0 

I  20. 0  '  20.  0  ' 

12.2  !  15.0 

22.0  I  28.0 

i 
20.  5  I  27.  0 

20.7     20.2  ! 

15.0  '  18..) 

18.0     22.5  ! 


10.2  I     0.0  I 
1«.0  '     0.9 


20.7 
10.0 
17.1 
15.7 
22.0 
18.5 

27.  r> 

2.5.0 


21.  0     31.  5 


I 

I 
10. 1     2:1. 0  I 

n.3    in.o 

18.5  '  20.3 


2.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.9 
CO 
1.3 
3.0 
2.0 
5.0 

1.0 
2.2 


9.0 


8.0  I 

7.6 

0.0  1 

8.4  ! 
14.0 
10  3 
10.0  i 

9.0  i 

7.1  I 

9.5  j 
11.8  ' 


14.0 
13.7 


19. 0       1.1 
18.4       0.0 


10.0 
19.0 
28.0 
10.0 
17.0 
10.4 
23.3 
19.0 
28. 5 
28.8 
32.6 
21.2 

IS.  4 
27.5 
19.0 
18.7 


l.:i 


3   I 


11.2  I  14.0  I 

9.0     11.0  I 

I  I 

12.0  I  10.  6  I 
I 
21.  0     'M.  r, 

15.2     21.5 

14.7  '  20.2 
13.5     18.0 

10.8  14.4 
10.  6  I  20.  D 


0.3  I  15.0 
0.1     12.0 


1.0  10.5 
:;.  0  31.2 
1.2  22.0 

1.1  I  21.0 
0. 7  18. 2 

0.4  15.0 

i 


17.0 


11. 0     17. 4 


10.0  j 

9.7  j 

I 
13.  S  j 

11.0 

8.0 

10.  S 

10.3 


14.4 


23. 0 


4.0 

0.9     23.0 


24. 0       1. 3 


19.  9       1.  0 


14.7     20.0  ''     I.O 

21.2     30.7       3.1 
10.7  I  23.  S       1.5 


13.0 
15.0 
15.6 


17.6 
20.7 
21.6 


0.4 
1.0 
0.7 


24.0 

20.0 
20.4 

32.0 
24.0 
18.0 
21.5 
21.6 


23.0 


I 

30.0  I 

21.0  I 

23.0 

21.2 

28.4 

24.5 

37.0 

37. 5 

41.4 

31.  c; 


41.5 

33.0  ■ 

10.1  ! 

37.1  ! 
I 
01.  u' 
35  0 
23.0 
30.3 
28.0  ' 
30.0  ' 
47.0  ; 
27.0. 
30.0 
28.0 
30.0  I 
31.0  ' 
52.5  ; 
51. 0 
57.0  I 
41.0 


M.  U 

:j.o 

.18.  0 

44.0 

22. 7 

47.0  ■ 

i 
44.0  I 

44.2  j 

31.0  ! 

37.  5  I 

.18.2 

40.0 


m.i)   137.0 
50.0  I 

I 

02.0  , 


27. 4     33.  0     40.  0  '  no.  0 

i 


01.  (I 


80.0 :... 


78.7  i I.... 

i  ! 


57.5 

CO.O 

30.0  I  40.0  I  00.2  I  70.0 

49.  0  !  00. 0  ' 


24.0  21.3 
37.0  fiU. .") 
24.7  32.0 
24.0  ;  30.0 

19.0     23.7 

14.7  I  1H.1 

I 

22.0  j  29.0 
41.2  ;  07.2 
30.0  ]  42.0 

27. 5  I  30. 5 

23. 6  SO.  2 
lao     22.2 


81.6     42.0 


26.2 
2a  0 


32.0 
33.0 


35. 0 
39.5 
30.4 
40.5 
42.5 
70.0 
73.0 
8.1.  0 
55.0 

41.  5 
70.  5 
42.5 
39.0 

30.0 
22.0 

37.6 
80.0 
50.  5 
40.0 


52.  0  I  fl,'>.  0 


44.0 


40.0 
01.0 
.'iO.O 
110.0 


GO.  0 


08. 0 
84.0 
75.6 


73.0 


50.4 


50.7 
.M.  0 

30.0 
20.0 

52.6 


lOi").  0 


81.0 


i  I 


74.6 

08.5   103.0 


45.0 
31.2 

72.0  I 


58.5 
38.6 


82.0  : 


68.0   109.0 


27.0 


0     40.0     47.2 


40.0  I  80.0  !. 
42.4  I  00.0    . 


42.0  I  69.9 
31.0 
23.0 
28.3 

28.0     37.0 


I 

40.0  !  52.0  ;  70.0  ! 

80.  5  I  38. 6     48. 6 

87.0  i  47.5  I ! 


I 


C  a 


333 
403 
435 

302 
444 
002 
489 

4f,0 
450 
578 
500 
374 
480 
344 
400 
390 
474 
497 
473 
411 
399 


Ui(jko  \vith  coiii'se  .spllutoi'S. 
Finu  Bpliuturs ;  not  liiokin . 
UroUi^  witli  lino  9i)liiilcr8 


i*ai)-woo(l  p  failed  with  two  tliin  tlnkis  on  back. 

Sap-wood;  liroko  with  Ann  splinters 

lU'f'kc  Willi  ctiaiHy  sitUntora  

Sai>.wuod  ;  Itr.iko  with  line  Hpliiitora  


77.0  I 
48.0  ! 


450 

483 
890 
479 

618 

653 
037 

454 
393 
400 
409 
»30 
527 
200 
240 


0..".  aap.wnod:  hroUo  with  tine  aplintera 

di) 

Uroko  with  fine  ai>Hntur8 

do 

do 

Broke  with  fimi  .spliuttTfl    

Bi'oliC  at  knot  witli  coarse  splintera 

liiokc  Willi  dni'  »|ilinii'r.s 

do 

Squurc  break  ou  ttuaiou  side ;  siilit  in  axis 

Broke  witli  flue  ajil inters 

do 

Broke  with  ('luiHe  fipliiilers;  flaked  on  tension  side  . 
do 

Broke  with  coarse  aiilintcrs 

do 


Bloke  with  long  splinters . 
Broke  with  tine  splinters  . 

do 

Broke  with  long  splinters 

Broke  with  fine  splinters  . 


Uctiection  63  nnllimiters  with  a  pressure  of  600  kilograms;  broke 
with  line  splinters. 

Shattered 

0.5  sap-wood  i  failed  from  flakes  on  back 

Bloke  Willi  louj;  splinters.   .-  

Broke  with  ecuirse  splinters 

FuUed  from  leiii:  splinter  on  corner 

Broke  with  eciarse  splinters 

Specimen  eroas-grained 

Square  break  en  tinsion  side,  splitting  in  axis 


848  j  Shattered 

460  i  Square  break  en  teiis|i<n  ^ill(■ ;  split  in  axis;  shattered. 

I 
484  ! do 


334 
892 
43S 
akJ 
349 


Square  lirnik  on  tension  side ;  split  in  axis 

Broke  with  large"  splinters 

do    

Broko  with  small  splinters 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  In  axis. 


1105 
1100 
1170 

72 

72 

254 

348 


88 
88 
121' 
288 
442 
538 
538 
538 
1051 
1051 
1098 
1008 
1168 
1168 

153 

838 
838 
838 

237 
237 

129 
362 
362 
362 
740 
740 
740 
017 

686 

665 
665 


82 
32" 
82« 


382 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    . 


Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  rillNCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


SpPciCB. 


2S1.  Qaercus  alba— contiDued  . 


252.  Qiit  rnm  Ittlmtu 

Yi'li  He  Oak.     UVcpi  ny  Oak. 


2r)!(.  QuiMCMM  (laiiVJMia .... 

Wl.ile  Oak.  ' 


254.  Qiierriis  obtiiHiloba... 
runt  Cak.    Iron  Oak. 


I 


40 
40 
41)' 
40' 
40^ 
113 
113= 
113» 
113" 
238 
238 
250 
250 
251 
251 
250' 
2593 
403 
403 
443 
547 
547 
748 
748 
749 
740 
SV5 
805 

iij;o 

I 

1  1050 
I  1257 
I  1257 


State. 


LiK'ality. 


Collector. 


Allenton 

...<lo 

...do 

..  do 

..  do 

Bip  Knpids  — 

Dniisvillc 

..  do 

lliidson 

lloiimau'H  Di'pot ...   IT.  W. Eaveucl . . .     Rlib, damp  loam 

..  do '....do do 

Wjthevillo ir.Shrlver Clay 


G.W.  Lettorman. 

...do  

...do 

...do  

...do 

W.J.  Heal 

..  do 

..  do 

....do 


SuU. 


I.5S 


CC)KFFICIK.NT  OF  1 
KLABTICITY.      I 


1^ 


Bicb  upland  . 


...do.... 
...do.... 
..  do  .... 
...do  .... 
Giavolly. 
Sandy  . . 
..do 


Missouri 

...do  

...do  

...  do 

...do 

Midiigan 

...do 

...  do 

..  do 

Sontli  Carolina 
...  do 

Virginia 

...do    

..  do , 

...do 

..  do 

....d 

Maryland 

...do    

TrUUl'lsBUU XMsllVilli 

AlabiniKi Kcutpt'i's  mill (1.  iltdir j  Ailuvial 

. ..  d..    d.. <lo ....do  ... 

! 

Florida    Cbattaiioot-liro A.  II.  Ciirlif*s ;  Cli'.y 

d(» do do 1. . .  .do  ... 

dii    ..  do do I do  .   . 

i 
. .  do ,. ..  do t\o i lio  . .. 

.'Ma.i.''acbnsclt»  ..  I M.  C.  Itwdlo I 


do  . 
do  . 
do  . 
d<i  . 

do  . 


(.'IiaiirsloTii  N.TVV- 

yard. 
...lio 


...do do  . 

I 
...do 

..do i 

.     do    

...do 

.'^.Il.rooli 

..  do 

! 
A.  (iatliii^ur i  I^irti  liotUan 


I  I 

GnuVlly 


.do  . 


0.7927  T- 

U.7UG0  [J;,; 

0.7784  jg: 

0.7501  |[^ 

0.7014  I  lj]| 

o.eoui  j[/^ 

0.7149  IP; 

1 

o.7nBO  \W)\ 

0.7-lflO  'p'l! 

o.fosj  !^' 

0.7797  |g^, 
0.7870  :|^.l 
0.7790  [^'^ 

0.7102  rnii 

0.7170  I  ['I'll' 

0.8001  r" 
0.7031  ;■■; 

0.7301  j  ' 
0.714:!  j  1 
(I.  (,0".0 
0.  81 7.') 
«.  8,"i7!l 
0.  807."i 
0.8009  t  •"; 
0.8233  gT 
0.8055  H5 
11.73(111  '"'] 
0.  781K 


HI; 


C 


do 


. ;  iit'rtli  III  adiii>r 
.1...  lio 


Clmllv.'^town  Xavy- 

yald. 
..  do 


J.  itoliinson. 
...do  

S.  11.  I'ool;  . 
...do  


.,     070 

i     (-.70 

i 
I 
'     08.-. 

U85 

088 

083 

1027  ' 

I  I 

1027 

1  1C20  [ 
i  I 

.  1020  ' 

I  I 

i     15,  i 

151 

256 

851 

sei 


falilornia  . 
...do      ... 


ifi'ddiii^ 


I 


(i.  K.  \asv\ 


Giiiyciiyluaio. 


•lo  . 


Oiruoii    I  Wiidli  i'«H;iw.n]ill..    (i.  Knm  Ijiiaiinimd 

I                                            ('.  S.  Sarjicnt. 
...do :       d<i do ." 


Jl 


970 

740 

872 

814 

872 

079 

814 

857 

970 

1350  ' 

1221  ! 

1163  ! 

I 

1061  . 

814 

1103  1 

I 
97ti  i 

872  , 

970  ' 

842 

507 

900  . 

970 
1221 
1320 

751  ! 

814 

740 

097  , 


...do  . 
...do  . 


rorll.iii.l do 


do 


do I  Portlind  I'liiuiturii 

(Joiiipauy. 
...do ' do 


do 
do 


do 
do 


.do  . 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do  . 


ICi'iitucliy llarrudHhitr;; W.  M.  I.iiin*y  ... 

Sonlli  (':iioliMii    ..    ISoiiiic'uu'HDijiot II.  \V.  I!avi  iicl .   . 

do do do 

MlsHomi Allenton fl.  W.  Lottonnim. 

Alabama Citionello C.  Molir 

. .  do ;....do do 


VAvh  loam  . 
...do  


Slialo 

llicli  uitliind  . 

...do 

•  'lay 

...do  

...do 


0.  80S'5 
0,81113 
0.  8943  ' 


!"T 


0.7814  ij^  J, 
0.7888  P!j' 


703 
970  ' 
703  i 
810  j 
751  I 


■3 


1028  1024 


751 
930 
814 
913 
097 
890 
775 
978 


817 
9,17 
813 
021 
084 
686 
585 
077 


13.-6  1055 
1221  1055 
1.221  :  1047 
1191  ;  028 
842  I  764 
1221  I  1050 
973  1043 
921  ,  844 
076   722 

849   053 

I 
592  1  487 

1017  i  1031 

282 


1177 
1252 
1302 
77.-. 
781 
842 
723 


1125 
1153 
11143 
7.-0 
703 
703 


0.8U1II 

n 

1110  i 

1191 

1158 

0.  8343 

["■■- 

787  1 

7.-1 

1040 

11.  8401! 

'd 

1252 

1208 

11105 

0.  87'i:i 

\-j 

1001 

10S5 

019 

0.  744.) 

1 

(179 

(ill;. 

870 

11.  7537 

l^^ 

703  , 

709 

851 

0.  7804 

pill]' 

904 

88H 

III4H 

0. 7550 

^! 

814 

842 

IM5 

(1.7142 

M 

751 

787 

910 

(1.  7.V18 
0. 7745 

m 
r::: 

814 
097 

857 
811 

11.'.2 
820 

0.7535 

r   -: 

u;: 

61(1 

073 

7(13 

0. 7420 

11  pn, 

888 

o:;o 

921 

0.  0753 

097 

097 

O.Ml 

0.  8795 

'g! 

783 

751 

■  (LIS 

849  1005 
10',  11148 
781  ,  912 


630 

888 


877 
803 


THE  AVOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVEUSE  STRAIN— Contiuued. 


383 


UEFLECTIO.N,  IN  MILLIUKTEIIS,  UKDEB  A  FRESBUUK,  IN  KILOaitAUti,  Ot— 

US 

1 

II 

Kcmarks. 

i) 

ao 

lOO 

ISO 

soo 

O 

(set.) 

1.0 
3.2 
2.5 
3.3 
1.8 
4.0 
1.5 
,3.0 
2.5 
0.5 
0.5 
0.0 
0.7 
2.2 
0.3 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.2 

1 

900 

20.0  1 

30.5 

25.4 

28.7 

24.0 

34.5 

23.  3 

31.5 

25.0 

15.4 

10.3 

16.6 

17.7 

20.5 

16.1 

24.0 

aso 

20.2 
41.0 
33.5 
37.0 
31.0 
40.0 
32.5 

300^ 

I 
1 

330 1 

400 

4SO 

SOO 

sso 

1 

5.0 
6.U 
5.6 
fl.0 
6.0 
7.2 
0.0 
.■■.7 
5.0 
3.0 
4.0 
4.2 
4  6 
6  0 
4.2 
6.0 
5.0 

9.5 

13.0 

10.5 

12.0 

10.7 

14.0 

10.  0 

12.6 

10.0 

7.2 

8.0 

8.0 

8.2 

11.6 

8.0 

10.0 

in.  n 

14.4 

20.4 
17.0 
19.0 
10.5 
23.0 
10.2 
20.0 
10.5 
11. 0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.7 
18.0 
12.0 
16.0 
10.3 
15.3 
17.8 
20. 0 
11.5 
12.  2 
11.0 
11.0 
18.8 
20.0 

20.0 
30.0 
24.0 
28.0 
23.4 
33.2 
22.7 
30.8 
24.2 

in.  3 

16.0 
16.3 
17.5 
26.0 
16.0 
22.8 
23.2 
21.8 
2.1. 3 
41.6 
2(1. 7 
10.0 
10.0 
15,0 
25.  5 
•'fl.  (1 

34,0  j 
57,5  [ 
45,0 
48,0 
42,5 

43. 5  I 

67.5 

437 
340 
400 
347 
303 
293 
294 
250 
417 
430 
450 
447 
390 
326 
452 
445 
300 
308 
279 
208 
440 
!)47 
480 
492 
445 
320 
30U 
300 
404 

4;i 

429 
392 

Broko  with  flno  spliutf^rs 

40 

Squiirt'  breuk  ou  tcuHion  side,  splittiug  iu  axis 

49 

60,6 

80.0 

do 

401 

.  do   ..            

49< 

65.0 

do 1 

i 
do 

49 

113 

113' 

Droko  witli  flno  splinters 

do 

113' 

32.0 
20.5 
21.0 
21,2 
22.5 
30.3 
21.0 
30.5 

42,0 
20.  5 
27,5 
28,6 
30,0 
65,0 
27,0 
.0,6 
42,2 
40.8 

68.0 
33.0 
35,0 
30,0 
30,5 

85.0 
45.5 
40.5 
40,2 

113' 

do 

':38 

63,0 

do                          

238 

do      .                    

250 

liroi.e,v.ui.,rgonaKe8 

250 

Broke  with  fiuo  splintcrB 

251 

33.5 
53.5 
5!l,  5 

44,5 

70.0 

61,5 

Broko  with  lai'go  Pplintcrs 

251 

Broko  with  flue  splintprs 

250' 

24. 0  1  32. 0 
22.2  '  20.5 
27.0  '  30.5 

259" 

5.0  1  10. 0 
5.8     11.5 
8.  0     16.  5 
4.  9       8.  fi 

403 

403 

5  0     43. 5 

443 

1.3 
0.6 
0.5 

21.3 
16.2 

10.3 

28.5 
20.7 
20.5 
10.6 
34.5 
42.0 
33.5 
,39.0 
22.3 
30.0 
21.0 
24. 0 

45.0 
37.0 
28.  5 
33.0 
34.7 
30.0 
33.5 
43,5 
29.0 
40.7 

36,0 
32,0 
20.0 
38,0 
43,6 
32.0 

37.5 
20.0 
27.0 
23.  0 
45.5 
73.0 

40,5 
32,5 
33.5 
32.  0 
05.0 

co.o 

40.7 
13.0 
41.5 
02.0 

547 

5.0 

H  n 

48.7 
50.0 
51,2 

67,6 

547 

4.  0       7-  H 

do 

..   ..do 

748 

3.7 
B.5 
0.0 
0.0 
7.0 
4.4 
O.'J 

:i.9 

4.0 

7.  a 
0.4 
5.4 
0.0 
0.  Ti 

7.5 
12.0 
12.  n 
11.8 
11!.  5 

.^2 
ill.O 

7.7 

0.0 

14.7 
12.7 

0.5     15.5 
2.2     27.5 
3.0  ;  30.0 
1.0  1  2,-..  0 

2.0  29.0 
0.7  [  17.5 
2.4  1  28.5 
0.4  ;  10.5 
0.9  i  18.7 

•1.0  '.  34.0 
2.  5  •  2.S.  4 

1. 1  '  21.5 

748 

do 

749 

Broke  at  knot    

749 

17. 5  '  24.  7 

1 
20.  0     20.  0 

1 

K'.7     17.1 
19.  5  '  28.  0 
11.7  '.  10.0 
13.3  ■  18.0 

23.5    ;ao 

18.  7  !  ■'7.3 

i        . 

Speciiiipn  crnns -grained   

895 

! 

j 

895 

1 

28.5     37.0 

1 

50.0  ■  08.5 
20,  5  ;  33.  5 
32,0  !  38.0 

1 
47. 0    on.  0 

do 

do 

Broko  with  Iiuko  splinters 

do 

1030 

100,0 

10,30 

40,5 

1 

1257 

1 

1257 

02.  0 
fO.  5 
37,0 
41,0 
45.6 
40,0 
44,0 
69,5 
30.5 

90.0 
75.0 
47,0 
57.5 
02,0 
52,5 

00,5 
75,5 



374 
303 
447 
403 

Siuiimeii  cross-firuinetl  ]  siilintered  on  both  comers 

Splintered  ou  corner 

070 
070 

11.0     1!).5 
11.0     18.0 

\>   -i       1!)  (1 

21.5 
2.'i.0 

27.0 
2.1.  0 

Stjtiaro  In  euk  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

0S5 

:    1.7 

2.0 

1 
20.0 

!  -7  3 

Kiipi'Iinen  pi-nHA.tmlinoi1  .    .    .  _        . 

083 

302     Sinmro  liieiili  on  ti'iisinn  8i(li>,  Bplittiiig  in  uxis  

430    do 

350    do 

300    dn 

988 

6.U     11.4     10.7 
7.0      1".  0     IS.  0 

1.2     2,3.5 
1.5     2.-..0 
2. 5     33.  5 
1.0     22.3 
2.2     31.0 

2.0     28.0 

1    1.1     24.0 

1.0    in.  9 

70,0 

088 

1027 

8.0    14  .■>    -jxi)    :i'2.  :i 

1027 

5.5 
7.0 

0.4 

e.4 

5.0 
6.4 
8.0 
6.6 

lU.  5     10. 0 
14  0     22.0 

22.  3 
31  n 

49,0 

393 
281 

450 
420 
447 
380 
280 
381 

Specimen  croaa-sriiined  i  liroko  willi  long  splinters 

do 

i 

;  1029 
1029 

i:i.  0  ;  10. 6  !  27.  n 

11.6  1  17.5     24.0 
0.0     14.5     10.5 

46.7 

ii>  n 

70,5 
07,5 
00,0 

105,0 

37" 

40, 0     60, 0 

33.  5     43. 0 
1 
50, 8     iiJ.  n 

1 do 

151 

1 

131 

12.5  1  10.6 
15.  S     23.0 
11. 0  1  17.7 

! 
28.2 

82.5 

24.7 

3.0 
J.7 
1.7 

1  20. 2 
33.7 
25.0 

250 

do 

do .                   V                                           

'    351 

43.0 

1 

i  66,0 

351 

r 


"f: 


■iltM,, 


884 


FOREST  niJi:i:s  of  north  a^ifrtca. 

Tatji.k  111.— DlOUAVIOll  or  TUE  PRINCJirAL  WOODS  OF  TUE 


Speolci. 


254.  QiicrriiH  uIiIiihII.iIkv— coutliinc.l. 


25.1.  Qiii'min  iimliilnta,  vnr.  Oniiibclil 
isertih  Onk. 


288.  Qiiciri'im  nmomnarpn 

liurrOiik.  Mi'tiyeup Oak.    Over- 
cup  Oak. 


2fi7.  Qnoi cus  l\Tnlii 

Oirrnij)  Oak.     Stcamp  I'oit  Oak. 
ICiK^r  Whilf  Oak. 


258.  Quorons  Mrolor 

Kwamp  Whilf  Oat. 


250.  Qncrcus  Sllolminii 

llasket  Oak.     Com  Out. 


880.  Qiiprons  Prinnn.. 
Chisliiiit    Oak. 
Oak. 


Eoek  Chtftmit 


Ml.  Qnorrns  nrinoide* 

TeUovOak.  ChtttnutOak.  Chin- 
quapin Oak. 


771 
771 

417 
417 
SJ5 
525 

7!) 
7U« 
137 

\n 

310 

810 

432 

831 

0113 

033 

1071 

1072 

1073 


545 
045 
645 
702 
702 

!)4 
5t 
54' 
54> 
846 
848 

•JUl 
240 
524 
524 
7M 
755 

31 

31' 

35 

434 

925 

925 

34 

34« 
273 
287 


I 


Now  MnxK'o... 

...do 

ColoriKlo 

..  <I.i 


Kriitti»'ky 

..  ilo 

MlsBnurl.. 

Illinnlii 

Tpxhh  

..  ilo    .... 

Tl>llll('»HI>«  , 
lIlilluiH      ... 

Tcxiw  

...ilo 

Vermont... 

...ilo , 

..  lUi 


MlHslHHlp])!  . 

..    llO 

...ilo 

riorkin    

...do 


I'liuw  Alius  nioniil,. 

ItilM. 

.     .1.1    


EiiKoliiiniin'H  rnriuu 
...do 


HI. Ti'i'i' comity. 

...1.. 

All.'ilmi 

WiuikcKiiii 

Diillim 

...do 

TfnBlivllln 


K.  I.,  (iii'i'iio 

...do    

Kobort  Douglas. 
..do 


I 


\V.  M.  Uimoy.... 

...do    

Ct.Vi'.  Tiptt.-niinn. 

Koll.M't    PoiIJilllH-  . 

J.  K.'vorili.in 

...do 

.A.  OattliiKor...;. 


Korky . 
..do.. 


Wliiiu'lmijo  lotiiity  .i  M.S.  Itclili 


Aimtiii  ... 

..  do 

Charlotto  . 

..do 

..do 


K.'inii.'r'H  mill 

..  ilo 

..do 

t'llllttilllOOOllOO 

...do 


Missouri 

..do 

...do 

..  do 

MrtwinrliusottB . . . 
..  do 


S.iiitli  Cnrnltna  . 

..do 

Aliibamn 

..  do 

Florida 

..do 


KenlucUy  . 

..do 

..do    


Alloiiton 

...do    

...do 

.     do 

W.'st  N'l'wlmry 

Arnol.t  Arlior..iui»i. . 


C.Molir 

..do 

0. 0.  PrliiKlo. 

..do 

...do  


C.Molir 

,...do 

...do  

A.  II.  Curliss  . 
...do  


<}.  W.  L«t(i>rinan . . 

...do  

..do    

...do 

.1.  U.dMiison 


Alliiviftl 

..do 

M.iIhI  iijiland  . 

liiili 

Ki.'li, moist  ... 

...do 

AllnvinI 

I<imiii 

Alluvial 

..do 


AUuvlal . 
..do... 
...do  .... 
...do  .... 
...do  .... 


Alluvial 

...do  

..  .lo 

..  do 

Low,  Mwanipy. 


C. S. Sarijojit Diilt. 


I 


Honii.'iiu's  Pcpot  . .   .  II.  \V.  Ku\.'uol . . .  .1  AUnviiil 

. .  *lo I -...do !   ...do    

K.'miior's  mill r.  ;\IoIir ' do 

. .  do -do    ...  do 


Ciiattiiliooolu'O. 
...do    


A.  Il.riirll.is 
...do 


IJoylo  ooHiity 

..  do 

. .  do 


Tomioss.^ i  Xa»hvillo 

Alabama (^tiUtiian 

. .  do do 


Kouluoky 

..     do 

Miuouri 

...do 


W.  M.  I.iimoy 
..  do 


.  do  . 
. .  do  . 


Slialo 
...do  . 


.do    Liuioatouo . 


A.  iiattiii);cr  . 


llorky  uplaud  . 


C.  Molir I  Dry,  rooky 

. . .  do I  . .  do 


Morrcr  rouiily j  W.  M.  Liiiiioy 

H.tvl.^  r.miity do 


AlIt>iiton.. 
...do    .... 


G.  W.  LFttomiou 
...do 


I.imrKt.mo 

Wiiv.rly  »liid.i 

Llm.'sttiiio 

Flinty 


0.  84H1) 
0.  80112 
0.  7000 
0.  8073 


B 

m 

m 


70:iO 
7;i58 
0418 
8:i08 
vrm 

8400 
7507 
7455 
7804 
8313 
8523 
81.''.3 
8153 


(■^ 


0. 7784 
0. 7072 
0.7808 
0. 70.55 
0. 70j>3 

0.  0102 
0.7182 
0.  7443 

0.  ':>»» 
0. 87.V.' 

0.8080    1      'j; 

i  I 

0.8432    [31 

0.8087 

0.7808 

0.7710  I  ^ 

0.0190 

0. 9280 


m 


I 


0. 7313 
0.  7528 
0.  83.VJ 
0.  '1.5.52 
0.  8207 
0.  7.523 

0.  71183 
«.  ^«40 
0.  OHCI 
0.  9126 


3 




[ 

(•(IKFFK  IKKTUF 

t 

KI.AHI 

KITV. 

E 

8 

tl 

g-J 

£^3 

o 

1 

888 

020 

800 

814 

814 

581 

010 

010 

820 

761 

718 

1)08 

443 

430 

.323 

514 

628 

679 

1221 

1221 

10.55 

1085 

1103 

1002 

872 

048 

1220 

070 

070 

090 

1017 

1028 

008 

030 

007 

019 

070 

03U 

020 

10.10 

1140 

1055 

097 

723 

914 

729 

712 

803 

814 

835 

1052 

004 

013 

1020 

703 

814 

1034 

1030 

1073 

866 

1221 

1221 

1140 

1285 

1302 

1041 

1027 

1.5.50 

1020 

1744 

1.520 

10.55 

703 

8.'I5 

1100 

070 

1085 

008 

070 

1085 

937 

1002 

1140 

1030 

543 

.502 

581 

051 

003 

702 

1086 

11185 

1004 

057 

030 

11100 

070 

130 

1110 

1110 

1112 

1144 

828 

840 

1153 

888 

857 

1127 

1221 

12.52 

1219 

1030 

1149 

030 

1628 

1084 

1306 

581 

695 

548 

1028 

1028 

1130 

1221 

1221 

1050 

970 

970 

1140 

1479 

1.520 

1455 

070 

10.50 

1291 

1221 

1221 

1277 

8n» 
r.8i 

R2() 
1)08 
323 
570 

10B5 
1(102 
1220 

(100 

008 

01b 

020 

losn 

014 

803 
1052 
1020 
1034 

SOS 
1140 
1041 
1020 

ior.5 

1100 
008 
037 

1030 
581 
702 

1004 
IdOn 
1110 
1144 
1153 
1137 

1219 
030 

1305 
540 

1130 

1050 

1140 
1455 
1201 
1277 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TKAXSVERSE  STRAIN— Coiitiimca. 


so 


0.5 
0.0 

8.0 
0.5 
11.0 
0.5 

4.0 
4.5 
5.U 
7.2 
4.K 
5.2 
5.  0 
4.7 
7.(1 
11.7 
0.0 
5.4 
0.4 

4.7 
4.0 
3.8 
3.0 
2.8 

0.4 

r..o 

5.0 
4.0 
0.0 
7.5 

4.5 
6.1 
5.0 
4.4 
5.0 
6.5 

4.0 
4.7 
3.0 
8.4 
1.0 
4.0 

6.0 
il.3 
5.0 
4.0 


UBVI.RCTION,   IN  MILI.rUErellH,   VilVM  A  I'HBWI.'IIK,  IN  KlI.OnllAHB,  OI>— 

■oo 

ISO 

!JO«» 

O 

!IOO 

!iao 

.too 

:iso 

<I4M» 

4r.o 

.100 

.ISO 

10.5 

15.7 

21.0 

1   5 

21.7 

28.  0 

30.  0 



..... 

1'-'.  0 

lao 

13.0 

1H,7 

25.  3 
21.7 

:■(!.  4 

30.0 
31.0 

2.  .'i 

4.0 
2.7 

27.0 

37.0 
31.0 

48.  0 
41.5 

11(1.  0 
58.  0 

84.0 

14.5.  0 

22. 7 

18.5 

8.0 
H.4 
10.  3 

30.3 

13.0 
12.0 
l.\  4 

43,  5 

17  0 
17.2 
21.5 

3,2 

0,  3 
(1.  5 
1.5 

AX  0 

17.(1 
17.  5 
2^.0 

22.  0 
22.  5 
2H.0 

211.0 
2-.  7 
30.  5 

37.  0 

38.  0 
411.0 

47  0 
18.6 
lid.  0 

01.0 
0,1.0 
70.0 

110.0 

14.4 

1:2,4 

112.  0 

3.4 

33.  0 

44.0 

0.6 

11.0 

III.  0 

1.0 

20.0 

2.5.  7 

,1.1  5 

41.5 

51.3 

10.1 
Id.  5 

16.3 

21.0 
•JI.4 

1.  5 
1.4 

21.  fl 

28.  2 
20.  0 

38.0 
.10.  6 

40.0 
.54. 3 

H.5 

13,4 

17.0 

O.fl 

17.0 

23.0 

30.  5 

40.0 

.54.5 

73.0 

13,5 

20,  0 

21).  0 

3.3 

■JO.  7 

4(1.2 

50.0 

73,  2 

13.7 

21.  3 

31.4 

!l,  3 

;;3. 0 

45. 0 

01.0 

11.7 
10.7 
12.0 

0.1 

8.0 
7.5 

18.0 
17.0 
1H.2 

1.1.4 
12.  0 
11.7 

2,5.  5 
23.  4 
20. 1 

18.0 
10.  (1 
10.0 

2.5 
2.0 
2.5 

0.8 
(1.  5 
0.5 

2(1.8 
2.1.  0 
20.  a 

III.  2 
10.1 
10.  0 

34.0 
30.8 
34.4 

24.  0 
20.4 
20.  5 

40.0 

40.  5 
47.0 

31.0 
27.0 
211.  0 

02.0 
51.0 
02.  5 

41.0 

33.  0 
34.0 

70.0 
73.5 

88.5 

43.0 
44.  6 

50.  U 

0.3 
U.4 

0.5 
0.4 

12.5 

0.4 
0.5 

12.0 
12.  5 

ll^O 
10.0 

21.0 
20.0 

20.2 
20.0 

32.7 
31.4 

30.0 

11.7 
O.fl 
0.0 
8.5 
10.5 
14.1 

0.0 

18.2 
14.0 
13.7 
12.7 
24.5 
22. 0 

13.5 

2.5. 7 
10.0 
10.2 
17.0 
3.5.  0 
31.0 

18.5 

1.4 
1.0 
1.0 
0.0 
3.7 
3.3 

0.0 

2(1.0 
10.5 
10.0 
17.2 
36.0 
32.1 

IB.  1 

.13.  5 
20.0 
2.5.  3 
22.  5 

4!).  0 
34.6 
.13.  0 
29.  5 

68.0 
4.5. 0 
42.6 
35.6 

78.0 
02.0 
.57.  6 
47.6 

100.5 

41.  5 
24.2 

50.0 
31.0 

40.0 

52. 2 

73.0 

10.4 
10.5 
8.7 
11.5 
11.4 

7.8 

15. .; 
1.5,0 
14.0 
17.5 
17.2 

11.4 

21.0 

18.7 
24.5 
24.0 

14.7 

1.0 
1.1 
1.0 
1.8 
2.0 

0.8 

21.0 
32.3 
10.0 
2.-1.  5 
24.5 

1.5.0 

27.0 
28.0 
24.0 
32.3 
32.0 

10.0 

37.0 
37.0 
31.5 
43.7 
42.5 

24.4 

40.6 
48.6 
42. 5 
.54.0 
68.0 

30.0 

04.5 
05.0 
50.0 
70.0 
70.0 

37.5 

00.0 
87.0 
75.6 
00.0 
135.0 

47.6 

01.5 

8.5 

13.0 

17.3 

0.6 

17.7 

21.5 

30.  0 

30.7 

5.  8 

8.5 

11.0 

0.3 

11.0 

14.0 

17.5 

21.6 

20.2 

31.0 

40.0 

55.6 

10.4 
0.0 
8.0 

lli.O 
0.4 

20.2 
0.  U 
12.0 

14.0 
10.0 

37.  5 
12.0 
10.0 

20.4 
13.0 

4.0 
0.6 
0.0 

1.4 

0.3 

3D.0 
12.7 
10.0 

20.8 
13.3 

10.0 
20.7 

20.8 
10.5 

22.0 
20.0 

8.5. 0 
20.0 

27.5 
33.3 

40.3 
25.0 

34.6 
41.0 

58.0 
30.0 

44.0 

78.5 
.10.2 

45.0 

51.0 

0.3 

14.0 

10.0 

1.0 

10.  a 

25.0 

32.5 

42.0 

51.5 

00.5 

02.6 

135.0 

8.0 

12.0 

10. » 

0.0 

10.4 

21,5 

27.5 

35.0 

49.0 

6.5.6 

70.0 

845 

248 

3.50  I 
420 
138 
247 

4.50 
400 
523 
2117 
4':i 

302 
305 
4.-.0 
300 
343 
440 
430 
441 

300 
480 
444 
435 
450 

472 
420 
400 
442 
248 
338 

464 
4C0 
470 
488 
402 
481 

620 
307 
.5.57 
233 
482 
448 

480 
021 
551 
546 


Ri<iniirkii. 


SpIii(t(Tc(1  (III  corner . 
Scidiii-r  lirt^uU 


Broke  Willi  coarno  Hpjintorn 

Siipwddd  i  rlri'W  off  liwirinKHi  Ann  iipllntorH... 

SpiM'iiiuui  in  1 1  nil ;  Hniiiiio  bn.'iik 

Splil  lit  lino  riiil ;  H<|iiiiri>  lironk  nn  lonnion  *ii1o. 


HioUc  Willi  Ion;;  H;iliiili;r  oil  I'oriior , 

llrol.n  widi  lino  HpIiiitrrH 

Uroko  Willi  Iiir;:o  r4])liiili>r  on  corner 

Sporiiiicii  I  rii:;,s  u'liiiit'ii ;  Hlurtoi!  al  knol. 

Hpot'iiiicii  crosH-i^ruiiioil;  Kplit 

SpIintoriMl  al  ctirmM-n  , 

T.vplcal 


Hroko  with  lino  Rplliito 
do 


Sipiiiio  liiriik  on  triniiin  Miil>' 

Fuili-d  Troin  miiiill  npUiilcrH  on  comer  . 

Fiiileil  from  lliiii  UiikoM  on  buck 

Frtilcil  IVoiii  fino  Hplintoi-H  on  corner... 


.^iinaro  break  ;  criiHlird 

Iliolio  with  lino  Hplinli'i'A 

Kaili'd  IVoin  loni;  »iiliM(cr.K  on  lonnion  iiirto  . 

Drokoat  knot  in  ccnti  r  of  »lick 

Sqiiuri;  break  on  teimion  .side 


ISroko  Willi  sniall  splinlers ;  drew  off  betriug. . 

Ilroko  with  lonK  splinters 

Sfpiaro  break  ou  lonsion  sido,  spliltiug  In  axis  . 

Ill  oke  with  tine  splinters 

Droko  ut  knot  near  tho  end 

Spocliiicn  cross-prainod ;  spl  it  with  grain 


Broke  with  line  splinters 

do 

do    

do 

Failed  from  large  splinter,  starting  at  knot . 
Did  not  break ;  drew  from  bearing 


Ilroko  with  fine  splinters 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  sjilitting  in  axis. 
Crnslied  al  bearing;  brokn  with  fine  splinters, . 
Sipiaro  break  on  leimion  side,  splitting  in  axis  ■ 

Sqiiiiro  break  with  laiijo  nplinters 

Failed  from  hir;,;©  apliiiter  on  comer 


385 


25  FOB 


Ilriiko  with  Hno  HpliiiterH 

lleflcelion  Willi  n  I'lcssiiro  of  000  kilograms,  68  millimeters;  broke 

Willi  line  Hplinturs, 
Ilroko  with  luigo  splinters 

Broke  with  tine  Hplinters 


771 
771 

417 
417 
525 
526 

70 
79" 

137 

143 

310 

310 

432 

831 

033 

033 
1071 
1072 
1073 

645 
546 
546 
702 
762 

64 

64 
&4> 

54> 
848 
846 

240 
240 
624 
524 
765 
7&S 

31 

31> 

35 

434 

025 

025 

34 

34« 

278 

28T 


!■  ..1 

in 


w 


j=^! 

'"!' 


I  ;• 


rii 


If  '        ^''  i 


886 


FOUKS'r  TliKKS  OF  NOimi  AiMKKlCA. 

Tai!m;  111.— 151011  a VIOlt  OF  TIIK  i'KIN(311'AL  WOODS  OF  IIIK 


Wi.  Qm  i-ciiH  Doii^luiili 

Mountain  llAife  Oat.    litu$  Oak. 

I'('i3.  QiuM Ilia iililijnuifalia 

llV.iVf  Oak. 

*J(M.  (^>iii'MMiH  uriHi'ft 

While  y.i*. 

•JUtl.  yiiiTiiiH  Diiiaiidii 

267.  Qncroim  virens 

Lite  Oak. 


26S.  Qnorcus  rliry«olopis 

Live  Oak.    Maul  Oak.    Ytlpm 
raito  Oat. 

9.  Qncroiis  Emorvi 

JUack  Oak. 

'.'70.  QiiPirns  iipriifolia  

Jinetno.   Cvatt  Live  Oak. 

2,'l.  Qiiproiid  WisUiMil 

Lice  Oak. 

K i.  Qupirus  rubra 

Red  Oak.    Black  Onk. 


THE  WOODS  OF  TTTK  TTXTTKD  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDETI  TKANSVEllSE  STUAIN— roiitiiiuca. 


."87 


HKKI.KCTION,  IN   IIII.I.IMF.IKIIH.  IMiKU  A  fllKDMJUII,  IN  KII.OniUMR,  OF— 


«» 

lOO 

ISO 

n.o 

0.7 

16.4 

D.U 

1).  V 

15.8 

4.r> 

H.5 

12.7 

5.0 

0.2 

14.0 

B.6 

10.6 

1 
16.0 

f.O 

l.'..  7 

23.2  ; 

7.0 

14.0 

21. « 

4.  a 

It.  6 

14.6 

«.« 

18.2 

20.7 

5.5 

II. 0 

1(1. 5 

«.l 

r.'.4 

10.3 

8.4 

6.f 

10.0 

a.  8 

7.0 

10.7 

4.0 

7.8 

11.5 

4,0 

8.2 

12.8 

4.2 

8.7 

12.5 

7.0 

1X2 

20.6 

6.5 

13.0 

20.0 

D.U 

0.0 

13.6 

4.7 

8.5 

12. 2 

4.0 

H.O 

12.0 

3.8 

7.3 

11.2 

7.8 

1.0.  ;i 

2;i.7  1 

4.« 

10.2 

16.0 

5.0 

10.3 

l.\0 

5.4 

11.6 

17.5 

6.7 

11.2 

10.8 

2.5 

6.0 

0.0 

S  8 

7.2 

10.7 

4.8 

8.6 

12.3 

3.6 

7.4 

11.3 

5.0 

0.8 

14.7 

5.0 

0.7 

15.3 

5.7 

11.5 

17.0 

6,0 

12. 0 

18.0 

4.0 

7.8 

11.5 

6.4 

12. 7 

10.2 

4.0 

8.0 

12.5 

3.6 

7.2 

11.0 

6.0 

0.6 

14.6 

5.5 

11.0 

17.0 

4.0 

7.6 

11.0 

4.0 

7.7 

11.2 

5.7 

12.0 

mo 

5.0 

10.6 

16.0 

I 


I 


t 


I 


«.  I 


KeniarkH. 


30O '   o    'MO  'j.w  :iuo  :tsn  4oo  4.io !  .loo '  saol  '> 


(HCt.) 


\ 

20.0  1.1 

21. 0  1. 6 

17. 3  1  1.1 

Ifl.  0  1  1.0 


22.0 

;i2. 3 

30.0 
20.  6 

20.0 

2.1.  0 
27.0 

14.0 
14.0 
15.  6 
16.8 
17.1 
20.5 
29.2 

18.2 
10.0 
1«.4 
14.7 


21. 8 
21.3 

25.4 
23.3 

12.0 
14.4 
16.6 
15.2 
20. 6 
21.7 
23.7 
24. 6 
15.4 
26.4 
16.8 
H.5 
20.0 
24.0 
14.0 
16.4 
27.0 
24.0 


1.(1 
2.  3 

2.  6 
1.2 

2.6 

1.6 
2.0 

0.2 
(1.4 
0.0 
0.5 
0.2 
3.0 
3.1 


0.5 
0.0 
0.0 


1.6 
1.6 

1.7 
1.3 

0.1 
0.2 
0.3 
0.4 
0.7 
0.5 
1.2 
1.3 
0.3 
1.3 
0.8 
0.3 
0.6 
2.0 
6.2 
0.3 
2.3 
2.0 


20.  5 
21. 6 
17.6 
10.2 

22.  0 

;:3. 0 

31.0 
21.6 


23.  4 
27.  S 

-.4.0 
14.5 
15.7 
16.2 
17.0 
3U.0 
30.0 


2H.  6     3:i. :,  I  43.  0 

I        1 

28.0  130.0     46.5 


22,  3     2)1.  0 


0.5     18.2 


16.6 
16.5 
16. 0 


3.  5     34. 7 


21.0 

2.').  8 
24.0 

12.2 
14.7 
10.8 
16.8 
20.7 
20.7 
24.7 
24.6 
15.7 
20.7 
17.0 
14.6 
20.0 
24.  5 
14  7 
15.5 
27.7 
24.5 


2.';.  0 

28.0 
42.6 

40.0 


30.0 


32. 0 
80.0 

.l.'!.  3 

,02,  5 


36,0 


M.O 
60. 5 
4.'i.  0 


41.0  I  61.6 

40,  (J     .''>0,'O 
72.0    


70.0 


68.0     01.0 
03.0  1 ■ 


dI 


525     Iliukii  Willi  Inn;;  npliiitiTH. 
4(16    (I» 


.'>0,0     71,6     »3.  0  ]     ."mIi     llioki'  with  flue  Bi)liiitor»  . 
64,0  ' I ;    478     Kliiitleml;  (MiwH-Kmliifd  . 


fiO.6 


61.0  ;  0,'i. 


20,  6  I  38. » 

I 
85,  U     40, 0 


48,  5 
01.6 


17.  0     21.  4  '  2fl.  6 


18.0 
20.0 
20.6 
22.0 
89.0 
40.7 


22.7 
2.5.7 
20.5 
2&4 
51.7 


23.0     28.0 
20.0 


21.0 


27.0 


10.  U  I  24.  5 


20.6 
20.0 

35.  0 
33.0 

16.3 
18.0 
21.5 
19.5 
27.6 
27.0 
32.6 
33.0 
20.0 
35.0 
22.1 
18.7 
26.2 
81.0 
18.5 
10.7 
30.5 
33.0 


02.4 

39. 2 
38.0 

47.0 
30.5 

10.0 
22.5 
27.5 
2.5.3 
.37.6 
3.5.0 
47.5 
42.5 
26.0 
47.0 
28.3 
23.6 
34.5 
41.0 
2.3.0 
i  25.0 


28.0 
32.0 
33.0 
35.0 
69.2 


35.6 
32.0 
33.0 
30.5 


62.0 
61.0 


51.5 

2.3.2 
28.0 
35.0 
32.0 
53.5 
46.0 


33.0 


49,0 


35.6 
20.0 
46.0 
52.5 
28.6 
80.7 


63.0 
80.0 

38.0 
34.  U 
40.5 
66.0 
43.0 


43.0 
38.0 
4U.0 
36.6 


76.0 


28.2 
35.0 
46  0 
43.0 


36.0 


68.0 
84.8 
88.0 


48.0 
43.6 
60.2 


64.2 
46.5 
40.0 
46.0 


34.2 
45.2 


60.0 


65." 
06.7 


.  .-I    447  j  Spcciim  II  (■i«HB.;:rainMi :  Hjilit  willip'ain. 
...|    400  I  SiK'riincii  rrotm-f^riiiiird ;  htiivtuil  ut  knot. . 


73.5 


73.0 
59.0 
66.0 
50.0 


45.2 
67.0 


43.6 


02.0 
43.0 
46.0 


54.0 
60.0 


120.0 


.      413 
.  j     200 

400 

426 
421 

4.'>U 
564 
617 
431 
450 
848 
277 

558 
541 
648 
617 

800 

400 
397 

324 
374 

647 
500 
447 
451 
305 
385 
336 
336 
392 
333 
382 
45.1 
874 
457 
530 
500 
290 
326 


Si.eoiinrn  cniHH-tJiMinrd;  Hplil  witli  ;:ralii 
Snp.wodd;  iinikc  at  knot 


0,7,0  HU]vwniHl ;  lit'art  dt>f«i;tivp;  tyitical  breftV. 


8pocini»n  croBx-Krai'ivl ;  xplit  with  gnin 
ilo 


Sprciinen  croRKfcrrined;  npUntcr  on  corner, 
lirolo  with  fine  »plint«rs 


.do 


Spo-inirn  rroHH-Kraicrd  ;  broke  it  Mnall  knot 
do 


.do 


Speoinicn  r.roHfi-gr»ined ;  Btartod  at  knot . 


Bi'okit  wilbfinc!  splinters 

Fiiilc'd  from  hir^i^  pplintor  on  comer 

Speciuitai  cro^M-Kraiiicii :  lur;;o  Hplintttr  on  ci,  ner 

lirokn  witii  ciiaiHt'  H]iliiitorH 


323 

3'.':i 

,014 
514 

68H 
688 

066 
6,5.0 


iioa 

11(13 

404 
790 
7119 
010 
910 
n,04 
0,04 

6I!I 
61!) 
firi3 
05:1 


.Spi'i'iniiu  i'niM«.;:r»iiird  ;  split  with  prnin 

Broke  wi'ii  flno  N|diiitt>rH;  liiiekled  on  eonipreHsion  Hide, 
llioko  witli  l(*iig  .scale  


Ilroko  at  knot  near  tho  end 


Specimen  cnms-;nT>i"od  ;  sqnare  break  on  tensien  side,  spliltinKin 
axis. 


Broke  with  fine  sjdlntei 
do 


Broke  witli  thin  scale  and  fliio  aplintere 

do 

lii oke  with  fino  Hplinters 

Broke  with  coarse  splinters 

Failed  from  scale  on  hack  

0. 5  sap-wood ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  aplitting  in  axis  . 

Failed  from  large  splinter  on  each  comer 

Specimen  cress-grained 

Failed  from  long  splinter  on  comer 

do 


Specimen  eross-grained ;  broke  with  large  splinters. 

Broke  with  coarse  splinters 

Broke  with  thin  scale  and  fine  splinters 

Broke  with  fine  splinters 

Failed  from  long  scale  on  back 

Broke  with  long,  coarse  splinters 


dO* 

era 

(ItC. 

7 
7 
7 
7 

45' 

46« 

45" 

02 

140 

141 

146 

215 

215 

217 

alN 

21E 

020 

WO 


I  i 
i\  i 
'(  I 


(  4 


if 

ft 


Mi 


,x 

11  h' 

s: 

1 '!; 

M^  8  '■  i  ^ 

!  if  111 

:■   ; 

i- ■       ! 

388 


I  ■  ii 


I 


I.: 

i 


FOREST  TIJKES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tablk  111.— UliilAVIUlt  or  TDK  TIUiJCirAL  WOODS  OF  TUE 


Spooles. 


272,  Quwnis  niliro— r(mUiined....,.<'( 


272.  QuciriiH  riibrn,  var.  Ti^mim. 
Hed  Oak. 


173.  QuiTrun  ('(iciiintii 

Iit.urlct  Oak. 

274.  Qiicirim  tinotni'ift 

litack   Oak.      Yfllow-liark  Oak. 
(jueroilron  Oak.    Yellow  Oak. 


Stuto. 


1043     MnnHnc'liiiKetta. 
104;i  !...  ilo    


278.  Qnercnd  Kollozsll. 
Jilack  Oak. 


278.  Qtiorcus  ricra 

Ulack  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 


277.  Qiiciciia  falcatn 

UpanMt  Oak.    lied  Oak. 


278.  Quprnis  Cntosbrei 

Turkm  Oak.   Seruh  Oak.  Fori 
lea/  Mack  Jack.    Jilack  Jf?. 


031 
031 


17 

17 

30' 

8(1' 

30> 

74 

74 

86 

244 

244 

247 

247 

437 

028 
028 
003 
903 

2C8 

131 

131 

240 

24.'! 

205' 

205> 

548 

.'i48 

342 
•:12 
7T0 
ViO 


Tulilla... 
....«lo    .. 

I-'loricIa  . 


Li'cality. 


Noilh  Itonding 
...  ilo 


A  until!. 

..do.. 


AHpulaga  . 


MasRiichusottii. . .     Aiuold  Aiborotum. 

do do 

Kt'iitiiukr I  Danvlllo  Juii  tion  . 

...do do 


..  do 

MlHHOuri... 

..do 

...do  

Virginia  ... 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

TuDUCSSCO  . 


OrcRon  . 
. .  .do  . . 
..do  ... 
..do    ., 


MisBOiiri 


South  Cnruliua. 

...do , 

Virginia 

..  do 

..do , 

..  do 

MiS89.si]>pi  .... 

..  do 


..do    

Allcnton... 

...do  

..do 

WytUeviUc 

..do 

...do 

...do 

Naahvllle . . 


Saw.mill,  Anhland  . 

..do 

Kttgene  City 

...do  


Alluntou. 


Goui'oau's  Depot. 

...  do 

■W'ytlioville 

..  do 

CurroII  county ... 

..do 

Keinpor'H  niill  . . . 
...do 


Alubunia  Cottagn  Ilill . 

—  do do 


279.  QnrrcuR  paluntiix j      47 

rill  Oak.     ^^icampSpaiiM  Oak. 

Water  Oak.  I    282 


282 


Florida  . 
. .  do  . . . 


Aspalaga  . 
..do 


Minaouri . 
...do  .... 
. .  do  . . . . 


280.  Quorcusar|ualic.t !     204"  Virginia 

Water  Oak.    Puck  Oak.   Potium 
Oak.    runkOak.  i     204' ...do  .... 


2043]  ..  do... 
340  '  Alabama. 
340  i....do  .... 


6U 
fill 


TonneiMae  . 
...do 


Alkntou . 
...do  .  .. 
...do  .... 


Carroll  county . 

...do 

...do 

Cottagonm... 

..  do 

Tnllahoiua 

...do 


C'->ll«ctor. 


J.  Koblnann. 
..do 


C.Mohr. 
..do... 


A.  Il.Curtisa  ... 


C.  8.  Surgrnt 

..  do 

W.M.  Linnoy... 

..do 

..  do 

O.  W.  Lettcrnian . 

..do 

..  do 

U.  Shrivor 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

A.  Gattlnger 


G.  Kngi'Iuiannnnd 

C.  S.  Sargi'Ut. 
...do 


O.  H.  Collier  . 
...do 


G.  W.  Lotterraan. 

U.W.  llavonel... 

...do 

It.  Shrivor 

...do 

...do  

...do ; 

C.Mohr 

...do  


...do 

..do 

A.  U.  CurtiHS 
..do 


G.  W.  Lottoriuau. 

...do  

...do 


H.  Shrivcr . . . 

...do 

...do  

C.Mohr 

..do 

A.  Oattlngor 
...do 


Hull. 


Drift.. 
. .  do  . 


Calcareous. 
..do 


Clay. 


Drift 

..do 

Sbalo 

..do 

Slate 

Rich  upland  . 

..do 

...do  

Clay 

...do 

..do    

..  do 

...do 


Clay. 


Rich  loam.. 

...do 

Clay 

...do    

...do 

...do 

Rich  loam 
...do 


Barren,  sandy. 

...do 

..  do 

...do 


Sandy  loam . 

...do    

...do 

,...do 


'•'2 


L5S 


0. 7.'i«0 
0.74M 

U.  K58U 
0.  ^'.VM 

0.7US4 


7102 
8847 
7284 
7010 
7032 
84115 
84U8 
7510 
.5432 
5026 
7102 
7040 
6040 

0012 
0841 
0000 
0875 


m 

CHI] 

IB 


0.7U88 

0. 7,521 
0.  7421 
0. 6.107 
0. 6767 
0, 7837 
0, 6033 
0. 7875 
0. 7014 

0.6875 
0. 7103 
0.8305 
0. 8442 


Rich,  alluvial 0, 7148 

...do 0.7671 

..  do 0.7,">3I 


n 

m 
1 


m 


m 


0,  6523 
0,  6170 


0.6158  :^ 
0.7142  \m 


0.7313  : 


sal 


0.7560 
0.7411 


roi'.iKicn.vTDi.- 

i 

Ki.,\Hruiiv,  1 

z. 

E 

V 

a 

"B 

<s 

-a  pj 

s 

•3 

r 

P 

1221 

1320 

1282 

1221 

1302 

1172 

070 

1030 

1252 

1017 

1028 

704 

076 

1085 

1055 

1221 

1221 

1151 

1085 

1140 

10.'.4 

070 

1028 

1043 

1221 

1221 

1270 

007 

723 

934 

921 

030 

1181 

814 

814 

030 

888 

930 

1120 

812 

82U 

704 

noi 

558 

551 

1470 

1470 

1284 

1.305 

1436 

1201 

1130 

1136 

037 

814 

849 

800 

872 

021 

Bii 

660 

651 

063 

525 

558 

008 

076 

078 

1043 

1305 

1302 

1172 

1320 

1394 

1071 

1221 

1221 

1041 

1320 

1894 

1172 

1520 

1502 

1334 

1221 

1221 

1172 

1,526 

1601 

1206 

1028 

1575 

1317 

888 

948 

000 

1017 

1002 

1027 

070 

1007 

1113 

1163 

1122 

1055 

1526 

1470 

1233 

9,^,7 

076 

10,55 

004 

S13 

082 

1085 

1122 

089 

1130 

1101 

1062 

1103 

1149 

932 

1163 

128S 

1155 

1221 

1285 

1120 

970 

1028 

010 

1221 

1338 

1170 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UKITED  SI  ATKS. 
UNITED  STATKS  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Coulimiod. 


.169 


UKVUtCTION, 

M  UII.I.IMK'IKIIH,  It 

liKIt  A 

I'llEHUliC, 

N  KILOORAMS,  Of— 

4 

Ik 

i 

SO 

lOO 

lao 

ilOO 

O 

ilOO 

9SO 

»oo 

3SO 

40O 

400 

aoo 

aso 

Ki'uiarki. 

{»vt.) 

16.0 
15.6 

19.0 
20.0 

u 

647 
500 

1 

4.0 
4.0 

7.4 
7.6 

11.0 

11.4 

14.6 

l.l.  4 

o.» 

0.0 

24.0 
20.0 

30.3 
31.7 

07.0 
40.0 

40.0 
51.5 

03.6 

104S 

Fiiili'il  fiiim  BpIlntiT  (in  inoli  loriiir — 

1043 

6.0 

0.4 

14.0 

10.0 

0.6 

10.2 

2.1.0 

32.0 

40.0 

S«.7 

63.0 

8a  6 

534 

.SprilMic.i  oroB.i.Hnilntuli  liri.k- wiili  InrRp  npllntorB  

9S1 

4.8 

O.B 

14.7 

20.4 

1.2 

21.0 

27.2 

88.0 

OuO 

Spi'clniru  nffciliil  with  ilry  rut ;  broke  lit  knot  near  tlio  end 

031 

S.0 
4.0 

4.r. 

9.0 

8.0 
8.5 

14.0 

12.  0 
12. 2 

20. 1 

10.1 
10. 6 

1.4 

0.3 
0.4 

10.6 

10.4 
10.  6 

27.0 

21.0 
21.1 

3a  0 

27.0 
27.0 

47.0 

34.0 
■M.5 

62.6 

42. 0 
44.0 

00.0 

60.5 
55.0 

460 
401 

4r>o 

762 

Itrtiki' willt  nintiiini  HpIlnterH  ... 

17 

Ilrriko  witli  BiuliB  unit  tlim  BplluU-VH 

17 

,1.0 
4.0 

0.6 
8.0 

14.5 
12.0 

20. 2 
16.6 

1.0 
0.0 

20.4 
16.4 

27.2 
20.7 

.'15.  0 
27.0 

45.5 
32.5 

68.2 
41.6 

446 

642 

36I 

61.7 

oao 

Droki'  Willi  tlnn  HplintiiH 

30» 

7.0 

13.5 

21.4 

31.0 

3.6 

31.5 

42.0 

68.0 

80.0 

135.0 

407 

itroko  witli  Bplit  tliriiii^t)  criitur  imrallcl  to  proasuro 

36> 

6.3 
V.O 
5.S 
6  8 

10.6 
12.0 
10.5 
It  0 

15.8 
18.5 
16.7 
18  0 

22. 0 
26.8 
21.7 
26  0 

1.8 
1.8 
1.5 
1.5 

23.6 
20.3 
22.1 
26  6 

80,6 
34,0 
28.2 
37.0 

40.0 
46.2 
30.7 
66.0 

61.6 
60.6 
47.0 

64.0 

sas 

uao 

504 
307 
478 
339 

Broko  witli  flnu HplinturB  ....        

74 

74 

67.7 

76.0 

86 

244 

8.7 
8.3 
8.5 
4.3 

17.6 
0.0 
0.8 
8.6 

28.5 
10.0 
10.0 
12  8 

43.4 
14.0 
13.4 
18.0 

D.0 
0.0 
0.4 
1.0 

44.0 
14.0 
13.4 
18.2 

235 
648 
638 
4(>0 

lid 

244 

17.7 
16.7 
24.5 

22.1 
20.6 
33.0 

27.0 
25.6 
44.0 

33.0 
31.7 
65.0 

4a  6 
4a  6 

60.6 
51.6 

247 

.do         ....                  ..              

247 

Fuilcil  from  livrge  Bcnle  ami  (.'(iiirso  apllntor   . .        

437 

0.0 

11.  B 

17.3 

23.6 

0.0 

23.0 

31.0 

40.3 

61.6 

371 

628 

S.O 

7.4 

10.0 
15.0 

10.0 
20.0 

22.0 
54.3 

0.8 
10.5 

22.1 
57.0 

28.5 
88.0 

36.0 

46.7 

360 
283 

.  ...  do       

628 



063 

9.3 

17.  5 

27.5 

41.5 

4.8 

48.5 

61.5 

208 

9K) 

5.0 

10.0 

16.0 

21.0 

1.2 

21.4 

28.0 

36.0 

45.0 

60.0 

446 

268 

3.5 
3.7 

7.6 
7.0 

10.6 

10.2 

14.0 
13.7 

0.5 
0.4 

14.0 

14.0 

17.6 
17.4 

22.0 
21.0 

27.5 
20.5 

33.0 
32.5 

4a  6 

41.0 

64.0 

65.0 

500 
467 

181 

Bruku  with  coaiHo  t^pliuters 

131 

4.  U 

8.0 

12.  0 

10.0 

0.5 

10.0 

20.? 

25.7 

33.0 

42.0 

444 

Sqiiart)  break  uu  tciiHioii  hUIo,  splittiu^  In  nxis 

246 

3.7 

7.0 

10.0 

13.7 

0.6 

13.7 

17.0 

21.2 

2a  3 

33.0 

43.6 

6a  0 

60(1 

I'niHbml  at  center  bt'ui'iiiu  ;  broko  witb  fine  Rplintera 

245 

3.2 

8.5 

0.5 

12.  7 

0.4 

13.0 

10.2 

20.7 

25.5 

30.5 

86.5 

4a  0 

C5.5 

509 

lU) 

2fl.'>« 

4.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

0.5 

•16.0 

20.0 

?.'..R 

31.5 

40.0 

4a  3 

500 

Uruko  wilb  long,  roarso  MpHiiiui's  

2B,'i« 

3.2 
3  0 

6.1 
0.2 

0.0 
9.3 

12. 1 
12.0 

0.3 
0.2 

12.4 

12.0 

15-  4 
LI.  0 

19.0 

ii;.5 

33.0 
23.0 

2a  0 

2a  2 

34.2 
36.6 

4a  0 
4a  0 

63.2 

,540 
002 

648 

548 

.'-.. .''. 

10.3 

15.4 

20.6 

O.U 

21.1 

27.0 

34.6 

44.0 

.W.  5 

42:i 

Wutkv  witb  buj-c  splinters  

342 

4.8 

9.2 

14.0 

10.0 

1.0 

10.0 

2.-).  0 

31.3 

39.0 

50. 2 

43H 

■  !ln<U('  witb  lar;:t)  spHnlcrs;  .shattcrod 

:i42 

5.0 

9.7 

V«.C 

20.2 

1.1 

■JO.  0 

2(i.  0 

\i\0 

41.6 

51.5 

60.2 

770 

4.2 

8.7 

1.3.0 

18.5 

1.0 

18.0 

24.2 

31.  2 

30.0 

sao 

1 

■Vtd       Spc'<iliu-ll  CIONH  ulllilitMl;    .sl:.lttcriMl      

770 

3.2 

fl.fl 

10.2 

13.7 

0.3 

14.2 

17.6 

22.6 

28.0 

35.  5 

44.0 

CT.O 

,520  i  Cln^b^■t^  at  fcnt*'r  linuin.; ;  Itrnko  with  fine  hpliiitors 

47 

.'i.  1 
5.4 

4.6 
4.3 
4.2 

10.0 

in.  7 

8.7 
8.2 
8.6 

l.'i.  0 
17.0 

13.0 
11.8 
13.0 

21.0 
21.0 

17.7 
10.0 
18.0 

1.8 
2.1 

0.7 
0.2 
0.9 

22.  0 
24.4 

18.0 
10.  5 
18.3 

::o.o 

32.5 

24.0 
21. 0 
24.2 

38.5 
44.0 

32.0 
20.7 
32.6 

40.5 
00.0 

44.0 
34.0 
44.2 

CO.O 
91.0 

sas 

44.6 

10.1.  0 

4.'i(i  ^  S(|iuii'o  I'l-raV  on  ti-iisioii  riitio,  sjilittiu;;  in  nxi.H 

410       Ttrnki.  uilli  ..r:i1, .:,•',]   llliK  ..i,liiil,.|M 

2.«2 

282 

422 

264> 

440 

308 

264' 

Sqnaru  bn  nk  on  tcUHion  siUo,  HpliUin;;  in  axU 

204> 

4.2 

7.6 

11.5 

16.6 

0.6 

16.0 

20.0 

24.7 

31.0 

37.0 

47.0 

403 

Broke  with  linn  Hplintnrt) 

;il9 

4.0 
ti.0 
4.0 

7.6 
0.6 
7.8 

11.5 
14.6 
10.9 

16.8 
20.4 
14.3 

0.6 
1.2 
0.5 

16.0 
20,7 
15.0 

20.4 
26.6 
19.0 

26.5 
34.3 
24.0 

34.0 
44.0 
3a  0 

44.6 

68.5 

478 
392 
409 

do 

349 

611 

1  oae 

47.0 

64i 

■  i 


\ 


1 

it 


•11  if  ^ 


B 


r  1 


If: 


€•00 


rOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


2fl0.  Qucrrns  aqnntloi— continued 


281.  Qiii'iTiisIi.irlfolla. 
Laurel  Oak. 


2S2.  Quorcns  hctciopliylla 

Hartram't  Oak. 


2811.  Qiici'dH  I'inpivft 

L'ldand  Willow  Oak.    Blue  Jack. 
tyaud  Jack. 
284.  Qancua  liypoleuca 


I 


742 
742 

750 
750 
SOI 
HOI 

1171 


Siat' 


Locality. 


Georgia |  Hainbridgo  . 

...do '...  do 


I 

Floritlft    I  S.iiiit  .roliii'.4  river  . 

. .  do do 

...do '...  ,(o 

do '...  do 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Ciu-tiaa  . 
...do  


...do  

....do  

...do  

...  do 


Soil. 


AUuTlal . 
...do.... 


S»iidy  loam 

...do 


I  (;OEFKICIBNT  OF 
I       FJ,A6TIC1TV. 


0.7415  ^ 
0.8000    ^ 


o.8oa4  ^i 


m 


1221 

lasio 


128f 
I  SCO 


Now  u  orsey 
1171  |....do 

1171  !  .     do  

I 

3S2  I  Alu'uwitt 

074     Arizona    . 
074  ;  .     do  


iloiiiit  Uolly 

...do 

..     do 


Ciirmullp 


.1  Santa  Kitfi  ni.innt- 
I      aiuH. 
.!....do , 


S.  r.  Sbarplea. 

do 

. . .do 


C.  Mohr. . . 


G.EnSPlmannand 
C  S.  S<arj!eiit. 


28.'i.  Qui  rill"  iiiiliricariii 

Shinijlt  Oak.     Lavrel  Oak. 


288.  Qiiernis  Plu-Uos 

WiUoio  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 


llarrodfllmr!;  . 


287.  Qunniis  ■'-nxinoi'a 

Tanliark    Oak.      Ohestnut   Oak. 
I 'rack  Oiik. 


288.  CaMtannji.sis  tlirysopliylla 

Cltinquapin. 


40'  KeiitucUy    . . 

50  M  issouri AUcntoii  — 

512  '  !"•  niiessci* Tnllalioina 

512  i  ..  do ." '  ..  do 


087     flalifornia.. 


— '  Sfaiin  ponnty . 

....'   ..,)„ ",. 


180.  CtiHtsnftt  iiitmilR . 
Chiiifjuaiiin. 


20(1.  CnxtaroaviilRaris,  vsr.  Amerlcnna 
Chettimt. 


291.  Fngim  rormginea. 
lienh. 


m.  Ostrya  VIrginIca 

Hop    Hornbeam.     Iron    Wood. 
Levr  Wood. 


728 

57:1 

IS 

18 

18 

268« 

268» 

fllfl 

9 
9 


California 

...ilo 


Uliiidoiincicoii.ily 


.^1  UynH:m . 
...do  .   ... 


Ilr;  Spriii];n 
...do  


.uo  . 


Clay.. 
...do. 
...do  . 


Pino-barnn 

Dry,  rocVy. . .  . 
..  do    


W.  M.  Linuoy Utica  almlo 

G.  \V.  Lotteruian. .    Rich,  inol.st  . 


0.8105  '^1 
0.8204  ll^jl 

0.702S  l|^'l 
0.0818  ']  :' 

0.0808  i!'''~i; 


0.71f9^, 


0.87.0  i|3^ 
0.8.12.-I  T'^ 


0.7440  It' 


1221  1177 

11120  1221 

infiO  I       1.120 

1221  I'ii'O 


laitt 
1110 
1221 

007 

004 


1338 
1085 
1252 


1?!4 
1055 

nil 

IJffl 
1280 

1105 
947 
111! 


751       094 


067     1120 


9:10  921  '  1108 

i  I 

1130  I       108,5     llffil 


0.747 


A.  GattingiT.. 
. .  .do 


Molat,  eiliceoue  . . . 
...do  


G.  K.  Vaarv. 
..  do 


Gravelly . 
....do... 


.VK.llojig 

..    dl 


G.  W.  l.ittc'iiimn       Sandy  loam 


do  . 


lla«>.;  oliiia-trs '  Arnold  Arliorntnni . . |  0. 8. Sargent . 

. .  do '  . .  .do t  ..do 

...do t  ..  do 

Virginia '  Fancy  Gap    .   . 

. .  do do 


Tonnesiwe 


Mapsac'hiiBetts. 
...do 


44' j  Kentiirky. 

44> 
11» 
110 
785 
765 


...do 

Michignn 

...  do  

Florida 

...do  

BS3  I  MaasaclmRetta 

858  |...  do  

do 


8S8  ! 

11 

11 

877 

877  ....do. 
1M7  {....do  . 
1047    ....do  . 


..  do... 
. .  do  . . . 
...do... 


Naalivillo 


Arnold  Arboretum.. 

...do 

Mercer  county 

..  do 

Danevilln 

...do  

Chattahoochee 

..  do 

Hamilton 

...do  

...do 


Arnold  Arboretnra. 

..do 

OanTon 

..do 

North  Read  ing 

...do 


...do 

II.  Sbrlvor  . . . 

...do 

A.Gattlncer. 


do 


C.S.Sargent 

....do  

W.  M.Linney... 

...do    

W.J.Beal 

...do 

A,  H.  CartisR 

...do 

J.  Robtnaon 

..  do 

...do 


C.  S.  Sargent . 

....do 

J.  Kobinsnn . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Drift  . . 
do  .. 
. .  do  . . . 
Hoist . . . 
...do  .. 
Sandy  . . . 


Drift 

...do 

Hudson  lUver  shall 

...do  

Grarelly 

...do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 


0.7693    f^^ 

0.7B57^f|; 


0.6910    ra 
0.720.">  ;f«^' 


0.  .57.19  [^ 
0.6909    fT^l 

o.mn  [^] 

0.  .TOOo  j7^; 

0.4123  [|Hi| 

0.5330  ^7i 
O.4.'>08  .^' 

0.5050  d'j 
0.  5053 
0. 4930 


0.  7333 
0.  714G 
0.  6332 
0.  6416 
9;  7871 
0.6945 
0.6892 
0.6770 
0.  7(HH) 
0.7324 
0.7250 


Drift 

...do 

Rich  lonm  . 
...do 


m. 
m 

llil;! 

UIQ 
ii: 

m 
m 

Oil 


nl 


I  lull 


0.7784 
0.7014  H! 
0.8460  '1  '")! 
0.8591  ilijljjl 
0.8068 
0.8182  i 


12.^2 

7.)1 
713  ' 

872 
070 

900  , 
1017 

128,-. 
1002 

498  j 
8S8 
879  ' 
221  ' 
085  ' 
872  i 

221  I 
221  j 

VrVt 

039  ' 

221 

221 

970 

103 

221 

285 

395 

82H 
305 
305 
320 
110 
138 


1302  ;  1284 

78)  '  0:3 
787  lO.W 

842   840 
1085   104S 


1007 
1017 


NO 
035 


12^1  Jii:;i 

1002   019 


525 

4).'^ 

872 

703 

65) 

010 

1103 

808 

1039 

867 

888 

875 

1802 

1312 

1221 

1235 

lO.W 

1026 

1122 

037 

1302 

1284 

1302 

1180 

1007 

1024 

1130 

1048 

1221 

1106 

1232 

1221 

1305 

12S6 

1628 

1446 

1479 

1289 

1.195 

8211 

1390 

084 

1183 

1209 

1177 

10b7 

iTOK 

g 

TV. 

B 

li 

3 

*g 

=  s 

•3 

i« 

a 

S 

128? 

806 

l.'iSO 

i:';i 

1177 

loss 

1221 

nil 

WHO 

12P» 

1!)20 

1260 

1338 

HOB 

108.1 

947 

1232 

nil 

094 

1120 
1108 


S2S 
872 

41 1 
703 

85) 

fil» 

ic:) 

899 

1130 

8B7 

■88 

676 

102 

1312 

!2I 

1235 

J.W 

1020 

■-'2 

037 

02 

1284 

02 

1180 

07 

1024 

36 

1048 

21 

1106 

52 

1221 

1)5 

1256 

084 
1209 
10b7 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


801 


URFLECTION,  IN  HM.UhBTKKS,  UNDER  A  rREBSUBE,  IN  KILOORAUS,  OF- 


SO    loo  lao 


4.0 
3.0 

4.0 
8.7 
3.6 
4.0 

3.5 
4.4 
4.0 


7.6 

7.2 


12.0 
in.  3 


S.4 
5.2 

4.3 
3.9 

6.5 
0.4 

,5.0 
B.O 

4.0 
4.8 

3.8 
4.6 

9.8 
S.S 
7.2 
4.0 
4.5 
5.6 

4.0 
4.0 
4.S 
4.7 
4.0 
4.0 
5.0 
4.2 
4.0 
3.8 


8.  3  12. 2 

8.0  11.0 

7.4  11.0 

7.4  11. 0 

7  3  ;  11. 0 
9. 0  I  12. 0 


'(got.)  I 


in.  8 

13.7 

17.0  i 

I 
10.0  i 

14.5  ' 

I 

1.5. 0  i 

I 

14.7  j 
10.  5  i 


7.8  ]  11.0  I  11.7 

I  I 


1.0 
0.4 

0.8 
0.5 
0.5 

o.n 

O.fi 
0.5 
0.5 


17.0 
14.0 

17.0 
lii.O 
15.0 
IB.  5 

1.5.0 
17.0 
15.3 


21.8 
17.5 


29  0  1 
21.3  : 


7.0  i  1.3  0  ,  lO.B     26.5  I    l.s  1  27.0 


10.1 
10.0 

0.0 
7.5 

12.5 
12.4 

11.0 
9.0 

9.7 
0.0 

6.0 
9.2 

18.0 
11.2 
15.0 
H.4 
9.4 
11.0 

7.6 
8.0 
9.3 
8.7 


15.0  ;  20.8 

I 

16.0  I  22.7 

13. 5  i  18.  B 
11.2  I  15.3 

i 

10.4  1 2ao 

19.  2  '  27. 0  i 

;       ! 

17.  5  ■  24. 5  ' 

:  i 

13.0  I  18.2  ! 


1.0 
1.2 

0.  B 
O.B 

2.1 
1.0 

1.0 
0.5 


14. 8  i  20. 0  I    0. 4 


14.0  <  20.2 


12.0  j 
14.0  I 

30.4 
17.0 
23.5 
13.0 
14.4 
17.0 

11.6 
12.2 
14.0 
1.3.0 


10.2 
19.0 


0.5 

0.5 
1.2 


7.6  i  11.0 
7.6     11.2 


0.7 

&e 

8.0 


14.2 
18.2 
U.5 


7.8  i  11.6 


3.  B  ;    7. 0  I  10. 0 


3.0 
3  6 


4.4 

4.8 


0.0  I  8.6 
0.  0  j  10. 0 
7.0     10.4 


7.0 


11.0 


8. 4  I  13. 0 

.1.8  I  18.6 

I 


23.0  0.7 

83.0  I  1.7 

17.6  i  0.1 

10.5  0.4 

23. 2  0. 6 


15.7  : 
10.2  , 
19.0 
18.0 
14.7  j 
14.7 


0.6 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 


21.0 

22.7 

18.6 
16.0 

29.0 
27.5 

24.4 
18.4 

20.2 
20.3 

las 

19.2 


24.0 
33.2 
17.0 
10.6 
24.0 

15.6 
10.3 
19.0 
ia2 


22.5 

28.7 

20.0 

27.0 

18.7 

2,3.5 

10.0 

24  f 

19.2 

23.7 

20.0 
19.0 

35.0 

27.0 
30.0 

24.4 
10.8 

80.0 
36.0 

31.0 
23.5 

26.6 
26.0 

20.5 
24.0 


26.0 
'.'4. 0 


20. 0 

36.0 
33.2 
29.5 

30.  r. 

20.5 
3,3.0 
30.6 


31.  0  '  37.  0 


i 


46.3 

42.5 
36.5 


60.0 
58.6 
46.0 


37.6     40.7 


37.0 
42.0 


48.0 


I 


40.0  :  50.0 


I 


aiiw6 

87.0 

31.6 
MwO 

52.6 
47.0 


I  40.5 
!  20.5 

82.0 


44.3 
47.0 

40. 0 
31.5 

09.0 
I  03.0 

65.0 
37.0 

40.6 


38.7 
70.0 
55.7 

&ao 

49.5 
40.0 


26. '< 
31.6 


; 
30.7     40.5 

46.0 


19.4 

0.7 

18.0 

0.6 

16  0 

0.6 

1.5.4 

0.6 

1,3.6 

0.4 

11. 5  0,3 

13.6  1  Z.i 

I 

14,0  0,t 


0.4  i  10.0 
0.6  I  15.0 
19.6 
18.6 
16.5 
15,6 
14,0 

12,0 
13.7 

14,0 


22,0 
16.0 
31.6 

20.0 
21,0 
25,0 
23,7 
19,0 
19.0 
26.0 


29,0 
83,0 


20.0 
26.7 
31.6 
30.6 
24.0 
24,6 
32.0 


23,  e  30,0 
19, 7  '  2,5. 0 
20.0  1  2.5.6 
17.6  ■  21.7 


32.2 
41.0 


38.0 
4L0 


81,6 


40,0 


49,0 


72,6 
73  0 

00,7 
50.0 


110,0 


40,7 
62.0 


30.7  I  80.6 

I 

32. 8  I  42, 0 

41, 0  i  62, 6 

38,5  52,0 

30,5  37,0 

30,0  I  37.6 


46, 6  :  68. 3 


.58,  5  '  80. 0 
58.6  i 


62.0 


45.0 
64.0 


47.0 
46.7 


40.0 
89.0 
31,0 
31,0 
■J7.0 


63,0 
61.6 
40,0 


49,6 


40,0    6ro 
32,  6     42. 0 


16.0 
17.0 


18,6 
22.0 


1 


18.0  I  22.3 


22.0  27.0 
28.0  I  34.0 
28.0  i 


;i.3. 6 

48.0 


14.6      0.  .'•  I   14.5     18.6     23,4     30.0  j  37.6 


17,6 
17,5 


1.0  I  18,0 
1,  0     18,  0 


13,7 
23.6 


30,  A     40, 0 
31. 0     40, 0 


.51.6 
62.0 


07,8 
78,6 


66.5 
76.0 


05.6 
70.0 


76.5  I 

66.6  I 

40,0 
60.0 


102,0 


62.0 
76.0 


■r  a 

Eg 


450 
474 
CSO 
540 

497 
404 
474 

424 

478 

472 

402 
D48 


ReiDBrbR, 


Spoclinea  cross-crained 

llmke  with  coarse  Bpllntera. 


Binki'  witli  largo  aplintors 

llroku  with  lnr;,'c  spliiitura  iiud  ncalo  on  tonaton  side. 

0.5  8,'ip-wuod;  bruko  with  Hue  apliotcra 

do 


(finished  at  center  bi'iirini; ;  broke  with  fine  aplintors. 
SperiiiR'n  croBR-^niiiied ;  broke  witli  large  apUnters .  ■ 
Broke  with  fine  splinters 


Cru8s.ci«ii]e<I  {  broke  with  conrse  apUnten. . 


Bi  oke  with  coarse  apUnters . 
do 


0.6  aap-wo'jd;  liroko  with  large  apUnters  . 
Broke  with  flneapUntera 


391     Broke  Willi  large  aplintcrs,  starting  at  knot. 
450  j  Breko  with  coarse  splinters 


301  j  Broke  with  ecalo;  started  at  knot . 
447  '  liroke  with  coarse  splinters 


361 
271  I 

441 

405  ' 

177 
800 
264 
383 
870 
288 

OuO 
827 
438 
400 
548  I 
504 
437  j 
447  I 
472  i 
521  ' 
686 

017 
550 
860 
420 
610 
461 


Specimen  cross-gmincd;  shattered 

Specimen  c-nsagraiued;  splinter  on  comer.. 


Scale  on  tension  side ;  broke  with  ooarse  spUnters 

Crushed  at  center  tiearing ;  broke  with  scales  on  t*naion  side. 


Shattered . 


.nlo  . 


Square  break  i  split  at  end 

Cmbhed  j  sqnsre  break 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  shattered . 
Broke  with  ooaiae  apUnters 


.do. 


Cm.'tlicil i  <'(iar»e splinters 

Square  break  on  tenaion  aide,  splitting  in  axis... 

Si'jile  on  tension  aide 

Brnk)^  with  coarse  apllntera 

Broke  with  flni-  apliutura;  scale  on  tension  side 

Broke  with  course  splinters 

Specimen  croas-grained  ;  broke  at  knot 

Failed  I'mni  long  splint  er  on  comer 

Crunbeil  with  lino  apllntera 

CruHbed  with  long  a)dintera     


Sap-wiiod;  broke  with  flue  apUntora;  deflection  with  600  kilograms 

pieaHiire,  Ii4  niillinielera. 
Rap-wniid:  linilie  wltli  line  splinters 


llrirKeat  knot 

Sipiiire  brenk  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  . 
S|>eclmeu  cnisS'gniliied  i  splintered  on  corner.. 
Failed  flom  scale  on  baok 


742 
742 

756 
7Bt 
801 

eoi 

1171 
1171 
1171 

352 

674 
074 

40' 
60 

612 
612 

087 
687 

72* 
729 

67.1 
673 

IB 

18 

18 

268» 

258' 

616 

9 

9 

44« 

44« 

119 
119 
766 
785 
863 
883 
BS3 

II 
11 
"77 
877 
1047 
1047 


'■'■ 


1^ 

t 


%  it 

k 

) 


iif 


FOREST  TREKS  OF  N0R1TI  AMERICA. 

Table  Ill.-HEIIAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Spoclea. 


ns.  Cnrpiniin  CHiMtiiiiium 

I/iinifKnm.    llhir  liffch.     Wattr 
JiMcA.    Jrnn  Wood. 


BETULACEiR. 


IM.  Botiilit  lUlim tnr.  nuimlifolln 

irAi(«    IHrfh.      dldfitU  Jiirch. 
Oray  Birth. 


MB.  BetiilaiMpvTKSent 

Oano*  Kirch.     Whit*  Birth.    Pa- 
^nrBireh. 


tM.  BetnU  ocoldentalis . 
Bladt  Birth. 


«T.  BotnU  lutM 

r«UoK>  Birth.    Oray  Birtli. 


4a 

"3 
7.'|i 

7;i« 

73' 
1038 

lU 

10 

X4K 

72'J 
722 

«88 : 

000 

u»o 
io«s  I 

10«A  I 

1005 

1000 

lom 

1007 
1067 

ta» 

629 


BUto. 


Liwality. 


...do ...do 

M«8»«clinBatt8 .   . .    PftnriM  8 

...ilo Arnold  Arlioroluni 


...do. 
...do  . 


MoDtjma 

..  do 

MasMU'liuaptU... 

Aliinkn 

...do  


...  do 

DuiTcr.i   

Mtumilu 

.-  do 

TownMnd 

CbiUwit  iulct . 
. .  do 


Vermont |  Cbnrlotto  . 

...do  .  i — do 


. .  do  . 
..do. 
.  do 
. .  do 
. .  .do 


do. 
do 
do  . 
do 
do. 


Colorado Rngelninn  ~'k  CKDon 

CHlifomik StrBwlmiry  ralley  . 


843     MaiuiacliiMOItii  T)nnv<Ta.. 

843  :....do do 

IOCS     Voiniout    Clmrlotle . 

loos     . .  do do 

do do 

1 
do do 

do do  .  ... 

do do 


1069 
1069 

ion 


I 


1070 


KB.  B«tnU  nler» 

Std  Hinh.    Riinr  Birth. 


i;irt     Miswwri Allcniou 

13(1       .  do ..do 

S41     MKuwu-Uiut'tU KiTlli  Andoror. 

841  ...do do ... 

842  I  -do      ^   .     do    

842  j    .  do    I...  do 


CoUootor, 


Roil. 


il.  S.  Sariii'nt. 

..do 

J.  Koliinsou . . 


Scrono  Wiitaon 

...do 

.i .  Kolilnnon 

ritiil.Sehtdlto... 

..  do 

O.  O.  rrlnglo.... 
..  d) 


.do  . 
do  . 
.do  . 
do  . 
do. 


Rolwrt  UourIm.  . 

(1.  Kntfrlnuiiin  »ud 
IV  S.  Siu'dcnt. 


J.  Kobinsou  

..  do    

C.O.Pilnslo 

...do , 

...do  

..do 

...do    

..do 


»t.  \V.  lA'ttcnuMi. 

..  do 

.1.  Kobinaon 

..do 

...do 

..  do 


Drift... 
...do.... 
Oravolly. 


Wet . . 
..do. 


Wot,  aindy. 
Wet,  peaty  . 

Oravclly 

...do  

. .  do 

...do 

do 

...do  

..do 

...do 


ttt.  Bf  tola  lent* ' 

Chrrni     BircK      BMft     Pirrh. 
i^weet  Birch.    J/oAiyn  ny  Ji\  reh. 


4  :  — do Arnold  Arboretum 


do 


221     Vi'imont 

844     MaaMcliuiotIa 
844  I  .    do  


..  do 

Cliarlolte 
l>«n»  ct  a  . . 
do     ... 


•01.  Aliiuambra. 
AUtr. 


C.  8.  Saritent . 

...do  

('.  ti.  I'liuglo 
■I.  Koliiuaou.. 
...do 


Moiat  loam  . 

..  do 

Alluvial  .... 

...do  

..do 

..do 


nrift. 

...do 

UravrUy 

...do 

...do 


9C7 
967 


Ala«lia ,  Sitka  . 

.     do . .  do  . 


991     Wa'tli'UKton  t«rrt.     Vuyallup  . 

Ion. 
991    ...  do do 


I'aul  Srhultao 
..  do 


O.  GnROlmiinnand 

L'  S.  Siir(;iMit. 
— do 


1| 

"S  "  d 

w  ji;  * 

to 

0.  7708 
0. 7707 
0. 7852 
0.7041 
0.  7083 
0. 7307 

0. 6121 
0. 616H 
0.  nP40 

0. 6244 
0.R948 
0. 7034 
0. 6133 
0. 62:il) 
0.6U21 

0. 66n.'; 

0.0614 
0.6136 
0. 0136 
0. 04011 
0. 602X 

0.  ri»u8 
0.  rma 

0.7147 
0. 7215 
0. 0.Wt 
0. 6047 
0. 6.%73 
0.0047 
0.0710 

0.  oono 

0.  ftKIR 
0.  R8iri 
0.  0:I3A 
0.6273 
0. 6;>40 
0. 01411 

0.7303 
0. 74M 
0. 7002 
0. 8.'>70 
0.8213 

O.IM)ao 
0.S017 
0.K190 
0.5244 


;  COKFI'irlRST  Of  ' 

I    Kc.ABTicnr.    ! 


p 
m 
m 
m 
fi 


m 


pnrj 

111 
ill 

'"'■'Ti 

nilili 

nl 


1^, 

iii'O: 


G 
L3 


■2? 

921 

957 

1221 

1285 

1395 

1305 

888 

930 

1235 

1395 

857 

921 

814 

614 

40.'> 

503 

872 

872 

1110 

1149 

1221 

1149 

1221 

1320 

1030 

1085 

1221 

1101 

1520 

1502 

1028 

1675 

1395 

1626 

1085 

1191 

1320 

1338 

1350 

1350 

1285 

1285 

888 

872 

970 

076 

1628 

1650 

1575 

1620 

1575 

100 1 

1028 

1028 

1479 

1628 

1028 

1084 

1479 

16.'tn 

1953 

1775 

10311 

1085 

1221 

1221 

ia;io 

lOM 

1221 

1356 

921 

004 

1039 

1028 

1395 

1430 

1471! 

1603 

1368 

1302 

1308 

1415 

1575 

1602 

«;o 

1028 

1017  ' 

842 

I 
842  I 


1017 
888 
807 


I 

1134 
1356 
1173 
1055 
1430 
778 

900 
580 
837 

1088 
1008 
1181 
816 
994, 
1165 
1099 
1228 
IDAS 
1017 
1134 
082 

,738 
874 

1303 
1280 
1210 
1210 
1320 
1213 
1245 
1283 

1041 
075 
9.t4 

1005 
9:i7 
920 

1280 
1283 
1294 
105^ 

lias 

701 
703 
830 
820 


TII1<:  WOODS  OF  TIIK  UxXmOi)  STATES. 
DNITED  STATES  UNDEll  TUAN8VEIISE  HT]{AIN— C<.iilimi(<l. 


;]U3 


DRrUCTION,  IX  MII.LIMKTRII8,  IIKDIK  A  I'KKBSliltK,  IN  KII.OI^IIAHK.  OF— 


SO 


5.8 
4.0 
8.fi 
6.  n 
8.8 
5.7 

0.0 
10.  B 
t.6 

4.4 

4.0 
4.0 
4.7 
4.0 
.1.2 
3.0 
8.5 
4.5 
8.7 
8.0 
8.8 

5.5 
5.0 

8.0 
8.1 
3.1 
3.0 
8.3 
8.U 
8  8 
2.5 

4.7 
4.0 
4.7 
4.0 
5.8 
4.7 

8.5 
8.3 
S.« 
8.5  j 
S.1 

hO 

4.8  ' 
5.« 


too 


to.  a 

7.0 

7.0 
10.4 
7  0 


ISO 


10.2 
11.0 
10.5 
15.7 
10.0 


I 

iii.o  ,  ;7.o 


12.0 
19.4 


IH.O 
30.6 


11.2     17.0 


8.  9  I  18. 0 


8.5 
7.4 


i:i.4  I 

11.0 ! 


0. 0  I  14. 0 
a  2  '  12.  4 


0.5 
0.2 
0.4 
8.2 
!  7.8 
7.2 
7.0 

11.3 
10.0 

0.8 
0.4 
0.1 
0.0 
6.0 
5.8 
0.8 
5.5 

n.o 

RO 
0.0 
7.2 
10.8 


10.0  I 
0.5  I 
10.0 

12.0  i 

I 
11.2  j 

10.7  I 


'2.0 

18.0 

I 
16.6 

I 

0.3 
9.2 
0.4 

8.7 
8.8 
0.4 
8.» 

i:i.  n 

12.0 
14.0 
11.0 
17.0 


9.8  I  14.0 


0.8 
0.5 
7.6 
0.9 
<.0 

8.S 
9.U 
11.0 
11.1 


10.0 
10.0 
10.4 
10.0 
10.0 

I 

14.4, 
14.6 
10.7 
19.0 


13.6 
13.0  j 
13.8 
13.  0  I 
18.7 

10.  U 
10.8 
22.5 
87.0 


!lOO 

O 

(Bl'l.) 

aoo 

21.0 

1.2 

21.5 

16.0 

0.4 

1.-J.0 

14.0 

0.6 

14.4 

21.7 

1.5 

22.  4 

13.7 

0.4 

14.0 

24.  0 

2.2 

24  8 

25.  4 

0.4 

20.0 

40.0 

0.5 

47.8 

i5.5 

2.5 

20.8 

17.2 

0.5 

17.6 

10.0 

10 

10.2 

in.o 

0.5 

15.0 

10.  n 

1.0 

20.0 

17.0 

0  5 

17.0 

13.  0 

0.5 

13.4 

13.3 

0.7 

13.3 

18.4 

0.0 

18.7 

17. 'J 

0.4 

17.8 

16.0 

0.4 

15.5 

14.3 

0.3 

14.3 

10.5 

0.5 

16.6 

27.0 

2.  0 

27.4 

21.4 

0.0 

21.0 

12.7 

0.5 

12.7 

12.5 

0.4 

13.0 

12. 4 

0.3 

12.3 

11.5 

0.3 

11.6 

11.0 

0.2 

11. 5 

11.0 

0.3 

11.7 

12.4 

0.3 

12.4 

11.3 

0.1 

11.4 

18.2 

0.  .'•i 

18.6 

15. 11 

0.7 

16.3 

10.0 

0.0 

10.4 

14.7 

0.0 

14.7  1 

23.0 

1.5 

24.(1 

10.2 

0.  .^ 

10.4 

i 

siso  »oo 


28.0 
10.0 
16.0 
20.0 
7.7 
33.0 

84.2 


30.2 

22.6 
^^0 
10.0 
26.3 
22.0 
17.0 
17.0 
17.0 
21.7 
19.7 
18.0 
21.5 


86.4 
34.0 
23.  5 
37.0 
21.7 
45.0 

48.5 


50.0 

38.4 
83.0 
24.0 
35.0 

2a  0 

21.0 
21.5 
22.0 
27.6 
2.'!.  0 
23.0 
28.0 


sso 

48.0 
20.7 
20.0 
50.5 
27.2 


60.5  I  80.0 


4001490  80O  ftSt> 


1 


67.0 


82. 0 

85.7 
44.0 
30.0 

86.0 
26.5 
20. 5 
27.0 
35.  (I 
32. 0 
28.0 
1)6.0 


37.6  :  64.0    .... 

I 

29. 2  '  40. 5     00. 0 

10  2  '  20.0     24.5 

15. 7  10. 5  i  24. 6 
15.4  10.2  I  23.2 


14  6 
14.0 
14.6 


1H.0  21.  T 

17.0  20.7 

17.7  '  21.7 

10. 5  24. 0 


14.5     18.0 


11.4 
(1.3 
(1.2 
0.4 
0.4 


i:i.  r, 

13.6 
13.0 

13.  5 

14.  vi 


23. 
21. 
26. 
10. 
32. 
2J-.. 

17. 
10. 
16. 
17. 
18. 


0  I  45. 

0  33. 

5  '  21. 

7  20. 

.t  19. 

3  33. 

0  '  33. 


22.  0 

.39.0 
35.5 
45.0 
31.0 
01.6 
4.5.0 


I 


60.0  ;  08.0 


35.6  ;  4.\0 

34.3  I  4:.  5 

64.0  :  1)3.5 

33.0  38.5     48.0     60.0 


40.0 

58.5 
37.5 

511.0 
83.0 
B3.0 
38.0 
44.0 
41.0 
8.'i.  5 
52.0 


30.  5 

;  0. 0 

20. 0 
27.0 


(15.0 


40.0 


43.0 
13.Q 
30.0 


30.  n 

30.0 
37.6 

34.  .1 


21).  0  I  31.0 
20.  5  33. 0 
30.1  3K0 
27.0     33.7 


61.5 
51  0 
66.0 
41.0 
100.0 


OK.  7 


51.6 


481 

.".78 
.100 
4.'i0 

000 

330 

388 
2'i(l 
3.'.7 

4(12 
43(1 
5(14 
848 
424 
407 
400 
624 
4.MI 
434 
4K4 
410 

315 
373 


Ki|Uiii'0  lirc'li  (111  tcnninii  itUli-,  HplittluK  in  nxln 

Iliolir  with  niiOH)iIliiU>i'H 

SprrliiHin  cnmH-crtiiiii'il;  laiU'tl  fuiiii  liir^n  Aplliilvr  on  rnriior 

Sip; tire  hriMiU  ok  IniiHiitn  hhIo,  H|ililllii^  In  iixU j 

Di'llc'c  linn  Willi  noo  kilii)fi'nniH  pirKHnro,  82  niilliniolnrHi  brokowith 

linn  H|illnli'i-H.  I 

8|ir('.liiii>ii  ri'OHR-uriiiiti'it ;  Htiirli'il  ill  knot j 


IJiiiHlitit  111.  ct'iiini  linuiinu:  Hqiiiiro  break  on  tniiHlnii  hIiIo 

Dlnki'llt  lilint 

CiiihIiihI  lit  (Mnlrr  lniiTiiiK;  liinkn  with  fliin  (iiiMiitorn  


Sqillltr  lil'i'ilk  I'll  ll'IINinn  Hiill>.  s|l)iltill^  ill  Axin 

Ili-iikn  Willi  rnaiM'  Hplililni'H 

l''iini'<1  I'liini  Ki'uin  anil  Iniic  nplintnr  nii  rornnr 

Spfriiiini  i-tnM.'.>;rniiii  il ;  I ml.t' on  I'oinrr 

llrnUn  Willi  rniir>i  ..^pl  in  tela 

(.'I'lialiiil  111  ci'iiti  r  lii'Hiini::  lirnkn  willi  linn  aplhitiTH 

('iiiHlii'd  ui  n-iitrr  liruiiii;:;  Itt'vhc  uilh  larj^o  nplintor  nn  I'orner  . . . 
Hqunrn  lirruk  on  It  DHion  Hitlf;  liinUe  wiiU  aplinliTH 


I 
I 

I  Spi-i'inii-ii  I'loHH-uraiih  il,  l>Hil.n  Hitli  niarno  Hpli.iU'rn 

I 

I  (ImihImmI  ut  i-nntiT  liciiriiij:;  l.ioki  \\ilti  tliin  nra't  h 


.'.0. 0      ...  513 

!  ! 

47.  5  I  00. 0  550 

57. 0  '     ...  510 

40.  :>:....  62<i 

40.0  I  55.0  '  503 
4.'i.  5  I 


l''a licit  t'loiii  HcnIi'H  anil  roHiHn  pptintniH 

<'riiHli(<(l  at  rnnlnr  lu'Uiiii);;  aplinlnml 


46 

73 
73' 

7;i« 

73» 
1038 

10 
lU 

848 

7ac 

722 

aio 

000 
900 
1 1105 
lOli.'i 
1005 
lOOII 
IIIOO 
1067 
1U67 


45.5 


I 


27. 0     34  0 

20.0     3;.  0 

I 
24.0  \  28.5 

27.0  !  34.0 

38.0     36.6 


0. 6     10. 5     25. 5 
0.  5     20.  0  I  20. 0  I 
0.7     22.7  , 


10.0     87.5     60.0 


1.0     27.5     87.0  I  80.0  '  73.0 


I 


40.7     61.6     73.0  | 

40.0  I  91.0    ! 

34.6  I  43.7  I  60.0  ! 

, I.... 


45.6 


517 
.WI 
547 

4U 
41(i 
407 
420 
400 
31I.-. 

5.10 
547 
5.'i2 
448 
197 

200 
800 
354 
350 


.SpiM-iliii'll  1'MiM.t  i/iuillt  li  ;  almtli'lril 

Criialtril  at  rnilrr  liuiiiii^;  Hipiuin  Uiuuk  on  irnnion  Bidn,  r>p1itilnf{ 
III  ii.\iH. 

Hap-wiioil :  Hpncininn  ^■l■n«H-^raiIl^'^l ;  »hatt«ioi! 

Sap  woiul  i  rriiiilii'il  iil  ri  nlcr  Ikmii  liiK ;  broko  witli  ro»r«o  KpllnUir  on 
[      cfiinrr. 
'  Sap  uoofi ;  riiialiiMl  111  rnnlrr  liiip  iiitf  ;  lirokn  wtiii  roarHC  hcuIoh.  .  - 

I'riiMlinil  III  rinlnr  bi'iitin^;  lirnkc  Willi  fliio  nplliilnrn 

I    '  .'>  Kap-wodil;  ri'ii^hiMl  at  rriiti-i-  bi  ariii^;  brokr  with  linn  HplinUTR.. 

I  (1  7*iHHp.w«iinl :  iMtiHhi'iliit  rrntrr  brnrin;' ;  brokn  with  linn  HpUntom 

Sap-wooil;  criiKhnil  nt  cunt.  rbnitriDKi  bioko  with  fine  HplintnrHou 

iiiiin  r. 
llrart.wiiixl;  rrtmhi'il  nt  ccnlnr  bciiiint;;  lirokn  with  tlno  Hpllnti-IH  . 


.Sap-waal;  li.iiki'  with  I'lnii-Hc  Hplinti'ia  at  cornnrH     

Siip-woDil;  criiHlinil  II.  t'lJitiT  limi'iii^;;  brokn  with  conrnfl  KpUntntH 

III   CMI'llcrH. 

Sapwouil;  rtiwliiiliil  I'l'iili'i' lii'.iiin^;  dpllntriril  at  (-nriidrH 

S.'ipwKoil;  cniKlii'il  al  i-L'iiti!!' liuiiin;; ;  hioki-  witii  lint' ajilintiMH  on 

ii  ii.siiiit  sltlr. 
S  [.  w I,  •  I  iimIh'iI  111  rrntin- hi-iii  lii)4;  Khattrri'il  on  ronuir 

Sap  witnil ;  np.  i>itiii>ii  noHM  ^raiiM  (I .  Htaitml  at  knot 


Sti|i  wooil :  rriiMlMMl  at   cfiili-r  hnarin^ ;  hipiarn  break  on  tonRlou 
hiiln,  HplilliiiK  ill  ii\i^. 
^  Hiip-wiiiHi ;  npliiilcrril  on  (^niin  ra       .   

'  StiiiaiT  br   ik  no  teiiNioii  Hiitn,  Hplithng  la  uxin 

I 
Splintri'i'il  on  roini-ra 

Spi-i-inirn  noHs  i;riiiii<  il 


Stpiarn  bn  iik  on  ti'nnion  aiiln,  npllttlii)(  in  axlfl 
do 


do  . 


.Uu 


528 
H2» 

K43 
843 
l(l(;8 
IIKU) 

Kino 

1000 
1070 
1070 

130 
130 
811 
Kll 
84 1! 
843 

4 

4 

231 

8U 

844 

067 
007 
991 
991 


^1 


111 
ill 

•i! 

1*     ■ 


t 


sH' 


i' 


N^ 


6,    ■i*'»^^-'^ 


A  »;:<:•'      i 


394 


FOREST  TREKS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Taulk  III,— behavior  of  IHE  rKINClPAL  WOODS  OF  TOE 


Specim. 


301.  Aliiim  rubra — coiitiniied. 


302.  .MiiiiHrhomliifoL  It . 
Alittr. 


3(«.  AlmiiMililongifoIlft. 
Milfr. 


SUte. 


10'J5  I  Onsjion 
1025  I...  do  .. 


035 
717 
717 


.  .  <1  ■  .    .  . 


Luca^ty.' 


CuUootor. 


Soil. 


&3 


.  I  I 

a      COFIFlrlKNI'OF 
g    '      I'.I.AsriCITV. 


Poi'tliuwl  Furniture  '  G.Kiiifolmnniiaail ' 

-  -  do !  —  do 


ABliland ! — do  . 


Miaguuln I  Soreno  Wfttson  . . 


do. 


I 


do  . 


1)79     Oregon 


Drain !  C.S.S»rKPnt 


1)70     ...do .-do  . 


W..t.. 
...do  . 


0. 4731) 

u.  noH4 


1320  !      1285  ; 


"I 


1221  '      1338 


I 


0.48.57  PI!  004 
0.4M5  [^T'jl  679 
0.4(ieC    (Jlilli        729 


MoiHtloam :  0.4405 


.do. 


30.'t.  A  Inns  inratia 

,sivel,lfd  Alilti:     Jloary  AUer. 

j:ia,k  AMir. 

SALU'ACK^,. 


094  I  Califunila !  Sun  noniindiiio. 


094 
!J62 


300.  SalU  Hi;:™ 


855 


I 


..  do 


do  . 


W.G.  WriKlit. 
...do 


I 


Ma.sHOcliURC'tts Pauvi'rg J. Kobinsou (  Wi't  loam... 


do i  Topafleld 


Colorailo |  ChDon  CUy 


307.  Si\li\  :iin.ygdnloido8 •    908 

Willow.  i 

I    908  '...  ilo do 

911  :..     do 1...  do  . 


30S.  .'<:iliN  1    vi:'ata ;    690     Califorala 

iri(/.uc.  ■ 

:    090    ...di 


Alluvia] 


0.4375 


'f-Vl 


0.  4170 
0.4049  jRj 

aBoo.")  ""^ 


0. 5330 
0. 407.'< 

0. 4(rn 

0. 407(1 


300.  Siilix  l.iBiandia,  rar.  lancifolla 04(1    — do i  Straw Imrry  TtJ'ey 

'    981  I  t  'ri'^'on  Portland 

081       -do do    


G.  Knuiolniiuinand     Moist,  sandy. 

('.  S.  Siugi'Ut.       I 
do do    


....do Moldt.ricb  . . 

F.Skinner Alhivial 

do do 


300.  Siilix  liHiaudra,  var,  i    ■    'iTiana 
3i:i.  Salix  lUvoKci'iis 


889     rtab    .. 
721  I  Montana. 


tl3.  Sali\  llavi',»ii>nti,»«r.  Scoulerlana  ..:    972     Washington    tvr- 
Jilitcl.-  Willoic.  1  1      rilory. 

I    i73  do  .  : 


816.  SaHv  l:i»iolopl« 0(19     I'nlifoniia 

Willoui.  : 


318.  ropulus  trcmoloidoa |    272'   Colorado. 

Atpen.    t^iiaking  Atf . 

I    272' ...  do  .... 


I  1035  I  MaasnclinaMts 
i  1085     ...do 


City  Crsok  caHsn  ...    M.  K.  .Tonen QraTelly 


Pallor'noaflon,  Mis-     Soronc.  Watson  . . .    Ricb,  moist   . 
Honln. 

Soattln  — G.En^^^Imnnnand     Moist,  sandy 

C.  tS.  .S:i-yout. 
. .  do  .   .     do do    


0..'>341 
0. 5284 

0.4705 
0.4375 
0. 4014 


m 

m 

12 


004 

88.S 

787 
787 

noa 


407  I 

010  I 
488 

5.54 

4:9! 
509 


948  I 
060 
751 
9' 8 

913 

I 
I 
T.51 

787 


900 
905 

738 
507 
701 


696 

077 


1085  I    820 

I 


301       424 


614  I 
470 

514  ' 

488  I 

488  ' 


I 


0.4.08  p 
0.60,57  !^ 
0..'.7I9  'FT 


512 

m\        330 


625 

1085 

076  j      1028 


21 


305 
1085 


.''nntat'rui'. -.  do  . 


Alpine i  T.  8.  Itrandegeo  . 

do do 

Danvers  {  J.  Robinson 

do    ,...1 do 


I 


319.  I'liiiiilns  tirandidentnta j    847' do. 

J-o/ilar.  \ 

■    847       .  do  . 


do. 
do. 


.do  . 
.do. 


820.  I'i.,,nlur  I;i;iMi|i;iylln  522     Tenneaaoe 

It:i,r  CullfiiiW'od.     Swamp  Col- 
l.'turiHifi. 


Nashville !  A.  Gattinfter 


1285        1.175 
0..5278  if.T'i!      1221  '      1149 


Sandy  loam 0.6760,  IT?*  |        921 


Damp 0. 39,55 

.    do 1  0.3885 

Gi-»Tolly 0.4.553 

...do I  0.4828 


.do i  0.4443 

.dn 0.)388 


AUavial . . 


0.41,55 


740 
651 
076 
888 

076 

004 

740 


821.  Po|ii;U.^  lui.,iMiiiffrft 001     Alaska    Cliili'ool  inlet Paul  SebnltM      .  |. ..  do |  0.4080    [FTf]         8.57 

Jtnhtntn.     Tftctnnahc.c.     Halm  t\f 


(liieait. 


Mil 


do. 


.do. 


do. 


I 


.do ,  0.40;i4 


8)<8  ' 


321.  I^lp^ln^<balsallli^,  ta. car.  candicans   1054     Masaachnsettn Topstleld ;  J.  Knbinsou QravoUy. 

1054  ...  ''o do do ' do 


822.  Popiilus  aii^u.-^tifolia 


0.40.%    ^         740  I 
0.4500  .Qj.        751 


781 
651 
913 
013 


723 

842 
»»72 

697 
.03, 


511 
530 
600 

734 
5,-|3 

684 
701 
743 

469 

809 

928  \ 
888  I 

818  I 

502 

641  I 

720  j 

881  I 
I 
606  I 
748 

642  I 

I 

074  I 

527  I 

I 

626  I 
503  ' 


jpiilus  aii^u.-^liioiiu 
Ill'iek  <'utli,iiui:mt. 


653     Colorado  Maiiitoii  .Sprinjzs ;  Robert  DourUu  ■  - 


823.  Pop"l»»  tiiiboiar]"' 1012  |  Oregon Saint  .lolin's  Barrel     F.Skinner. 

l:lack-  Colliiimood.    JiaUam  Cot-                                                       F  lelory,  Portland. 
tomcood.  '  1012  '  ..  do do do , 


Sani\v  loam . 


I 


1028  I...  do I'lirll.tnd  I''nniitiire    G.  Eneelmann and 

Company,  C.  S/8nrgePl, 


1028   ...do. 


do. 


do. 


0.4488  1^         488  '        458  |    401 

0.8700  M       1062         10,50 
0.3808  ||n]:      1085  1      1062 


0,4108    [fjlj]!      1221  I      1221 
0  4108  ^j      M63  I      -XM 


083 

6.17  : 

694  I 
M6  I 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TKAI^SVEllSE  STRAIN— Coiitir.ued. 


395 


DRVLIICTIOll,  IK  tllT.MMKTERB,  I'KIISR  A  rBBSBUBK,  iS  Kn.OOIIAMB,  OF— 


SO     lOO 


8.7 

4.0 

5  4 

7.2 
0.7 
5.4 
5.5 

0.2 
0.2 

4.2 


7.0 
7.3 


ISO 


11.5 


30O    o  :  stoo ;  aso 

(»ot.) ; 


15.0 


11.0     14.7 


I  10.3  I  i.'i.s  I  mo 

I  14.  0  I  23.  0     34.  0 

13.0  !  20.4  '  30.0 

I  I 

'  10.3  I  15.7 

10.7  ■  10.5 

!  I 

i  13.0  !  19.0 

12.4  19.0 

I 

0.0  '  14.0 


0. 1     IB.  7 

0.0  i  14.8 

i 


n,  .-•  i  21. 2 

3.  5  I  35. 0 

3.  U  I  31. 0  I  44. 0 


20.0 
18.6 

27.0 


»oo 


26.2 
23.6 

35.7 


12. 0     2a.  0  :  41.  0 


21.8 

22.2  ! 

i 
I 

L'a3 , 

27.3 


0.0  ■■  22.0 
1.0  :  23.0 

i 
1.3     29.0 

l.n  '  28.0 


19.0  !     0.8     19.0 


30.2 
30.0 

39.0 
38.7 


20.0 


8.0 ; 

10.0 

8.8 

10.2 
9.0 

I    U.  0 
1 
4.2 

5.0 
14.8 

4.0 

I 
3.8 

4.0 

C,8 

6.6  ^ 
7.B  ' 
6.0  ' 
6.5 


IB.  C  i  DO.  0  !  04. 5 

20.  5  I  30. 0  !  .18. 0 

i 
111.0  '  32.5  '  S.I.O 


10.2  '  73.0 
11.0  I  63.0 
11.5  ,  57.0 


I  ]            I             i 

20.0  !  ,31.2  i  46.0  I    8.0     47.5 

20.  0  '  32. 0  '  40. 0  I    4. 8  I  48. 6 

!  '       ■       ' 

18.  U  '  .'11.0  '40.0       5.0  i  48.0 

I  *             I 

9.0  !  14.2     21.0       1.2  j  21.5 

t  I 

9.5  14.3      la.O        0.5  I  20.0 


32.  0  <  .W.  0    12,5.  0     32 


0. 0  I  14.  U     19. 0       1.1      20. 0 

'  I  I 


7.  1      10.  5     14. 2 

&5  ■  12.6      10.8 

j 
I 


0.3 
11.0  ;  16.0     24.5  I     1.5 


0.6     14.7 


17.2 
26.0 


6.0 
6.4 


12.5  !  19.3  :  27.7  !  2.4  28.7 
15.0  23.2  '  33. 0  !  3.8  37.2 
10.7  '  17.0  24.0  '  1.5  24.5 
10. 7     17. 0     25. 0  '  2.  9  20. 0 

9.8     LVO  I  21.4  i  1.6  !  22.0 

10.6  16.6  I  21.7  ;  1.0  22.0  \  id! 


50.0 


35.0 


91.0    

64.0  110,0 


29.6     4.5.0    


390 


400   490   SOO 


33.0 

30.0 


26.0 


36.0 


20.6 

las 

22.0 
33.0 


3a  6  ' 


24.0  !  31.6  I 

I 
28.0  ;  3S.0  I 

46,0    .... 


32.0 
3.5.0 

80.0 


50.0 


I  fin  7  I 


6.6     13.6     21.4  '  30.7  '    3.3     33.0 


^7  ' 

I 
6.6 

0.6 
0.6 

10.0 

4,6 
4.6 

4.0 
4.2 


11.6  I  17.4 
n.2  ■  17.6 

14.0  '  22.4 


26. 0  i     1. 3     26. 2 

I 
25.6  '     1.7  I  26.2 

i 
34,2       4.1  I  35.8 


47.0 


48.0  I  71.6 

I 


41.0 


12.8     21.0  I  34.8  i    5.9     36.0 
21. 8  i  86. 2 


I 


9.3     14.0  20.8  1.0 

9.2  '  14.0  I  10.6  [  0.B 

8.0  :  12.0  I  18.0  .  1.1 

8.6  I  12.6  I  17.6  '■  0.6 

I  I  I 


62.0 
62.0 


20.8  1  2&4 
20. 0  I  27. 6 
17. 6  24. 0 
17.6     26.0 


990 


it! 


"3  o 


RemkrkB. 


BSi 


3i--4 
386 

815 

242 
290 


207 
289 


('I'lmhol  !\t  ri'iit«r  bparlii);;  broke  with  fine  epltnten. 
S|>^€iiuf)ii  I'roHrt-jiiMinetl;  ncaleil  on  corner 


Sqniiro  bic>nk  i.n  tnnsioii  nidii,  HplittiiiK  in  ftiis 

Sap-wood ;  rrof)B'^ain<Ml 

Sijmiro  bro:ik 

8ipi:rrn  brciik  uii  toHRlon  Kidr.  pjdittin^  in  axin 

,  Spiiimou  ('roHa.):i'niuoil :  .•iciiimo  lircak  on  lenBiou  Bido,  BpUtting  in 

('ruBhcd  ill.  ciMiler  lirariiij;;  Hqujivf  hn'uk  on  tonsion  «ide,  BplitlinR 

in  uxifl. 
(^niftlu'd  lit  cpMtor  boariii;:;  pplintonMion  comer 


3i>0     Brt»k<*  with  coar.'^t'  .Hplinlern. 


.1     181      Sprrinii'ii  (-]'088-;:iaini'd  ;  bplit  with  grain  . 


....I 


S18  ,  CruBl't'd  at  <Tiitri- bi'aiinj^;  Hidintorrd  on  cnmproBaioa  Bido  . 

2^6  I do    

200  '  (;ninlioil:il  iflnti  r  iMiiriiic:  .'■plinlorid  on  tension  «Idt 


ri<|U!>ro  bnak  on  tcii.sion  Hido,  .spiitting  in  axiH ;  8lmtt«red  . 
Spiviint^n  tvoMH-mainid  ;  linked  on  ti-n.^^ion  sido 


313 

23') 

249 
209 

317  I  CniNliid  at  rvnicr  bcanng;  Healed  on  tension  aide  . 

I 

200  I  CrnftlitMi  at  center  bfuiing:  Hhutterecl. 


SptTiiiH'M  croMS-graini'd ;  bruko  at  kni>t 

CniBliiii  al  ctiilir  luarin;;;  binko  with  tine  aplintora  . 


i 

102S 
1025 

036 
717 
717 
070 
979 

094 
094 


345  ,  Cnislirid  at  center  Ix'Rring;  Bpliutered;  aquare  break  on  touBion 
,      Hide,  aplittinR  in  axis. 

300     Crumbed  ,'\t  center  lieariuj;;  broke  with  flno  Bplinters 

370  ■  Crisluit  at  center  biarin;:;  liroko  with  noarso  splintera 


.347     '.'iiliIkmI  at  center  brai  iuj; ;  lit,)ke  with  flue  Bplinters. 


240     Ilroke  Willi  long  scale 

231     SjKM'iiiien  rro!tH.grained ;  broke  at  knot. 

300     CniHhed  at  center  beiirinj; 

I 
376  '■  Broke  '  itU  many  line  .splinters 


297  ]  Sp'.interedonconirr 

319  ■  Crushed  at  center  bearini;;  broke  witli  fine  splinters. 


274 


r 


.do. 


246 
226 


Specimen  aiTcct^'d  with  di-y  rot;  square  break . 
do 


207  !  Crushed  nt  center  bearing;  square  break. 
263     ...     do 


171     Specimen  crosB-Krained ;  broke  at  knot . 


201     Square  break  with  sraall  splinters  . 


272  I 

206 

376 


.do 

.do. 

.do. 


866 

9<I8 
008 
Oil 

690 
600 

040 
081 
081 

889 


072 
072 

609 

272* 
272» 
1035 
1085 

847 
847 

622 

061 
861 

1064 
1064 

691! 

1012 
1012 
1028 
1028 


WT 


Iff  '  I 


'11 

^^i,(;. 

Pt"- 

■1 

IP ,  * 

'3 

S|  j ,'. 

Si';  ;■' 

m 

m  '■  I 

fi- 

P' li 

ll 

f  r,  ]'■ 

r,. 


39G 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  rRINCirAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


824.  PopiiliiH  rannlUfurn  

Cof(«nt(?(ii)d.  Neektaee  Poplar. 
UaruHna  Poplar.  Big  Oatloti- 
woed. 


82S.  Popnliis  Fmmontii . 

Cottonwood. 


33S.  FopiiliiR  Fn-raontil,  var.  WiBlizcni 
Cottonwood.     Whit4  Cottotitccod. 


COXIFEKiB. 


S2fl.  LibocMlms  drcurrens 

n'Ait«  Ctdar.     Bastard  Cedar. 
Pott  Ctdar.    Iruttut  Cedar. 


827.  Thnj-n  oocidentalis 

VAtM  Ctdar.    Arbor-vita. 


828.  ThuvK  ffiinuitea 

Ktd  Cedar.    Oano*  Ctdar. 


139.  ChaninicvpaHa  (phsroldea 
yfhiU  Ctdar. 


•Mi 

:io4 

300 
300 
764 
7M 
7M 

650 
050 

frtO 
640 

noo 

900 
001) 
009 

034 
634 
66'J 
002 
OO'J 

370 
379 
78'J 
783 
783 
700 
790 
792 
792 
792 
874 
874 
1009 
1090 

1017 
1017 
1021 
1U2I 

350 
S.-iO 
850 


State. 


Missouri. 
...do.... 
...do  .... 
Texas  ... 
...do... 
Florida . . 
...do  ... 
. .  do  .     . 


Cttlifornin. 
...do 


..do... 
..do... 
Colorado . 
...do  .... 
do  .... 
..  do... 


Locality. 


Alleiiton 

. .  do 

...do 

Dallas 

...do    

Chattalioochfce. 

...do 

...do    


CuUeotor. 


Saoraiiicuto  valley . . 
...do 


CulifoToia 
...do 


....do  . 
do. 
.do  . 


VeTiuont 

..do 

New  Dranswiok 

...do  

..do    

Province  of  Qavbeo 

...do 

..do    

..  do 

..do 

Maine 

...do  

Wisconsin 

...do , 


I 


Ort({ou 
.  do    .. 
.  do  . 
..do... 


Sau  Bomnnlino 

.    do 

CunonCity 

...do 

..do 

..do 


Saw.mill.       Straw- 
berry vnlley. 
. .  do 


Saw.iiiUI,  San  Krr- 
niirtlino  uioiintalus. 
...do  


do. 


Monliton  . 
...do  


BridKeton . 

...do 

Amqiii 

..do 


MatlawaniVeag. 

..  do 

Eaii  CInire 

..do 


Wciilli'r'n  saw-mill, 

I'ortliiud. 
...do 


O.  W.  Lcttrrnian . 

...do 

...do 

J.  Kcvorchon 

...do 

A.  If.  CuTtiss 

...do 

...do 


O.  Iv.  Vascy . 
...do 


W.  G.  WrigUt. 

...do 

K.  Weston... 

..do 

..do 

...do    


Ci.  Kni;plmMnn  and 

C.  S.  Surircnt. 
do 


W.O.  WriRht. 

...do 

...do 


C.  O.  r'rin((le . 
..do 


Inlpicoloniid  rail- 

wov. 
Ed.  Sinclair 


. .  do  . . . . 
A.Grnnt. 
...do... 


Graiiii  Trunli  rail- 
way. 
...do 


...do 

J.  Robinson... 

...do  

II.  C.  Putnam  . 
..  do 


Soil. 


Alluviul . 
...do.... 
..  do  .... 
...do... 
.  do  .... 
...do... 
...do.... 
..  do  .... 


do. 
do 


do  . 
do 


Cold,  peaty . 
..  do 


Drift 

...do 


G.  Kniiplmiinn  and 

C  S.  .Sar);ont. 
...du 


Porllnnd  Furniture 

Conipaiiy. 
...do '. 


...do  . 


Alaliama i  CuttaRe  Hill  . 

..do I  ..  do 


Masiiai-husettB. 


8.''>0 

...do 

851 

...do 

851 

...do 

8S3 

....d» 

Beverly. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do  ... 
...do... 


...do 

J.  Itobinson . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


...do  ... 
Swampy  . 
...do  ... 
...do  .... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 


.5-- a 

0.  3.'-..-.2 
0. 3S1'4 
0. 3477 
0.  .'il3A 
0. 4858 
0.  5001 
0.4009 
0.  4025 

0.  4977 
0.  5IUI0 


a      <(iKtTI<IKNTOFl 
I  KI.ABrillrV. 


tA 


Q 


'W\ 


I 


0.  S079 
0.  60J3 
il.  4807 
0.  4451 
0. 4109 
0.5107 


'^  Ell 


iS 


0. 3748 


'm 


0.3979  i 

I- 
0.481H  ' 


0.4!18!l    j      1 1 

o.48(m  r"ij 


1).  30-.'."i  J  ,i|i 

o.29iii;  :!■  i! 

0.3413  ij'''';! 

0.8210  llj'!!|! 

0.3330  :[    ji 

0.2714  .[[ii'l! 

0.2012  'F? 

0.  2805  |("' 

0.3835  i^nj 

0.3902  ![}IJ3l 

0.3^00  jf-Jj 

0.4121  JQ, 
I 


0.4312  i|'Ii[l 

0.4-J.''.U  j     1 

o.3fl:;:i  jii'i] 

0..378:i  '   ] 


0.  3U2ii    I 


0.3153  ft  J 
0.3025  Ijj 

0.3002  ;p 

0.3523  i|;.'.'ll 
0.3407  p.n 
0.3324  g 


liU9 
888 
751 
1130 
842 
1221 
1221 
1221 

1017 
1085 

o.-.t 

(ICO 
904 
970 
872 
7(!3 


814 

872 
872 
828 

488 
444 
51ft 
051 
020 
.'i88 
010 
331 
270 
209 
703 
609 
542 
514 

1221 
970 
872 

1017 

271 
341 
4U8 
42S 
444 
519 
388 


009 
857 
723 
1140 
842 
1302 
1221 
1101 

1017 
1085 

065 

HTO 
1M9 
039 
835 
794 

751 
814 

800 

88H 
888 

514 
4.52 
542 
010 
051 
010 
581 
337 
294 
2U0 
781 
729 
558 
542 

1149 

1028 

030 

1028 

2.57 
834 
488 
415 
444 
S14 
870 


548 
001 


750 
002 
037 
851 

084 
813 

743 
687 
795 
703 
570 
042 

619 
70? 
781 
(54 
654 

4.55 
441 
.544 
627 
448 
684 
.580 
304 
352 
3S4 
580 
000 
.'>86 
654 

818 
820 
635 
722 

328 
880 
483 
551 
460 
60i) 
460 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDEU  TltxVNSVEIlSE  STllAIN— CoiiliniK'd. 


397 


DrKLRCnOM,  IN  Mn.l.lMKTRIU),  UNUEU  A  I'llKHgUHK,  IN  KILOdltAMH,  Or— 


SO  I lOO  tso 


7.8     14.0 

5.S  It.l 
6. 5  :  13.  S 

4.3  I  8.S 
li.8  \  11. 0 
4. 0  .  7.  5 
4.0  '  8.0 
4.0  !    8.2 


!    4.5 


0.0 
0.0 


7. 5  11. 7 

7.  3  I  14. 4 

.'•..4  I    8.5 

.1.0  '  10.4 

.••..O  11.7 

0.4     12.3 

1 

i 

7.0     13.0 

i 
fl.O     12. 0 


23.0 
17.2 
21.0 
13.3 
18.0 
12.0 
12. 5 
12.8 


n.  (1 
5.0 

lU.  U 

11.0 

5.0 

11.0 

10.0 

10.0 

11.0 

21.0 

0.4 

18.0 

7.5 

10.  S 

7.8 

15.0 

a  3 

10.0 

8.0 

las 

14.7 

20.0 

17.5 

33.  2 

18.2 

37.5 

0.4 

12.5. 

7.3 

13.4 

0.0 

17.  S 

S.6 

18.0 

4.0 

8.5 

B.0 

0.5 

5.0 

10.5 

4.8 

8.5 

18.0 

38.0 

14.3 

20.2 

0.8 

20.0 

11.  S 

23.6 

11.0 

22.0 

0.4 

tn  A 

10.0 

22.0 
23.0 
13.4 
10.4 
1H.4 


20.7 
18.0 
10.  5 
10.  r, 
1U.U 

.■!0.  0 

:i4.o 
28.0 
24.0 
23.  2 
24.5 
20.  0 
SO.  5 


03.0 
19.5 
20.5 
27.  0 

13.  U 
11.0 
1X6 
14.5 


400 


33.5 
24.2 

311.0 
18.8 
2.5.  0 
1(1.0 
10.  R 
17.2 


14.8     21.4 
14.0     W.4 


47.  B 
54.0 


,5(1.  5 
32.5 
36.0 
33.2 
29. 0     43. 0 


12.  fl     26. 0  ,  38. 0     63.  0 

III' 


32.  4 
32.  0 
10.0 
23.  0 
20.7 


28.0 
23.0 
22.5 
22. 0 
22. 0 


38.7 
33.5 


35.5 
30.2 


27.5 
28.5 
38.0 
30.0 

17.  H 
10.0 
21.7 
20.0 


o 

1 
!JOO 

(HOt.) 

1.4 

2.5.  3 

2.0 

30.7 

1.1 

10.1 

3.0 

20. ,-. 

0,4 

10.0 

0.3 

17.0 

0.0 

17.5 

1.7 

21.8 

0.0 

10.4 

2.4 

33.0 

2.  5 

31.0 

1.3 

10.5 

1.5 

23.2 

2.1 

27.2 

5.5 

30.4 

1.2 

20.0 

0.0 

25.  5 

0.5 

23.0 

0.7 

22.0 

0.4 

22.5 

4SO I 300 


33.2 
41.5 
20.0  i  35.2 


:iao 


.3a  0 

20. 7 
21.0 
22. 4 


25.3 

43.0 
47.0 
2.5.  6 
31.0 


43.5 

41.5 
32.6 
20.0 
20.0 
28.6 


I 


2.0 
1.2 


40.7 
34.6 


2.0 

i.e 


37.0 
37.2 


1.0 
1.4 
2.4 
2.1 

0.4 
0.5 
0.8 
0.8 


28.7 
20.0 
40.  5 
40.8 

18.0 

i 
10.0 

i  22. 2 

'  20. 0 


5.2  : 

s.6 


50.2 
55.0 


S.2  I 
8.2 


40.5 


30.0 


55,0 

23.0 
24.0 
31.0 
20.7 


48. 5 
25.8 
27.  5 
20.0 


33.3 


62.5 


34.0 
42.6 


45.0 
3S.6 


30.0 
31.0 


37.0 


51. 5 


33.0 
35.5 
30.0 


400   400 


,   a  « 

T — -    2:S; 

SOO'SSO'  ss 

I  .5  *) 


231 


258 
381 
324 
385 
400 
363 

240 
347 

317 
203 
330 
300 


llcmarks. 


Criifllinl  at  center  lieuiiiif! ;  Hqunio  break  on  tenBian  lide,  tpUttinj; 

fnnxlH. 
CruHheil  at  center  beurin{Z ;  Hcjuaro  break 


.du. 


Crnnhetl  at  center  bearing ;  broke  witli  fine  Bpltnten . 

Cnislied  at  center  bearing ;  nhattered 

Cninbed  at  center  bearing ;  bmke  with  fine  iipUntera . 

Sbattereil 

>lu 


Sturtul  at  knot ;  Rpllntored  at  comer 

Kpecimnn  crosH-graiued ;  Hpllnlered  on  comer. 


Specimen  croBs-grnincd ;  »plit 

CriiBlicd  at  ci^iter  bearing;  H(|uuro  break  on  tcoBion  aide,  apUtting 

in  a.KiH. 
do 


Square  break  on  tenBion  aide,  apUtting  in  axia . 

247  i  Slittttered  

274     Uroko  wltb  flne  splintera 


204 

300 
334 
270 
270 

104 

188 
232 
225 
191 
249 
250 
168 
150 
151 
250 
284 
250 
279 

849 

350 
271 
308 

140 
102 
200 
235 
200 
217 
200 


Square  break 

do 

Spot'iint'U  croHB-gruiued ;  abattered  . 

do 

do 


Squnrx  break ;  Bplinterod 
do 


Square  break  on  tenxion  aide,  apUtting  in  axia . 
do 


Broke  with  conrne  splintera . 
Square  break  ;  nplintered .  . 
Square  break  ;  Bplintered  .  ■ . 

Square  break 

Square  break  ;  split  to  end.  ■ 

Square  break 

do 


.  lo  . 
.do  . 


Square  break  witli  long  aplintcra. 


Shuttered 

Square  break 

Sbattereil 

Square  break  on  tenaion  aide,  apUtting  in  axis. 


.do  . 


Sqnare  breiik 

Sipiiire  break  on  tenaion  aide,  aplitling  in  axis 

Square  breok 

!  ,,(iare  break  on  tenBinn  Bide,  aplitting  in  axiu. 

Square  break 

do 


256 
304 
304 
309 
3«0 
754 
754 
754 

050 

059 

646 
046 
009 
909 
001 
OOt 

634 
634 
602 
662 
662 

379 
379 
782 
783 
783 
700 
700 
792 
792 
792 
874 
874 
1090 
1099 

1017 
1017 
1011 
1021 

350 
350 
850 
800 
851 
831 

8«a 


% 


Il'   ti 


il 


h 


I  m 


398 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Siioi^ic.s. 


330.  Chnii'.ToyiiiM'is  Niitltnonsis 

TcUov)  VyprtiD.    Sitka  Oyprett. 


0U» 
Ui>3 
983 
994 
094 
994 
1000 
1000 


831.  Clmiii.TCvpariw  Liiw«ouiana 1    701 

Port  Orjotd  Cedar.      Oregon  Ce- 


State. 


dar.  '  White  Cedar.    Lawion's 
C'lipresi.    Ginger  Pine. 


332.  CuprrflmiH  maerocirpa. 
Monterey  Cypreu. 


3.13.  CupremnR  GoTeuiana 


337.  .Tiiiiijiciu.'i  piieliyplilcca 
Juniper. 


838.  Jiiiiipernfl  nccidflntnlifl,  var.  con- 
Juut  U.S. 

Jvniprr. 
339.  JiniiptTus  Vir^initiua 

iied  Ccuar.    A'arin. 


840.  Taxodiuin  dintichuu 

Bald  Ciipreii.  Black  Cypreu. 
lied  Cypretk.  Whitt  Cypreu. 
Deeiduowi  Cypreu. 


841.  Sennoin  cignntca  . 
Big  Tree. 


842.  Segnoia  Mmperrlmu  . 


707 

675 
675 

691 

691 

1100 

1100 

692 
092 

1102 

14 

14 

327 

327 

734 

734 

SOU 

800 

9J4 

1249 

1250 

1251 

12.)2 

1253 

1254 

:-35 

335 
741 
741 

667 
867 
668 

878 
678 


Alaska 

...do 

British  Colambia 

...do 

Alaska  

...do  

...do 

..  do 

..do 


Oregon  . 
..do... 


...do 


I 


California . 
...do 


...do  . 
...do. 
...do 
...do  . 


Looality. 


Sitka 

..do 

Saw-mill,  Victoria  . 

...do  

Peril  strait 

...do  

...do 


Weidler's  aaw-niill, 

Port  laud. 
...do  


Dean  &  Co.'s  saw- 

mill,  Marsbtteld. 
...do  


do. 


HoDterey 

...do  


Arizona  . 
...do.... 


Marin  count; . 

...do 

Calistoga 

..do 


Santa  Rita  mount- 
ains. 
..  do 


Teziis I  Anstin. 


Massachasetli :  Arnold  Arboretum 

..  do L..do 

Texas :  Dallas 

..  do do 

Plot  ida :  Cbattaboocheo 

I 
...do    i do 

...do. ;  Saint  John's  river  . 

...  do do 


...do 

Tennessee . 

...do  

...do  

...do 

...do 

..do 


Alabama  . 

...do 

Florida . .  - 
--.do 


California. 

...do 

...do 


.do!, 
.do.. 


Chattahoochee. 
Wilson  county. 

uo 

...do 

...do  

.-  do 

..  do , 


Stockton  

.-..do  

Chattahoochee. 
...do    


Xolare  county  . 

...do   

...do 


Roiatan  rlrer. 
...do 


Collector. 


Paul  Schnltze . 
...do 


G.  Engclmaun  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


Paul  Scbnltza . 

...do 

...do..: 


G.  EngetmanD  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do...... 


..do  . 
..do. 
-.do. 


.do. 
.do  . 


G.  R.  Vnscy.. 

...do 

W.  F.  Fisher . 
...do 


G.  Engelmannnnd    GraroUy. 

C  S.  Sargent. 
...do do 


Soil. 


Gravelly  loam  . 
...do 


Dry  ridges . . . 

...do 

...do 

...do  


8.  B.  Bnukloy 


Limestone 


Drift. 
...do. 


C.  S.  Sargfnt... 

...do 

J.  RoTerchon Calcareoue. . 

do do 

A.  II.  Cnriiss  —  — do 

do do 

do :  Sandy  loam . 

do : do 

C.  Mohr Alluvial.... 

A.E.Balrd... 

...do  

..do 

..do 

...do 

...do 


C.  Mohr Alluvial. 

— do !....do  .... 

A.  H.  CuriiiB. . . .    

...do 


G. Engelmannand  '  Granite. 

C.  S.  Sargent      | 
do I do  ... 


.do. 


C.  S.  Sargent . 
...do 


.do. 


°8 

el 


S.5S 

09 

0. 5607 
0.4220 
0.5207 
0.  5114 
0. 5074 
0. 4913 
0. 6207 
0. 5078 
0. 61D0 


0.  5230 
0.4682 
0. 5335 

0. 6307 
0. 6512 

0. 5580 
0. 5563 
0.4834 
0.5078 

0.5630 
0.5419 

0.7347 


.i 


m 


5310 
5302 
6357 
523U 
5723 
5354 
5558 
5385 
4997 
7373 
6029 
5671 
6398 
0670 
5307 


CUEFFICIKNT  Olr 
ELASTICITY. 


9.4907  [^ 
0.4923  ^ 
0.4107  ^ 
0.4334  1^ 

0.3420  ![1 

0.3800  1^ 

0.2687  Id 

I 
0.4103 

0.4211 


814 

888  [ 
1221  . 
1110 

1103 

i 
1085  I 

1320  j 

814 


751 

609 
614 
595 
610 
787 
814 
787 
904 
888 
588 
444 
488 
718 
581 
S61 

1163 
1110 
904 
939 

5«5 
425 
35B 

674 
787 


I 


814 
976 
1221 
1101 
1140 
1122 
1221 
842 


763 

723 

904 

930 

1221 

1221 

1028 

1502 

976 

1062 

1085 

1086 

452 

450 

514 

542 

010 

592 

457 

407 

610 

630 

505 

695 

851 
696 
1020 
930 
872 
937 
030 
698 
281 

820 
818 
1029 

1041 
1052 

620 
669 
636 
342 

783 
738 

734   460 


601 
614  ' 

010 

I 

030 


701 
743 
851 
562 


787  1052 

I 

840  1031 

781  ,  755 


81-8 
868 
088 
"474 
542 
097 
695 
603 

1122 
1163 
904 
939 


806 
888 
750 
304 
409 
860 
520 
703 

675 
666 
687 
698 


595   611 
444  !  469 

815  I  401 


568 


637 
703 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATICS  UNDER  TKANS VERSE  STRAIN-Coiitinued. 


399 


DKFLKCnoN,  IN  UIL.I.1MKTRR8,  VNDEU  A  FIII88UBE,  IN  KILOOBAUB,  OF— 


SO 


0.0 
5.5 
4.0 
4.4 
4.2 
4.5 
8.7 
6.0 
8.4 

5.4 
4.C 
8.0 

5.0 
4.6 


0.5 

ao 

10.7 

8.0 
8.2 

e.5 

0.8 
9.5 
8.2 
8.0 
0.2 
6.0 
8.2 
5.4 
5.5 
8.3 
11.0 
10.0 
8.8 
8.4 
&7 

4.2 
4.4 
5.4 
8.2 

1.2 
11.5 
18.8 

15 
8.3 


lOO 

12.0 
10.0 
8.0 

a2 
a5 
a7 
ao 

11.8 
18.5 

10.6 

ao 

8.6 

8.2 
9.0 


10.8     21.4 


lao 

16.6 
24.0 

15.6 

ia4 

13.8 


ISO 


lao 

15.0 
12.0 
12.5 
12.5 
13.5 


'JOO I    o 

j  (sot.) 

I 


24.7 
21.0 
16.0 
17.0 
17.2 
17.6 


11.5     15.4 
17.5     24.2 


15. 6     21. 8 
12.0     16.4 


1.0 
1.0 
0.4 
0.5 
0.4 
0.2 
0.0 
1.0 


9.6 

ia6 

13.5 

35.0 
27.8 
25.5 


24.0 
25.0 


20.5 


10.6 

19.0 

16.0 

15. 6  I  24. 

12.4  i  18. 


11.5 
12.5 
11.0 
11.0 
14.2 
20. 6 

lao 

14.0 
16.4 
16.2 

a7 
a4 

10.8 
10.4 

lfc4 
22.0 
31.0 

17.6 
18.0 


12.7 

lao 

17.6 

40.0 
40.0 
3S.0 


32.6 
34.0 

2a  0 


40.6 
40.0 
33.2 
31.0 
24.5 
23.0 
26.5 
21.7 
21.5 
4  ;  28.0 
0  ' 


0.6 
0.4 
0.2 

1.0 
0.3 

5.0 
3.4 
1.5 


I 


12.9 

lao 
ia7 

16.0 


34.0 

2a  7 

37.0 
36.0 

17.5 
17.9 
23.5 
22.8 


1.0 
1.1 

1.6 

1.9 
2.0 
1.2 
0.8 
0.7 
0.4 
1.1 
0.3 
0.2 
O.S 


300   ilSO 


24. 6  I  31. 5 
21.  2     20. 5 


I 


lao 

17.6 
17.0 

lao 


20.0 
21.5 
22.0 
22.5 


IS.  0     19. 0 
24.4     31.5 


22. 4     29. 0 


16  5 
18.0 

lao 
lao 

49.0 
41.7 
35.7 


32.4 
34.0 


40.0 

40.5 

I  33.6 

I  32.0 

,  24.5 

23.0 

26.7 

22.0 

21.8 

29.0 


21.0 
l&O 

22.5 
22.5 


5a  0 
4&4 


42.5 
44.0 


52.0 
53.0 
43.0 


1.5 
1.3 
4.1 


31.7 
20.0 
35.0 
2a  2 
I  27.7 
34.7 


25. 0     34. 0 

1 
34. 0     40. 0 

54.0 


27.0 
18.0 


sao 
2a  2 


1 
2.4 

0.5 

0.6 

1.0 

1.1 

1.2 

3.6 

2.0 

0.6 

80.0 
39.0 
87.0 

ia2 
ia2 

24.5 
23.0 

35.6 


88.5 
26.6 


48.0 

24.5 
24.0 
33.0 
80.8 


62.5 
84.6 


300 


41.0 


25.5 
2a  0 
2a  5 
20.0 
24.0 


37.0 
28.0 
20.0 

2a  0 
27.6 


55.0 
58.5 


70.0 
56.0 


3a  5 
35.7 
43.5 
35.0 
.34.5 
4a  5 


45.2 


66.0 


sao 


60,7 


31.7 
3a  0 
39.5 
37.0 
31.5 


25.4 

33.0 
34.0 


73.5 


47.2 
45.  5 


43.5 


58.0 


iOO 


42.0 


53.0 


82.0 

40.0 
42.6 


50.5 
54.5 


4ao  soo 


500 


303 
297 
435 
307 
872 
400 
397 
208 
120 

350 
849 
430 

444 

449 

222 
281 
271 
146 

334 
315 

200 

200 

317 

303 

240 

440 

440 

322 

344 

370 

320 

168 

200 

381 

222 

300 

I 
288 

I 

284  : 

I 

293 
298 

218 
20« 
171 

272 
800 


Kemarks. 


Sqnaro break;  Hpllntereil 

Crusliotl  at  oonter  beariug;  sqiiaro  break 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  square  break,  splitting  in  axla. 
<lo 


.do. 


Shattered 

do *. 

do 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  started  at  knot . 


Square  break;  shattered 

Crashed  at  center  bearing ;  sqnaro  break  on  tension  tide,  splitting 

in  uxiD. 
do 


Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis ;  shattered  fh)m  end 

to  end. 
do 


Shattered 

do 

Specimen  ci'oss-grained ;  shattered 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  splinter  on  corner  . 


Shattered. 


.do  . 


Speoi:non  cross-grained ;  shattered. 


Shattered . 


.do  . 
.do. 


.do. 


0.25  sap-woo<t ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis. 

0.5  snp-wood;  square  break;  split  end  to  end .. 

Square  break  at  knot;  split  to  end 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axhi 

Square  break ;  split  parallel  to  pressure 

Specimen  not  seasoned ;  shattered 

Spccimeu  not  seosuned ;  cro^tf-graioed 

Specimen  not  seasoned ;  cross-grained ;  split  to  end 

Specimen  not  seasoned ;  shattered 


Speeimen  not  soAsoned ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in 

axis. 
Specimen  not  seasoned ;  shattered 


Square  break 

Cmshed  at  center  bearing  with  flakes  on  tension  side 

Square  br«ak  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

Broke  with  coarse  splinters 


Sqnnre  break  on  tunsion  side,  splitting  in  axis. 

Square  break 

Sap-wood ;  shattered 


Square  break ;  split  to  end. 
, do 


969 
969 


983 
094 
904 
994 
1000 
1000 

701 
707 
707 

675 
675 


691 
1100 
1100 


1102 

14 
14 

327 
327 
7,14 
734 
800 
800 
024 
1240 
12S0 
1251 
1252 
1253 
1254 

535 
535 
741 
741 

657 
657 
666 

678 
673 


n 


^  *     i] 


'lit  '    1 


II 


in 


i     I 
(     i 


:li'  — 


400 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


S42.  Sequoia  Bemporrlrena— contiiiued 


(43.  Taxns  brevlfoli* 

Xew. 

345.  Torreya  t.ixifolla 

Stinking  Cedar.    Savin. 

Ue.  Torrcyn  Cnllfornica 

CttlifofKia    Nutmeg.     Stinking 
Cedar. 

847.  Pinna  Strolms 

White  Pine.    Weymouth  Pine. 


848.  FlDiiii  monlicolA . 
WhiU  Pine. 


849.  Pinna  LanibertJam. 
Sugar  Pine. 


8S0.  Pinna  flexllla  . 
White  Pine. 


85L  Plnus  albioanlia . 


'        '        '  ■,l: 


710 
711 
711 
713 
712 
713 
713 
714 
714 
716 


C2 
277 
277 

631 

esi 

1 
1 

222 
777 
777 
788 
788 
789 
780 
787 
797 
1044 
1044 

075 
087 
087 

638 
668 
668 
730 
730 

819 
819 
819 
913 


State. 


California. 

...do  

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do.... 
....do 

...do 

...do 


078  I  Oregon  . 
078   ....do.. 


Florida . 
...do... 
...do  ... 


California 
..do 


Mnafactineetta. . 
...do  

Vermont 

Now  Brunswick 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Province  of  Quebec 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Mossachnaetts... 
....do  


Locality. 


Santa  Cruz 

...do 

...do 

Mendocino  county . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do  


Portland. 
...do  .... 


Cbnttahooclioe. 

...do 

...do  


ilarln  county. 
...do 


Arnold  Arboretum 

...do 

Charlotte 


Bridgeton  . 

..do 

Aniqui 

..do 


Britiab  Columbia 

Oregon  

..  do 


California. 

...  do 

"...do 

do  ...... 


Reading  . 
..do.... 


Hnstiup.s'  aaw-niill, 

lliirrard  inlet. 
Cascade  mountains 


do. 


Saw-mill,        Straw, 
berry  vallpy. 


Lns^on's  peak 


do. 


.l....do. 


Colorado. 
...do  .... 
...do... 
Nevada . . 


British  Colnmbia  . 
..do 


Forest  City  . 

..  do 

...do 

Danville.... 


Silver  Mountain  vol. 
ley,  Frasor  river. 


Collector. 


Turner,  Kennedy 

&  Shaw. 
..  do 


...do    

J.  KentOeld  &  Co . 

— do «... 

...do 

...do 

...do  

...do 

...do 


Q.  Enc<'1>nnnnand 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
— do 


C.  S.  Sargent . 
A.  H.  Curtiss. 
...do 


Q.  B.  Vascy . 
...do 


C.  S.  Sargent 

...do  

C.  G.  Pringle . . . . 

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 
...do  


£d.  Sinclair  . 

...do  

A.  Grant  — 
...do , 


Grand  Trunk  rail- 

W.1V. 
..  do 


J.  Robinson. 
...do 


G.  Engclmann  and 

C.  S.  Siii'gcnt. 
C.  S.  Sargent  


do. 


G.  Bufrelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sar^jcnt. 
G.  E.  Vaacy 


do. 


Sierra      Lumber 

Company. 
...do 


T.  S.Brandegee. 

..  do 

..  do 


SoiL 


Moiat,  rich  . 
...do 


Alluvial... 
Calcareona . 
...do 


Stony. 
...do. 


Drift 

...do 

Wet,  awaropy . 


Drift . 
...do. 


Moist  loam  . 
..do 


Gravelly . 
...do... 
do... 


I 
A.  Triple ] do  . 


I 


G.  Engelniannand  ; 

C.  8.  Soigent. 
...do  


1| 


a 


0. 4443 
0.4525 
0.4419 
C.3239 
0.  3230 
0.3841 
0.3648 
0. 5289 
0. 5243 
0. 5.'>33 

0. 6743 
0.7110 

0.5003 
0. 4603 
0. 4630 

0.5003 
0. 5135 

0.4301 
0.4090 
0.6204 
0.3671 
0.3932 
0.4022 
0. 4088 
0. 3608 
0.3671 
0. 4002 
0. 3038 
0.3710 
0.4540 


0.4323  ^ 
0.3682  m 
0.3690  ip^ 


0.4301 
0.  3027 
0.3971 
0.3363 
0. 3307 


m 
m 


CnRKFICIENTOF 
ELABTinjir. 


1 


t 


0.4602 
0.4612 
0.  4733 

0.4664  i 

I 

0.5066 
0.4587 


007 
761 
542 
MS 
051 
814 
751 
751 
651 
651 

814 
607 

651 

872 
039 

407 
444 

761 
921 
674 
661 
1085 
1065 
1030 
763 
775 
976 
842 
688 
872 

1163 
751 
057 


751 
558 
5C8 
651 
840 
708 
751 
666 
610 

849 
673 

651 
931 
913 

4:^0 
414 

840 
930 
692 
638 
1030 
1062 
1039 
731 
751 
070 
849 
097 
888 

1101 
740 
021 


I'- 


888 

888 

740 

740 

814 

814 

763 

787 

740 

740 

751 

787 

661 

1.7 

787 

836 

381 

381 

370 

348 

679 

673 

I 

p. 

e 

o 

I 


054 
581 
501 
804 
680 
658 
633 
734 
804 
205 

1148 
1010 

045 
844 
872 

46B 
808 

623 
682 
804 
424 
635 
654 
087 
i'70 
\J7 
MO 
021 
300 

084 
627 
616 

687 
677 
660 
641 
630 

687 
035 
776 
30a 

464 
7U1 


-m  i 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


401 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Oontinaed. 


DEFLICnOM,  m  MILI.IMKTBRR,  I'KUIB  A  rUKMUBI,  UC  KILOOBAMB,  OF— 


SO 


7.0 
0.5 
9.0 
0.0 
7.J 
0.0 
0.6 

ao 

7.6 
7.5 

0,0 
7.0 

7.6 
6.6 
6.1! 

12.0 
11.0 

0.5 
6.3 
8.6 
7.6 
4.6 
4.S 
4.7 
0.4 
6.3 
5.0 
5.8 
7.1 
5.6 

4.2 
6.6 
6.1 

6.6 
6.6 
6.0 
0.4 
6.6 

6.5 
7.5 
6.2 
12.8 

13.2 
7.9 


lOO 


14.0 
13.0 
17.5 
17.2 
16.0 
11.  S 
13.8 
13.0 
14.7 
16.0 

11. S 
14.5 

15.0 
10.0 
10.7 

22.7 
22.0 

11.6 
10.6 
10.5 
15.8 
9.4 
9.2 
9.4 
13.0 
13.0 
10.0 
11.5 
14.0 
11.0 

8.2 
13.2 
10.6 

11.0 
13.2 
12.0 
12.4 
13.2 

12.4 
14.0 
11.7 
25.6 

2&0 
14.  S 


ISO 


21.2 
19.4 
20.0 
20.0 
22.4 
17.2 
20.0 
20.0 
22.0 


17.8 
21.5 

22.  S 
10.  S 
10.0 

34.6 
33.0 

17.2 
16.4 
25.0 
22.0 
14.0 
14.2 
14.8 
20.7 
20.0 
15.4 
17.8 
22.4 
17.0 

12.5 
20.2 
16.2 

17.0 
20.8 
ia2 
18.7 
20.6 

18.8 
21.6 
17.5 
41.6 

46.0 
22.6 


30O 


29.6 
26.0 
30.3 


32.0 
23.5 
27.7 
20.0 
20.5 


24.0 
20.7 

31.0 
22.3 
22.0 

50.6 
46.5 

23.8 
22.8 
34.3 


20.0 
19.8 
20.5 
30.0 
82.3 
21.0 
25.2 


24.0 

17.1 
32.1 
23.5 

23.0 
29.0 
20.0 
28.0 
32.0 

26.0 
31.0 
24.0 


81.0 


26  FOR 


o 

(•«t.) 


2.4 
U.4 
U.  .1 


3.1 

1.2 
0.5 
2.3 


1.0 
D.fl 
0.3 
2.0 
3,6 
1.0 
1.3 


1.3 

0.7 
3.8 
1.3 

0.0 
1.2 
1.0 
2.4 
3.0 

1.0 
2.0 
0.8 


1.2 


900  aso 


30.0 
26.4 
37.0 


83.5 
24.0 
28.4 
27.0 
30.0 


24.0 
30.0 

81.0 
22.5 
22. 2 


40.5 

24.2 
23.2 
35.0 


20.4 
21.0 
21.0 
31.0 
33.5 
21.8 
25.2 


24.6 

17.6 
34.2 
24.0 

23.0 
29.0 
26.0 
29.5 
32.8 

27.0 
31.4 
24.2 


82.0 


39.0 
33.6 


38.0 
34.0 
38.0 


31.5 
39.0 

41.0 

28.7 
28.5 


08.0 

32.0 
31.0 
40.5 


29.0 
29.0 
28.0 


30.0 
36.0 


24.0 


35.0 


80.2 


35.0 


30O  3SO 


60.0 
48.0 


3a  0 
40.0 

62.0 
35.6 

35.5 


02.0 


36.0 
46.2 
32.0 


42.0 


43.0 


47.0 
01. 0 

00.6 
47.0 
40.2 


400 


50.3 
84.0 

02.5 


75.0 


ooo 


soo 


ii 


II 


Bcmark*. 


279 
248 
252 
108 
250 
238 
270 
313 
343 
12(1 

490 
431 

403 
300 
372 

200 
208 

260 
201 
343 
181 
271 
279 
293 
248 
226 
897 
265 
167 
249 

292 
225 
263 


SqnkrobroHlc 

Square  broaki  almtti-rcd 

Sqnaro  break 

Sbattcred  with  flakes  on  tension  side 

Sqnaro  break 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  kzis . 

Square  break 

Shattered  hom  end  to  end 

Square  break 


Specimen  with  curly  f;rain ;  sqnnrc  break  on  tension  sido,  splitting 
in  axis. 

Sqnaro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis :  shattered 

do 


Shattered , 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis ;  shattered . 
do 


Droko  at  small  knot  ut  point  of  compression 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  Rplittinf;  in  axis ;  also  broke  at  knot 
near  the  end. 

Square  break  with  scale  on  tension  sido 

Sqnaro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis ;  shattered 

Square  break;  shattered 

Cross-grained 

Started  at  knot 

Crushed  at  center  bearing ;  sqnaru  break 

do 

Square  break 

do 


Square  break;  split  to  one  end 

Square  break 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  broke  at  large  knot . . 
Crushed  at  center  bearing ;  splinter  on  comer . 


Crushed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  fine  splinters  . 

Square  break 

do 


293     Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  In  axis  . 

246  I  Shattered 

Square  break 

231    Crushed  at  center  beating ;  square  braak 

226     Square  break 


271 
331 
169 

198 
298 


Square  break;  shattered. 
do 


Specimen  cross-grained ;  sqairo  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in 

axis. 
Square  break  at  knot 


Sqnaro  break;  shattered. 
do 


i 


710 

711 
711 
712 
712 
713 
713 
714 
714 
715 

078 
978 

62 
277 

277 

651 
051 

1 
1 
222 
777 
777 
788 
788 
789 
788 
707 
707 
1044 
1044 

975 
087 
987 


608 
730 

730 

810 
819 
810 
Oil 

993 
882 


-  — i^  H  ' 


I 


F    1 


i    ; 


pi  I 


1%  |i 


■ ,  ,,,™^ 

:.zs9l 

.;   1  tSi 

.i|B 

i  ^^^ 

1 

■ 


u   1^ 


402 


Speolra. 


852.  riniia  rotloxit 

WkiU  iiiiK. 

353,  PliKm  I'lM'rviuiit 

ISfion.    S'lil  I'im. 

355.  riniiH  t'lliiliii 

iHnon.    Xul  i*in«. 

880,  Flnim  monnnlirlln  . . 
Itnon.    Xut  ISne. 

357.  riuua  llaUouiiaiHi , . 


857    Piium  Iliiiroiii'iiuni,  ear.  uriatata. 
f\)ilail  Pine.    Hickory  IHnt. 


868.  IMuiin  ri'slnnaa 

Rtd  ISnt.    Korvay  ISm. 


858,  Piuaa  Tnrreyiuia  , 


360,  Pintm  Aritonlcii . 
YeUov  l\m. 


801,  Plnimiranderoita 

Tellow  ISiu.    Bull  IHnt. 


802.  Plniiii Jpffreji    

Butt  Pine.    BUtek  Pint. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— lilinAVIOU  OF  THK  PllINOIl'AL  WOODS  OF  THK 


Ml 
001 

050 
050 

307 

882 
015 

031 
031 

821 
821 
821 
014 


Statu, 


ArlioDa  . 
...do..,: 


Callfonila  . 
,..do 


315 
785 
785 
1074 
1075 
1070 
1070 

000 
000 

1154 
1154 
1155 
1155 
1156 

010 
020 
630 
630 

I  632 
630 

I  688 
718 
718 
731 
731 
•07 
010 

033 
633 
«67 
667 


Colnnulo, 


Utah  ... 
Nevada , 


Califoruia  . 
....do 


Colorado . 
,  do... 
...do.... 
Novada . . 


315     Mirliipiu . 


...do  

Now  lirunswtvk . 

...do  

Vorroont 

...do  

...do 

..do 


Califoruia 
...do  


Ariiuiia 
...do... 
...do  ..., 
...do.... 
...do.... 


Dakota 

Oregon 

CaUrorula 

...do 

...do    

...do 

...do , 

Moil  tuna.. 

..do 

California.. 

...do  

Colorado... 
...do 


California 

...do 

..  do 

...do 


Looallty. 


Santa  Ktta  monnt. 

iilim. 
...do 


Sail  Uipgo  county . . . 
...do  


CaOouCit.v 


Lowlntxni  . 
Donvillo.. 


Siiott  luonutoiui . 
...do 


For«at  City 

...do  

...do  

I'roapcot  mountain . 


HcniKy 

...do  

BridKoton 

. .  .do 

Clinrlotte . 

...do 

...do 

..  do 


Sau  Uiogo  ooooty . 
...do 


Santa  lilta  mount- 

ninii. 
...do 


.do. 
.do. 
do. 


Deadwood 

Saw.fulU,  Ashland . 
Strawberry  valley  . 
...do 


Saw-mill,       Straw- 
berry valloy. 
do 


Scott  monntnins , 
...do 


Saw-inlll,  San  Ber- 
nardino. 
...do 


CoUootor. 


O.  Enerlmnnn  and 

C.  STUarKont 
...do...... 


a.  11.  Vaicy. 
..do 


K,  WvKtoii . 


M.  K.  Jonoa. 
A.  Trillin  . . . 


O.  Eiiiiolnmnn  and 


do 


.  Sargout. 


T.  S.  llriindegce. 

...do 

...do 

A.TilpIo 


W.J,  Boal... 

...do 

KitSinnliUr.. 

...do 

C.  G.  Pringlo. 

...do 

...do 

...do 


O.  Eugoliuanu 

...do 


C.  O,  Pringle. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Robert  Douglas  . . 

Q.  Engelmnnu  and 

C.  S.  Sorgt'ut. 
do 


8oU. 


UraTolIy . 


Rocky . . . 
OravoIIy. 


Rooky  . 
..do.. 


Rooky . 


Sandy  . 
...do.. 


Rooky . 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do. 
. .  do  . 


(iravoUy. 


Saw-niill,  Son  lier- 

nanimo. 
Saw-uiill,  Ulssoula. . 


...do  

Lassen's  peak. 

...do 

CaBonCIty  ... 
...do 


do .. 

....do 

...do 

W.U.  Wright  . 

S,  Watson 

...do  

SlerraLumberCom- 

pany. 
— do , 


Low,  wot,  swampy 
...do 


B.  Weston . 
..do 


6.  Engelmonn  and 

C.  S.  Sargent 
...do....:. 


W.G.Wright. 
...do , 


Dry,  gravelly . 
...do 


i^ 


m 


tli 


0. 5201 
0. 5303 

0.0802 
0.0342 

0.0704 

0.6HO4 
0.0570 

0.5023 
0.  5714 

0, 5113 
0. 4087 
0.4811 
0, 0240 

0,5482 
0.5511 
0. 4051 
0.4101 
0.4886 
0. 478P 
0. 6221 
0.5104 

0,6471 
0.  5800 

0,0570 
0,7013 
0, 4740 
0.4006 
0.4250 

0.6034 
0.4788 
0,4814 
0,4748 
0,550L 
0,4420 
0,6070 
0, 4502 
0,4750 
0.  4705 
0.4803 


0.5206  [^ 


0.6277 

0.5078 
0.5758 
0,5048 
0,6328 


ill 


coirriciKNT  or 

KLASTleiTY, 

i 

a 

i. 

1' 

^i 

E 
s 

814 

840 

68» 

030 

076 

861 

800 

340 

347 

444 

407 

504 

420 

421 

448 

421 

415 

281 

510 

4.14 

2»S 

542 

62H 

281 

051 

000 

668 

608 

574 

460 

888 

888 

771 

842 

703 

080 

651 

084 

604 

1350 

1305 

606 

1320 

1875 

736 

1030 

1030 

806 

888 

840 

070 

1221 

1110 

773 

070 

1007 

703 

1030 

1U62 

813 

1163 

1221 

70U 

634 

030 

800 

542 

454 

703 

763 

740 

703 

814 

835 

563 

814 

867 

608 

872 

888 

700 

720 

704 

047 

1221 

1285 

881 

1366 

1252 

030 

101 

100 

448 

260 

2(U 

382 

1221 

1221 

005 

814 

814 

780 

1285 

1302 

1041 

1085 

1110 

700 

1163 

1103 

818 

1221 

1221 

783 

1163 

1103 

785 

313 

305 

301 

271 

247 

438 

408 

506 

085 

417 

304 

310 

1221 

1320 

002 

1627 

1470 

1171 

Toir 

rr. 

a 

1^ 

« 

M9 

«8» 

B70 

8S1 

448 

181 
IM 

291 
6t8 

400 
771 
880 
604 

8V5 
788 
808 
070 
773 
703 
813 
700 

800 
708 

703 
SS3 


047 

881 
030 
443 
382 
006 
780 
1041 
786 
818 
783 
79r> 
301 
438 

t»5 

310 

802 

1171 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


403 


DirtlonON,  IN  mLLIMRTIIW,  UNIIKK  A  I'HBWUIIB,   IN  KIIXIOIUMII,  UV- 


6.0 

8.2 

12.  n 
11.0 

11.4 

11.0 
0.4 

1.0 
7.6 

8  6 
6.3 
6.8 
7.6 

3.6 
0.7 
i.7 
6.6 
4.0 
6.0 
4.7 
4.2 

7.7 
0.0 

0.4 
0.0 
80 
6.0 
6.7 

4.0 
3.U 
25.0 
ia4 
4.0 
0.0 
3.8 
4.6 
4.2 
4.0 
4.2 
15.0 
18.0 

9.8 
11.7 
4.0 
3.0 


1IN> 


11.6 
10.0 

28  0 
24.0 

23.3 

23.6 
21.6 

18  6 
14.8 

17.0 
11.0 
12.8 
15.4 

7.0 
7.1 
0.4 
11.6 
8  8 
0.7 
9.2 

ao 

16.5 
21.6 

13.1 
11.7 
11.4 
11.0 
12.8 

7.6 

7.8 

51.5 

37.0 

8.0 

12.0 

7.5 

&8 

8.4 

8.0 

8.4 

33.0 

30.5 

19.3 

24.8 

7.4 

6.6 


ISO 


17.6 
15.0 


37.2 


30.2 


23.2 

25.7 
17.3 
10.  U 
24.0 

10.7 
10.5 
14.0 
10.8 
13.0 
15.0 
14.0 
12.3 

22.4 
34.0 

20.0 
17.0 
18  0 
10.6 
19.0 

11.5 
11.6 
80.0 
67.0 
12.0 
18.0 
11.2 
13.3 
12.7 
12.6 
12.4 
54.0 
71.0 

30.0 


11.0 
0.6 


ilOO 


24.2 
20.0 


55.0 


32.6 

30.0 
23.5 
20.3 
84.2 

14.5 
11.0 
10.2 
23. 5 
17.6 
2U.  0 
10.6 
10.6 

30.8 
50.3 

27.5 
2.1. 0 
23.2 
22. 1 
20.6 

16.6 
16.6 


16.0 
24.8 
14.7 
18.0 
17.0 
16.8 
17.0 


O 


1.0 
0.8 


7.0 


40.0 


1.-..0 
13.0 


3.2 

2.6 
0.9 
1.1 

3.0 

0.3 
0.4 
0.8 
0.8 
0.3 
O.U 
0.7 
0.5 

1.0 
7.5 

1.0 
1.6 
1.1 
0.8 
1.1 

0.8 
0.3 


0.4 
1.U 
0.2 
0.4 
0.5 
0.6 
0.6 


3.8 


0.5 
0.4 


ilOO 

26  0 
20.2 


59.2 


34.6 


23.6 
27.0 
35.7 

14.6 
14.0 
19.6 
24.0 
17.6 
20.3 
10  5 
17.0 

31.5 
51.7 

2a  2 
26.3 
24.0 
22.1 
27.0 

16.3 
16.6 


16.3 
26.3 
16.0 
18  0 
17.0 
16.7 
17.6 


41.8 


15.0 
13.2 


ilSO 


32.0 
26,0 


31.0 
3C.0 
46.2 

18.8 
17.8 
26.7 
32.6 
23.0 
28  0 
26.0 
21.6 

41.5 
73.0 

30.0 


31.0 
20.0 
31).  0 

19.6 
20.0 


20.0 
33.6 
18.6 
2,1.0 
22.4 
21.6 
21.6 


56.5 


10.0 
10.0 


900 


33.0 


40.0 


24.0 
22.6 
86.0 


80.0 
40.2 
33.0 
28  4 

65.6 


48  0 


30.0 


25.0 
24.2 


25.0 
44.0 
23.0 
30.7 
28  0 
28  6 
27.5 


24.0 
20.0 


300 


43.0 


81.0 
2&6 


31.6 
30.6 


31.6 


28  0 


32.6 
24.6 


4ao 


ooo 


sso 


36.0 


0.0 


204 
303 

148 
216 

101 

120 

120 

124 
238 

200 
820 
290 
290 

382 
390 
344 
286 
830 
800 
347 
841 

346 
300 

800 
2.10 
253 
328 
276 

876 
307 
180 
163 
386 
333 
444 
327 
349 
334 
830 
167 
187 

250 
185 
386 
600 


.'(•niHrkii. 


Rpoiiini.)!!  oroM-gralnod  I  fUlsd  with  long  spUt. 
ilo 


Ilroko  at  knot  ni'nr  oikI  . 
do 


Ilnike  Ht  knot. 


Hporimou  croM-gralund  i  brOM  nt  knot . 
do 


do. 


8(|iiitr<i  broak  . 


do 


0.26  luip-wood  i  Rpecimcn  arona.grminod . 

Si|iiiiro  broHk  .with  iiplit  «t  end 

Hhiittoroil 


Ci'UKlit'd  nt  coiitvr  Vivni'iuK  i  miiinro  lirvftk  on  tension  sldo,  (plittinK 

In  axifi. 
Criisliod  at  CMitiT  bearinK ;  square  break 

Specimen  cross-Kialned ;  ;diattoro<1 

Square  break 

8i|uare  break  on  tension  sidii,  siillltioK  in  axis 


Smiaro  break  on  tension  aide,  splittiuK  in  axis;  crushed  at  center 

uciirinK- 
Square  break  ;  crushed  at  center  bcarini; 

Droke  with  lonK  scale 


Sliuttered . 
do... 


Square  break  on  tension  side,  splittinK  In  axis 

Spocimen  cross-Krainod  i  broke  at  knot 

Square  break  on  tt'nainn  side,  splittiiif;  in  nxin  

Squnro  break  on  tension  side,  splittinK  in  axis ;  shattero<l  . 
Square  break ;  split  to  one  end 


0.75  Hiip.wood;  cruslicd  at  conter  bearing!  square  broak  on  tension 

side,  splittinK  iu  axis. 
Square  break;  bhuttered 


Broken  at  end  i  shattered   

Short  break  i  shattered 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  Bplittinj;  in  axis 

Square  break 

Squnro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

do 

Square  break  i  split  to  one  end 

Square  bi-enk  on  tension  side,  splittiuir  in  axis 

Sjiecimen  cross.grained 

Sap-wood;  specimen  cross-grained;  broke  at  knot. 
CroBS-graiucd  


Sqnnro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis ;  shattered 

8<|unre  break  at  knot 

Crushed  ut  center  bearing ;  broke  with  flne  splinters 

Squnro  brenk  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  


661 
661 

666 
686 

307 

882 
016 

631 
631 

821 
821 
821 
014 

315 
816 
786 
781 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1076 

906 
006 

1164 
1154 
1155 
1166 
ILIO 

619 
626 

630 

e;)0 

032 
636 
680 
718 
718 
731 
731 
007 
010 

638 
633 
667 
067 


) 


1  ' 

m 

IK 

1 

I  1 

h 

i    . 

' 

Sit 

J 

\    ■ 

\ 

I 

} 

ri  :.      ' 


fi; 


m 


-^U- 


f'f:  •  '  • 


I*-; 


404 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Speoiea. 


163.  Finos  Chiliuahnaaa . 


'M.  FiuuB  contorta . 
iSiTu6  Pine. 


886.  Pinus  Mntrnynna 

Tamarack.    Black  Pine.    Lodge- 
pole  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 


I 


State. 


P'    -.8  Sa'ulD<nna 

'  jger  Pine.    Suit  Pine. 


367.  Pinna  Conlteri. 


SOS.  Finns  insignia 

Monterey  Pine. 


Finns  tnbprrnlata . 
Knobeone  IHne, 


879.  Finns  Tieda 

LobloUy  Pine.     Old-field  Pine. 
Rotemary  Pine. 


371.  Finns  rigida 

Pitch  Pint. 

372.  Finns  soratina 

Pond  Pine. 

373.  Finns  Innps 

Jeriey  Pine.    ScnA  Pine. 


664 
664 

097 
997 

293 
203 
S«3 
625 
025 

644 
644 

11 D7 
1157 

676 
676 

576 
576 

82 
82 
355 
355 
388 
388 
380 
389 

13 

13 

1046 

1046 


S74.  Plana  olraaa 

Sand  Pint.    Scrub  PI-  e.    Spruee 
Pine. 

375.  Finns  i.tingrns 

lH(!«.moun(ii{n  Pine.      Bitkorj' 
'Hne. 

tn.  Pinna  tnnricata 

Obit^n  Pint.    Bielu^'i  Pin*. 


622 
1160 
1160 
1172 
1173 

270 
270 

tn 

321 


Arizona  . 
...do.... 


Britisli  Columbia 
...do 


Colorado. . 

...do 

....do 

Cnlifornin. 
...do 


...do. 
..  do. 

...do. 
..do. 

...do. 
..do. 

...do. 
...do. 


Florida 

...do 

Alabama 

..do 

Korth  Carolina  . 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Mossaohaaetts. 

...do 

...do  

...do 


Florida  . 
...do... 


South  CaroUnn  . 

...do 

Indiana 

...do  

New  Jeranr 

...d-J 


Florida  . 
. .  do  . . . 


Virginia . 
...do... 


671    California . 


•71 


Locality. 


Santa  Kita  monnt. 

ains. 
...do 


Vanconver'a  Island 
...do 


Forest  City 

...do 

...do 

Scott  monntains . 
...do 


Contra  Coata  county 
...do 


San  Bernardino. 
..do 


Monterey. 
..  do 


Mount  Shasta  . 
...do 


Duval  county . 

...do 

Cottage  UUl . . 

...do  

WilminKton  . . 

...do 

...do  

...do  


Arnold  Arboretnm. 

...do  

Korth  Reading 

...do 


Dovol  county. 
...do 


Aiken  

..do.     

New  Albany. 

...do 

Monnt  doUy. 
..do 


Apalachicola . 
...do 


WytheNrllls. 
...do 


Marin  county . 
...do 


Collector. 


O.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
....do 


do. 
.do. 


T.  S.  Brandegee. 

...do  

C.B.Sargent 


G.  Enselmnnn  and 

C.  S.  ijoreent 
...do...... 


Sou. 


Dry,  gravelly . 
— do _. 


.do. 
.do. 


Moist,  sandy  loam .    0. 4.551 
...do 0.4265 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


G.  R.  Vasey. 
...do....... 


W.G.Wright. 
..do 


O.E.  Vasey. 
...do 


G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


A.  B.  (.'urtiss  . 

...do  

C.  Mohr 

...do 

E.Kidder  .... 

...do 

...do 

...do  


C.  S.  Sargent . 

...do 

J.  Robinaon . . 
...do 


A.H.Cnrtia8  . 
...do 


H.  VS'.  RaTcnel 

...do 

M.J. Robinaon  ... 

...do 

S.P.Sharplea 

...do 


Gravelly. 
...do.... 


Dry,  gL  .velly. 
...do 


Gravelly  loam  . 
...do 


Ornvelly. 
...do... 


Moist,  sandy . 

...do  

Low,  rich 

...do  

Loam 

...do  

...do 

...do 


Drift. 
...do. 
...do. 


Moiat,  sandy  loam. 
...do 


Dry,  sandy . 
...do 


Clay.. 
...do. 


I 
A.ILCurtlss Dry.tandybanen. 

...do do 


H.  Shrivar . 
..  do 


O.  T.  T» 
...do... 


Clay.. 
...do. 


Orarelly. 
...do.... 


09 

0.5801 
0.6982 

0.0450 
0.0198 


0.4540 
0.4600 
0. 4018 

0.5400 
0.5420 

0.4143 
0.4322 

0.4835 
0.  5003 

0.4071 
0.3001 

0.6068 
0. 0147 
0.  3914 
0.5846 
0.5600 
0.4<i06 
0. 4073 
0.4037 

0.6070 
0.6943 
0. 4371 


.do 0.6140 


m 


0.7502 
0. 7618 

0.5403 
0.5637 
0.5610 
0.6703 
0.  5020 
0.7088 

0.6341 
0.&218 

0.6160  i 

0.  .UOO  I 

0.6673 
016683  : 


I 


COKFFICIKKT  OP 
ELABTICITT. 

1, 

E 

■s 

S 

1 

906 

V 

1' 

026 

051 

872 

800 

760 

1808 

1''73 

1018 

1396 

1395 

037 

642 

501 

286 

626 

614 

347 

970 

976 

743 

837 

888 

676 

076 

976 

709 

614 

828 

738 

651 

642 

820 

1221 

1221 

818 

1062 

1002 

703 

888 

872 

670 

1136 

1065 

809 

3,">4 

362 

293 

610 

490 

625 

1627 

1027 

908 

1744 

1684 

1402 

088 

638 

700 

888 

804 

oec 

1305 

1302 

1012 

888 

8i>8 

502 

921 

939 

773 

1136 

1085 

706 

607 

651 

707 

775 

760 

861 

542 

637 

647 

376 

368 

663 

1136 

1163 

1168 

1221 

1177 

1172 

465 

465 

682 

607 

697 

662 

761 

781 

866 

542 

628 

4«> 

452 

438 

T32 

373 

868 

637 

612 

628 

t20 

596 

668 

674 

670 

630 

771 

076 

076 

680 

1030 

1066 

1006 

1231 

1303 

1060 

051 
800 

1395 

501 
514 
076 
888 
076 

528 
042 


005 
750 

1018 
937 

286 
347 
743 
676 
700 

738 
820 


1221 

818 

1002 

703 

872 

670 

1085 

800 

362 

203 

496 

626 

1B27 

898 

1684 

1402 

638 

790 

804 

66C 

1302 

1012 

888 

502 

930 

778 

1085 

705 

651 

797 

700 

851 

537 

647 

368 

063 

1163 

1158 

1177 

1172 

465 

082 

697 

663 

781  1 

858 

528 

490 

428  ! 

722 

358 

03? 

528 

«28 

558 

674 

630 

771 

076 

680 

085 

lOOS 

803 

1059 

-^  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


405 


UBFLXCTION,  IN  M1LLIHRTRK8,  UNDKK  A  PBESSUBB,  IN  KIL00IUJI8,  OF— 


SO 


7.8 
5.0 

2.7 
3.5 

9.0 
9.3 
6.0 
5.7 
5.0 

0.5 
7.5 

4.0 
4.<i 

6.5 

4.3 

13.8 
9.4 

3.0 
2.8 
7.1 
6.5 
3.5 

5.:) 

5.3 
4.3 

7.0 
6.3 
0.0 
13.0 


lOO 


ISO 


300 


15. 0     23. 0     31. 5 
12.2  I  18.2  '  25.7 

!     ! 

6.5  I     a  2     11.  .'> 
7.  0     10. 2     14. « 


10.5 
10.0 
10.0 
11.0 
10.0 

18.5 
15.2 

8.0 
0.2 

11.2 

0.0 

27.0 
10.7 

0.0 

.'!.8 

15.3 
11.3 

7.5 
11.0 
10.4 

9.0 

15.0 
12.7 
18.2 
26.  5 


15.0 
10.8 
15.0 


2(1.7 
23.7 
20.2 


20. 0  I  43. 0 
22.  5  j  32. 0 


12.2 

14.  n 

I 
17.0  i 
14.3  ; 


ia2 

20.0 

21).  5 
19.6 


O 

(set.) 


900 


I.  fl     32. 0 
1.3     25.8 


0.2 
0.3 


0.6 
1.0 
0.6 

4.0 
2.0 


11.0 
14.0 


21.0 
23.6 
20.6 

44.5 
33.0 


0.2     10.6 


0.6 


20.0 


1.0  I  23.7 
0.4  I  10.8 


30.0 

9.0 

8.7 
23.3  I 
17.6  ^ 
11.0  ' 
17.0  , 

16.0  I 

I 
13.0  I 

23.0  I 

20.0  I 
I 

27.5 
I 

40.0  I 


I 


4.3 

8.4 

12.3 

4.0 

8.3 

12.0  ' 

10.6 

21,0 

32. 3 

7.0 

14.0 

23.0 

6.5 

12.5 

10.5 

0.0 

18.5 

20.  5 

10.8 

22.8 

36.0 

18.1 

27.8 

41.0 

0.0 

18.5 
17.6 

33.0 
28.0 

8.2 

7.2 

15.5 

24.0 

5.0 

10.0 

10.6 

4.7 

0.0 

13.3 

4.0 

T.5 

11.8 

45.0 

12.  0 
11.7 
33.0 
24.0 
15.0 
24.0 
22.4 
18.0 

33.5 
28.5 
41.6 
00.0 

17.0 
17.0 


4.8  I  48.0 


43.0 
50.0 
00.0 


0  4 

0.2 
2.5 
1.5 
0.3 
1.1 
t.0 
0.5 

.1.0 
2. 1 
4.0 
8.0 

0.6 
0.5 

6.0 
0.5 
1.0 
6.3 
0.0 
0.3 


40.0 

35.0 
23.3 


12.3 
11.8 
33.0 
24. 5 
16.0 
24.0 
22.5 
18.0 

34.0 
29.2 
42.7 
6.3.0 

17.0 
17.4 

51.0 
33.0 
27.5 
46  0 
62.6 
03.5 


>J90   .too 


42.0 
32.4 

14.4 
18.0 


65.0 
43.7 

18.0 
21.3 


27.0 
3^0 

27.5 

61.0 
44.0 

21.3 
27.0 

31.0 
26.0 


37.5 


35.6 

95.0 
02.5 

27.6 


33.4 


■I- 


16.6 
14. 5 
44.0 
32.6 
18.6 


10.0 
17.6 
57.6 


23.6 


29. 4  '  38.  5 

I 

23. 0  1  30. 2 


45.8     03.5 

37.  5     50. 0 

I 


00.0 
88.0 


21. 5     27. 0 


«)0    O    '    M" 


71.0 


35.8 


47.0 


71. 0  1114. 0 
n.0  I 


3.5  ;  41.3 

3.  6  i  35. 5 
1.2  I  23.2 


18.6       0.8 
15.0       0.0 


18.0 
16.3 


47.0 
30.8 

23.3 
18.0 


3SO 


71.0 


400 


21.6 
27.0 


23.0 
21.3 


29.2 


26.0 


20.0 
25.7 


38.0 


08.0 


33.  0     30. 0 

I 
34. 5     42.  5 


430  SOO 


30.2 


03.6 


04.0 


20.0  I  30.0 
24.0  I  28.6 


48.6 
52.6 


sso 


37.2 


47.0 
36.0 


44.0 


its 

ill 

O 


386 
324 

447 
400 

122 
148 
317 
288 
328 

315 
350 

340 
300 

286 
345 

125 

224 

426 
624 
837 
284 
432 
240 
330 
330 

340 
363 

270 
283 

494 
500 


Remarks. 


Siinaro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 
Failed  frum  Inrgo  splintor  ou  tension  side 


Cruabcd  at  ceutvr  bearing;  failed  ft-oiu  tension  sido . 
Foiled  f torn  large  splinter  on  comer 


Broke  at  knot 

Square  break  at  kuut 

Square  break;  splintered. 

Square  break 

, do 


Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis;  sbattcrcd  . 
do 


du 

Broke  at  knot  . 


Specimen  cross-grained ;  shattered  . 
, do 


Sap-wood;  square  break. 
do 


Cmsbed  at  center  bearing ;  square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting 

in  axis. 
do 


Long  split  .it  one  end 

Long  split 

0.33  sap-wood ;  square  break 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis ;  shattered  — 

do 

do 


Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis . 

do 

Shattend 


Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axf.i. 


I  Broke  with  coarse  splinters. 
..  .lo 


I 


664 

064 

007 
097 

203 
203 
563 
025 
025 

644 
6U 

1157 
1157 

076 
070 

576 
570 

82 
fl 
355 
■JK 
388 
.",88 
3bU 
38E 

13 

13 

1046 

104  U 

83 
83 


201     Square  breok  on  tension  side,  splittiug  in  axis 621 

240    Oblique  fhicture !  started  at  knot |  022 

305     Sliattered ■ UtiO 

213  ,  Square  break HO'J 

308  I  Siiccimen erossgi aincd ;  abattcrc<l 1172 

272    do 1172 


183 
246 

320 
200 

420 
463 


Specimen  I'lHrns-grainwl ;  started  at  knot I  '<i7U 

Sbultend '  270 

i 

do • I  321 

Specimen  cross-grained  i  broke  near  end i  331 

Square  break 071 

do «71 


si' 

^'1 

1 

1 

! 
1 

wit 

J| 

h   . 

406 


I'  I ' 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRrNCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Specie*. 


377.  Piiins  luitiH 

Tellow  Pin*.    Short-leaved  Pine. 
Spruce  Pine.    }tuU  Pine. 


378.  Finus  glabra 

Cedar  Pint.  Spruce  Pine,  White 
Pine. 


State. 


278 
278 
319 


Florida 

...do  

Lonisiiuia  . 


142  I  South  Carolina  . 
142  !....do 

Miaslssippi 

...do 

...do 

Florida 

..do 


544 
S44 
044 

704 

764 


879.  Finns  Banksiana I    394 

Oray  Pint.  Scrub  Pitu.  Prince'* 


Pin*. 


Michigan . 
394   ...do  


780     Xew  Brunavrick . 


I 


780 
879 
879 


880.  Pinna  poIiistriK 31 

Long-leaved  Pine.  Southern  Pine. 
Oeorgia    Pine.     Tellow   Pine.       81 
Hard  Pine. 

81 

81  I 


88 
8S 
85 
85 
243 

2a 

357 
367 
3S8 
8S8 


...do  . 
...do. 
..do. 


Florida  . 
....do... 
....do... 
...do... 


Locality. 


Colleetor. 


Soil. 


Chattahoochee ;  A.  H.  Curtiss. 

. ..  do I do 

Amitu C.  Uobr 


Clay 

...do 

Sandy  loam . 


BoDurau's  Depot . . . :  U.  W.  RaTonel Kich  nplond  . 

do !..    do I do. 

GaincHville C.  Mohr ^  Low,  sandy  . 


4o do 

...do [ do 

Clittttahoochoo A.  H.  Curtiss  . 

— do do 


Baldwin !  W.  J.  Ileal 

...do L...do 

Intercolonial  rail- 


way. 
..do  ., 


I 


do  . 
do. 


...do 

...do 

Low,  wet . 
...do 


Low,  sandy . 
...do 


...do. 
..  do. 
..do. 
..  do. 


Dnval  county. 

...do 

...do 

...do  

...do  

..  do 

...do , 

...do  


I  A.  U.  Curtiss '  Sandy  loam.. 

i do ; do 

I — do ' do 

'....do !....do 

I  I 

.do Moist, sandy. 

..do ' do 


do I  Saw.niill,  Saint 

{      John's  liver, 
.do do , 


A  l»ba.d» ;  Cottage  Uill . 

do ili> 

...  do Citromllo  .. 

— do do 

...  do    Chunchula  .. 

do ! do 

. ..  do : do 

—  do I do 

...do !...  do 


...do. 


do. 


Florida I  Snwniill, 

Kcy». 
. .  do ...  do    . . . 


Pin'^»  Cnbeusls 

SUuhPine.    StcampPine.    Bat- 
lard  Pine,    iteadoa  Pine. 


811 

361 

384 

384 

88S 

890 

890 
1090 
1096 

84     Florida i  Duvnl  luiinty  . 

84    — do ...do. 

84  |...  do |....do 

856    Alobanm Cottage  IIlll . 

8H  !....do ...do 


Cedar 


...do  

Korth  Carolina  . 

..  dc. 

Alabama 

...do   


.  i do 

.|  Wilmington  . 

.|...  do    

.!  Mobile 

|...  do 


...do 

...do 

...do  

...do 

C.  Mohr 

...do  

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

A.  n.  Cnrtls*  . 

...do 

...do 

E.  Kidder.... 

..  do 

C.  Uobr 

...do 


do. 
.do  . 


A.  11.  Curtiaa. 

...do 

...do , 

O.Mohr 

...do 


Sandy  loam. 
...do 


..do. 
..do. 

do  . 

do. 
.do  . 

do. 

do. 

do. 


Moist,  innd) . 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 


%1 


«  a  • 
g.5S 

CO 


J 


COEFFICIENT  OF 
BI.A8TICIT1. 


»,  i- 


I 


0.0524 
0.6490 
0.3516 

0.4650 
0.4035 
0.3535 
0.3500 
0.4268 
0. 5080 
0. 4713 

0.4912 ; 

0.4917 
0.  5191 
0.4207 
0.4839 
0. 5129  j 

0.0375  I 

I 

0.8125  I 

0.0950 

0.0822 

0.CI64 

0.6632 

0.7568 

0.8800 

0.7087 

0.7066 

0.0643 

0.8410 

0. 8006 

0. 8706 

0.7988 

0.8728 

0.7654 

0.7242 

0.7586 

0.  74  oO 

0.600S 

0.6438 

0.  7038 

0.6739 

''  6203 

0.6375 

0.6862 


Ci 


111 


0.  6934  ' 
0.6646 
0.8814  ! 
0. 7718  \ 
0.7710  I 


m 


1221 
1396 
1479 

634 
642 

220 
244 
244 
601 
505 

574 
814 

1320 
872 
976 

1030 

1628 
1526 

976 
1628 

814 
1628 
1039 

042 
1053 
2123 
1628 
1028 
1430 
1628 
1028 
1628 
1684 
1221 
2035 
2035 

067 
1628 
1221 
1808 
1628 
1086 
1479 

1470 

lies 

1479 
1878 
1981 


1262 
1416 
1458 

6U0 
660 

208 
238 
233 
542 
502 

iU 
709 

1356 
939 
930 

1086 

1628 
1576 
1062 
1628 

888 
1575 
1086 

030 
1775 
1713 
1550 


874 
1055 
1188 

469 

570 
262 
340 
431 
766 
633 

574 
640 
047 
570 
448 
722 

1160  i 
1266 

820 
1240 

820 
1030 

037 

935 
1266 
1289 
1172 


1713  1472 

1305  1289 

1775  1393 

1684  '  1233 

1628  ;  1397 

1770  '.  1380 

1302  '  1170 

1063  1287 

2035  1322 

967  642 

1056  j  1064 

1221  1046 

1778  1137 

1660  :  1062 


1163 
1459 

1302 
1191 
1470 


1165 
lOOS 

IITO 
1048 
1181 


1863  I  1370 
1063  I  148* 


ST  OF 
ITT. 

1 

a 

B 

"S 
S 

i 

il 

1252 

874 

1415 

1055 

1468 

1188 

euo 

4B0 

Run 

v:a 

202 
340 
431 
766 
633 

574 
648 
047 
670 
448 
722 

1160 
1266 

820 
1240 
820 


936 
1260 
1260 
1172 
1472 


1062 
1165 
10S5 

tlTD 
1048 
1181 
1270 
14H 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDEB  TKANSVBRSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


407 


DEFLECTION,  IN  >III,UMETEB8,  UKDBB  A  PBESBUHE,  IK  KILOOBAlia,  OF— 


SO    r.oo 


4.0 
S.5 
3.3 

7.7 

7.0 

22.2 


7.8 
6.9 
6.7 

14.8 
14.8 
47.0 


20.0  I  41.0 


20.0 
8.7 
&2 


ISO 


6.0 
3.7 
5.6 
5.0 
4.7 

3.5 
3.2 
6.0 
8.0 
6.0 
3.0 
4,7 
7.6 
3.5 
2.3 
3.0 
3.0 
3.4 
3.0 
3.0 
3.U 
2.9 
4.0 
2.4 
2.4 
(.1 
S.O 
4.0 
J.7 
1.0 
4.5 
t.R 

8.3 
4.2 
S.8 
2.8 
2.6 


42.0 
18.0 
16.5 


8. 5     17. 0 


12.7 
7.2 
10.4 
10.5 
9.0 

6.0 
6.2 
9.2 
6.0 

11.0 
6.2 
9.0 

15.6 
5.6 
5.V 
6.3 
6.7 
7.0 
6.6 
5.8 
6.0 
5.6 
7.6 
6.0 
4.8 

10.1 
5.9 
8.0 
&6 
6.3 

a4 

6.7 


8.2 
6.6 
6.0 
6.0 


11.2 
10.8 
10.0 

23.2 
22.6 


70. 5 
29.0 

ca.0 

27.0 
19.6 
10.8 

ia4 

17.0 
13.7 

9.0 
0.3 

U.O 
9.0 

17.0 
9.2 

18.7 

23.6 
8.0 
8.2 
9.2 
8.5 

10.0 
8.0 
9.0 
9.5 
8.4 

11.0 
7.2 
7.8 

15.2 
8.5 

11.4 
8.6 
9.2 

12.6 
9.6 


300 


15.1 
14.2 
18.1 

32.0 
32.0 


42.0 
37.0 

39.0 
27.5 
14.3 
20.5 


ia4 


c    aoo 

(set.) 


0.2 
0.3 

3.0 
2.4 


6.2 
3.8 

6.0 
1.4 
0.3 
1.0 


7.6     11.3 


13.4 
10.0 
7.8 
7.3 


12.4 

12.4 

18.2 

12.6 

23.2 

12.3 

18  8 

32.6 

10.7 

11.0 

12.3 

11.3 

13.4 

11.4 

11.6 

12.6 

11.4 

14.6 

10.0 

0.8 

20.3 

11.6 

16.6 

11.0 

12.4  I 

10.8 

13.0 

16.3 

16.5 

18.0 

10.3 

10.0 

1 

0.4 

0.2 
0.3 
0.4 
0.3 
1.5 
0.3 
1.0 
t.8 
0.0 
0.0 

as 

0.3 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.2 
0.0 
0.4 
0.0 
0.3 
0.6 
0.2 
0.4 
0.0 
0.2 
0.6 
0.8 


15.2 
14.2 
13.2 

33.2 
32.2 


S50 


19.0 
18.0 
16.  S 


43.0 
3&0 

40.2 
27.6 
14.3 
21.0 


18.4 

12.5 
12.7 
18.2 
12.3 
24.0 
12.3 
18.8 
33.0 
10.0 
11.0 
12.5 
11.4 
13.7 
11.5 
12.0 
12.6 
11.4 
14.6 
10.0 
10.0 
20.5 
11.6 
16.4 
11.2 
12.8 
16.8 
■3.3 


0.3     16.6 
0.4     16.4 

0. 3     13. 2 

I 
0.3     10.3 

I  I 

o.a  :  10.0   13.0 


60.0 
51.0 


38.0 
18.3 


300 


300 


24.0 
22.0 
20.2 


9.0 


20.2 
27.0 
25.0 


30.0 

15.6 
15.5 
23.0 
15.0 
31.5 
15.5 
24.0 
42.3 
13.9 
13.6 
16.6 
14.0 
16.8 
14.0 
14.6 
15.6 
14.0 
18.4 
12.6 
12.0 
26.7 
14.2 
19.6 
14.3 
116 
31.5 
16.6 

19.6 
30.8 
16.3 
13.0 


23.0 


37.0 

19.0 
19.0 
28.0 
10.0 
41.5 
10.0 
31.0 
65.0 
16.6 
16.6 
19.0 
17.0 
20.6 
17.0 
17.6 
19.0 
17.0 
22.5 
15.0 
15.0 


17.6 
24.0 
17.0 
19.3 
36.6 
30.6 


28.6 


400 


4SO 


32.0 
29.6 


46.0 
34.0 


a<M» 


43.6 


38.0 


22.6 
23.0 


22.0 
56.7 
23.6 
37.2 
70.0 
19.2 
20.0 
23.0 
20.6 
25.6 
23.0 
21.0 
23.0 
20.0 
2a  0 
17.8 
17.0 


27.0 
27.3 


20.2 


28.2 


20.8 
20.2 
21.0 
33.7 
32.6 
34.6 


23.0 
23.0 
27.0 
23.5 
L0.3 
27.0 
26.0 
27.0 
23.0 
33.0 
20.7 
20.2 


32.6 
31.7 


31.0 


24.6 
35.0 
25.0 
2&5 
39.0 
29.0 


26.7 
27.5 
31.0 
28.3 
36.0 
32.0 
20.0 
31.6 
27.0 
40.0 
24.0 
23.6 


sao 


37.5 


29.0 


34.6     80.0  186.7 


I 


36.8 
30.0 
16.6 
15.0 


31.0     36.5 

34. 0  I  18.  5 

I 
18.3  '  21.3 

I 
17. 6  I  31. 0 


SU.6 
88.0 
48.0 
35.4 

44.0 


8^3 
32.6 
37.6 
33.0 
45.0 
38.0 
84.0 
87.0 
31.6 


11 

|| 
Il 


39.6 


28.0 
28.0 


36.  5 


38.6 


46.8 


44.0 
37.0 


34.0 


C3.0 
36.0 
24.0 


39.0 
30.0 
2&0 


Bemsrks. 


873 
450 
607 

200 
243 
112 
146 
184 
327 
270 

245 
277 
404 
243 
191 
308 

405 
640 
350 
520 
350 
442 
400 
399 
640 
650 
500 

oe8 

650 
694 
626 
596 
580 
499 
549 
664 
274 
454 
446 
486 
463 
497 
467 


Specimen  oroasgrained ;  started  at  knot 

Sqnare  break  oti  tension  side,  splitting  In  axis  . 
do 


Specimen  oross-graincd ;  broke  witb  long  split  witb  grain. 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

do 

Sliattered 

Square  break  at  knot 

Shattered 

do 


i 

I 


Square  break 

Long,  shattered  break 

Broke  with  small  splinters  . 

Broke  at  small  knots 

Broke  at  knot 


278 

278 

.319 

142 
143 
544 
644 
644 
764 
764 

394 
394 
780 
780 
870 


Broke  at  small  knots  i  shattered 879 


Sqoare  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

Crashed  at  center  bearing ;  sqnare  break 

Square  break  witb  large  splinters 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  with  large  splinters  . . 

Scinare  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

Cmshed  at  center  bearing ;  square  break 

0.5  sap-wood;  splintered  break 

Shattered;  split  to  one  end 

Broke  with  large  flakes  on  book 

do 


I 


Sqnare  break  with  flakes  on  back 

45  millimeters  deflection  with  600  .kilograms;  broke  with  flakes  on  I 

liack.  I 

.Square  break,    (a)  Boxed  1852;  chipped  ten  years;  abandono<l  1801  ' 

Shattered,     (a)  Boxpd  18r>2;  chipped  ten  yearn;  abandoned  1861 — ! 

I 
Sqoare  break  with  large  flukes  on  comers,    (a)  Boxed  1870 ;  chipped  ! 

Tonr  years;  specimen  taken  along  chip. 
Square  break  tin  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis,    (a)  Boxed  1876; 

chipped  four  vears;  specimen  taken  along  chip. 
Broke  with  thin  flalicH  on  bock,     (a)  Boxed  1870;  chipped  four 

years;  specimen  tuK-eii  atmvu  chip. 
Square  break.  Bonieirliut  sliattered.    (a)  Boxed  1876;  chipped  lour 

years;  specimen  taken  above  chip. 
Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis,    (a)  Boxed  1B78; 

chipped  tw;)  years. 
Broke  with  many  splinters,    (a)  Boxed  1878;  chipped  two  years .. . 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  split 

Broke  with  flakes  on  back 

Broke  with  thick  flakes  on  back    


.do. 
.do. 


Shattered,    (a)  Tree  boxed  eighteen  or  twenty  years  ago 

Broke  with  large  flake,    (a)  Tree  boxed  eighteen  or  twenty  yean  ago 


31.6 


409  '  Specimen  cross-grained ;  split 

447  !  SneolmsD  cross-grained ;  broke  with  large  splinters. 

804     Sqi.  »re  break 

642     Slightly  splintered 


626     30.2  millimeters  deflection  with  600  kilograms;  broke  with  large 
flat  splinters  on  comers. 
■  In  the  manafaclare  of  torpantine. 


81 
81 
81 
81 
85 
C5 
86 
85 
243 
243 
957 
357 
358 
358 
350 
369 
360 
360 
361 
!>61 
884 
384 
386 
300 
390 
1096 
1006 

84 
84 
84 
856 
S6« 


408 


P 


. 


1  I  '. 


!• 


1  f 

■f 

il 

i!  P 

ft; 

h 


FOREST  TKEES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III—BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


lU'i 


BpeolM. 


Ml.  Finn*  CnbenBis— continaed., 


t83.  PicpA  nifnv 

Black  Spruei. 


PIcMiBlba 

WhiU  Spniee. 


tM.  PicraEneclnmnni . 
Xfhilt  Spruce. 


ns.  Pirea  punK<'na 

White  Spruet.    Bliu  Sprue*. 


US.  Firea  Sitrhiniia 

Tidt  land  Spruc$. 


WT.  Tsnga  Canadsnais. 
Hemlock. 


a 
S 

Q 
O 

483 
403 

231 
231 
373 
770 
778 
704 
794 
880 
880 

513 
S13 
773 
773 
781 
784 
791 
701 

202 
292 
575 
822 


270' 
270' 

i    070  i 
I    070  I 
I    077  ! 
I    077 
I  I01& 

I  1019 

I 

I  1019  ' 

I  1020  I 

1026 

5 

5 

210 

218 

m 

772 
775 
775 
778 
778 
787 
787 


State. 


Florida . 
..do... 


Vermont. 

.  do... 

..  do 


Locality. 


]3ay  Biacayno. 
..do 


Chnrlotto  . 
.  do 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Cnrtiaa. 
...do 


C.  G.  Pringlc  . 
...do 


SoU. 


Uoral . 
...do. 


as  d 

GO 


coiFnciKNT  or 

■LA8T1CITT. 


«    i 


IIiintiiiKton do  . 


Cold,  penty  . 

..do 

Gravelly 


Now  Brunswick  .     llnyof  Fundy Iiitcrcoloniid  rail. 

I                                    i      way. 
—  do    !  -.  do do 


Provinrti  of  Que.  j  D.iuvillo  . 
.     do    i  ..  do... 


Grand  Truuk  mil- 

way. 
...  dcJ 


Now  Brunswick  . 
...do 


Biidgeton £d.  Sinclair. 

...do do 


I 


Hew  lliimpahire . . '  btnitford  .. 
. .  do . .  do 


C.  O.  Piinele Gravelly . 

...do   ! do 


Tfew  Brunswick  . .    It^iy  of  Fundy |  Intorrolonial  mil- 

i      way. 
. .  do do    I do 


I 


.do BridKeton  !  Kd.Sinclnir. 

.  .do do ..:,  ...do 

Amqui  :  A  Grant 

...do ! do 


Province  of  Que 

b*'c. 
..do 


I 


Colorado Forest  City . 


..do. 
..do. 
-do. 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


.do. 
.do  . 


T.  S.  Biiudegce.. 
...do 


0.8408 
0.8043 

0.  5001 
0.5420 
0.4587 
0.4008 
0.4910 
0. 4290 
0.4153 
0.4425  r^ 
0.4785    g^ 

0.4455  'il] 
0.4983  ^ 
0.4579  ^ 
j  0.4606  1^ 
0.44U  iPi 
0.4530  !p^ 
0.4319 
0.4103 


In 


C.  S.  Sargent  . 


do '  T.  S.  Brandcgce  . 


Alpine ' do  . 

do do  . 

...do do  . 


Al.iska 

..  do 

British  Columbia . 
..do 


Sitk.i 
. . .  do 


PanlSchultzo. 
...do 


Sawmill,     Burrard     G.  Engelniunn and 

inlet.                       I      C.  S.SurKi'Ut. 
. .  do I do    


Damp. 
...do. 
Featy. 
..do. 


0.3642  i^l 
0.M11  <^\ 
0.3805  'WFl' 


I. 
•og 

r 


1470 
1744 

1526 
1221 

904 
1062 
1221 

006 
1221 

976 

630 

787 

070 
1285 
1103  ^ 

939  ! 

976  I 

1221  I 

I 
1136  I 

I 

970    ; 

554  I 
751  I 
888 


Damp. 
..do  . 
..do  . 


do. 


Oregon !  Wridler'a  saw.mill, 

Piirll.ird 
— do Saw  mill,  A.storia do  . 


do. 


do. 


. .  do '  Portland  Furniture    . 

Couii)any. 
...do t do 


do  . 
do  . 
do. 


Maasacbusetts. 

. .  do 

Vcmiont 

..  do 


Arnold  Arboretum. .    C.  S.  Snrgcut Drift . 


. .  do do 

i 
Charlotte CO. Pringle. 

...do I do 


Now  Brunswick  . .  ,  Inlrrcolonial  rall- 

..  do 


way. 
..do  . 


...do I  Bay  of  Fundy. 

. .  do do 

...do ' 

I 
..do 

I 
. .  .do I  Dridgeton 

..do do 


I 


...do 

..do 

.  do 

..do 

Ed.SiDvlair. 
...do 


...do.... 
Gravelly . 
...do.... 


0. 4070 

0.4568 

0.4038 

0.3882 

0.4398 

0. 3517 

0.3088  , 
I 
0.3891 

0. 3810  ' 

0. 4210 
0.3080 
0. 4716 
0.4600 
0.5124 
0.6120 
0.  4922 
0.4458 
0.8400 
0.3675 
0.4811 
0.480S 


m 


m 


■  0.3939  ||,|l|  542 
0.4030  g"^  444 
0.3810    lUIJl         010 


1062 
1085 
1038 
1221 
090 
1110 
642 
fllO 

763 
787 
1085 
1017 
1136 
1136 
488 
432 
670 
660 
V76 
1085 


i 

•a -a 

u 


921  j 


3 

I 


1479 
1084 

1479  I 
1221  I 

921 
10C2 
1221  I 
1062 
1085 

888 

872 

769 

1252 
1130 

976 

976  I 
\?36  j 
1140  I 

1028 

588  I 

751  I 

I 

864  I 

574 
444  ; 

643  I 


957 


1085  \ 

I 

114<»  i 
1062  I 
1302  : 

970  i 
1085  I 

651  i 

642 

814 

781 
1062 
1007 
1186 
1177 

470 

432 

688 

665 

976 
108S 


1064 
908 

930 
002 
098 
504 
834 
717 
701 
687 
741 

736 
703 
813 
702 
680 
731 
811 
703 

767 
420 
548 

577 

441 

387 
539 

734 
741 
682 
635 
776 
614 
678 
553 
431 

574 
580 
738 
707 
900 
1031 
677 
638 
511 
530 
745 
790 


I 


o 

a 

I 


002 
098 
504 

est 

717 
701 
687 
741 

736 
703 
813 
702 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDEK  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


409 


DBFLECnOK,  IN  MILUHKTEBR,  UNDIB  A  rKK88UIUt,  IN  KILOOBAHB,  OF— 


SO 


3.3 

2.8 

3.2 
4.0 
6.4 
4.6 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
S.0 
6.2 

6.2 

7.2 
3.8 
4.3 
6.2 
5.0 
4.0 
4.3 

6.0 
8.8 
6.,'> 
5.5 

0.0 

11.0 

8.0 

6.3 
4.6 
4.5 
4.7 
4.0 
4.0 
4.4 
7.6 
8.0 

6.4 
0.2 
4.6 
4.8 
4.3 
4.3 
10.0 
11.3 
7.2 
7.1 
5* 


lOO 


6.0 
8.0 
10.6 
S.2 
8.0 
9.2 
9.0 
10.0 
11.2 

12.7 
14.2 
7.8 
8.6 
10.0 
10. 0 
7.0 
8.5 

0.6 
10.6 
13.0 
11.3 

17.0 
22.0 
15.2 

10.2 
9.0 
8.5 
9.2 
7.5 

10.0 
9.0 

15.0 

16,3 

12.0 
12.5 
9.2 
9.7 
8.0 
8.3 
20  4 
32.6 
14.2 
14.7 

lao 

9.0 


lao 


ao    10.0 

6.8       8.D 


10.0 
12.5 
16.4 
14.6 
12.0 
13.8 
13.5 
15.0 
17.4 

10.2 

22.4 
12.0 
13.0 
16.5 
15.3 

12.  U 
13.0 

14.0 
20.4 
19.0 
17.4 

28.0 
35.2 
24.7 

15.2 
13.4 
13.2 
14.3 
11.4 
14.8 

13.  U 
24.4 
24.7 

17.8 
10.  J 
14.0 
14.3 
12.8 
12.  5 
34.0 
36.6 
21.8 
2!.7 
lli.0 

ir.5 


300 


13.0 
12. 5 

1.3.  ,■> 
10.5 
22.7 
21.0 
16.4 
10.0 
19.0 
21. 2 
23.0 

27.0 
32.7 
10.0 
17.  U 
21.3 
21.3 
17.0 
17.5 

10.0 


28.0 
26.0 


O 

(set.) 

1.0 

0.5 

0.3 
0.4 
1.0 
1.2 
0.5 
0.0 
0.5 
0.9 
1.0 

1.0 

1.0 
0.6 


30.6 

U2. 0 
18.2 
19.0 
Jt.iJ 
15.4 
22.0 
10.7 
30.4 

26.0 
27.0 
19.0 
10.6 
17.0 
17.0 
49.0 
53.2 
33.8 
34.0 
30.6 
18.0 


aoo 


141 
12.0 

13.8 
17.0 
23.0 
21.6 
10.5 
10.1 
10.5 
21.5 
24  4 

27.4 
33.5 
10.2 


aso 


18.2 
10.0 

17.0 
22.0 
30.0 


0. 5  ^  18. 0 
1.0  '  21.8 
0.0  I  21.5 
0.  7  1  17. 0 
0.4  I  18.0 

0. 0  !  19. 0 


22.0 
20.0 
27.0 
30.0 
31.  .■ 

37.5 
45.7 
21.0 
23.0 
29.0 


30O 


22.0 
20.0 

21.2 
28.7 


20.0 
41.0 


47.0 
55.6 


»30 


20.5 
2.5.0 

28.0 
30.5 


400 

31.6 
20.2 


46.0 


20.2 
31.6 


20.  5     43. 2  * 

I 
22.  5  i  20. 5 

24.0 


25.0 


2.4  i  29.0 
2.2  :  27.2  : 


5.5  :  41.  i 


I 


1.  0  i  22.  3 
0.7  I  18.7 
1.0  !  10.0 
1.  5  I  21.  8     32.  5 
0.4     1.5.8     21.0 


31.0 
26.0 
27.0 


1.5 

22.0 

1.0 

20.0 

4.3 

38.0 

1.0 

25.4 

2.0 

27.0 

0.0 

10.0 

0.7 

10.8 

0.3 

17.3 

0.4 

17.2 

7.2 

!>1. 0 

7.8 

64.0 

4.0 

33.0 

3.0 

30.0 

0.6 

21.0 

0.0 

16.7 

35.  3 
28.0 


24.8 
25.0 
22.0 
22.0 
00.6 
72.0 


.16.0 


40. 0 
34.0 


.1 1: 


28.6 


31.5 
33.0 
28.  i 
27.0 


27.6 
24.0 


86.7 
83.6 


30.4 
30.0 


4aO  SOO !  580 


37.0 


397 


Remarka. 


Stiunre  break 

Sqnuro  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis. 


Sqiinre  break  with  scales  on  bock 

385  '  Crushed  at  center  bearing ;  square  break 

298     Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis  . 

215  :  Square  break  at  largo  knot 

350  i  Siqnari.'  break 


300  ;  Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis . 

209     Square  break 

293  j do 

310  I  Square  break ;  split  to  end 


314  I  Broke  with  tlat  scales  on  bad   

300  '  Square  break ;  sliattcr<  d ; 

347     Crushed  at  eenter  bearini; ;  failed  from  flakes  on  tension  side 

338  I  .Sqnnre  break 

294  j do 

312  ! do 

346  '  Cmehed  at  center  bearing ;  failed  fkt>m  thin  scale  on  tension  side. . 
300     Crushed;  square  break 


323  Br'>lie  with  Ihin  scale  on  bark 

179  Square  break  at  knot  near  end 

231  '  S(i«.iri'  break 

2411  Squnrc  bri'ak  with  short  spliiiters  . 


188  I  Started  nt  knot  . 

105    do 

230     Square  bi  oak  . . 


483 

493 

231 
231 

373 
776 
770 
704 
794 
880 
880 

513 
613 
773 
773 
784 
784 
791 
791 

292 
292 
675 

822 

269 
270' 
270» 


313  I  Cnisiied  at  ei'utir  bearing;  broke  with  few  thin  spUntors |    070 

310  I do I    070 

201  I  Cru.shed  at  ecuter  bearing ;  broke  with  flne  splinters |    077 

271  j  Cruslii'd  at  center  hearing;  broke  with  thin  Bake |    977 

331  I  Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broKO  with  flne  splinters ',  1015 

202  I  Crushed  at  center  bearing  J  broke  with  thin  flak^ '  1019 


287  1  CruHbed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  Bne  splinters  . 

230     Shftt  t  ercd 

184  >  Spcuimin  ernss-grained;  split 


1019 
1026 
1020 


246  ■  Shatte  ed !  6 

250  '  S(iuaro  bn'aU  on  tension  siile,  splitting  in  axis ,  5 

315  '  Ilroke  with  large  tinkcs  on  hack j  210 

Square  bi-cak 219 


.1  340 

.  381 

.|  440 

.1  289 


I 


Sqnaio  break  with  long  split  in  center  

..   ..do 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  Hplitting  in  axis. 

Sh.ittercd 

231  j  Square  break  ;  shattered 

220  !  Square  break  . , 

318  I  S<|uare  break;  somewhat  shattered 

337     Square  break 


I 


773 
772 
775 
776 
778 
778 
787 
787 


} 


m' 


i  I 


4i 


410 


I'OREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


It  *1 


r 


£f  < 


; 


^  ■   ■ 

11. 

Specie*. 


387.  Tsnga  Craadensis— eontinned  . 


793 
703 

sr 

817 
IMO 
1040 
1042 
1042 


State. 


Province  of  Qnebec 

...do 

West  Vlrgliiift 
...do 


Locality. 


1 


Danville . 
....do.... 
Grafton . . 
do... 


Collector. 


Grand  Tnink  rail- 
way. 
...do 


I  MaasnchuBettg. . 

...do  

....do  

...do  


I  Dfinvers 

...do 

Xorth  Reading; . 
...do 


Tsnga  Carolinlana 628  '  VortU  Carolina  —    Henderson ville  . 

Hemloek. 


Tsnga  Mertensiana [    071 

Bajitock. 


8M.  Tsnga  Pattoninna . 


3H.  Psendotsnga  Donglasii 

Bed  Fir.     Tetlou)  Fir.     Oregon 
Pine.    Dougloi  Fir. 


005 


Washington   ter- 
ritory. 
Alaska 


...do. 


080  British  Columbia . 
080  ....do 


271« 

271» 

271' I 

627  { 

627  I 

702 

704 

705 

706 

708 

708 

700 

700 

720 

720 

732  ! 

732  ' 

I 

881  I 

881 

073 

STS 

074 

086 

088 
1008 
1008 
1011 
1011 
1016 
1016 
1018 
1U18 
1020 
1020 


Wilkesou. 
Sitka.... 
...do 


Silver    peak,    near 

Froser  river. 
...do  


Colomdo Alpine. 

...do do    . 

do do  .. 


California Saw-mill,       Straw- 

beny  valley. 
...do ! do 


Oregon Sawmill.Marshfield. 


...do 

....do  

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do  

Montana.. 
....do 
Cnllfomia. 
..do , 


do  . 


E.  I).  Dean's   saw- 
mill, Marsfalleld. 
do 


...do 

...do  

...do    

...do 

Saw-mill,  Mispnnla. . 

...do 

Lassen's  peak 

...do  


Jtah Salt  Lake- 


...do 

British  Columbia 

...do 

..do 

...do , 

Oregon 

British  Colnmbta 

..do 

Oregon 

...do 


...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..  do. 
...do. 


C.  G.  Pringlo. 

...do 

J.  Bobinson . . 

...do 

...do 

...do  


A.  H.  Cnrtiss  . 


O.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
Paul  Sehnltze 


do  . 


SoU. 


Moist  loam 
...do 


Dr    .•ooky . 
Rich  loam  . 


O.  Engclmonn  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
— do 


.1 


T.  S.  Brandegee . 
...do  


Gravelly  loam  . 
do 


Moist. 
...  do. 
..do. 


G.  Eugelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do 


..do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...d» 

...do 

..do 

S.  Watson . 
...do 


Sierra      Lumber 

Company. 
...do 


M.  E.  Jones '  Bocky  . 


do. 


.do. 


Saw-mill,    Burrard  I  0. 8.  Sargent . 

inlet                       I 
— do do 


...do 

Saw -mill,  Victoria  . 
Saw-mill,  Portland . 


do. 


i 


O.  Eugelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent, 
.do 


Saw-mill, 

inlet. 
...do  .... 


Burrard 


Oregon  Railway  and 

Navigation  Co. 
do 


Weldler's  saw-mlll, 

Portland. 
..  do 


Sawmill,  Astoria . 
..do 


Portland  Furniture 

Company. 
...do 


...do. 
...do  . 
...do. 
0  . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


do. 


^ 


ill 


w 


0.5264 
0. 6248 
0.4041 
0.8748 
0.500C 
0. 5114 
0. 4248 
0. 4244 

0.5335 

0.5318 
0.5902 
0.6472 

0.4590 
0.4715 

0.4852 
0.  4786 
0. 4H74 
0.5735 
0.5382 
0. 4373 
0.6690 
0. 5705 
0.5477 
0.6687 
0.6802 
0. 4375 
0. 4448 
0.5345 
0.5448 
0.6227 
0.5000 
0.5601 
0. 6705 
0.5006 
0.4000 
0.6306 
0.4596 
0.6016 
0. 4870 
0.5501 
0.5386 
0.  .1325 
0.5960 
0.6085 
0.6120 
0. 0135 
0.4SS2 
0.448S 


COXPFICIBNT  or 
BLA8TICITT. 


•a  o 


1136 
1221 
057 
814 
763 
751 
1062 
921 

097 

1017 
1628 
1520 

751 
775 

814 

657 
1110 
1744 
1221 

888 
l.'>20 
1136 
1305 
1875 
1808 
1085 
1163 
1062 
1221 
1221 
1103 

996 
1163 
1221 
1108 
1356 
1085 
1221 
1252 
1628 
1221 
1181 
1628 
1628 
1628 
1808 
1110 

e-6 


i 


1177 
1286 

980 
814 
746 
763 
1028 
896 

713 

1017 
1628 
1470 

763 
787 

842 

888 
1149 
1628 
1356 

030 
1628 
1221 
1395 
1628 
1808 
1085 
1085 
1062 
1221 
1252 
1163 

076 
1110 
1221 
1140 
1486 
1122 
1101 
1888 
1628 
1356 
1181 
1713 
1628 
1628 
1744 
1086 

R7t 


J024 
<M0 
558 
848 
858 
708 
703 

462 

570 
1104 
1055 

720 
720 

770 
666 
848 

1050 
037 
672 

1181 
033 
937 

1248 

1317 
766 
602 
708 
021 
820 
703 
883 
976 
771 
820 
002 
7C7 

1008 
764 
898 
SCO 
686 
800 
696 
847 
898 

1048 

1061 


NT  OF 
ITI. 

1 

Pi 

s 

i 

v> 

"^  d 

"tf*^ 

1 

« 

a 

1177 

83B 

1285 

JOU 

980 
814 

140 

S58 

' 


848 
«68 
708 
703 

462 

570 
1104 
1055 

720 
720 

770 
666 
848 

1050 
937 
672 

1181 

933 

937 
1249 
1317 

766 

802 

703 

921 


703 
933 
975 
771 
820 
002 
7C7 
1008 
764 
898 
OCO 
696 

too 

698 
947 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


411 


DKFtACnON,  IX  UlLLIMBTEBU,  UNVEB  A  PRKBeUBK,  IM  KILOOBAHS,  OF— 


SO 

4.3 
4.0 
S.1 
6.0 
6.4 
6.5 
4.6 
V3 

7.0 

4.8 
3.0 
R.2 

(15 
•1.3 

B.0 
H.7 
4.4 
2.8 
4.0 
6.5 
3.2 
4.3 
3.5 
3.1 
2.7 
4.6 
4.2 
i.6 


lOO 


8.3 
7.C 
O.D 
12.0 
13.1 
12.8 
0.5 
10.9 

13.7 

0.6 
6.0 
6.6 


150|300|    O    1300 

(HOt.)! 


13.0 
11.5 
15.4 
18.2 
20.4 
18.7 
14.4 


17.5 
15.3 
22.0 
27.0 
28.0 
25.8 
20.3 


10.4  I  23.2 
21.2 


14.4 
9.3 
9.6 


12. 8  ;  10. 5 
12.4     18.0 


11.6 
11.0 
8.5 
6.0 
7.2 
10.5 
6.0 
8.0 
7.0' 
6.0 
6.4 
0.0 
O.D 
0.2 


4. 0  I    8. 0 


I 


4.0 
4.2 
4.9 
4.2 
4.0 
4.2 
3.6 
4.5 
4.0 
3.9 
3.0 
4.0 
4.1 
S.0 
3.0 
S.0 
2.7 
4.4 
6.0 


7.8 
8.4 
10.0 
8.8 
8.0 
8.5 
6.8 
8.7 
8.2 
7.3 

ao 

7.2 
8.2 
5.7 
6.0 
6.0 
5.6 
0.0 
10.0 


17.0 
10.6 
1.3.0 

9.2 
11.0 
17.0 

0.0 
11.6 
10.4 

9.0 

8.2 
13.6 
13.3 
14.0 
12.0 
11.7 


0.5  ;  18.0 
0.2  I  15.6 
0. 8     22. 2 


1.5 
2.0 
1.3 
0.7 
1.3 


21.0 
12.6 
13.2 

27.0 
26.4 

23.3 
24.0 
17.5 
12.6 
14.5 

22.5  , 

r-Mj 

15.8 
13.} 
12.3 
11.0  , 
18.7  I 

17.8 

I 

10.6  ! 
16.2 
16.0 


13. 0  I  17. 8  I 

15. 6  22. 0  I 

13.4  I  18.6 
12.2     17.0 

12. 7  17. 0 

10. 1  13. 6 

13. 2  I  18. 0 

12. 5  !  17.  0 
11.0     14.7 


9.0 
11.0 
12.3 

as 

0.0 

8.8 

8.6 

13.3 

15.2 


12.5 
14.5 
10.8 
12.0 
11.6 
11.8 
11.6 
18.0 
21.2 


28.0 
28.0 
20.0 
20.5 


900 


23.0 
10.5 
30.5 


3&0 
33.5 
27.5 


23.7     32.0 


300 


29,6 
24.3 


47.0 
43.0 


1.4 

0.4 
0.2 

1.1 

1.4 

0.0 
1.0  j 
0.0  ' 

u.o! 

0.2 

1.6  ! 

0.3 

0.5 

0.3 

0.2 

0.0 

0.4 

0.5 

0.5 

0.4  I 

0.4  j 

0.6  ' 

1.0  I 

0.5  i 

I 

0.4  1 
i 

0.3 
1 

0.3 

0.0  I 

0.4 

0.3 

0.0 

0.6 

0.4 


0.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.5 

0.7 

21.5 
12.9 
13.2 

27.9 
20.7 

23.7 
24.  C 
18.0 
1^6 
14.6 
23.0 
12.2 
16.0 
14.0 
12.5 
11.2 
19.0 
18.0 
20.4 
10.8 
16.0 
18.0 
22.0 
18.5 
17.5 
17.6 
13.6 
18.0 
17.2 
15.0 
12.2 
14.8 
16.0 
12.3 
12.0 
11.8 
12.0 
18.0 
2t5 


16.0 
16.6 

36.0 
35.6 

32.0 
33.0 
23.0 
10.0 
18.2 


10.7 
20  5 

55.5 
48.2 

44.0 


15.0 
20.3 
17.0 
15.0 
14.0 
24.7 
23.5 
26.5 
21.0 
20.8 
23. 4 
20.0 
24.6 
22.0 
22.5 
17.5 
j  24.2 
21.6 


29.5 
10.6 
23.0 


19.0 

15.6 

18.7 

22.2 

16.0 

'.4.8 

14.6 

14.6 

24.0 

28.5 

18.5 
25.5 
22.0 
18.0 
17.0 
32.2 
30.0 
35.8 
27.5 
20.6 
30.5 
36.0 
30.6 
20.2 

22.2 
31.0 
27.5 
25.6 
10.5 
24.0 


10.0 

ia4 
lao 

18.5 
34.0 


330 


39.0 
30.0 


64.0 
61.0 


400 1  480   SOO 


42.4 


24.6 
25.0 


41.2 
24.0 
29.6 


23.0 
31.5 
27.8 
22.7 
20.0 


34.2 
36.0 


45.7 
38.5 


28.0 


35.0 


26.0 
31.6 


30.5 
34.0 


38.6 


27.0 


39.6 
27.5 
24.5 


SOO 


39.0 


I 

33. 0     38. 6 


1 


34.0     45.6 
29. 0     34.  6 


51.6 


45.0 


24.0     32.0 
23. 4     32.  5 


22,0 
28.0 


28.0 
81.  C 


44.6 


u 

if 

h 
u 


358 
437 
273 
238 
362 
366 

P 

300 
107 


Remarks. 


CruBhcd  at  center  bcarins  with  thin  flake  on  tenaion  side 7B3 

Snnare  break;  long  split  in  center {  703 

S>inare  break 817 

do 817 


Broke  with  flakes  un  tension  side 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  aiia 

Cmshod  at  center  bearing ;  failed  with  flakes  on  comer . 
Square  break ;  shattered 


Specimen  cross-grained ;  started  at  knot. 


248     Storted  at  knots 

471  '  Crnshed  at  center  bearing!  failed  from  flakes  on  book. 

t 
456     Crashed;  splintered 


307  I  Square  break  . 
307  I do 


831 
284 
362 
448 
400 
244 
504 
398 
400 
533 
562 
327 
342 
300 
303 
350 
300 
393 
410 
320 
350 
385 
336 

4:. 

326 
383 
384 
297 
384 
207 
404 
426 
447 
460 


Square  break  and  split  at  end 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis . 

Did  not  break ;  split  through  the  center 

Square  break ;  slightly  splintered 


.do. 


Flaked  on  tension  side 

Sqnare  break ;  large  splinters 

Specimen  cross-grained ;  split  with  grain 

Crushed  at  ce'itor  bearing ;  square  break 

Square  break  on  iension  side,  splitting  in  axis . 


.do. 


Failed  from  large  spiinter  on  comer . 
Specimen  cross-grained;  splintered.. 
Specimen  cross-grained ;  shattered  . . 
do 


Failed  from  large  splinters  on  comers 

Failed  fh>m  large  splinters  on  one  comer 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis . 

Failed  ttom  large  splinter  on  comer 

Sqnare  break 


-do. 


Failed  from  large  splinter  on  each  comer 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

Crashed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  fine  splinters  . . 
Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  flakes  on  back . 
Crasheil  at  center  bearings  square  break;  splintered.. 
Crashed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  flue  splinters  . . 

Started  at  knot;  splintered  on  comer 

Crushed  at  center  bearing;  broke  with  fine  splinters  . . 

Cracked  at  knot 

Crushed  at  center  bearing  and  scaled  on  tension  side  . . 
Splintered 


.do. 
.do. 


1040 
1040 
1042 
1042 


971 
995 
995 


271' 
271» 
271» 
627 
627 
702 
704 
706 
706 
708 
708 
700 
709 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
881 
(73 
073 
974 
Oli6 
989 
1008 
1008 
1011 
1011 
lOlS 
1016 
1018 
1018 
1020 
1026 


';\i.'  •. 


in 


I' 

IS. 
h 


ii  1 


i    I 


,1   '         I 


412 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCJPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


394.  Abimsiibalpina 
Saliam. 


395.  Allies  erandis 
Hhitt  Fir. 


>9S.  Abipsconcolor 

White  Fir.    Baliam  Fir. 


3W.  Abif>ii  Minnbilis 

399.  Ablennobill» 

JledFir. 

400.  Abies  inagnifica 

Bed  Fir. 

401.  Lnrix  Aimriruna  

Lurch.   Black  Larch.   Tamaraek. 
Hackmatack. 


514 

586 

930 

E16 

.'534 

703 

1953 

1169 

1028 

1055 

1356 

037 

1479 

790 

734 

703 

688 

717 

1305 

023 

1356 

1066 

1436 

037 

1395 

fc70 

872 

820 

842 

823 

i^l;iP 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Contiuued. 


413 


r  1 

i>> 

— 

e 

Wi 

(j 

o 

g 

1 

a 

* 

21 

Tea 

30 

098 

783 
909 

054 
021 
042 

445 

584 

548 
370 
580 
347 
518 
402 
402 
400 

333 
627 
021 

5S3 
40» 
703 
704 
004 
700 


700 
810 

00.'> 
820 

58i! 
810 
703 


? 


DBrLRCnoM.  IN  MIUJUKTEBB,  CNUKB  A  rBKWURK,  IN  KIU>OUAIIB,  OP— 

i 

Bemark*. 

1 

a 

SO 

lOO 

ISO 

ilOO 

O 

(»et.) 

300 

9SO 

300 

300 

400 

480 

SCO 

ASO 

4.0 
4.2 

4.0 
4.5 

5.0 
RO 
5.0 

0.0 
6.8 

8.3 
0.3 
6.0 
7.2 
7.1 

8.0 
8.0 

0.3 
9.3 

0.0 
10.0 
10.0 

13.3 
10.8 

12.4 
13.5 
11.  ft 
15.2 
14.4 
13.2 
12.4 
11.0 

13.0 
9.0 
9.4 

14.0 
12.4 
14.0 
14.5 
7.4 
7.4 

7.8 
7.7 

7.0 

7.7 

19.0 
10.4 
18L3 

6.0 

f,.0 

7.2 

0.0 

13.3 

14.2 

7.0 

7.2 

0.8 

7.0 

11.2 

11. « 

12.0 
IZS 

14.0 
14.3 

15.0 
15.0 
15.5 

21.0 
10.8 

10.6 
21.5 
10.7 

10.4 
17.0 

19.0 
19.4 

21.0 
22.0 
22.0 

0.4 
0.4 

0.4 
0.4 

1.0 
1.6 

1.1 

10.5 
17.1 

19.3 
19.7 

21.5 
22.2 
23  7 

22.0 
22.0 

25.2 
25.7 

31.0 
33.5 
34.0 

81.0 
29.0 

32.0 
33.0 

828 
298 

334 
388 

279 
265 
274 

100 
240 

234 
168 
250 
148 
221 
197 
210 
200 

142 
225 
265 

237 
213 
300 
326 
380 
340 

328 
348 

380 
360 

260 
348 
300 

499 
.460 
400 
337 
800 
300 
894 
456 
400 
371 
350 
351 

1022 

Sauaro  break          .        ..        

1022 

042 

42.8 

do 

642 

623 

do 

do      

523 

623 

877 

22.6 
20.0 

0.5 
2.5 

22.5 
29.3 

377 

Crushed  at  ciiiter  bouriugj  square  break  on  tenaion  side,  splitting 
in  nxift. 

449> 

449> 

24.5 

1.6 

23.0 

30.2 

Crashed  at  center  boarinc'  •  flaked  on  back  

449> 

449> 

22.0 
21.0 
20.6 
17.0 

32.0 

2.4 

35.5 

820 

8.5 

...do 

820 

a2 

5.0 

a4 

5.0 
5.0 

7.4 
0.3 
7.1 
7.6 
3.8 
3.0 

4.0 
4.0 

4.0 
4.0 

9.0 
6.0 
9.0 

2.1 
8.2 
4.0 
8.5 
T.O 
7.1 
3.4 
8.8 
3.8 
8.2 
6.8 
8.0 

32.5 

4.4 

35.0 

820 

820 

1009 

14.0 
14.5 

21.5 
20.0 
23.0 
22.4 
11.0 
11.3 

12.0 
11.9 

11.4 
11.7 

30.7 
15.7 
29.5 

7.4 
9.2 
10.8 
10.0 
2L0 
2Z4 
11.0 
10.8 
10.0 
10.3 
18.2 
17.8 

20.6 
21.0 

32.0 
29.0 
32.2 
31.6 
14.9 
15.0 

10.4 
10.2 

15.4 
10.0 

40.0 
22.0 
40.8 

10.0 
12.0 
14.5 
13.2 
29.7 
32.0 
14.6 
14.5 
13.2 
14.0 
20.3 
2«i7 

1.0 
1.0 

2.6 
2.0 
1.9 
2.2 
0.4 
0.2 

0.0 
0.5 

0.4 
0.4 

6.6 
1.0 
4.0 

0.1 
0.2 
0.8 
0.4 
2.8 
2.9 
0.5 
0.4 
0.i> 
0.4 
3.0 
2.0 

20.7 
22.0 

34.5 
30.0 
33.4 
32.5 
15.0 
16.0 

16.8 

las 

16.0 
16.2 

49.4 
22.5 
43.6 

10.2 
12.0 
14.6 
13.6 
30.5 
32.8 
14.6 
14.7 
13.6 
14.6 
27.0 
20.6 

1010 

32.0 

1010 

529 

529 

44.7 
43.7 
18.5 
21.0 

22.0 
22.0 

21.0 
21.8 

94.0 
30.0 
02.0 

12.7 
16.0 

18.0 
10.6 
40.4 
44.0 
18.2 
18.6 
17.0 
18.8 
36.0 
36.6 

04.0 
63.5 
23.4 
28.0 

32.5 
30.0 

27.0 
29.0 

039 

Thin  flake  on  back            .                    

039 

29.6 

733 

733 

1004 

1004 

38.0 
47.0 

905 

905 

047 

41.0 

047 

Sqiiare  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis 

047 

18.0 

ia6 

23.6 
25.0 
66.6 
63.6 
23.7 
23.4 
21.5 
24.2 
49.0 

19.0 
23.0 
30.0 

24.0 
20.0 
4&0 

29.0 
88.0 

Croshed  at  center  bearing ;  broke  with  fine  splinters 

220' 

Cmshed  at  center  bearins :  broke  with  thin  scales 

220* 

Cmsbed  at  center  bearins :  broke  with  fine  anlintera 

774 

Larse  scale  on  tension  sido       ...                          

774 

Shattered  at  one  end 

781 

781 

30.0 
29.0 
28.5 
32.5 

786 

30.0 
40.0 

40.0 

788 

70} 

7M 

840 

47.0 

Tf!  A 

Square  break  on  tension  side,  splitting  in  axis .* 

840 

1'" 

i 


m .  •]. 


0. 


i 


fl  i 


;l 


!        ! 


m^^  I  it  I: 


414 


Speolei. 


102.  Lariz  ocotilentoUii . 
Tamarack. 


PALMACE^. 

40S.  WMbinfCtontnaiifera.. 
Fan-Ua/ I'alm. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Ty3LE  III.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINOIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


710 
710 
084 
984 
1000 
1000 

USO 
IISO 


State. 


Montana. 
....do 


Washington  terri- 
tory. 
. ...  do 


...do. 
...do. 


California . 
....do 


Locality. 


Miuonla. 
...do.... 
Fulda.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do 


Agna  Caliento. 
....do 


Collector. 


S.  Wntson  . . . 

...do 

W.  Silcsdorf . 

I. ...do 

i....do 

.do 


W.O.Wright. 
...do 


Sou. 


Motat. 
..do. 
...do  . 
...do. 


Dry,  gravelly . 
...do 


si  ■ 

111 

CO 


0. 0285 
0.0000 
0. 8130 
0.83C4 
0.8420 
0.8370 

0.6012 
0.0307 


COKFriCIKMT  OF 
ELiUTICITT. 


I 


1221 
13S0 
1028 
lO'JS 
1878 
10S3 

460 
697 


i. 


1221 
139S 
1718 
1713 
1953 
1953 

403 
723 


I 


914 
1106 
1289 
1481 
1287 
1287 

271 


!  If 


B)-',:  -'■■ 


111'' 


i  ^ 


Table  IV.— BEHAVIOR  OF  SOME  OF  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Speoie 


MAGNOLIACE.S. 


1.  Uasnolia  grandiflora 

Sig  Laurel.    BuU  Bay. 


2.  Magnolia  glonca 

SwtttBau.  White  Bav.  Beaver 
Tree.  White  Laura.  Svamp 
Laurel. 

SAPINDACE^. 


54.  Rapindns  marginatna 
Wil "      ■ 


irUd  China.    Soapberry. 
LEGUMI2;oS.£. 


77.  Sobinia  Paendaracia 

Loeutt.     Black  Locutt.     Yellow 
Locuit 

HAMAMELACE.S. 


139.  I.iquidambar  Styrncitlua 

Sweet  Oum.  Slar.Uaved  Oum. 
Liquidamber.  Bed  Oum.  Bil' 
ttei. 


346 


354 


807 


1248 


546 


OLEACEiE. 

192.  Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texenaia'    364 

BIGNONIACE.£.  | 

207.  Catiilpn  Bpecioiia 38 

Wettern  Catalpa. 


UKTICACE.a:. 


19 


224.  tllniii8  Americana _... 

White  £lm.  American  £lm.  | 
Water  Win.  I 

£28.  CrItiB  occidcutalls '    800 

Sugarbemj.    Baekberry.  \ 


JDGLAN'DACEiE. 


I 


239.  Jnelans  ui!;;ra >    951 

Black  Walnut.  \ 

248.  ConaaquBticu ■    302 

Water  nickarii.  Swamp  Hickory. 
Bitter  Pecan.  i 


CUPULIFER^. 


251.  Qtiercna  nlba . 
VMM  Oat. 


State. 


Alabama  . 
...do 


Texaa , 


Now  Tork. 


Alabama  . 


Texas  . 


MlBBonrl. 
..do.... 


Maasacbuaetts — 
Texaa , 


...do 

Miaaiuippi . 


Maasachnaetts 

...do  


Locality. 


Collector. 


Soil. 


Cottage  HUl |  'J.  Mohr  . 


do. 


.do. 


Dallas J.Beverohon 


Long  Island  . 


Kemper's  mill . 


Dallas  . 


Churloaton. 
...do  


Arnold  Arboretum 
Dallas 


New  Braunfela  . 
Vickabnrg  


Arnold  Arboretnm 
...do 


M.  C.  Beedle . 


C.  Mohr . 


J.  Beverohon  *. . 


C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do 


...do  

J.  Kuverohon  . 


C.  Mohr  . 
...do.... 


C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do 


Rich  loam 0.7347 


J? 


<a 
I 

OS 


■a 


Swanpy 0.5262 


Rich,  damp I  0.7838 


n 


Rich,  alluvial . 


Dry,  calcareous. . . 


Wet  clay  . 
...do 


Drift  .... 
Alluvial . 


Moiat,  calcareous. 


Drift  . 
...  do. 


0.8476 


0.6537 


0. 8198 


0.4783 
0. 4757 


0.7534 
0. 7491 


0.7108 
'  0.7780 


0.6958 
0.6820 


COEPFCIRMT  OF 
ELABTICITT. 


id 

II 


1101 


1135 


1100 


1221 


1221 


057 
939 


1085 
888 


ma 

970 


708 
763 


1007 
1028 


1062 


1221 


021 


1191 


940 


974 
816 


851 


1169 


1173  I 


703 


1050 

1118 

800 

016 

996 

936 

957 

958 

787 

802 

600 

688 

)F 

1 

_ 

1 

e 

OD 

D 

B 

•s 

» 

1 

014 

K> 

1100 

8 

1288 

8 

1481 

» 

1287 

» 

1287 

13 

271 

>8 

SS6 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

I  (NITBD  STATES  UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN— Continued. 


415 


DIFLBCTIOM,  IN  HILUMKTCIW,   URUCB  A  I'aXMUBJt,  IM  KILOOBAUS,  OF— 


SO 


4.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.6 
2.5 

10.6 
7.0 


lOO 


ao 

7.0 
5.7 
8.7 
8.0 
6.0 

24.2 
13.6 


looisioo 


12.0    ia2 
10. 6     14. 0 


a4 

8.2 
7.6 
7.5 


20.0 


11.0 
11.0 
10.4 
10.0 


20.4 


O 

(Mt.) 

0.5 
0,4 
0.3 
0.2 
a2 
0.2 


1.8 


16.5 
14.0 
11.4 
11.0 
10.4 
10.0 


33.6 


900 


21.0 
18.0 
14.0 
13.6 
13.0 
12.6 


»oo 


27.6 
22.5 
17.6 
16.6 
16.0 
15.5 


3S0I400 


sao  I 

2&0 
20.6 
19.6 
10.0 


84.0 
24.7 
23.0 
22.7 


18.6  !  22.0 


«so!aoo 


46.0 
28.6 
26.8 
27.2 
20.5 


36.7 
32.0 
34.0 


47.0 
86.6 


t 


11 


BamMlu. 


8(0  I  C  nulled  ut  contur  boariug ;  broke  with  flue  ipUnterB 

472  I do 

650  j do .•- 

632    Defleotlou  with  100  kilogrunia  =  46.5  •nllllmeteni  broke  with  fine 

I      aplinters.  ,■. 

548  j  Cruahedatoontor  bearing  i  flaked .' 

540     Failed  from  targe  aplluter  on  corner 


116 
250 


Twisted  and  spUt. 
Square  break 


719 
718 
884 
0S4 
1006 
1006 

1160 
118* 


UNDER  TRANSVERSE  STRAIN:  SPECIMENS  EIGHT  CENTIMETERS  SQUARE. 


)F   1 

1 

a 

■a 

17   974 

8   816 

2   861 

1  1169 

1   933 

1  1172 

1   69e 

)   703 

1118 


916 


968 


802 
688 


DIFUCTIOM,  IK  lULLUIXTKnS,  UXDKB  A  PBI88UUI,  IK  KILOOBAIU,  OF— 


400 


2.0 
2.2 


2.0 


2.0 


2.2 

2.6 
2.8 

2.3 
2.0 

2.6 
2.5 


2.6 
8.1 


800 


1900 


4.1  6.4 


4.8  '        69 


4.4 


5.2 


4.0 


5.1 
5.2 


4.5 
5.5 


5.0 
5.0 


6.0 
6.4 


6.6 


7.7 


6.0 


7.8 
7.9 


leoo 


7.5 

V.4 


9.8 
10.0 


8.9 
0.5 


9.2 


ao 


10.6 


&2 


11.0 
11.0 


6. 8  V.  3 

8.6        12.2 


0.8 
10.2 


12.4 
14.8 


(set.) 


0.2 
0.3 


0.4 


0.0 


0.7 


0.3 


0.3 
0.4 


0.4 
0.6 


1.2 


1600    3000 


9. 0        11. 2 
9.6        12.4 


9.2 


8.1 


10.7 


n.o 

11.0 


9.4 
12.3 


10.0 
10.3 


16.0 


9400  I 9800 


12.2 


10.2 


14.2 


a  2        10. 2 


15.5 
15.7 


12.0 
17.0 


12.6 
13.6 


16.6 
21.0 


16.1 
16.2 


16.0 


12.6 


19.3 


18.0 


10.5 


29.6 


16.2 


26.0 


lae 


15. 2         la  5 

23.2  I      33.0 

I 
I 
I 

15.6  •      19.1. 

ia2l      24.4 

i 
I 


10.2 


27.8 


3900 


26.0 


10.! 


20.6 


25.0 


seoo 


25.0 


26.6 


35.0 


sao 


si 

el 


3325 
2785 


2003 


3092 


3184 


4000 


2361 
2400 


3815 
3126 


8193 
8270 


3043 
2246 


Remarka. 


Broke  with  large  splinters  on  back 

Broko  with  largo  splinters 

Broke  with  large  flake  on  back 

Broke  with  large  splinters  on  back 

Bioko  frith  niuny  flne  splinters 

Broku  Mriiu  mige  splinters 

Crushed  and  split  to  the  end 

Broko  with  tine  splinter  on  one  comer. . 

Broke  with  flne  splinters 

Broke  with  largo  splinter  on  one  comer. 

Broke  with  large  splinters  on  comers. . . 
Broke  with  large  spiintera 


Broke  with  large  splinters  on  back  , 
do 


840 

354 

807 
1248 

646 

864 

38 
38 

19 
306 

961 
3«8 


r*-  •'[ 


416  FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  IV.— BEHAVIOR  OP  SOME  OF  THE  WOODS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER 


li'll"!^ 


Speoie*. 


lot.  Qaerciis  MichanxU 

Batk4t  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 

260  Qunrcua  Prinna 

OhulnutOak,  Bock  Ohutnut  Oak. 

276.  Quercns  KelloggU 

mack  Oak. 

280.  Qiiprriiii  luiiiatica 

Water  Oak.    Duek  Oak.   Po$ntm 
Oak.    Punk  Oak. 

BETDLACEiE. 

301.  AlniiH  rubra 

Alder. 

CONIFEBa. 

3\ib.  Chntniccyparis  HpbiBToldea 

White  Cedar. 

37(1.  PliinnTiedn 

LMolly  Pine.  Old-field  Pine. 
RoMinary  Pint. 

872.  linui  BerotiDa 

Pond  Pine. 

380.  I'inuH  psiustris 

Long-leaved  Pine.  Soulhern  Pine. 
Qeorgia  Pine.  Yellow  Pine. 
Bard  Pine. 

SSI.  Finns  Cubensla 

Slath  Pine.  Swamp  Pine.  Bat- 
tard  Pine.    Meadow  Pir  - 


S24 
524 

025 

003 

349 


850 

S2 
82 


81 

85 

243 

243 

84 


State. 


Alabama  . 
...do 


Looallty. 


Kempcr'a  mill  . 
. .  .do 


...do Ciilliiinii . 


Oregon  ... 
Alabnina  . 


Wnaliinaton    ter- 
ritory. 


Aliibninn 


Eugene  City 
CottH^e  IIIU  . 


iMiynllnp  . 


Florida  . 
<lo  . . . 


.  do  . 
,  ilo  . 

.  do  . 
..do  . 
..do 
.  do 


Cottage  Bill . 


DuTul  county . 
...do 


do 
do 

do  . 
do 


Snw-mill,        Saint 

J(din'H  river. 
..  do 


do    Duval  coniitj  . 


CoUoetor. 


C.  Hobr . 
...do... 


..do 

O.  B.  Collier  . 
C.  MoUr 


O.  Engelmannand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


C.  Mohr . 


A.  H.  CurtiM 
...do 


do. 
do 

do 
du. 
do. 
do  . 

do. 


BoiL 


Alluvial . 
...do... 


! 


0.8107 

0. 8;i48 


Dry.  rooky 0.8168 

0.7026 
Bandy  loam 0.7253 


Sandy,  wet 0.8710 

Moist,  «nndy 0. 5802  I  l^j 


0. 6381 


do 0.7614 


Moist,  snndy  loam.    0.7014 
...do    II. s;;; 


Sandy  loaiu  . . 
Moist,  ■.indr. 


Moist,  sandy. 


I 


l>= 


0. 8GUD 
0. 7213 
0.  0788 

0.  cion 
0. 7033 


coirnciBfT  or 

EtJUTIOlTT. 


11 


776 
800 

1085 

626 

1366 

720 

304 

1061 
1285 

039 
787 

1430 
1085 
1221 
1103 

1163 


697 

745 

1028 
564 
1820 

610 


1017 
1302 

821 
751 

1650 
1007 
12.^2 
1221 

1221 


884 

084 

582 
736 
1144 

624 

376 

792 
820 

933 
904 

1057 
040 
820 
040 

1029 


fPi 


fTor 

g 

TT. 

f 

•s 

1 

1) 

s 

097 

884 

745 

B84 

1028 

ses 

730 
1144 


S24 

376 

792 
820 

933 
904 

1057 
040 
820 
049 

1020 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"TRANSVERSE  STRAIN:   SPECIMENS  EIGHT  CENTIMETERS  SQUARE-Coutiiuicd. 


t 

417 


400 

8.2 
3.2 

2.S 

4.0 

2.0 

3.2 

0.8 

2.3 
2.0 

2.7 
3.0 

1.0 
-M 
2.0 
2.  2 

2.3 


DBFLKCTION,  IN  UILMUltTEBI,  UKDER  A  ritEIWUUB,  IM  KILOOBAMS,  OF— 


800  ;  laoo  14mh> 


I 


0. 3  I      10.  0        14. 0 
&  I  j        0. 8  !      13. 1 


4.5,        7.0 

I 
7.8  I      12.0 


3.5 


a7 

13.4 

4.0 

3.8 

6.2 
0.2 

3.4 

4.5  i 
4.0  I 
4.2  I 

4.2 


5.6 


10.7 

21.0 

7.1 
6.8 

8.0 
9.6 

6.1 
7.0 
6.0 
6.0 

6.0 


27  FOB 


o 

(act.) 


I'JOO 


9.6 
17.3 
7.4 

10.0 


9.6 

7.5 

10.6 
13.0 

0.3 
0.7 
7.8 
8.0 

8.0 


1.5 
1.3 

0.0 

1.4 

0.2 

2.0 


14.6 
13.8 

0.5 

17.6 

7.3 

16.7 


ilOOO 


0.2  J 

0.4, 
0.0 

0.0 
0.3 
0.0 
0.4 

0.4 


0.7 
7.6 

13.0 
13.4 

7.0 
0.9 
7.9 
8.0 

8.0 


10.6 

18.0 


9400 


ilSOO 


26.5 
24.2 


13.3 
24.0 
U.3 


12.0 
10.0 

13.0 
18.0 

8.7 
12.6 
10.0 

0.8 

10.2 


40.6 
11.8 


17.0 
12.0 

17.3 
23.0 

10.6 
16.4 

12. 2 

12.  0 

12.  U 


89. 0 
33.0 


3300 


14.0 


21.5 

22.0 
30.0 

12.5 

20.5 


49.0 


10.0 


1U.0 
16.3 


3600 


25.6 


14,0 

■'7.  .I 


23.5 
10.5 


ii 

4 

If 

El 


3010 


1087 
2513 


Bemarkt. 


A  lorgo  RFOHon  craok  at  oue  coraori  upliutercdonoppo. 

site  corner. 
Sijlintt'rs  on  cornen 


1789 


1284 

2703 
2800 

3184 
3086 


Split  loogthwlae  with  small  epUntem  on  cor- 

uers. 

Broke  with  large  apliutera  on  comeii' 

Cruahod  at  center  bearing  i  broke  with  fine  apllntora. 

Broke  with  large  splintera  on  hack  i  shattered 


Short,  square  break ;  uo  splinters  . 


Shattrrcd  . 
do.... 


0.76  sap-wood  j  broke  with  large  splinter  on  corner. 

0  ."■  H  ii.wiiml:  bn)1(owltlil:iigi'»|iliuteioii  comer... 


Mnc     ,':i|niiit  liiciik  im  li-iisinii  side,  »plittiug  in  axis 

3207  ' 

2709 


3230 
3013 


Broke  with  largo  Bpliiitpr  on  coiner ;  somewhat  shat- 

ttrcil. 
Sqimi  p  break  on  tciisiun  side,  splitting  in  axis 

Split  between  rings  ut  one  end 


524 
»2S 

on 

849 

991 
350 

e> 

83 

8S 

88 

81 

85 

243 

243 

84 


;1 

I 


■11 


1  i»iii!Bri|Hir#liM<TtifretBn  win : 


■■■I 


Hpf 

pfst 

pl'i 

il:- 

418 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS 


Spocioa 


MAGXOLIACE^. 

1.  MiiKDolia  graudiflora 

Bii/  Laurel.    Hull  Say. 

2.  Mnsuolia  Klanra 

HwixtBa)/  WhiteBay.  Bea- 
rer Tree.  White  Laurel. 
Hwamp  Laurel.' 

3.  Mni:nolia  ncniiiinata 

Cucumber  Tree.  Uaunlain 
ilagnoUtt. 


State. 


340     Alabama  . 
340  ;....Jo 


354 
354 


..do. 
.  do. 


4.  MoiinoUa  cordata 

Cucumber  Tret. 

5.  Miifinolia  niacrophylla 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

6.  Miignolia  Umbrella 

VmbreUa  Tree.    Elk  Wood. 

7.  Mnjjnolia  Fraseri 

Loug-leaied  Cucumher  Tree. 

i.  Liriotlpndron  Ttilinlfera 

Tulip  Tree.     Yellow  Poplar. 
«?'««  Wood. 


?40     Virginia . 
240    ....do  .... 


Locality. 


Cottage  Bill . 
...do 


Collector. 


C.  Mohr. 
...do..., 


do  . 
do. 


do. 
.do. 


261« 
26I> 
534 
534 

1178 
1178 

532 
532 

266' 
i    266« 


...  do 

....do 

Mississippi  . 

...do 


Wytheville 

...do  

Fancy  Gap  

..  do 

Selrors'  mill |  C.Mohr 

...do I do  ... 


H.  SUriver. 

...do , 

..do , 

...do  


Alabama '■  AVinston  conmy  ..' — do  . 

I                                 I 
do do do  . 


Mississippi ,  Qnitman. 

do "...  do  ... . 


.do. 
do. 


Virginia Wytheville U.  Sbriver  . 

do ' — do i do  . 


i 
260  I. 

260    . 
I 

895  ! 

818  ' 

8)8 
1231  I 
1231 
1232 
1232 
1236 
1236 


...do. 
...do. 


Fancy  Gap do  . 

do do  . 


'Hi 


i 


Sou. 


la... 

ill 


Rich  loam  . 
...do 


Swampy . 
...do... 


Clay  limestone. 

...do 

Rich,  light 

...do 

...do 

...do  


Remarks. 


Crushed  fibers  at  10  milliroetem 

knot  28  millimeters  ttom  end. 
Triple  Uexuro 


Fibers  cnished  at  51  miUimoters 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  middle 


Rich,  low. 
...do 


Damp  . 
..do. 


Michigan 

TVest  Virginia....!  Grafton 

do ! — do 

Pennsylvania I  Chester  county 

do I do 

...do '...  do 


! 

Lansing W.  J.  Benl  . . . 

C.G  Pringle. 
..  do 


...do 

Tennessee . 
...do  


ANONACE^. 


0   Asiminn  triloli 

Papaic.    Cuilard  Apple. 


ID.  Anona  luurifolia 

I'ond  Apple. 


211     Missouri. 
211    ...do.... 


do  . 


Saw.mill  at  Nash- 
ville. 
..do 


P.  P.  Sharpies 

...do 

..do 

...do 

A.B.Balrd.... 
...do  


Mommcc  river, 
JefliTson  county. 
...do 


G.  W.  Letterman 
..do 


73."i8 
8066 

7212 
6369 

6705     Fibers  cnished  at  76  millimeters 

I      from  end. 
65»;2  I  Triple  flexure 

5126 

6570 

7389 

8333 

6577 
6527 

[  7357 
I  8301 

5647 
6073 

6806 
7575 

4063 
6341 
6636 
6514 
6160 
6305 
5874 


Crushed  in  vicinity  of  knots  at 

middle. 
Crushed  fibers  at  63  millimeters 

from  end. 
Crushed  fibers  at  70  millimeters 

iW>m  end. 
CruHhed  fibers  at  102  millimeters 

from  end  andou  opjiosite  side  at 

end. 
Crushed  fibers  at  38  millimeters 

fi-nni  niiddlc. 
CruHhfd  tibeiB  in  vicinity  of  knots 

03  millimeters  from  end. 

Opened  longitudiunl  crack  be- 
tween rings. 

Crushod  fibers  at  63  millimeters 
from  end. 

Crushed  fibers  at  128  millimeters 

from  end. 
Triple  fli'xure;  developed  inter- 

secting  "Cooper lines". 

Failed  nt  6  niilliineters  knot  51 

millinii'tors  1'kiiii  end. 
Fibers  iriK^lK-d  ut  51  and  at  128 

milliiiietfra  from  cud. 


Failed  at  knot  at  middle 

Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimetern 
fioni  end ;  uniile  of  cruHliing,  55°. 

Fibers  oruHlicd  ut  128  millimeters 
fiom  end ;  nnule  of  crnsbinjr,  65°. 

Fibers  cniHhed  at  70  millimrters 
from  end  i  oiikIo  of  ci  usiiing,  76°. 

Fibers  cru»bc(l  at  middle 


.do  . 


Alluvial  . 
...do  .... 


471)     Florida Boy  hisoayne . 

479     ..  do    I. ...do 


do. 


t!»» j  Swampy . 

! 110 


C.VXELLACE.?:. 


I 


12.  Csnellr.  all.tt 

innVc      tloiMi.        Cinnamon 
Bail.     Wild  Cinnavwn. 

TERNSTl!(i;iIlACEJ5. 


14.  Ooi'donin  T.a.'iianthun 

LobMty  Hay.     I'lin  Bay. 


1131    ...do    EUiottsKcy. 

1131    ....do ;....do 


do  . 
do  . 


C'oriil 

do 


236     South  Carolina.. 
2M    ...  do , 


Bonneau's  Depot  .    H.  W.  Rarenel 
do do 


tiliacej:. 


IT.  Tilla  A  merieana 

Lime  Tree.  Bate  Wood. 
American  Linden.  Lin. 
Bee  Tree. 


414 
414 


....do. 
...do. 


Alker do  . 

do do  . 


2  I  MiBsochnsett* 

2     ...do  

134  I  Michigan 


Arnold  Arboretum  C.  S.  Sargent . 

do do 

Big  Rapids I  W.J.Bual.... 


Wot  pine-barren . . 
...do  


Swampy '  f700 

...do 6396 


Drift. 


Gravel. 


Fibers  crushed  in  vicinity  of  Itiiot 
51  milliuietprs  from  end. 
,5480  I  Fibers  cniHbcil  nt  03  miliimetrrs 

I      from  end. 
5006  ' do 

I 

3402  :  Fibers  crushed  at  114  niillimeters 

I      from  end. 
3388  '  Crushi'4l  nt  knot  63  millimotera 
from  end. 

46110  Fillers  cnished  at  03  millimeters 
frttm  end :  anule  of  criishint%  0.5°, 

4967  Fillers  cnished  on  one  side  at 
middle. 


12740     Fibers  oruHhcd  at  middle  and  split 

I     along  grain. 
12293  :  Fibers  cinslii'd  near  niidiUe;  de- 
flected from  heart. 


6842  I  Fibers  onmhod  nt  knots  near  end 

6732  f  Fibers  crnslied  nt  63  and  nt  127 
millimelei'B  lioiu  end  at  knot* 
10  niillinielers  indiami'ter. 

Fillers  iruKlnd  ul  Oil  niilliineters 
from  entl. 

Fibers  ivushed  nt  lOniillimetem 
knot  near  end. 


4287  '  FiliPi'H  ci'iiHhod  nt  19  and  at  K2 
I      milliiiK>tei's  fioiu  end. 


4944 


1 


Fillers  crushed  at  ITT  millimeters 
from  end. 


mUlimetero 
ftom  end. 


I  millimeterR 

of  knots  at 

1  mUlimetcra 

)  mllUmeters  1 

2  miUinieter* 
iIKwite  sidv  at 

B  milllmetere 


nl   crack   l>e- 
B  millimetora 

>8  millinielcrs 


14  luilliniotorH 
mllliniotori 


(3  nilUlniotiTfi 
,ru«hiii!.'.«r>°. 
one  8l<lo  at 


ihlln  nnil  dpUt 
niiiMIc;  ile- 

nnta  niMir  end . 

53  ftiid  at  127 
>nd  ut  kuota 
linnn't*'!*. 
f:i  iuillliin>ler» 

no  millimi'tp™ 


I  mUHmctera 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION. 


419 


FHUBURE,  IN  KItX>ORAHB,  HEQUIRKD  TO  FBODUCK  AN  ZKDKKTATIOH,  III  HILMMETEBS,  OF— 


0.9S     O.S1 


m 

m 

m 


iiiiii 


\m 


m 


1 

2041    

1724  I      2SF0 


llf<2 
1080 

!>75 
lUlO 
1080 
llil7 
lUlG 
ll'JS 

E84 
1111 

I.TAI 
i:)S4 


OKI 

I  (ISO 
1016 

007 
1025 
740 
6.10 
1052 
704 
886 
010 
883  j 

067  I 
6«2  I 

I 
043 

1034  I 

3074 
.i3Il 

035 
535 


o.ye 


1.09 


1334 
1829 

1.343 
1420 
1315 
1370 
1442 
1610 

1008 

1325 

I 
1742 

1047 


1270 

1524 
1615 

1006 
1207 
lOiJ 
844 
1288 
1080 
1012 
1167 
1116 

804 
»48 

1420 
1660 

6577 

6668 

i 

I 
1125  \ 

1021 


I 


I08B 

1510 

1184 

1683 

934 

1167 

70S 

880 

717 

863 

3447 
2076 

1647 
1633 

1633 
1651 
1606 
1579 
1600 
1833 

1238 
1470 

2005  ' 
1887  ' 

1111 
1470 

1810 
1014 


8221 
2550 

1433 
1433 

1420 
1535 
1420 
1465 
1563 
1760  I 

1170  ; 

I 
1402 

I 

1882 
17H5 

1008 
1388 

1665 
1787 

1125 
1388 
1170 
026 
1307 
1152 
1084 
1220 
1166 

067 
1052 

1010 

1882 

i 
I 

7621  )   8346 
8523    8468 

I 

1243    1343 

1116    1211 

I 
164L-    1746 

1665    1760 

1297    ISSS 

92A    )0OT 

I 
894  '   967 


Lay  1.99  '  1.V8  '  a.o3  a.as  '  9.54  '  4.81  s.o8 


3497 

2806 

1061 
1603 

1688 
1737 
1683 
1665 
1751 
1032 

1315 
1538 

2123 

20e5 

i 

1143  I 

1542  ! 

i 
1901  I 

2032  '< 


1143    1175 

1 

147U  I   1633 
1229  I   1311 


980 
1433 
1216 
1120 
1203 
1202 

1016 
1111 

1866 
2019 


1043 
1533 
1267 
1186 
1861 
1201 

1039 
1157 


8670 
2921 

1733 
1667 

1642 
1805 
1660 
1716 
1860 
2010 

1343 
1606 

2223 
2078 

1216 
1010 

1906 
2082 

1202 
1606 
1370 
1125 
1601 
1302 
1234 
1429 
1806 

1075 
1198 


1941    2068 
2132    2227 


8573  !   8822 

I 
0763  I  10206 


1388 
1298 

1867 
1846 


1303 
1048 
1031 


1462 
1847 

1032 
1923 

1442 

nil 

1043 


8847 
3016 

1805 
1742 

1696 
188V 
1674 
1774 
1910 
2106 

1406  . 
1660 

2318  I 
2191  I 


I 

1247  I 

I 

1678  I 

I 

2082  I 

2146  ! 

1234  ! 
1074 
1415 
1152  I 
1656  I 
134?  I 
1270  i 
1479  I 
1852  : 

nil 

1229 

2169  I 
I 
2341 


10014 

I 
1633  \ 

1483 

I 
2006 
1901 

1497 
1167 
1071 


3978 
3112 

1846 
1760 

1783 
1941 

1758 
1824  j 
1982  I 
2245  j 

1483 
1719  j 

2418  I 
2203  I 

1207 
1742 

2173 
2105 

1252 

1737 

1474 

1103 

1706 

1870 

1335 

1620  I 

1397  I 

1116  I 
1361  I 

2254  I 
2866 

8081  I 
10886  { 

I 
1679 
1488 

2068 
2060  ' 

1642 

1189 
1093  I 


4078 


1000 
1706 

1763 
2037 
1787 
1864 
2068 
2304 

1624 
1740 

2486 
2336  j 

1320 
1787  j 

2246  I 
2223  I 

1297  i 

1702 

1524  * 

1220 

1746 

1384 

1352 

1566 

1456 

1129 
1288 

2304 
2477 

9344 
10090 

1642 
1538 

2148 
2128 

1S78 
U25 
1120 


4209  |. 
3201  |. 

1073  j. 
1873 

1792 
2111 
1833 
1001 
2114 
2359 

1538 
1819 

2636  I 
2404  I 

1343 
1865 

2318 
2295 

1815 
1846 
1565 
1266 
1801 
1442 


1601 
1515 

1162 
1207 

2330 
2563 

9671 
11227 

1701 
1697 

2318 
3177 

1619 


I 


an  I 


Remarks. 


Began  tn  shear  llbeni 

Slipht  shenrlnf;  cftlbirs. 


Sheared  flborn 

Slight  ahoariiii;  ol'  libers. 


I 


do. 


Splintered  at  pitli ;  slight  shearing  of  fibers 

Indented  witliout  Hhearin j;  fibers 

Sheared  flirers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

do 


do 

Fibers  sheared  . 

do 

di) 


Indented  withont  sliearing  fibers. 
Fibers  alieaicd 


Indented  wit  hont  shearing  Ukors 

Slight  shearing;   Rliort  specimen,  120  millimeters 
long;  Hplit  at  biitli  eudv 

Sheared  fibers 

Sliglit  shearing  of  fibers 

do 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 

.do. 


Sliglit  shearing  of  fillers . 
do 


Sheared  fibers  and  openoil  gra<u 

Sheared  fibers  and  opened  grain  at  middieaud  at  end. 


\ 


Sheared  fibers. 
do 


.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


346 

S4« 

354 
354 

246 
246 
261 
261* 
634 
684 

1178 
1178 

532 
632 

266' 
260' 

260 
260 

396 
818 
818 
1231 
1231 
1232 
1232 
1238 
1286 

211 
311 

479 
47» 

nil 
list 


236 

414 
414 

1 
I 

m 


1  ' 


i,  ■ 


■<:  s 


li 


*         ■! 


„.*!( : ,, 


'U. 


,1       / 


:"  /H 


420 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 


IT.  Till*  Americana— continued . 


IT.  Tilia  Amerirana,  var.  pnbes- 
oena. 


IS.  Tillnliotrrophvlla  .. 
Wliile  Ba»»  ^ruoil. 


TfaAdo. 


MALPIGniACEiE. 

18.  Byraonimu  luuida 

J'allowbeinj.     Ulaniberry. 


ZTG  or  n  YLL  ACE.a!. 


30.  Gnaiacnm  H-inctum 

liignum-vitce. 

ELTACE.a!. 

33.  XnntlioTvlnm  Clava-ITorciiliB  . 
ToiilliaclieTret.    Prickly  Ath. 
.SVrr    Afh.     Pepper    Wood. 
Willi  <    ange. 


34.  Xantlioxylnin  Cnribaena 

Hatin  Wood. 

siMAUuiu:.ai;. 

38.  Simarulin  ;:l,iii('a 

I'aradite  I'lee. 

BUKSKUACE*. 

29.  Burweta  Lniinmifera 

Hum  Kh')hi.    (ivwho  Limbo. 
WfKt  Indian  Birch. 

W.  Amvrls  Rvlvntica 

Torch  ]iood. 

SIELIACE^. 

31.  Swlotcnia  ihilingnnl    

Uahoyany.    Madeira. 

ILICINE*. 

II.  Hex  n|mcii 

American  Ilotty. 

M.  Ilex  Dnlidon 

litthuoti.    Vahom  UoUy. 

CVniLLACEiE. 

HI  Clinnnin  liKii"trina 

Titi.  Iron  Wood.   liuckwKnt 
Trt*. 


124 
2S2 
252 
316 
316 
1030 
1030 

745 
745 

285' 

285« 

2855 

320 

820 

1113 
1113 

47G 
1133 

735 

735 

lOEG 

1086 

1140 
1140 

487 
487 

462 
402 

4T5 
475 

4:.2 
452 

280 
280 

484 

484 

33« 
338 


State. 


Micbi|;an 

Missoarl 

...ilo 

Micbigan 

...do 

MaBBachasetts... 

..   llD 


Georgia. 
...do  ... 


Kentucky  . 

..do 

..do 

TenncBsee . 
...do 


Florida . 
...do  ... 


...do  . 
...do 

. .  do  . 
. .  do  . 
Texas 
..  do.. 


Florida . 
...do... 


do. 
do, 

do. 
du. 

do  . 
do  . 


..  do 

..  do 


Sontli  Carvlina  . 
...do 


I'luridn . 
...do... 


Aliibaiua  . 
..  do 


Locality. 


Big  Rapids  . 

Allcnton 

...do 

norsoy 

..do 

Danvers 

...do 


Collector. 


Bainbritlgo  . 
...do 


Cliira     Kentucky 

1  ivcr. 
Mrrcer  county . . . 


..do 

Cumberland  river 
..do 


No-Name  Key  . 
..  do 


Upper  Metucombo 

Key. 
ElUoti'a  Key. . . 


Cbattahoocbee . 

..  do 

Palestine 

...do  


Bubia  lIoudaKoy 
..do 


Bay  Biecayue . 
...do 


I'  pper  .Metaconibu 

Kr\, 
...do 


do  . 
.do  . 


do  .... 
do... 


Waveily  MilU. 
...do 


Bay  BiH<'ayiie.. 
...do  


Cottijre  mil . 
..  do 


\r.J.Be<U 

G.  W.  Lcttcrman 

...do 

■W.J.Boal 

..do 

J.  Bobinflou 

...do 


A.  II.  Curtiss. 
..do 


W.  M.  Linney . 

..do 

..do 

A.  Gnttinger  .. 
..  do 


A.  n.  Curtiss. 
...do 


. .  do  . 
...do  . 


do  . 
do  . 


C.  Miibr  . 
...do  .... 


A.  II.  Curtiss  . 
..  do 


do  . 
do  . 

.do  . 
do. 

do  . 
do  . 


...do 

...do 

W.  St.  J.  Matyi  k 
..  do 


A.lI.Cuitiss  . 
-do 


C.Molir. 
...do... 


Soil. 


Grnrel 

AlluTial 

...do 

Bioh  loam  . . . 

..  do 

Aloist  gravel. 
..  do 


Low  .. 
...do  . 


LiiucBtono . 

...do  

...do  

Alluvial ... 
..  do 


Coral  . 
...  do 


.do  . 
.do. 


Dry,  sauily  .. 

..  do 

Damp,  siiudy  . 
...do 


Coral 

...do 


...do  .. 
..do.. 


.do. 
.do. 

■  do. 
do  . 


— do 

...do 

Saudy  loaiu. 
..  do 


I.on',  damp  . 
..do 


Wet  .. 
...do. 


i2  . 
2.11 
■5P.S 


3  3? 

3  c. 


4944 

7107 
7235 
G314 


5080 
4527 

0305 
0608 

4017 
S548 
5120 
7600 

8278 

0200 


iior.o 

IIMS 

7.172 
7098 
7707 
D!'7S 

II  I. •8 
10701 

7;i0.! 

0328 

2:ino 

25115 
11D75 


Reniarlis. 


Fibers  rruslicd  at  114  millinietcrs 

fi  oni  ciul. 
Fibi-rs  erusbed  nt  45  uullinietets 

i'loin  mil. 
FibirsciHsbed  at  51  uiillimclirs 

I'roui  cud. 


Fillers  enwhcd  at  70  milliniol  era 

fl'OIU  I  uti. 

Tiiplo  tit-xuTO 


Fibers  erusbed  at  38  iitillinieters 

I'rnni  end. 
Fil  eis  <  ruslii  d  at  127  milliinetirs 

I'ruiu  eml. 

Filters  nuslied  at  lt;2  millimctors 

IVou:  end. 
Fibers  ciusbed  at  51  railllniclers 

t'l-uni  end. 
Filuis  i-ni».liid  at  l.VJ  luiJUnictei-s 

fVuin  end. 
Fibers  eriished  at  middle 


Fibi  rs  enislicd  j.t  114  niillinutrrs 
I'loui  end. 

F;b.  rs  eru^licil   tic:»r   midille    in 
vicinity  ol'  hiii;.U  ivuots. 


11201 
10115 

7330 
6078 

6052 
5312 

sum 

5706 


Lnijiritnilinal  split ;  stii-1;  waiiiod 

ln-liire  It  st. 
Ctnshcd  liliei-'    ami   split  aUuig 


Triple  Cestirc;    di'vi'lopeil   inti-r- 

.■-ee'  in:i  *'  t  '(iO|Mr  jiiii-^". 
(.'lll.->lu. lilt  middle;  dellei-tcd  fnilii 

be;ivl. 
(  riisli.  il  lilii'i-8  at  127  millimeters 

I'm  in  !  ntl. 
Ciu-^Iu'il  libels  lit  k'lnt  nmil!imr. 

ti'lHiii(liaUH;Ier;  iinj.Ii-ot  cvusli- 

iii.tr.  -ILO. 
Ill  it:le :  I  nisliinir  of  lila'rs  ;  spliu- 

t'  ml  iilimu  nrain. 
rrariuicd    siuideuly  j    sbaltired 

along  ;:raiii. 


Fi' iM-a  ernsbid  at  ndddle;  iiuglo 

nl'  n  n^Ilini!.  i-O'^. 
Split  end  til  I'lid  along  grain 


Fibers    iTUsbeil    in    vieinit\    of 

I.  not  .4. 
Fibers  1  r;i  In  d  al  US  milUmetiTB 

troll)  end. 

Split  along  grain.. 


Filicis  eiusliid  ;'t  ,'!)  mlllimnlerB 
ir  '111  •  ii't ;  ilif.  \v  nif  splinters. 

l'*.-iledii'  l:(  ill. i. inn  tots  Iroiii  1  nd; 
knot  Til  luiilitueteis  t'roui  end. 


Tiiplf  lleMiie;  Kniil  near  rml  . . . . 

Fail'il    at    knnt    13    millimetem 
I'luui  eud. 

Faib'd  ill  vieliiily  nf  knots  76  lull. 

lliailers  IVi'lil  rail. 
Flbi'i"'  einsliid  at  114  miUimulors 
t'roiu  end. 


Flbem  ri  nslied  at  eud  and  nt  64 

iiiillinii'ti'rs  f'rnin  end. 
Tripli' ll.'\uie;  lilii  rs  I'ln-bed  at 
127  niidiiueleia  liom  eud  1  gruiii 
wavy. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


421 


I 


rBESnUUB,  IN  KILOOBAUS,  REQUIliEU  TO  rUODlXX  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  UILUHETXBB,  OF— 


0.33     O.S1 


m 


m 


47i 

8'.;o 

544 
U12 

co-j 

fil2 
040 

012 
035 

481 
857 
798 
806 
740 

1701) 
1610 

4854 
1709 

1293 

nil 

2041 
1179 

1905 
2717 


806 

B«3 

485 

2787 
2926 

2087 
1531 

1179 
1551 

1243 
885 

1338 
1201 


935 
704 
740 


812 
821 

789 
839 

094 
989 
857 
1093 
1039 

2920 
2404 

8663 
5121 

1996 
1819 
3016 
1382 

4128 
4513 

1134 
1184 

720 
640 

6851 
6820 

3607 
4309 

1792 
2518 

1806 
1343 

1987 
1078 


0.76 


753 
016 
835 
803 
857 
839 
862 

800 
880 

707 
1057 

808 
1181 
1111 

3108 
2858 

11022 
8392 

2173 
2032 
3157 
2141 

6285 
6262 

1220 
1352 

753 
662 

7417 
7107 

4060 
4831 

2023 
2835 

1905 
1452 

2186 
1882 


1.02 


707 
1098 
802 
857 
003 
894 
003 

8r^D 
034 

817 
1071 

053 
1216 
1101 

3330 
3153 

1256.-) 
10614 

2245 

2068 
8307 
2259 

50»3 
5«7i, 

1311 
1388 

803 
071 

8097 
8210 

4332 
5035 

2182 
S075 

1973 
1533 

2390 
2014 


1.37 


704 
1139 
912 
030 
048 
025 
041 

007 
003 

808 
IIL'5 

089 
1201 

1207 

3475 

3257 

13502 
11817 

2269 
2164 
3429 
2341 

6987 
5942 

1315 
1452 

812 
685 

8099 


4569 
6343 

2363 
3289 

2032 
1583 

2576 
2136 


1.9«  I  1.78 


817 

852 

1184 

1247 

053  i 

OSO 

953 

908 

1002 

1034 

948 

089 

084 

102a 

948 

980 

1U43 

1060 

889 

898 

1175 

1202 

1012 

1052 

1320 

1374 

i:47 

1297 

3529 

3620 

3303 

3515 

14289 

14742 

12565 

13245 

2304 

2318 

2223 

2277 

3543 

3647 

2363 

2395 

6396 

6423 

6214 

6419 

1356 

1443 

1620 

1509 

843 

862 

708 

712 

9117 

0426 

9208 

9435 

4790 

4899 

6534 

6670 

2490 

2008 

8429 

8002 

2123 

1087 

1774 

2726 

2840 

22S4 

2360 

a.o3 


871 
1302 
1025 
1039 
1006 
1021 
1043 

1010 

112(1 

912 
12J9 
1080 
1120 
1343 

3097 
3652 

14946 
13653 

2468 
2322 
3742 
2422 

6046 
6600 

1456 
1579 

885 
721 

9707 
9753 

6035 
6651 

2604 
8769 

2232 
1805 

2071 
2390 


a.a8 


018 

1338 
1001 
1080 
1107 
1052 
1080 

1039 
1106 

906 
1275 
1139 
1470 
1400 

3705 
8710 

14969 
14198 

2622 
2368 
3856 
2499 

6896 
6804 

1488 
1616 

903 
739 


3.S4 


10024 

5193 
5074 

2790 
3910 

2313 
1846 

3086 
2580 


960 
1385 
1095 

nil 

1148 
1071 
1107 

1075 
1220 

S90 
1311 
1170 
1504 
1438 

3819 
3756 

15105 
14560 

2667 
2400 
8019 
2563 

6985 
6076 

1501 
1647 

834 
749 


4.81 


10433 


6110 

2980 
4073 

2396 
1878 

3166 
2717 


3.08 


Bemuk*. 


Sheared  lloers 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 

d« 

do 

do 

Shonred  fibers 


16103 
15581 

2880 
2790 
4626 
3016 

7802 
7802 

1740 
1951 

nil 

852 


11431 


6986 

3029 
4831 

2744 
2200 

3900 
3193 


16194 
15740 

3004 
2994 
4786 
2257 

7802 
8165 

1928 
2078 


.do., 
.do.. 

do., 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 
:.do. 


Sheared  fibers;  split  along  grain 

6heare<l  filwrs;  split  along  grain ;  did  not  take  even 
bearlni;. 


Sheared  fibers. 

do 

do 

do 


.do 
.do. 


1157     Sheared  fibers ;  specimen  worm-caton . 
903   do 


7349 

3878 
6171 

2948 
2449 

4287 
3674 


Split  along  grain  at  ends .... 
Split  at  ends;  sheared  fibers. 


Sheared  fibers. 
do 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 
Sheared  filters 


.do., 
.do.. 

.do. 
.do. 


i 


S 

Q 

O 


124 
253 
252 
318 
310 
1030 
1089 

745 
745 

286> 
28S> 

285' 
320 
320 

1113 
1113 

476 
1133 

735 
736 
1086 
1086 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  along  grain 1140 

ShearedfibeA 1140 


487 
487 

462 

462 

476 
475 

452 

462 

280 
280 

484 
484 

(31 


t 


■•{.   41 


1      I    "i  . 

iiii! 


I  ■■( 


422 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species- 


RHAMNACE.S. 


42.  Beynosialatifolta... 
Sed    Iron    Wood. 
Plum. 


Darling 


4T  Condalin  ferrca 

BUuk  Iron  Wood. 


a,  Bhamnus  Caroliuiana . 
Indian  Cherry, 


47.  Rhajions  Pnrahiana 

Bearberry.  Bear  Wood.   Shit- 
titn  Wood. 

SAPINDACEa:. 


M.  ^Bcnlna  glabra 

Ohio  Buekeyt.    Fetid  Buckeye. 


52.  JCsciiliir  Cnlifomica.. 
Oalyfornia  Buckeye. 


St.  Ungnadia  speciofia. 
Bpanitk  Bwkeye. 


M.  Sapindim  marginatns 

WM  China.    Soapberry. 


Ml  Hypelate  paniiiilatn 

Ink  Wtod.    Iron  Wood. 


454 
454 

460 

400 

803 
803 

903 


State. 


Florida . 
...do... 


....do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 


Oregon 


207  !  Missoari. 


297  |....do  . 
386  !....do  . 


386 


I 


do  . 


C84     Caiifumia  . 
084    ...  ilo 


044  I  Texas 
044  '....do  . 


K.  Hypelate  triloliuta. 
WhiU  Iron  Wood. 


to.  Acer  macropliylluiii 

Brvttdletiiid  Maple. 

CI.  Aaarciioinatniii 

Vine  Maple. 

M.   Acer  sarcharlutui] 

Sugar   Maple.     Sugar    Tree. 
Ilard  Maple.    Uuek  Maple, 


3(« 
307 
028 
028 

403 
463 


...do  . 
...do. 
...do  . 
...do. 


464    ....do  .. 

464  '....do  .. 

I 
382  I  Oregou  . 

982  |...  do  .. 

1023  i....do.. 

1023  i...  do.. 


1013 

1014  j 

I 

298  I 
208  ! 
200  I 
376  I 
376  ! 
400 
1233  ' 

1233  I 

1234  j 
1234 
1236  I 


do 


Locality. 


Upper  Metacombe 
do 


.do. 
do. 


Saint  John's  river. 
...do 


Portland. 


AUenton. 


do. 
do. 
do  . 


Marin  county. 
...do 


Neir  Braunfcls  . 
...do 


Dallas  . 
. .  do.. 
Auatiu. 
..do.. 


Collector. 


A.  H.  Carties . 
...do 


do  . 
do  . 

do 
.do. 


O.  Engelmannand 
0.  S.  Sargent. 


G.  W.  Lcttermau. 


Soil. 


tit 


Coral 13426 

...do 


.do. 
.do. 


Bicb  hummock  . . . 
...do 


Kich,  allnvUl. 


lUuli,  moiat . 


13290 
12406 

7112 


do  . 
do. 
do  . 


G.  U.Va8ey. 
.-  do 


...<i.o  .... 
AlluTial  . 
...do.... 


Kich  upland 
..  dc. 


C.  ilulir  . 
...do.... 


Limestone  . 
..  do 


J.  Ruvoi'cbon 

...do 

C.  ilohr 

...do 


Florida Upper  Metacombe    A.  U.  Curtlss. 

Jvcy. 
do do do. 


Wanhlngton    ter- 
ritory. 


Missoari 

..do 

...do 

Vermont 

...do  

Xi'W  England. 

Vermont 

...do  

..  do 

..  do 

...do 


do. 
do. 


Portland . 
...do.... 


Portland  Furniture 

Comi)any. 
. . .  do .' 


Portland.. 
Wilkeson 


AUenton.. 

..do 

...do  

Charlotte . 
...do  


Oliarlestown  Navy. 

yard. 
Cliarlotto 


do  . 
do  . 
.do  . 
do. 


.do  . 
.do  . 


G.  Kngelmann  uud 

C.  S.  Surgi'nt. 
. .  do 


do. 
do  . 

.do. 
.do. 


G.  W.  Lutterman. 

..  do 

..do 

C.Q.Pringla 

..do 

a.  H.  Pook 

F.U.  Uorsford... 

..  do 

..do 

..do 

...do 


Kicb,  damp 
...do  ....... 

Limestone . . 
...do 


0034 


4531 

4985 
5344 
5207 

0326 
5044 

0305 


7802 
8641 
7212 
6436 


Coral |10031 

...do 110387 


do. 
.do. 


Kicb,  alluvial. 
...do 


0872 
7167 

6541 
6418 
5520 
5010 


Moist,  iilluTial . 
...do 


7340 


Kicb  upland 11)931 

...do I 

...do 1118(1 

Gravelly !    '302 

...do ! 


9063 
11000 
0970 
99.-i7 
9707 
8890 


Somarks- 


Split  along  grain  . 


Fibers  crushed  at  knots  and  split 

along  grain- 
Fibers  crushed  at  k:<ot8  61  ml'li- 

meters  from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  140  millimeti  rs 
from  end. 


Fibers  crushed  near  middle. 


Fibers  crushed  at  76  and  at  102 

millimeters  from  end ;  split  along 

grain. 
Fiuerscmsbcd  near  middle;  grain 

wavy. 
Fibers  cmshed  at  10  millimeters 

fi'om  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  127  mUlimeters 

from  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  51  millimeters 
fn>ni  cud. 

Fibers  crushedat  middle  in  vicin- 
ity of  knot. 

Crushed  nt  knot  51  millimeters  ; 
from  end. 


Fibers  crushed  near  middle i 

Triple  flexure;  develojx'd  iiiter.<»ect .  j 
ing  "Cooper  lines"  at  middle. 

Triple  fli-xure;  delleoted  about  16  j 
railliraet4'rs  without  crushing. 

Triple  flexure ;  split  uluug  grain  - . : 


...do I 

I 

Fibers  crushed  at  102  niillinieters  i 

from  end ;  angle  of  eiiL-tbiiig,  00°.  | 

I 
Deflected  and  split  along  grain  ...  1 

Triple  flexure ' 

Fibers  cruslied  at  kuut  70  milli-  I 

meters  from  end.  i 

Triple  flexure ;  knot  ueai  end [ 

Fibers  crushed  at  '.Ti  and  at  70  mil-  j 
liiueters  from  end.  ' 

Killers  crushed  near  middle  and  I 
near  end.  ' 


Fibers  crushed  at  knot  at  middle 


Fibers  crushed  near  middle  ami 
at  25  millimeters  fnjm  end. 


Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters  i 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  76  millimeters 

frem  end. 


Fibers  rnisbed  at  25  miilinieters  I 
from  end.  I 

Fibers  crushed  at  39  miilinieters  I 
from  end  ut  8  millinietei  s  knot.   | 

Fibers  crushed  at  end;  ct-ost-  ' 
grained.  ' 

Fiber;,  crashed  at  emi ' 

I 

Fibers  crushed  at  23  miilinieters  | 
IVeiii  end.  j 

Fillers  i-rushed  at  70  millimeters  | 
from  eU'l ;  specimen  split  before  , 
testing.  I 


iillo  and  I 

1 


LiniiMle 


liaii'tcrit 
limrterH 


Iniotorfi 

|niolcr« 

I  UmX. 


bnt'toi'-* 
llKifori' 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— ContiDued. 


423 


rBSasUBI,  IN  KILOOBAMg,  REQUIRKD  TO  FEODVCK  AN  IKDENTATIOM,  IM  MILLUIITERS,  OF— 


0.9S 


3016 
3062 

3447 
2904 

1338 
1247 

1656 


4D0 
975 


1006 

1001 
1225 

17CU 
2073 
210S 
2064 


o.ai 


6260 
6SS6 

6033 
6260 

1837 
1860 

2404 

798 
1107 


1179 
1433 

1592 
2132 

31S3 
3103 
3692 


2767 
1796 

1796 
1960 
1633 


1560 
1225 

2849 
2359 
2858 
2004 
2087 
1724 
2250 
2132 
2586 
2540 
2540 


3901 

2313 
2617 
2313 
176S 

2576 
2168 

4355 
3357 


31B7 
2926 
2318 
3302 
2''67 
3583 
4128 


0.76 


7802 
8119 

7680 
8007 

2032 
198? 

2758 


885 
1216 


1452 
1609 

1801 
2495 

3280 
3348 
4513 
3855 


6716 
4890 

2422 
2785 
2495 
1906 

2835 
2768 

4944 
3720 
4026 
3398 
8239 
3472 
3606 
S0S7 
3792 
4653 
8928 


Loa 


8890 
9617 

9004 
9480 

2073 
2073 

2980 


921 
1247 


1579 
1051 

1896 
2576 

3520 
3520 
4944 
4404 


6078 

5480 

2313 
2U03 
2563 
2073 

3C85 
3039 

5307 
4060 
4967 
3000 
3420 
2613 
3801 
3267 
4000 
4745 
4069 


i.i»y 


9753 
10705 

10115 
10660 

2195 

2153 

3075 


071 
1203 


1701 
1742 

2078 
2609 

3742 
3701 
3307 
4649 


6419 

5874 

2604 
3012 
2013 
2150 

3252 
3157 

5579 
4287 
5263 
3751 
3602 
2794 
3983 
3357 
4240 
4940 
4200 


1.S9 


10524 
11885 

11113 
11794 

2218 

2214 

3202 


1021 
1847 


1733 
1810 

2109 
2785 

3874 
3874 
5308 
4872 


6760 
6205 

2072 
3110 
2703 
2232 

3420 
3280 

6874 
4313 
5489 
3892 
3248 
2849 
41C0 
8602 
4382 
5149 
4332 


I 


i.rs 


11168 
12383 

11012 
1^837 

2304 
J277 

8280 


1071 
1397 


1801 
1802 

2196 
2867 

4037 
4037 
6579 
6002 


6931 
0432 

2812 
3:ilU 
2707 
2259 

3574 


3.03 


11658 
15109 

12474 
1S788 

2300 
2309 


1116 
1429 


1846 
1973 

2259 
2030 

4195 
4241 
5974 
5216 


0023 
4740 
S6J3 
4000 
3810 
2944 
4287 
3611 
4423 
5330 
4427 


7158 
6054 

2835 
3248 
2C58 
2381 

3701 
3674 

61U1 
4800 
5900 
4160 
3983 
3067 
4418 
3706 
4495 
5434 
4622 


3.38 


irii2 

13789 

13245 
14765 

8468 
2360 

3352 


1157 
1516 


1928 
2008 

2327 
2976 

42C1 
4335 
6106 
6426 


7376 
61-93 

2026 
3339 
2985 
2440 

3828 
3720 

6260 
4867 
6101 
4228 
4066 
8107 
4581 
8801 
4581 
5330 
4673 


3.S4 


12610 
14470 

13903 
15603 

2618 
2386 

3470 


1179 
1547 


1987 
2127 

2431 
3075 

44C8 
4518 
6214 
6560 


4.81  I  S.08 


17237 
17500 


2880 
2858 

3765 


1429 
1778 


2331 
2540 

2744 


3039 


1928 


2058 
2836 

3IS0 


I 


7557 
7107 

2980 
3403 
3012 
2604 


3747 
6328 


0328 
4364 
4164 
3202 
4708 
3060 
4690 
6625 
4831 


i"L'fl2 

5298 
7100 
6750 


8210 
6074 

3260 
3702 
2076 

2680 

4834 
4468 

7530 


7485 
4809 
47(13 
3647 
5443 
4430 
5648 
U200 
5370 


5738 
6033 
7553 
7430 


RemarkB. 


Skeared  fibers;  split  at  ends  . 
do 


-do. 
.do. 


do 

Sbeaic'.l  fibers. 


Slightly  sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends  . 


Sheared  fibers  slightly 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 


I 


454 
454 

460 
460 

803 
803 

003 


297 
297 


Sheared  fibers. 
do 


.do. 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  nt  ends  . 


Sheared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 

do 

do 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  sides . 
do 


Shenrotl  fibers . 

, do 

do 

do 


do. 


8346 
8641 

3683 
4106 
3697 
3129 

6307 
6035 

6074     Sheared  fibers. 

Hli^ilit  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 

do 

5087  ' do 

4899    do 


7802 
5239 
5194 
3901 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 


I 


6169 
6736 
6078 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


684 
684 

944 
944 

307 
307 
028 
928 


401 
484 

082 
982 
1023 
1023 

1013 
1014 

208 
208 
200 
370 
376 
400 
1233 
1233 
1234 
1234 
1236 


^i 


'!l 


424 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


.  J  I 


8p«olu. 


64.  AoprBaccbiiiiiiuin— continued. 


M.  Acer  Bnccharinnin.  rar.nignun. 
Black  Sugar  ilaple. 


6S.  Acer  dnHTrarptim 

fc/t    Mapte.      Wliite  ilapte. 
Cilrer  Maplt. 

W.  Acer  riibi  uni  

Ktd  ilaple.    mwamp  ilaple. 
Sun  ilaple.     Water  ilaple. 


1235 


213 
213 


Stete. 


Vermont. 


....do... 
...do.... 

274'j  liisaonri. 

274' do 

i 
757  :  Florida  .. 

757    ...  do  ... . 

MiHsouri. 

...do... 


Locality. 


Cliarlotte . 


17.  Neitundo  ncproidea 

Jiox Klder.    AehleavedilapU. 


1107 
1107 

1052 

20 
20 
530 
630 
743 
743 
878 
878 

1048 
1048 


Massaclinsctts. 


...do 

...do  

MiaBiH^ijipi 
...do 

Georciii 
....do 


..do 

..  do 

Allinton 

...do  

CliHttahoacbeii 

...do 

Allenton  

...do 


Collootor. 


F.n.Horaford. 


C.O.Pringle 

...do 

G.  W.  Lrttornian . 
...do 


Sou. 


Clay 

...do 

Low,  alluvial . 
-do 


.£•11 


0070 


81^90 


A.II.Curtlas ;  Clay 

. . .  do I . . .  do 

G.W.LoltoiTOiin.i  Rich,  alluvial 
...do '' do 


Topsfleld  . 


iT.  Kubluson 


Low  meadow . 


Arnold  Arboretum   C.  S.  Savi;out Drift 

, ..  do do do 

Kompcr'a  mill C.  Mohr lUcb,  mvumpy . 

do .....do do 

13.iiubridge '  A.  II.  Curtins Low 

..  do : do ...  do 


10070 


Il;'niarl<H. 


Fibers  cru8be<l  nt  end. 


Fibers  cnifllied  nt  10  mllllmrtors 
knot  Til  niillunctiTA  f'loiii  end. 


FibefH  crushed  at  70  millimetoni 
IVoni  eud. 


K53  Trijdo  flexure  i  developed  inter- 
«ecllnK"()oiipi»  linen". 

0895  FibefH  criinlied  nt  kiiut  102  niilli- 
melcrn  from  en<l. 

B321  Fibers  eniKlied  nt  middle;  devel- 
oped "Cooper  lines". 

0390     Triple  lloxnre ;  "  t.'oopcr  lines  " . . 


7711     Filwrs  crushed  at  51  and  nt  70 
niillinietcrs  from  end ;  kiiot«. 

7688     Fibers  cnishcd  near  middle  


Masi^nehiiHelts. 
...do 


Ilunvers '  J.  liobiuson do 


do. 


I 


do. 


..do  . 
..do  . 


North  Heading  . ..;...  do  . 
do |...  do  . 


290     Miesunr! I  Allenton \  G.  W.  LettermaB . . 


200 
311 
3U 


.do. 

do. 
.do. 


do do  . . 

Texan I  Dallas. 

do do  .. 


88.  KeEunilnrnlifnniieum 645     California. 

B«i  Klder.  \  \ 

I    (MS    .--  do 


...do 

J.  Iteverobon  . 
. .  .do 


Kich  bottom . 

...do 

...do 

...do 


73o;i 

8437 
7^35 
0750 
0903 
73d0 

7485 
7371 

5080 
5208 
5148 
5080 


Fibers  eriished  at  89  milUiuelera 

fi-em  end. 
Fibers  ciushed  nt  2.1  milliraetoia 

fiom  end. 
Fibers  crushed  near  middle 


Contra         Costo  |  O.  KVasey I  Ktcb.moist I  8013 

county. 


do. 


do. 


ANACAKUIACE.a:.  ;  i 

71.  Kbus  c"pnllina 736     Florida Chaltnhooirbee A.ILCurtiss. 

DiiAirJ  Sumach.  \ 

I  786   do do do 


.do. 


Dry  clay  . 
...do.... 


7530 


6033 


71.  lihiiseepallina, rar.lanceolata..!    330  j  Texas  Dallas 


J.  Revel  ebon i  Dry,  gravelly '  7666 


380 


do  . 


do. 


78.  Rhus  Metopinui 467     Florida Upper  Mctacomlte     A.II.Curtlas. 

/'oKOHTTood.     Coral  Sumach.  |  Key. 

407    do    ...do    do    


Mountain  Hanehineel. 

Hum   Wood.     Bog    I'lum. 
Doctor  Uum. 

L£6UHIN0S.X. 


77.  Kobinia  Pseudacacia 

Loeutt.  BlaetLoaut   Tettote 

L»CU4t. 


I 


405 
405 
441 

441 

816 

816 
1247 
1247 
1248  |....do 


CbarlcstownNavy-  8.  H.  Pook  . 
yard. 

do 


do. 


do 


West  Virginia ....    Grafton 

..  do ' do 

Xew  York i  Long  Island  . 


do. 


1248  I 


do. 


do 
.do. 
do  . 


do. 
do 


..-do 

0.  Q.  Frlagle . 

...do 

H.  C.  Bwdle  . 

...do 

...do 

..  do 


do. 


Coral  . 
...do. 


7817 
9190 


13426 
12906 
10220 


I 


12407 
8360 
90,14 
11294 
10274 
11385 


Fibers  cruslicd  nt  midille  and  at 

end. 
Triple  flexure;  "Coeper  lines"  . .. 

Triple  flexure;  "CiMiper  liiies"; 

middle    bend    115    inilliiiieierH 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  89  millimelers 

from  end. 
Fibers  erusb'-d  nt  'J."*!  and  at  102 

uiiUinioler   from  eud. 

Fillers  crushed  at  70  millimeter..< 

from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  nenr  middle  nud 

split  lon;;itutlinnlly. 
Fibers  criisbcd  at  25  millimeters 

from  middle. 
Fibers  crashed  at  middle 


Fibers  crushed  nt  knot  near  mid- 

die. 
Fillers  crushed  iit  32  millimeters 

from  middle. 


Fibers  crushed  at  knot  76  milli- 
meters <Vom  end. 

Fibers  crushed  at  89  millimeters 
from  end  at  3  millimeters  from 
knot. 


Fibers  crushed  nt  knot  51  milli- 
meters from  middle. 

Fibers  crushed  at  127  millimeters 
ttom  end. 


Fibers  crushed  at  end  and  at  76 

millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  near  end  and  split 

along  Kr;iiii. 
Fibers  criislied  at  10  millimeters 

from  knot  nud  at  .'il  millimeteis 

from  end. 


Fibers  crushed  in  vicinity  of  knots 


Fibers  erushml  in  vicinity  of  small 

knot  at  end. 
Fillers  rrushed  in  vicinity  of  small 

knot  102  millimeters  from  end. 
Fibers  crushed  at  end  of  specimen 


do 


I 


,  THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Contiuued. 


425 


61  milli- 
limctvni 


Id  at  76 

nd  aidit 

Hnicten* 
liiuoteis 

r  knots 

If  aniall 


FBKBSUBB,  ID  KILOOnAHS,  BEQUIBBD  TO  PRODUCB  AN  DIDBNTATION,  IN  HILLlifBTKBS,  OF— 


m 


o.a« 


1941 

2313 
1M2 
2812 
18fi0 
2087 
22^3 
3020 
1951 

1315 

lilSl 
2540 
2073 
1533 
1179 
1301 
1700 
1469 

180S 
1301 

862 
S84 
993 
1542 

1179 
1202 

1134 
1270 

1111 

1088 

1384 
1633 


o.ai 


2703 

3307 
2  S9 
4219 
2714 
3370 
3243 
3978 
2840 


0.70 


2971 

3747 
3392 
4539 
2M8 
3U11 
.1475 
4377 
3006 


2230    2570 


2926 
2676 
2201 

2944 
771 
1814 
2132 
1905 
2223 
249S 


2318 
3837 
2976 
1806 
1033 
1792 
2649 
2032 

2259 
2168 

1071 
1447 
1352 
2250 

1479 
1520 

1397 
1610 

1438 

1669 

1928 
2858 


8856 
3878 
3343 

4204 
2019 
2341 
3257 
3248 
3303 
8529 


27U3 
4327 
3248 
2041 
1715 
186<i 
2803 
2268 

2386 
2404 

1166 
1010 
1479 
2449 

1574 
1619 

1479 
1678 

1637 

1928 

2395 
3289 


4346 

4155 
3742 

4559 
2722 
2486 
3615 
3674 
3806 
4128 


i.oa 


3175 

8924 
3579 
4844 
3166 
3837 
3652 
4509 
3329 

2790 

2840 
4500 
3379 
2123 
1842 
1932 
3010 
2427 

2508 
2503 

1315 
1624 
1529 
2486 

1633 
1674 

1651 

1805 

1765 

2028 

2749 
3529 


4740 
4436 
4V64 

4808 
8016 
2622 
3783 
3878 
3792 
4219 


1.37 

1.59 

3379 

3334 

4110 

4332 

8751 

3007 

6080 

5202 

3334 

3403 

4040 

4173 

3792 

.■1007 

4744 

4062 

3479 

3620 

1.78 


28!.3  ! 

21),15 
46J2 
3479 
2254 
1887 
2028 
3121 
2449 

2613 
2703 

1332 
1710 
1574 
2490 

16<>.3 
1756 

1637 

1851 

1878 

2164 

2930 
8765 


5126 
4763 
4296 

4967 
3103 
2703 
8978 
4060 
8963 
4332 


3035 

3083 
4753 
3606 
2427 
1046 
2141 
3257 
2580 

2758 
2794 

1433 

1774 
1660 
2531 

1801 
1860 

1665 
1969 

1946 

2168 

3103 
3901 


5353 

5058 
4522 

5103 
8207 
2835 
4069 
4237 
4160 
4S13 


3656 

4473 
4028 
6401 
3015 
4377 
4019 
5080 
3797 

3137 

3252 
4872 
.■1742 
2440 
2028 
2214 
3384 
2703 

2704 
2858 

1483 
1855 
1083 
2058 

1890 
1931 

1733 
1091 

2059 

2177 

3'.>93 
4060 


5706 
5410 
4669 

5307 
3343 
2884 
4264 
4377 
4346 
4626 


9.03 


3788 

4617 
4104 
5543 
3801 
4527 
4009 
623!) 
3933 

3203 

3381 
4085 
38113 
2472 
2037 
2231 
3479 
2776 

2030 
2971 


tl.'JS 


4781 
4:1:10 
5670 
3892 
4581 
4:100 
5339 
4U33 

.1397 

iJ.138 
5'203 
3928 
2367 
2141 
2330 
3665 
2890 

107 
3039 


4.54 


1556 

1019 

1660 

1905 

1733 

1774 

2672 

2700 

1982 

2003 

1996 

2073 

1801 

1805 

2046 

2100 

2160 

2139 

2218 

2268 

3434 

35'25 

4095 

4206 

5920 

6283 

5616 

5869 

4844 

4080 

6421 

5334 

3438 

2026 

3094 

4380 

4500 

4482 

4604 

4427 

4608 

4MI1 

4(ifl7 

4.81 


4037 

4890 
4441 

6784 
40J8 
4753 
4340 
6452 
3724 

85'JO 

3615 
6298 
4024 
2083 
2177 
2400 
3700 
2035 

3198 
3139 

1678 
1951 
1819 
2794 

2082 
2114 

1»35 
2150 

2.59 

2269 

8370 
4395 


6056 
5112 

3670 
3620 
3210 
4604 
4662 
4672 
3048 


I 


4672 

5715 
526-J 
63'.iO 
4808 
5333 
4944 
6328 
4831 

4219 

4204 
6(128 
4020 
3175 
2331 
2722 
4332 
3403 

3652 
3901 

1973 
2168 
2064 
3062 

2293 
2440 

2087 
2381 

1973 


a.os 


5353 

6283 
5713 
6840 
5'J03 
5851 
5389 
0782 
4881 

4717 

4.336 
6.-^8 
4870 


4944 


7485 


6987 


5307 


2722 
3039 
4808 
3742 

4037 
4332 

2177 
2308 
2223 
8311 


2780 


2177 


2449 


Itomarkt. 


Sheared  fibers . 


4346 

5353 


8074 


4037 

3705        40.37 


.do  . 
-do. 
.do. 
do., 
.do. 
.do. 
..do 
.do 

..do. 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


Sheared  flbrrB ;  xplltatend 

SUonrcd  fibers 

do 

do 

Slight  shearing'  i)f  fibers 


.do. 
do 


Sheared  fibers . 

do 

do 

do 


1236 

213 
213 
274* 
274« 
757 
757 
1167 
1167 

1652 

20 
20 
530 
.530 
743 
743 
878 
878 

1048 
1048 

290 
290 
311 
311 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end |  645 

Sheared  fibers 645 

I 

Sheared  fibers ;  aplltntond \  736 

......do I  738 


Sheared  fibei  h  ;  split  stick . 
do 


Sheared  fibers;  cnislied  obliquely  at  euch  end. 
Sheared  fibers;  split  at  side:* 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . 
Slliiht  shenrini;;  split  at  end  . 
Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . 


830 


467 
467 


405 
405 
441 


do I    441 

do '.    815 

Shcaredfibers '    815 

Slight  shearing;  split  at  end 124T 

Slight sheariuK ;  splitatcnds '  12K 

Shearvil  fibers :  splltatend 124N 

Sheared  fibers ;  splitatends !  124* 


i 


m  - 

•'Mi  % 


;: 


'f¥ 


Ills 

III 


m 


u 


m: 


u 


II 


1.   -It 


r^fl 


]l 


III 


;iii  m 


426 


FOREST  tree:  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tablk  v.— behavior  of  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Specie*. 


State. 


n.  BobinU  Neo-Mexleana '  1031  '  Colorado. 

XocimC.  I  I 

1031   ...do 


80.  OlneraTesota 6S0 

Iron  Wood,    Arbol  d«  Bierro. 

6JS0 


n.  Plaoidia  Ervthrina . . 
■Jamaica  Dogieood. 


82.  CladraRtin  tinctoria 

I'eUoiK  Wood.      Tetlow    Ath. 
Gopher  Wood. 


564 
964 

33» 

33 

439 


84.  Sopbnra  atllnis I    32S 

j    032 

j 

85.  G>in'jooladaa  Canndenais '    296 

K',ntuehJ  Cofffe  Tret.    Coffee  ' 

Nut.  519 

1241 
1242 
1243 


88.  Oleditachia  triacanthns 

Boneji  Loeutt.  alack  Locust. 
Three-tJiomcd Acacia.  Sweet 
Loetut.    Soney  Hhticke. 


87.  Gleditachia  luonospcmia . 
Water  Loeutt. 


53' 
53' 
444 

760 
700 


88.  Farkinsonia  Torreyaiia C78 

Oreen-bark    Acacia.       Fato 
Verde.  j    078 

n,  Cercis  CauadeDBia |    436 

Sedbud.    Judai  Tree. 

1089 

1090 

1091 


California. . 
....do 


Florida. 
..do... 


Kentucky  . 

..do 

Tenneaaee . 


Texas  . 
...do.. 


Missouri... 
TennesHeo . 
Missouri... 

...do  

...do 


..do 

...do 

Teuucssee . 


Florida  . 
..  do... 


Arizoua . 
...do... 


Prosopis  jnlitlara 

Mesquit.    Alfiaroba.     Honey 
Loeutt     Money  Pod. 


04.  Prosopia  i>uluM't'iis 

Screw  Hettii.     .^crew-pod  Metf- 
quit     Turnilta. 


88.  Acacia  Gi'(>s;:ii 

Cafe  Clew. 

100.  LyHiloiiiii  lnii'.ili<]ua. 
IFiid  I'aiitariml. 


ROSACK.S:. 


102.  Chr)-8ol>iiIaniiB  Icaco. 
Ooeoa  2*lum. 


Tennesaee . 
Missouri... 

...do  

...do 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Trinidad W.  B.  Strong. 

...do do 


Lower     Colorado  {  G.  Eiigelmann  and 

valley.                       C.  S.  Sargent. 
...do do 


UpperMetaoombe 
.cy. 


..do. 


Mercer  county. 

..do 

Xaahville 


Dallas. 
Austin . 


Allenton . . 
Xashviite. 
Allenton . . 

...do  

...do 


...do  

...do  

Nafliville . 


Cliattahoocheu. 
..do 


Lower    Colorado 

river. 
..do 


Nashville. 
Allenton.. 

...do 

..  do 


080 
680 
927 

658 
658 


Arizona j  Tucson  . 

do do  ... 

Texas !  Austin  . 


Cnliforuia ■  Fort  Yuma   . . 

— do do 


697     Arizona  . 


108.  Prunii.i  Amcricnna 

Wild  Plum.    Canada  Plum. 
Ilorte  Plum, 


104.  Fniuun  angustifolia I 

OhUktuawPlum.  Bog  Plum.  \ 


soo 

1112 
1112 

480 

68 

68 

834 


Florida . 
...do  ... 
...do... 


Santa  Kita  nionnt- 

UiUB. 

I)»ca  Clilca  Key  . . 

Key  I^irgo 

...do 


...  do I  Bay  Biscayne 


Missouri ;  Allenton. 

...do j do 

Ti'xas Dallas... 


435  I  Tennessee ...:....;  Nashville. 


A.  n.  Cnrtiss. 
...do 


Soa 


Hi 

S.S  it' 

II! 


Bemarks. 


Low,  moist 10931  I  Fibers  crashed  at  51  millimetera 

'     ttom  end. 
...do 1.... 


Dry,  gravelly . 
...do 


Coral  . 
..do  . 


6881 
0548 


W.  M.  Linney . . 

..do 

A.  Oattinger 


J.  Eevcrchon  . 
C.  Mohr 


.do 

G.  W.  Letterman     Low,  rich . . 

A.  Gattiuger I  Limestone. 

G.  W.  Lettemian . . '  Alluvial . . . 


Limestone |  0934 

..do 


T 


Split  along  grain!  obliqne  fracture 
Shattered  one  end;  cross-grained.. 


Cmshed  near  middle  and  at  end  .. 


I 


Alluvial :  7167  ;  Crushed  at  end  and  at  102  milli- 

j  metei-s  from  end. 

Dry,  calcareous...!  7734  {  Split  along  grain  from  end  to  end.. 


do. 
do  . 


do. 


.do I  Low,  rich  . 


...do 

A.  Gattinger  . 

A.  H.  Curtiss  . 
...do 


...do 

Dry,  sandy  barren 


Alluvial . 
..  do    ... 


G.  Bngelmann  and '  Sandy 

C.  S.  Sargent.       i 
...do do  . 


A.  Gattinger . . 

G.W. Lettemian.. I  Rich. 

..  do ! do 

...do do 


Limestone . 


C.S.Sargent. 
...do 


10624     Triple    flexure:    took    reversed 
bend  neur  middli'. 


Crushed  at  13  and  at  114  milli- 
meters from  end. 

Crashed  and  split  along  grain  in 
vicinity  of  knots. 


C.Mohr j  Rich,  calcareous . . 


6.  Engclmann  and  !  Sandy 

0.  S.  Siirgeut.       ; 
do 


.do ,  Dry,  gravelly. 


A. H. Curtiss Coral. 

...do I do  . 

...do i do  . 


9208 
6160 
S874 
5434 
5343 

8119 
7711 
8174 

9889 
8799 

0078 
72S0 

8119 
8300 
6701 
6849 

0034 
10841 
7462 

10034 
11431 

11885 

7053 
8337 


Crushed  at  end  and  at  102  milli- 
meters from  en<l. 
Triple  flexure 


do. 


Crushed  at  76  millimeters  from 

end. 
Triple  flexure 

Crushed  «t  89  milliinctn-.x  t''«m 
end  at  10  millimeters  tVoni  laiot. 

Crushed  et  middle  at  kudt.  5  niilli- 
meters  in  di.'uncter. 

Crushed  at  0  niillimt'tcrs  Iiiiot  at 
,      middle. 

I  Crushed  ut  6>  millimeters   fnim  { 
end. 

I  Crushed  ut  knot  near  middle  . . 

I  Crushed  near  midiUe 


i  Crushed  nl  knot  102  millirat'tiTs 
J      from  end. 

j  Crushed  iu  vieiuity  of  kuiits  at 
middle. 

Split  alonK  grain  from  eud  to  endi 

rrnshed  near  middle. 
Triple  flexure 


I 


...do Swampy 


G.  W.  Letterman. 

...do  

J.  Bevorchon 


A.  Gattinger., 


Rich  upland . 

...do 

Rich 


Klver  blnff . 


8799 
10796 

6441 


Crushed  near  middle;  opened 
cracks  along  grain;  split  beiore 
testing. 

Crushed  at  6  miilirocteis  knot  at 
middle. 

Crushed  near  cud ;  cross-grained . . 


SpUt  along  grain  from  end  to  euil 


Crushed  near  middle  . 


Crushed  at  10  millimeters  knot 
102  millimeters  from  end. 


Cnuhed  at  25  millimeters  from 
end  in  vicinitv  of  Hmall  knots. 

Crushed  at  19  and  at  89  mlllinieters 
from  end. 

Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
end  and  at  and. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Coutiuued. 


427 


t 


rfiKSHUIIE,  IN  KILOOKAUB,  ItKtiUIBEl)  TO  rUOUlj'CB  AN  UJDKKTATION,  IN  WIXIllBTCIIg,  OF- 


'     !     ■ 

0.3S    o.ai  I  o.»e    1.00 


100s 

20il 

1800 
4300 

2580 
2313 

lose 

2518 


3403 
8357 

3705 
8250 

4173 
3892 

2078 
2840 


2070  i 
2041 


1010 
1050 
1420 

1352 

1700 
1170 
2041 

2132 
2019 

1462 
1833 

1110 
1760 
1033 
1452 

2713 
2132 
3011 

1709 

I 
2381 


2427 
3720 


3878 
3810 

6398 
10387 

4095 
4020 

2250 
3210 


4808 
4681 


2920 
2028 
1928 
1787 

2245 
1905 
2903 

3074 
3447 


4155 
4037 

0849 
11885 

5120 
5013 

2350 
3348 


1.37  1.S9 


5035 
5002 


4427 
4241 

7983 
12073 

5353 
5420 

2440  I 
3434 


4614 
4400 


1.78 


4799 
4558 


9520   10014 

I 

14062  I  14787 


i 


5603 
5702 

3540 
3543 


5020 
0010 

2703 
3024 


9.03 


5013 
4786 

llf.21 
16407 

0U33 
0237 

2762 
3720 


3.98  I  9.94 

I 


5120  ' 

I 

4808  ; 


5208 
4831 


12474   13246 
16057   16510 


6202 
6434 


8153  3367  3529 

;  2254  I  2322 

2114  2232  '  23C0 

1928  1001  2082 


2313  I  'J404 
2168  '  2208 
2903  I   3071 


4210 
3856 


2223 

2690 

2939 

3266 

17U9 

2132 

2291 

2522 

2527 

2794 

2263 

2076 

4332 
4073 

2948 
3479 

2395 


4219 

I 
3007 

5874 

4105 
3024 


I 


4.MH 
4408 
U214 

4004 
4566 


1452 

1800 

1407 

2341 

1724 

2054 

1724 

1860 

2522 

1780 

2449 

2132 

3198 

n?4 

1566 

1028 
2685 
2858 

3153 


2405 
2404 
3193 

4577 
4204 

3G20 
3620 

2063 


5439 
5761 


2703 

2880 

3057 

3252 

2707 

2876 

4700 

4031 

4000 

4900 

6332 

0532 

4967 
5080 


5239 
5294 


2037 
2821 


3484 


2880    3163 


t703 
3620 

1801 


2800 
3828 

1982 


2159 
2967 
8107 

3638 

8163 

3039 


2472 
2427 
2108 

2054 
2405 
3379 

4703 
4408 

3298 
3701 

2844 
3026 
3352 
3071 

5210 
5103 
6604 

5J21  ■ 
5025 


5715 
5874 


5807 
6105 


6237 
6300 

2840 
3847 


6380 
0000 

2935 
3940 


6u74  I 
6559 


6200 
0055 


I 


3847  I 
2510  j 

2522 

I 
2245  i 

2812 
2608 
3501 

5035 
4058 

3484 
3788 

3044  : 
3184 
3538  i 
3153  j 

5513  I 

533U 

0967 

5738 
5851 


3933 
2008 
2622 
2318 

■  Jfl39 
2694 
3847 

5102 
4700 

3652  I 
3901  I 


! 


3207 
3208 
3583 
3293 

5048 
5425 
7067 


4105 
2676 
2672 
2300 

3075 
2770 
3046 

5252 
5020 

3801 
4024 

3357 
3388 
3810 
3343 

5802 
5521 
7117 


4.81   >  S.08 


5924 
6602 


6192 


18008 


7530 

3402 
4527 


7100 
7570 


4200 
2835 
2758 
2454 

3180 
2862 
4014 

5380 
5203  : 

3800  i 


4(195 
5280 


3756 
4026 


7756 
7847 


2880 

3720 
3367 


6102 

3652 


Rammrks. 


Sheared  flben  

Shi  ared  flbora;  split  at  end. 


Slight  Bheariog;  aplit  at  end  . 
do 


Sheared  fibers ;  oiened  seasoning  oraok. 
Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end 


Sheared  fibers. 
, do 


I 

a 
S 

e 
o 


1031 
1031 

6.:o 

650 


504 
5M 

33 


Sheared  flbom 1     319 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end ;  oompressod  area  con-  i     9.'i2 
taiued  3  mUlinietvTg  knot.  i 


Shearad  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . . 

Sheared  flbera 

Slight  shearing;  split  at  ends  . 
Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends  . . 


5512 


5934 
607S 


Slight  shearing ;  split  nt  end . 
Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end.. 
Sheared  fibers 


0350    do. 

C3.')0  ! do 


I 


58C0  I   6169 
5065    6114 


2241 
3006 
3262 


2331 
3171 
3367 


3810    3892 


2308 
3248 
3450 

4150 


I 


3257 
3221 


4014  I   4150 

I 
2132  !   2281 


3343 
3356 
4832 

2859 


2445 
3339 
3000 

4241 


3484  I  3570 
3443  3020 
4527 


I 


2413 


2540 


4082 

4717 

3538 

4173 

3520 

4201 

3882 

4536 

3425 

3705 

6028 

0849 

6703 

6486 

7244 

8210 

0214 

0940 

0314 

7349 

5080     Sheared  fibers  and  splintered  at  6  niilUmeters  knot. 
5035  I  Sheared  fibers 


4527  '  Sli'.'Iit  slienriug,  c'liuscd  by  uneven  loading;  season- 

I      iim  <>riifk. 
4699  <  Sbciirod  lllurs  


4105 


7304 


2486 
3438 
3653 

4355 

3007 
8683 
4705 


8483 

7508 
7983 


3130 
4241 
4491 


2880 
3937 
4190 

5058 

4241  4473 
4219  !  4672 
5670  I 


Slioari'd  libers;  split  utend. 
Slight  slicniing 


Sheared  fll>er» 

Sheared  fibers ;  spUt  at  end . 
Sheared  fibers 


-do- 
.do. 


.'10 
IMl 
1242 
1243 

53» 
53» 
444 

760 
700 

078 
678 

436 

1089 
1090 
1091 

080 
080 
827 

056^ 
058 


Sheared  fibers. 

do 

do 


I 


3130        3638 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


Sheared  libers 

do 

Shenred  fibers;  split  at  end. 


Shtared  at  corner;  6  miUlmetors  knot. 


509 
1112 
1112 

4  SO 

68 
0» 
334 

436 


.     ) 


m 


If  -if 


iJ  1  > 


m 


■J' 


:vi! 


If 


428 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PIUNCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Sjiocips. 


105.  ''niniia  rrnnnvlvanirn 

WiMlM Cherry.   I'in  Cher 
rii.    I'iijeun  Vhtrry. 


lOfl.  rniniiH  iiiDliollnta.. 
Sliif.    l.laek  Sloe. 


107.  I'iuniiH>miirginata, var,  molIU. 


108.  I'i'iiniis  sprotinn , 

lltW  Black  Cherry.    Rum 
Cherry. 


109.  PrnDiiB  CnpiiU 

ynid  Cherry. 

1 10.  rriiniiH  <loini88a 

WiUi  Chernf. 

111 .  Pi  nuns  (.'nroliniana 

Wild  Ornnge,.   Mock  Orange. 
Wild  Peach. 

lU.  I'miiiiih  ilicifoliu 

Itlay. 


115.  Circociirpas  ledifolins  . 
Mountain  Mahogany. 


117.  I'yms  roronarla 

AmericanCrab.  SweeHcenUd 
Crab. 


120.  P.vms  ABieriean* .... 

Mountain  Aih. 

121.  Pyms  iiambucifoll*... 

Mountain  Aeh. 

I2.'>.  CiatwKus  arborraoeiM 


State. 


233     Vermont . 
233    ....do 


OOO 
606 

008 
008 

].'• 
15 

iiri 

116 


Georgia. 
..do... 


Wnsliington    tcr- 

liiorv. 
...  il.> 


MuHMicbusrtts... 

..  (li. 

Mii'liiKan 

..do 


I 
127  I  Misaoiiri 


127 
148 
317 
317 
868 
400 
703 
763 
lOK) 
1053 

418 
418 

637 

1032 
1062 
1062 

IISS 
1158 

883 
883 

808 
808 
10S7 
1087 
1088 
1088 

214 
865 

410 

383> 
607 

ao7 


...do 

Illinois 

llicbigau 

...do 

Vermont 


Virciuia  or  Mid- 

i\Uf  Slates. 
Florida 


...do 

Massachaiietts . . 
...do 


New  Heiicn. 
...do    


California. 


Florida . 
Texaa  . . 
...do    .. 


California  . 
..do 


trtah.. 
...do. 


Delavrare 

...do 

Pennsylvania. 

...do  

...do 

...do 


Vermont. 
...do  


....do 


Sonth  Carolina. 

Georgia 

...do 


Locality. 


Charlotte . 
...do  


Altamalia  rivur.. 
...do 


AYilkeaon.. 
...do 


Roxbury 

...do 

Lanaing 

IMngrillo 

Allenton 

..do 

Wnukcgan  . . 

Herncy 

...do  

Cb.'irlottc .... 


Chiirlestown  Navy. 

yiinl. 
Cualtahoochee 


..do 

Topsfitlil 
...do 


Collector. 


Soil. 


C.  O.  Priii«lo  . 
...do 


A.  IT.  Curtlas. 
...do  


G.  KnL'i'lmnnnand 

I),  s.  Korgeiit. 
..do 


C.  S.  Sargent 

..  do 

W.J.lleBl 

...do 

G.  AV.  Letterman 

.Jdo 

U.  Douglas 

W.J.Bonl 


■'.5=3; 

-P.S' 
.So* 

«  J  £ . 
a  ^  w 

3"" 


Cold,  gravcll.v. 
...do 


Clay.. 
...do. 


Low,  ricli . 
...do 


Gravelly  . 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

Kich  loam 

..  do , 

Gravelly... 

KIcli 

...do 

Gravelly... 


C.G.Pri'iglo  . 

S.U.Pook ' 

I 
A.  n.  Cnrtlss  . . . .  ;  Clay . . . . 

...do !....do... 

,T.  Itiiliin^nn Gravelly 

..do do  . .. 


PinosAltosmoiint-  E.L.  Greene Allavial . 

ains.                     I                                 ! 
...do do do 


Strawberry  valley    G.  Enirelraann  and 
C.  S.  S.ir;ient. 


Jacksonville. 

Victoria 

...do 


Santa  Cmi . 
...do 


City  Creek  cafion  . 
...do  


A.  H.  Cnrtias  . 

C.  Mehr 

...  do 


G  L.  Anderson. 
...do 


M.  E.  Jones . 
...do 


Eiamensi . 

...do 

Nazareth  . 

..do 

...do  

...do  


Cbariotte . . . 
Huntington . 


Mount  Mansfield 


Aiken  

Ogeechee  . 
...do 


W.  M.  Conby . 
..  d;  


Low,  rich  . 


Sasdy 

Kich,  moist . 
...do  


Rocky . 
...do.. 


Clay.. 
...do. 


J.Henry I  Hoist. 


.do  . 
do. 
de. 


C.G.Pringlo. 
...do 


..  do. 


H.  W.  Ravenel . 


A.  H.  Cnrtiss  . 


.do. 
do. 
do. 


Gravelly. 
...do.... 


do  . 


do. 


Rich. 
Low  . 


.do. 


Ilomarks. 


Crunlied  nt  3  inlllimeters  knot  102 
milliiDOter.-i  IVoni  eoil. 
6480     CruHhed  ut  102  niiilimetors  fiom 
end. 

7060     Cross-grained ;  R])lit  nt  end 


I 


8051 
6003 

10138 
10250 
72;i5 
87:i2 
0070 
88UU 
019!) 
780! 
8321 
0005 
6504 
8773 
0.-.71 
8029 


Crushed  ilbers  near  tniddio  . 


Cruslii'd  at  6  millimi'tem  knot  25 
millimetert)  i'loin  end. 

Faili'd  nt  knot  at  end  and  split 

along  irriilii. 
Triple  flexure 


CniHlieil  nt  middle  at  3  niillime- 

teiH  knot. 
Cru.'tlieil  at  32  niillimelers  from 

end. 
CroHliiMl  at  25'  millimeters  from 

miildle. 
Triple  flo.\uro 

Cruslied  at  middle  and  ui  end .... 

C^riiH*ied  at  end 


I  CrciKlu'd  at  127  iiilllimi'ter»  from 
end. 
Cruulicd  at  middle 


Cnislied  at  enu  nnd  split  oblii|uely 

along  grain. 
Criit«lied  at.*"!  mill nneters from  end 

autl  Hplit  o1)Ii<iue]y  alonir  ^raui. 
Crnxlieil  fibers  at  38  milliinelers 

from  end. 
CiT shed  (1  hers  near  middle  of  one 

side  of  Hperimen. 
Triple  tlexuiu 


8600     Sjdit  nloHK  grain  from  end  to  end ; 
knottv. 


8165 

7847 
0503 
0617 

S709 


10478 


Cmshed  at  middle  ;  3  millimeters 
knot. 

Crushed   near  middle    at  small 

knots. 
Cn'-.'fhert  at  16  millimeters  knot 

102  millimeters  from  end. 
Shattered  at  end ;  cross-grained  .. 


Crushed  at  emTs;    knot  4  milli- 
meters in  diameter. 


Cross-grained ;  shattered . 


7485     Triple  flexure 

7756     Crnshetlat  knot  6millimeters  in  di- 
ameter 127  millimeters  from  end. 

5851     Crushed  at  knot  1U  millimeteni  in 
diameter  25  millimeters  from  end. 

0040     Crushed  7U  millimeters  from  end 
in  vicinity  of  4  millimeters  knot. 

5874     Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 
encl;  eross-grnined. 

6:128     Crushed  at  two  6  millimeters  knots 
76  niillimeterB  trom  end. 

6306     Crushed  at  middle;  knots  8  mil- 
limeters in  diameter. 
5851     Crushi'd  at  3  millimeters  knot  102 
I      millimeters  from  end. 


6123  I  Triple  tiexure. 


6072  Crushed  at  16  Tnillimeters  knots 
j      38  and  76  millimeters  from  end. 

d346  '  Crushed  at  middle;  knot  3  milli- 
I      meters  in  diameter. 

88M  Crushed  at  102  millimeters  tiom 
I      end. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMrUESSION— Continued. 


421> 


i 


PnKtUIL'lli:,  IN  KILOUIIAUB,  IIEQUUIIII  TO  rROUL'CB  AN  INDI'JITATION,  IN  UILMUETKUS,  OFi— 


0.93 '  o.ai 


080 
883 

2IHJD 
2313 

075 
012 


o.re    1.09 


i:s7 

1483 

4040 
3583 

10L>t 
lilt 


!!■ 


■.nvi\  5308 
31U7  i  5D07 
1073         2241 


2ni!i 
ir.S8 


I 


2049 
2177 


Eli 


li*37  I 
lu81  I 
.2=0  j 
1123  j 

1J83    ; 

1542  I 
1724  I 
2313 

2U41 
2041 


2381 
1588 
IfiOO 
2740 
2073 


1347 

1G07  I 

0280  ; 
4073 


1C84  I 
1216  I 

I 
6237 

.■.480 

2408 


1443 
1724 

5851 

4J27 

1161 

1252 

C(UO 
0820 
2540 


1.97 


2880 
2341  \ 


3075 
2536 


1501 
1706 

0211 
4740 

1216 
1343 

0885 
0237 
20OO 


3202 
2067 


2753 
1050 
18^,7 
11  S3 
22:.0 


I 


1705 


2123    2350  I 

I       I 

2405    2713  I 


I 


3538  I 

2708 
8311 


IflCO 
15C9 
2330 
2405 
2812 
3007  !   4173 


2177  ;   3221    3501 


4106 
3738  I 


2:!13 

2132 

3221  \ 
14.72  ' 

i 

3153  ' 

1 

2048  ' 


4060  I 
4105  I 
3O0O  I 


I 


4513  I 
2070 

5171 

5334 


ETOII 


1078 

2104 

2305 

3357 

1792 

2833 

IIIU5 

3783 

2449 

3052 

1588 

2099 

1043 

1533 

080 

14U6 

957 

1746 

1005 

2090 

1343 

1082 

4009 
4780 
3074 

5120 
3198 

0314 

C8U4 

2022 


3171 
4313 
4128 
3100 

1056 


1078 

2254 
3030 
2350 


4445 
4200 

3792 

5216 
5307 
3009 

5023 
3011 

7122 
74C2 

2858 


3379 
4831 
4400 
0170 

1751 


2880 
1800 
2078 
1015 
2300 
2581 
i27i 
4432 

4241 
4143 

3937 

5534 
5557 
4101 

5874 
3001 

7372 
7983 

3030 


1.99   1.78 


1538 
1032 

0555 
5120 

1300 
1432 

7003 
6408 
274B 


3334 
2771 


3383 
5017 
4372 
3702 

1809 


1701 


3207 

2567 


1715 

2703 
3438 
2713 


2880 
1041 
2104 
1000 
2513 
2713 
3U03 
4717 

4000 

I 
4009 

4087 

6793 
5809 
4518 

0205 
4128 

7h02 
8523 

3198 
4101 
3083 

5207 
4766 
4055 

1887 


1028 
1082 

0759 
5285 

1347 
1483 

7221 
0046 
2840 


3303 
2844 


I 


1805 

2840 
3574 
2^30 


2948 
2010 
225D 
1710 
2370 
2833 
3164 
4709 

5126 
4940 

4210 

C141 
0105 
4740 

6482 
4445 

84G0 


9.03 


1060 
2073 

0872 
5410 

1303 
1542 

7326 
6705 
2089 


3403 
3020 


9.98 

1710 
2114 

7145 
5533 


9.94 


1805 
2104 

5276 


1470 
1010 

,  7372 
6072 
3048 


3674 
3071 


1483 
1087 

7370 
7112 

3094 


<l.81 


2078 


8029 


3788 
3100 


3075 
2087 
2313 
1700 
2031 
2890 
3302 
4931 

6376 
6207 

4340 

0380 
02U2 
4800 

6750 
4740 

8850  '■ 


3108 
2173 
2427 
1SU5 
272'* 
2939 
3420 
5UC2 


5400 

4177 

G5C8 
0522 
4000 

7021 
4809 


3289    3357 


3850    4028 

3334  I   5307 


4890 
4173 

2019 


1041 


3080 
4318 

2000 


2019 


3010  3110 
3701  ■  3901 
2985  I   3193 


3501 
4330 
4173 
3001 
6298 
4481 

22J3 


2032 

3248 
4024  I 
3339  I 


3202 
2214 
2181 

11531 

2733 
3U48 
3479 
3203 


6GC1 

4331 

7230 
CG13 
3153 

7233 
5071 

0531 


3074 
4049 
4237 
5719 

0325 
4503 

2203 


2214 

3438 
3729 
3407 


1715 
2019 

8103 
7530 
3020 


4101 
3338 


3C74 


29;.9 
2139 
3107 

i:73 
5978 


a.o8 


1091 
2078 

8618 
8210 
3878 


4044 


3901 


6740 
5443 

7802 
U(.'33 

8392 
6305 

12247 


4241 
6434 
4090 
0396 
6109 
5080 

2070 


3ir.3 
2208 
3334 

45S1 
0311 


Ranvk*. 


Slieairil  QIhih;  Hiitit  ut    od  . 
Shnaml  filwni. 


..lo 


Slight  nlicariii;: ;  Hplit  ut  euu. 


Slioaicd  flliiTH ;  «|ilit  at  <  ud  . 
lie.  


Shcanil  lilwra auil Hplintorod. 

Shcari'd  lUjfiti 

....  do 


i 

23.1 

606 

608 

0<I8 
008 

15 
15 
1151 


SlKvind  flbiTM  

Slii-art'd  fibi  is;  sjilit  at  end. 


Shftiiri'd  fibrrrt 

Slicuit'd  libetH;  Hplit  ;it  end.. 

.1.1  

Slicmr.l  fibcn 

do 

Sbcarod  Qbcis;  H]i|jt  atond  . 

....  do 

.Sbcurt'd  ftbei  ^ 


127 
127 


Split  nt  rndH  . 
Slu'livd  libfV.s 


■lit  at  Olid  . 


do 


Sliiibr  s.Iu'aii'1':  ^.Illit  ;il   end;  Hboit  K[iecinimi,  12  ; 

t'»'ini:!li't.'ls  l.iji;.;.  I 

Sht'.trcil  tilii'i.^     ! 


I  Slu'iiifl  libera;  .^plit  :'1  ciiu 

I 
0034  i  Slight  Hhoariug;  4  luilliinut.Ta  knot . 

.Split  at  end.. 


13598  '  Shourcd  Qbii 

I 
I  Split  ut  end  . 


4753 
6D87 


I 


2008 

4130 
4980 
4128 


7070  j 

6.332 

5C93 

2812 


Sbciired  libera 

do 

Sli^jbt  alieai'in;;:  nplit  at  end 

Sboiued  libers;  13iuillimet<T8l(not  at  corner  <if  com- 

jii'.-.'si.Mi  area. 
Slii;bl  »b.  ai  iiij! 


2939 

4763 
5308 


Sheared  libers 

SUc;iicd  libera;  aplit  at  endti 


317 
317 
308 
400 
703 
703 
1053 
10.33 

418 
418 

037 

1033 
1002 
1002 

1158 
11.38 

883 
883 

808 
808 
10K7 
1067 
1088 
1088 

214 


Sliearc.l  iibera 1  410 

I 

do ^  363* 

do i  607 

Sheared  fibers ;  splitatond |  607 


w 


430 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Table  V.— BEHAVIOB  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


I     i 

1 1'  • 


l'i-*h 


it    5 


BpMlM. 


»<S. 


Cratirpis  Crna-ealli 

Cockuptir  Thorn.    tfeweatU* 
Thorn. 


State. 


12  f. 
131. 

13-. 

ja:. 

IT. 
130 


CraiiE(rnii  snbTilloaa  . 
Hearltt  Haw. 


328     Moaaachnsctta. 

328   ....do  

MiHUUl'l 

....do  


1098 
10W8 


Crntippiit  tomontoMi 

Ulaek  Thorn.    Pear  Hme. 


CrntiDira*  apalbnlata. 
Smatl-fruiUd  Ilav. 


l'^nta'^lln  n-aliralia 

itay  IJaw.    Apple  naw. 

I 
Crnlii'dnaflnva,  tor.  pnlieacena  | 

Ml  mm  er  lla  u>.    Ked  Haw. 


94« 
1081 

428 
426 

926 

238 

767 


I 


Tcxna  . 


Locality. 


Broakllne. 

..do 

AUrnton.. 
do 


Collector. 


Victoria  . 


Miaaouri i  Saint  liOiila . 


Tennomre NaahvlUa . 

...do I ilo 


Lonlaiana I  Webator  poriali . . 

Sonth Carolina. ...I  Bonneau'a Dopot . 


Florida  . 


I 


.'\iiii'ljiii'bi)'i  ('nnodonala '    241     Eontnoky 

Juncbrrr!/.  Shadllu»h.  Serv-  i 

ice  Tree.    May  Cherry.        ,    849     MnHsacbnactta. 


Aapalaga . 


840    ...do  . 


Bnimtlcld  Station 

Dan  era 

..do 


J.  Robluaou 

...do 

G.  W.  Lettcminn 
..do 


Boll. 


C.  Mobr... 
n.  ICgtsert. 


A.  Oattinger. 
...do 


C.Mohr 

n.  W.  lUvenel . . . 
A.II.Curtlaa 


Loam 

...do 

Low,  wet . 
..do 


P.S 

II  ^'1 

<'  S  £ 
a  C  "* ' 

0033 
5806 
7349 
8346 


Itcmarka. 


Alluvial . 


Criiahod  at  64  lullliuiptera  rrom 

nnd. 
Slmttori'd  at  end 


Triple  flesiiio;  amali  knota 

Cnialioil  at  127  lulllhiieli'ra  from 
cud  and  Hplit  along  crain. 

8606  ,  Cmahcd  nt  10  millinirtera  from 
end  nnd  aluni:  onr  t'lico. 

8018  I  CniHbC(lntniiddli'atknnt3niilli. 
luetcra  in  diamet^vr. 


Linieatone 7434 

...do 0705 


W.M.Linne.v. 
•J.KobiuDOU... 
...do 


llAMAMELACEiE. 


LiquiilambarStymciflua 54ii 

liweet Oiim.  siarleaeed Qum. 


Liquidamber. 
Bittted. 


lied  OMt».(  ,'^4U 
j  1005 
1  1093 


.Vlubania Keniper'a  mill C.  Mohr 

. . .  .do I — do '....do 

I  I 

Aikan-iaa LitUo  Kock '  G.  W.  Lctttriuau. 

I  I 
■  ■  do do do 


I 


I  1173  I  JTew.reracy ,  Mount  Holly... 


i;nizuPHORACE.a;. 


tliizophoni  Manglo . 
ilangrove. 


COMBnETACEJE. 


t  onornnmaerecta. 
Hiilton  Wood. 


11  ■■I 
1181  I 

1181  I 

1182  I 
1182 

1183  : 
IIM 

4(-.-> 
4S5 

480 
480 


...  ilo 

ikliasiiisippi . 
...do    


do. 


S.  P.  Sbarjilea  .... 
...do  


Clay 

Damp,  riob 

Dry  clay 

Wavorly  abalc... 
Loam 


7280 
712B 
8437 
11204 


Cniabod  at  oacb  and  and  at  middle 

Cmahod  at  middlu  at  knot  3  mil. 
limotera  in  diameter. 

Cnialiod  nt   10  millimetora  knot 
102  millimetora  from  end. 

Cmahcd  at  middle  on  one  comoL . . 


Cniabo4l  along  one  comer;   de- 
lloctcd  from  flniahcd  aids. 


Crushed  nt  115  mtUimeter.<i  ttom 
end. 
10433     Sap-wood;  triploflexure 


.do 10410     Crualicd  nt  25  millimetora  fVom 

I      middle. 


liicb, alluTlol 6795    Crnabed  near  middle;    an^ile  of 

I                 orualiln;.',  50°. 
do I  6480  I  TrlpUi  liexuro 


Clay 

,...do 


do. 
do  . 
do  . 
.do  . 


Florida  . 
...do... 


Liiztinotilniia  raccmosa i    507 

While  ISulton  Wood.    White  \ 
ilangrore.  j    607 


ilYUTACEa:. 


1 


441. 


E  i<:i'iiia  buxifolia i  1118 

Um-tjton  Stopper.     Spaniih  I 
.stopper.  1118 


Eiici'uin  raouticola 

.Stopper.     While  Stopper. 


..  do  . 
...do  . 

....do. 
....do. 


....do. 

...do  . 

1135  i....do  . 


I 


1135 

Eugenia  procera 1127 

/ied  Stopper.  , 

1127 
CORNACE.a;. 


4b'..  CornuafloriJa 

I'lowering    Dogwood. 
Wood. 


...do. 

...do 

...do 


Box 


67 

07 

761 


Yazoo  liiver  bot-  i  K.  Abbey Alluvial. 

tom.                    I  I 
do  


.do  . 
.do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 


I 


I 


Buy  Biacayne  - . . 
..do 


.do. 
do  . 
do. 
do. 


A.  n.  Curtiaa  . 
...do 


do. 

.do. 


.do  . 
.do. 


Sngar-Loaf  Sound 
...do 


...do  . 
...do  . 


7847 
7892 
0,137 
0306 
0040 
7870 

.do 8.';73 

.do '  8210 

.do I  7938 

.do    i  8250 


do. 


Cruabeil  nt25  and  at  102  millime- 
ters from  i'nd. 

CruHliid  nt  fil  millimetora  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  04  raillini<.tera  from  end 
and  at  middle  on  oppoaite  face. 

Cniahed  and  split  at  end ;  crooa- 
Krainod, 

Crushed  at  04  millimetora  from 
cud ;  0.75  nap- wood. 

Crushed  at  04  millimeters  from 
end. 

Cnishcd  at  middle 


do. 


Crn.<bi'd  at  25  nilllimetoi's  tmrn 

middh<. 
Crushed  at  middle , 


Salt-ninvsli . 
,...do 


.do  . 
.do  . 

.do  . 
.do  . 


13517  \  Crnahed  at  end  in  vicinity  of  knot 
14010  !  Crushed  at  middle ;  cro8:4.Kmined 


9571 
9614 


.|  7212 
I 
.!  7107 


Lost  Man's  river. 

...do  

Umbrella  Key  . . . 

...do  

Uiumi 

...do 


Missouri Allenton 

—  do I do 

Florida I  Chattaboocbee. 


! 

■  do '  HnuHta  nutl  ror.il 

do |....do 

do j  Coral 

do :....d«» 

.do do    

.do I do 


14198 


G.  W.  Letterman. .    Upland 

...do ' do 

A.  II.  Curtiaa Calcareous. 


87.-14 
8030 
10931 
10567 

9270 
0571 
7031 


Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 

t'liJ :  worm.eulen. 
Tnj.lo  Ui^xure 


Crnshid  near  niiddl<< ;  croas- 
ci'uiiu'it  and  wovjiicati'u. 

Crimlied  at  70  miilimetera  from 
cud ;  small  knots. 


Cinshed  at  127  millimeters  from 
end. 


Split  along  grain,  opening  season 

enuks;  split  in HcasouMig cracks. 

Split  and  crushed  near  end 


I'liple  Uexui'Oi  developed  inter. 

sectiug  "tjoopor  lines". 
do 


Triple  flexure ;  opened  cmcks  at 

end. 
, do 


Crushed  at  102  miilimetera  fh>m 
end;  cross-grained. 


%m 


ten 

from 

BtlTH 

rain. 

fhim 

•tern 

from 

•e. 
nuts 

mini- 

I  at  middle. 

mot  3  mil- 

etrrs  knot 
end. 

necomei.. 

onior 

;   de- 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
ITNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continned. 


431 


rRMBUni,  IN  KILOOnAM,  RlqVIBRn  TO  I'nODirCB  AN  INDIXTATIOH,  IN  MIUJlUmRS,  Or— 


o.9a    O.S1    o.9«    Loa    i.ar    t.M 


I 


1315 
1314 
2041 
1701 


181B  I 
2440 

1787 
1203 


I 


131S 

1483 

lOOS 

2041 
1800 
2440 

1424 

um 

1334 

771 
1108 
S078 
.1080 

052 
1384 
1043 

007 
1167 

inii 

0007  I 

2404 
!003  : 

817 
1270 

2336 
4U0I 
2jtjtl 


2818 
218S 
U153 
2676 

2496 
8074 

32S7 
23B9 

2617 


I 


1014  ! 
1)'83  ' 
1006 

1315 

1814 

2844 

1506 

1452 

1702 

1S20  ' 

1452 

1488 

4173  I 

4763  1 

i 

I 
4173  j 

4401 

1515 
10T3 

j 

3765  ' 
.■.761 
45'J7 


I 


I 


2010 
2073 
2101 

1474 
1006 
3026 
1588 
1574 
20U0 
1056 
1633 
1078 

58U6 
6087 

48M 

5210 

1706 
2250 

! 

4763 
5042 

5048 


3130    3402 


3720  I  4446  4831 

3221  '  3674  8902 

3221  I  8788  ,  4110  ! 

8615  I  3040  4201 


2100  ; 
2223 
2250 
1042 
2000  . 
3162  I 
1633 
1060  ' 

'I 

1814  j 

1023  ' 
1637  , 

I 
I 
6940 

6713  I 

I 
6308 

6761  ! 

2050  I 
2472 

I 
5398  ' 
0173 
0033 


2406 

2670 

2803 

2400 

2713 

2808  1 

3660 

3037 

4256 

3085 

3870 

8611 

aiso 

8484 

3788 

4110 

4446 

4626 

1 

3706 

4065 

4300  ' 

2948 

3180 

3370 

1 

8060 

8320 

1 

3464  i 

1 

1.98  9^3     a.98 


358^ 

5103 

4423 
4401 
4636 

I 
2264  ' 

2313  ; 

I 

2277  j 

1574  ' 

2186 

3302  I 

1715  '. 

1760  I 

2227  i 

1914  I 

2041  I 

1806  . 

7576 

I 
7212  ; 

j 
6751 

6101  { 

2132 
2640  ' 

5851 
6849 
0,-.32  i 


2980 
2976 
4483 
3828 

8983 
4922 

4482 


8674 

3742 


4436 
4708 
4863 

2381 
2395 
2377 
1674 
2850 
3438 
1700 
1851 
2300 
2019 
2001 
1941 

8000 
7689 

6078 
0432 

2360 
2708 

6160 
7070 
6796 


3086 
8071 
4605 
3992 

4219 
6013 

4658 
3742 

3010 

I 
3866 

I 

6626  I 

I 

4877 
4022 
6098 

2477 
2518 
2413 
1719 
2472 
350t 
1D28  I 
1887  i 
2350  ; 
2091  I 
2168 
2073  ; 

8464 

8052 

I 
I 
6306  '   6600 

6T50    7009 


8207 
3171 
4869 
4110 

4891 
S162 

4781  I 

8802 

I 
4066 

I 
4028  I 

i 
5874  I 

I 

4000 
5112 
6303 

2536  ! 

2004  I 

2486  I 

1760 

2531 

3661  ' 

1941 

1941 

2440 

2141 

2273 

2155 


8307 
8108 
6086 
4264 

4581 
5430 

4944 
4119  ! 


a.a*  ;  4.st 


4164 

4101  I 

I 

6066  I 

5104 
5310 
6484 

2645 


2703 

2527  I 

1800  < 

2070 

3801 

1073 

2028 

2586  : 
I 
2291 

2381  ' 

2223 


I 


I 


8822 
8387 


I 


2430 
2844 

I 
6613 

7303 

7268  ^ 


2531  I 
2948 

6963 
7553 
7475 


I 


9140 

8063 

i 

6895  I 
7226  ! 

2626  ; 
3036  ; 

7294 
7802 
7770 


8307 
8484 
5171 
4891 

4763 
6534 

6035 
4287 

4287 

4204 


6334 
5480 
5684 

2717 
2700 
2540 
19J2 
2708 
3042 
2014 
2050 
2649 
2345 
2445 
2273 

9453 
8013 

7085  |. 

7530  ' 

i 
2790  |. 

3116  I 


3983 
4064 


5853 

4806 
6759 


S.08 


4206  Hheared  fiber* 

4783  do 

SllKlit  •lienriug ;  aplltntend. 

6033  '  Bbean^d  libers 


I 
6360  ' do 

7212     Shenri'd  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


5851  I      648A     Shouroil  fibers . 


4035 


4090 

7804 

0350 
6046 
6782 

3166 
3289 
2926 


3280 
4445 
2313 


6023 
5761 
6570 
7983 


7349 


3329 
3020 
3121 


.do. 
.do. 


Sboare<l  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers ;  Indented  on  6  mlUimeters  knot . 


Shenrcd  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

Sb eared  fibers 

Sbearcd  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


4t<81 
2440 


2404  I      2531 

I 
3075  I      3302 


2708 
2722 


2890 
2926 


Sheared  flbors  

do 

do 

Sheared  libers ;  split  at  end  . 

, do 

Sheared  tllieni 

do 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fibers 

Sheared  fllHTs ;  split  at  end  . 


Slight  xlu'Aiing;  split  at  end  . 

10037  I Sheared  fillers  i  split  at  end  .. 


8799  I 


.do. 
do. 


3674 


'  Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

3901     Sheared  fiber.i 


3538 
2313 

2048 
1860  , 


5080 
4672 


5701 

5042 


4581 

6716 

3720 

4513 

3162 

3403  1 

I 


6432 

6668  ' 
I 
6146 

4053 

3765 


0963 

7235 

KiSO 
5180 
4037 


7430  I 

I 

7689  I 

6754 
5484 
4241 


7702 
8110 

7076 

I 
5701 

4418 


8110 

f4io  ; 

7326  I 

5965  ' 
4563  i 


7576 

8029  : 

i 

7983  ; 


I 


9626 
0026 


8506 
8714 

7485  j 

6192 

4667 


I 


8786  ; 


I 


10614 
10841 


'  Opened  seasoning  craeks  .  ■  ■ 

9753  I  Sheared  fibers :  split  at  end  . 
9753  j  Sheared  fibers 


I 


;  Sheared  fibers :  split  at  eud  . 

11930    do  


sn 

lOM 
1088 

«4» 
1081 

4M 

428 

ne 

3SS 

767 

341 
849 
84» 

548 

548 

1005 
1095 
1178 
llTt 
1181 
1181 
1181. 
1181. 
118; 

iia 
4a 

481 

481 
481 

6V 
601 

UU 
1111 
1185 


7729  i 

t 
6306  : 

4844 


8800  I      !I798     Sheared  tiboi-s ;  7  njiUimeters  knot  In  compression 

sui'faee. 
7802        8702     Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 


0025        6169  ... 


do. 


113T 
1127 

67 
87 
781 


J^f 


T 

5 


s^ 


i 


hi 


!;  ft* 
1 


4 


•}' 


432 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

TABLii  v.— BEUAVIOK  OP  THE  PRINCirAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


SpeciOR. 


I 

a 


151.  Corniis  f<  :iridn — continned 


152.  Coruiis  Xutlnllii 

Flourrintf  liotiicood. 


812 

812 
1077 
1077 


State. 


West  Virginia  .. 


....(Ill  .... 
Miseonri. 
....<lo  .... 


Locality. 


Graflon . 


...<lo  .... 
AlU'ntxu. 
...do  .... 
..  ill.  .... 


Collector. 


C.G.Pringle. 


.do. 


Soil. 


i'SUJ.S 
iB.a  ti 
ep.S 


Dry. 


:i;ii2    do 

I 

960  I  Origon i  Purtliiud !  G.  Kncelinnnn  nod 

f.  S.  Sai'tifUt 
800  !....do d" ...do 


G.  W.  Letterman.. 

...do  

...do 


153.  NvKsn  riipitiitn ;    605  i  Georgia Ojiculioo  rivir ;  A.ll.Curties 

Ogpfctiec   Livt\      Sour    Tu-  ',  \  ' 

"     ■  I    (i|i5  I d(i ; do I do 


pelo.     iioplter  Phtni. 


IM.  NvBBn  Bylvntica 

Tujidd      Aoi.r    ("um.     Pep- 
peridge.    Black  Bum. 


$17  !  TeuucBSco ,  Cuinboilaiid  river  J  A.Gallingor. 


750 
750 
813 
813 
i;.33 
833 
834 
834 
835 

8;i5  ,. 

i 


Florida Cliattahoodioe j  A.  Jl.  Cnrtisa  . . . 

do I .'lO do 

WcBt  Virginia  ..     Gr.iftun ,  ('.  G.l'ringlc... 

do do do    


Massaeliu.M-ttH. ..  |  V.'ett  Xuv-Lury  ..    .1.  KultiuKou. 
..do — do ....do 


do  . 
.do  . 

do  . 
.do  . 


I 


.U> 


.j....do 

Cliel)ac(opond. 
:....do 


...do 

..do 

...do 

. .   do 


155.  Nyasa  niiitlora TJS  '  r^oiitti  CaioUim. . .  j  Btunn'au'a  In'pot  .    11.  M*.  ll.iveuel ... 

Larjif  Tttpthi.    i'ot!on  Gufn. 


Titpttii  (riiin. 


CAritlFOLMCK.r. 


!    V^ti  I   . .  do 

r>.W     Alalmra 
.-..'■.O    ....do 

!    t:u4     licorya  .. 
004    ....do  


.do  . 


I  , 


081     Cahi'ornia 


.1    370      Vi  riiKint    


156.  Saii'lmrtis  i:lant-a 

J:l./er. 

158.  VilfiMiinrn  I.ent;ii:o 

Slm^iicrry.    yinivi/bcrrj/.      i 

169.  Viliiiriiiini  jiiuriil'nlniin (    lie-    iventiioky  . . . 

Black  JIaw.    Stncj  JUitth. 

lie     . .  ilo 


..  do 

0;:ei(lifO  river. 
...  do 


A.  II.  Ctirtisa  . 


■  do  . 


8732 

7021 

t 

Gravelly ■  0004 

...  do I  8981 

Flinty 


Swampy , 
...do    .. 


Clay.. 
..do  . 


llich 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Swampy 

...do 

Aliiivial 

..do 

Swampy 

...do 


8210 

10367 
10819 

6893 


7349 

7892 
8110 
8414 
8210 
7089 
0023 
6577 
7394 
7022 
7170 

0390 
6328 
5035 
5715 
6123 
5489 


Ivcmarks. 


Sap.wood!  triplo  flexure  j  inter- 
aectiug  ** Cooper  liuea";  aplit  at 
end. 

do 


Triido  flexnre 

Triple  llexuro :  pplit  at  end.i:  in- 

tcraeeting  "Cooper  Uock". 
Triplo  lloxure ;  pplit  at  tiuds 


Cmalied  at  middle . 


CraslieU  at  182  inillimeterH  from 
cud. 

Crnslied  at  114  millimeters  from 
end ;  split  along  grain. 


Cniplied  on  one  fiee  al  2.'»  niillinic. 

lets  fi-om  ini<ldle. 
Triple  lle.Miro;  Hplit  at  ends 

Cnished  at  3  niillimeter.s   knoLs 

at  middle. 
Criiulii'U  near  middle ;  aplit  along 

tine  corner. 
CruHlied  at  102  millimctera  from 

end. 
Triple  llexuro;  split  at  ends 


Cnmlied  lit  liUotH  61  inillimeterB 

finin  iiid. 
Cruslied  at  0  ntilliinrtrrs  knot  25 

niillinicleis  I'loin  mitldle. 
Triple  11*  xure;  Hplit  at  t  ud.'* 


I 


Triple  llexuro,  delleeted  diago. 
mill,\':  .■']dil  at  ends. 

Triple  liexino J  split  at  ends;  in- 
tersecting "  Ceiiper  lines". 

Cmslicd  nl  12  and  at  127  niiilime- 

ters  IVoni  end  on  opposite  .^ides. 

Triple  Itexurei  split  at  eiida 


Crualied  near  n)iddl(> 
Triplo  flexure 


Triple    tl'  Niire    lii2    millimeters 

trein  end. 
Triple  flexure;  hplil  al  end 


I    739     Georgia. 


UVmACKA:. 
180.  ExoBteninia  Caribicnm  . 


in.  PInckneya  pnlienn 

lleurijia  Jlnrk. 

KltlCACE^C. 

164.  Vat  jiitintii  aiborenm. . . 
rurkltberri/. 


165.  Audroroed.a  ferniginea. 


166.  ArliiiliiH  Menzieaii. 
iiatiri'iia. 


I 

400     Florida 
466 


381 

343 
343 

1033 

643 
613 
679 
(79 


...do . 

South  Carolina. 


Contra 
county. 

Iliuesbuig 


Ce.-la  ,  G.  II.  Vasev 


Gravelly. 


4400  I  Slialtered  at  end;   10  niillimeterR 
knot. 


C.  (i.  I'rintle  . 


Swaiiip.v J'SOO 


llercer  county 

...do 

Balnbrid:.:n    I  A.  11.  (lurti-s 


W.M.Unney I  Iluds.in        Kiver    lulCO 

I      sliale. 
.  -  <lo I  Treutoliliincstone.  10329 


(lay 


7038 


I 


Upper  Met4iei>lnl)e  ...  I'l 

Key. 
...do .. 


Alabama  . 
..do 


I'lorida . 


California 

..do 

..  do 

..do    


11  In  111  on 


....do    

J.  11.  Millichamp 


CitnincUo r.Molir. 

..  do do    .. 


Jnck.sonvllle ;  A.  U.  Ciirlisg  . 


Contra  Costa     Q.  K.  Vosey 

coMiity.                 I 
..  ilo    ..' do 


1 


Coral    13381 

I, 


. .  do    

Sandy  Hwump. 


Sandy 
...do. 


Ilumnmck . 


10000 
4355 


5874 


7802 


Kturin  eoiiuty. . 
...do  


...do 
...do. 


Giuvelly 

..    do    

...do 

...do 


I  730:l 

I  7750 

7630 

9648 


Crusli'd  near  niidille;  grain  w:-.vy, 


('rushed  at  ends  in  vicinity  i»f 
kiK'ts;  split  ahuig  grain. 

Crtishetl  3S  millimeters  Ireiu  niiil. 
die. 

Crushed  2'i  millimeters  i'rtiin  mid. 
die ;  er(>H')-gralned. 


Shuttered  from  cnil  to  eiul 

Crushed  at  knot  at  middle;  split 
along  grain. 

Cruslied  at  knot  'J.'  niillimi  tera 
from  luiihlle;  opt-ued  between 
ringo. 


Split  nnd  cruDlieil  ut  end;  croap- 
grained. 

Tiiple  flexiiie,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Cruhhed  at  76  millimeler.s  from 
end;  cross. graiiuil. 


Triple  flexure;  splil  at  enda... 

do 

SLatten  d  and  crublied  at  euda. 
Crualied  flhers  at  middle 


I 


.iL,:;i.i 


r  millinu'- 
cihIh  


liUimeterp 
i-ini 


iiillimetorn 
sniiii  wi.vy. 

vicinity   vt 

:liTi. 

I  liont  mill- 

I  t'l'oiii  mid- 


vXXi\ 

I.llr:    split 

niUiiiM  torn 

ntt ;  iToas- 
imI    (liii^o- 

•tiTrt    IVoiu 

ciuIh 


utt'Utla... 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


438 


PRIISSUItB,  IN  KILOUKAUB,  BEQUIBEI)  TO  I'BOUUCE  AN  UiOENTATION,  IK  MILLIMETERS,  OF- 


0.35 


m 


m 
m\ 


m 


0.91 


2041 
1051 

ec2 

1051 
222a 

2068 

I 
1814 

14u6 

14&2 

i 

1338  i 

I 
1702  I 

2201  j 

1051  j 

1170  j 

1633  I 

1724  ! 

I 

I2ri7 

1384 
1001 
1837 

2132 
2313 
1043 
1343 
1407 
1202 


0.76     1.0!J      1.37      1.59  .   1.T8     a.O.1     ».3S     3.54     4.81      9.08  I 


Sematka. 


I 


1402 


3130 

3130 
2201 
38Se 
9833  : 

2004  j 
3198 

2177 
1814 

1706 
2707 
8130 
3740 
1352 
2676 
2405 
2531 
2245 
2600 
2740 

2622 
2048 
1520 
10U5 
2313 
IGIO 

ia;;8 


3403 

3600 
3606 
4401 
4r.00 

8343 
3550 

2386 


I 


inoo 

1882 
2440 

2048 
3447 

500 

1041 
1005 

1702 

1315 
2087 
1041 
1361 

28 


1041 
8I8U 
3329 
2021 
2010 
2048 
2744 
2713 
2513 
3130 
3130 

2875 
8130 
1588 
2041 
2654 
1783 

2068 


3701 

3802 
4418 
4044 
4944 

3015 
3742 

2522 
2150 

2004 


2010 
3002 
3438 

5806 
5701 

1021 

3402  j 
3243 

2600 

2404 
2685 
2888 
2313 
FOB 


4040 
4854 
3806 

6010 
6008 

1406 

3833 
3742 

3103 

2004 
2080 
8243 
2040 


3600  j 
3075  j 
2259  ; 
3002  I 
2071 
2890 
2840 
3857 
3311 

3003 
8207 
1078 
2168 
2803 
1805 

2150 


3083 

4000 
4944 
5243 
5158 

3810 

3940  ! 

I 

I 

2713  : 

2254  : 

2150  ; 

8538 
3702 
3243 
2330 
3243 
3148 
3030 
2021 
3515 
3529 

8148 
3348 
1705 
2254 
3012 
1023 


4140  , 

i 

4250  , 
5325  j 
5552  j 
539R 

4014 
4104 

2858 


2245 
3760 
8002 
8875 
2404 
3583 
3807 
3171 
3107 
3007 
3650 

3320  j 

3438 

1869 


4355  ; 

4400 
0715 
6711 
5600  : 

i 

4132 

4287  I 

I 
2071  , 

2440  , 

2:!:il  , 

3802 

4241 

3438 

2405 

8607 

3447  ' 

3811 

3103 

3856 

3042 

3473 
3508 
19C0 


4527  : 

4536 
5878 
5883 
5779 

4323 
441>1 

30b5 
2608 

2400 
4073 
4423 
3407 
2.')31 
3910 
3556 
3420 
3311 
3983 
3940 


2218 


4076 
6207 
4033 

7439 
7067 

1074 

41(M 
4241 

3402 

S007 
8243 
8519 

2«oa 


5252 
5512 
4264 

7088 
7475 

1078 


4432 
4522 

3011 

8048 
3443 
3720 
8076 


2381 

2472  1 

3130 

8216 

1906 

2118 

2201 

28-0 

5498 

5715 

6724 

5060 

4463 

4600 

8142 

8460 

7750 

791f- 

1792 

1851 

4800 

6171 

4749 

4000 

;i633 

4024 

8260 

3393 

3620 

3828 

S831 

8996 

8243 

3303 

3574  I 
3742 
2014  i 
2586 
8348  ! 
2105 

2430  I 


4077  ' 

4717  [ 
0146 
6114  j 

5020  ■ 

I 
4480  I 

4572 

I 
3143  . 

2622  ! 

i 
2400 

4219  ' 

4530  i 

3588 

2S07  I 

4055  '. 

i 

3083  I 

3502  ' 

3484 

4105 

4004  I 

3715 
3042 
2050  , 
2054  I 
3425  j 

2480 


I 


6874 
6232 
4840 

8030 

8074  : 

i 
1806 

9398  , 
6102 

4173  ; 

3574  , 
3992 
4178  , 
3561 


6033 
6441 
4681 

8981 
8192 

1041 

6012 


4831 

4809 
0419 
0373 
0123 

4004 
4708 

3280 

3039 

i 
2022 

44UD 

4720 

3070 

2017 

4137 

3810 

8615 

8579 

4241 

4204 

3828 
8946 
2132 
2708 
8193 
2308 

2580 


6288 
6595 
6162 


9020 
8301 

1982 


0306 


I 


6302  .  5189 

4300  4491 

I 
8729  I      8846 

4110    

4800  4418 

3692  3810 


6761 

6987  , 
7500  j 
7894  . 
7212 

5489 
5579 

3878    . 
3153 

3016 
5307 
5851 
4190 
8039 
5120 
4581 
4)18 
4190 
0035 
5216 

4401 
4545 
2486 
3085 
4219 
2009 


6328     Slicarcd  flbera. 


0396  , do 

i 
8608    do 

Rlieni  I'd  flbiTs ;  split  at  end . 

7038  ,  Sheared  fibiis 


I 


0829 
6169  ; 


.do. 
do. 

.do. 
.do. 


Sbcari'd  fibers ;  Bplit  at  end.   517 

76* 


5861  I  Sbcnrcd  nbora 


6350  ; 


1 


.do. 


4801 


I 


do 

2804  , do 

6887  j  Sheared  fibers  on  one  cdgp  . 

6171  ! do 

5013     ;9lif!ht  skeariii)! 

4581  '  Slight  shoD.ring 

6851  ! do 

i 
5016  ; do 


6305 


2214 


4944  1  Slicnrcd  fibers 

4944    do 

2007    do 

! 

3334  i do 

4491  I  Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 

3039     Sbcari'd  fibers 


Sheared  fibers;  split  at  cud. 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends 

Slifibt  slienring  ;  split  at  ends 

Sheared  flbci«  on  one  edge ;  split  at  ends . 


10705  I  Sheared  fibers ;  radial  split . 
! do 


•I 

s 


SIS 

812 

1077 

lorr 

1001 
9W 

got 

60i 
CM 


2422     Sheared  fibers ;  4  miUiiiieters  knot  on  indented  area. 


0918 '  Sheared  fibers 

Slighl  shearing;  10  niUliuioters  knot  at  edgo  . 


6577        7076 
6216  ,      6716 


4468 


6120 
4401 


6085 


657tt 


Sheared  fibers. 


Sheared  fiber* 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends . 


750 
813 
813 
833 
833 
834 
634 
83a 
83» 

1-28 
128 
65* 
65* 
604 
604 

681 

370 

110> 
110« 
73B 

4«« 
460 

881 


343 
343 

1033 

843 
643 

era 

«7B 


H 


m 


It 


i 


li 


^: 


W 


I; 


mv 


1,1-: 


r-|?i!  ii 


M 


"V  ? 


48<^ 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODH  OF  THE 


Species. 


IWl.  Arbutus  Xalapensis  . 


UB.  Ozydendrum  arboremn    ... 
Sorret  Tret.    Sour  Wood. 


170.  Kalmia  latifolia i 

Laurel.  Calico  Buth.  Spoon  | 
Wood.    Ivy. 


\odo<1eii<1roD  maximum  . . . 
'.'«a(  Laurel,    liote  Bay. 


683 

3S3 
353 
MS 
515 

Wf 

262' 

263 
263 

402 
492 

461 
461 

488 
488 
600 
500 

178.  Bumeliii  tconz i    746 


170.  Buuielin  laungiuoaa   030 

OumElattie.    ShittimWood.l 

I  030 

'  1083 


SUte. 


Locality. 


Arizona Santa  Rita  monnt- 

aina. 
do do 


Alabama  . . 

...do  

Tennessee  . 
..do 


Virginia. 
..do   ... 


Cottage  Hill . 
...do 

Kashville — 
...  do 


Fancy  Gap  . 
...do  


SAPOTACE.a:. 
175.  Clirysopbyllnm  oliviforme . 


176.  Sideroxylun  Mostichodendron .  I 
ilaetie.  i 


...do. 
...di.  . 


Florida . 
..  do... 


.do  . 
.do. 


Bay  Biscay  ne. 
...do 


. .  .do I  Upp«r  Metacomlie 

...do 


Jnp«rl 
Key. 
.do  . 


177.  Diphulis  salicifolia.. 
Biistie.    Catmda. 


181.  Biiniclia  lycioidps 

IronWuiid.    Suulhern  Buck- 
thnni. 

182.  Ituiiiclia  citni'ata 

Ants'     Mood.       Doxonujard 
Plum.    Saffron  Plum. 

183.  MiiniiHops  iSiol)eri 

mid  DUly. 

EBKNACKa:. 


184.  Diospyros  Virglniana. 
I'ertimmon. 


333 

1124 

4.'i8 
458 

61 

61 

42S 

8U 

811 

1084 

1084 

1102 


. .  do Bay  Blscayne . 

..do do  . 


Collector. 


G.  Engelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


Sou. 


Hi 

III 


Remarks. 


C.Hobr I  Light,  rich  . 

..do — do 

A.  Gnttinger Sandy  rock . 

do do 


H.  Shriver . 
...do  


Moist. 
....do. 


.do. 
.do. 


A.  H.Curtis8  . 
..do 


do. 
do. 


Coral 10433 

...do I  8700 


7122 

i 
5715  I 

7430 
7847  ; 
8793  : 


I 


Cnislipd  nrar  middle  at  knots  3 
millinirtprs  In  diameter. 

Split  obliquely  fiom  middle  to 
end,  crushing  libers  at  middle. 

Crusheil  at  10  millimeters  knot 

at  middlo, 
Crushed  lit  10  millimeters  knot 

25  uiilliuii'turs  from  middlo. 
Triple  flexuro 


6931 
0840 

7462 
6577 


...do. 
.do. 


...do. 
...do  . 


Georgia. 


Texas  ... 
....do.... 
Missouri . 


UmbrcUa  Koy  , 
...do 


Bainbridgo do 


do. 
do. 
do  . 
do  . 


Austin I  C.  Mohr 

. ..  do ^ do 

Allenton G.  W.  Lettorman. 


Tennessee i  NashTillo {  A.  Gattiuger . 


Florida |  BocaCliicaKoy...!  A.H.Ourtiss  . 


...do. 
...do. 


I  UpnerMetacombel 
I  —  do 1 


do  . 
do  . 


do. 
.do. 


I  I 

.  10932  ; 

.    9880  ' 

I 


Crushed    at   two  6    millimeters 

knots  at  end. 
Crushed  ut  knot  51  millimsters 

from  cud. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 

middle. 
Crashed  at  3  millimeters  knot  at 

midtllc. 

Crashed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle,  df fleeting  ilingnnitliy. 

Crushed  at  knot  at  ijiiddle;  split 
obliquely. 

Split  along  grain  at  endj  slight 

crushiug. 
Crushed  at  end ;  oblique  split 


.do 11952 


do. 
.do. 


I 


12565 
11272 


Triple  liexure 

Crushed  near  middlo  . 


.do 10931 


Low  . 


Limestone . 

...do 

...do 


Allnrinl  . 
Coral .... 


Crushed  at64  millimeters  from  end 

and  split  aloug  giiiin. 
Crushed  at  102  millimeters  fram 

end  in  vicinity  of  knots. 


7235  I  Split  obliquely  from  middle  to  end. 


5489     Crushed  at  end  . 


5012     Crushed  at  102  millimeters  from 

end  at  5  millimeters  kuot. 
6895     Dclleeted  at  middle;  split  at  ends. 


I 


do. 
do. 


G.  W.  Letterman.  .1  Rich  upland  . 
—  do '  — do 


Missouri '  A  llenton 

— do I  —  do 

Tennessee Xashville 

I 

West  Virginia Grafton 

—  do ' do 

t 
MisBOUii Allenton '  G.  W.  Letteiman..'  Rich  upland  . 

do ' do do do  . 


A.Gattingcr |  Rich  loam  . 

C.G.I'ringle ' 

..do ! 


I 


'  1162 
.STYRACACEiE. 

186.  Fvmplocns  tinetoria  347 

Ilorte  Swiar.    Swtel  iMif. 

347 

W.  Ilalesin  diptcra ■    738 

Sniiw-drop  Tree.      Silver-bell 
Tree. 

738 
OLKAtE.«.  I 

'HI .  Fr.txiniis  pistocia'folia 660 

AkA.  I 

WO 


do. 
do  . 


do. 
do. 


i 


do  . 
do  . 


Alabnmu   !  Cottngo  Uill :  C.  Mobr 


..  do  ... 
Georgia. 


do  . 


...  do ' . . .  do 

Bainbridgo ,  A.  II.  Cnrtlss. 


Eieh... 
..  do. 
Sandy  . 


7825 

7643 

8913 
5806 

7892 
7485  I 
S005 

7394  ! 

I 
7802  i 

8,101  I 

802O  j 

8415  I 

I 
7901  ! 

6146 


I 


do 


do. 


Ari/.M»  . 
..  d«.... 


Santa  Kita  mount- 

aloi. 
...do 


1 


G.  ICngrlmnnnand 
O.  S.  Hiirgent. 
do 


..do 
Low  .. 


do. 

do. 
do. 


04H6 
7304 

6441 

S874 


Splitatend;  cross.grainod;  season, 
lug  ciuck  at  middlo. 

Triple  flexure,  deflecting  from 
knots. 

Cross.grniued ;  split  obliquely 
from  end  to  end. 

Cross-grained ;  split  along  season- 
ing eraeks. 

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 
do 

Crnshed  at  end 

Triple  flexure 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Defleeteil  at  2.~>  millimeters  from 
miiidle. 

....  do 

Triple  flexure,  delhuted  diago- 
nally ;  intetsectiug  "Cooper 
lilies'*. 


Crushed  at  6  milliineters  knot  70 
iiiilliiiieteis  ti'iiiii  end  ami  at  3 
uiilUiiieterH  knot  at  end. 


Failed  at  tl  inilliiiieters  knot  127 
inilliiiK  tela  I'ruiu  end  and  split 
aloli;^  ;;laill. 

Triple  liexure 


Ci  iislieil  at  middle  on  one  face  ... 

Oui-hedat  middle  in  vieiuity  of  3 
millimeters  knot. 


r  f 


ll    iliago- 


Id  (lingo- 
1-rs  from 


|\    Mttga- 
'  Cooper 


I  Uiiiit  7«  I 
liuil  Ht  .'I  I 


c.t  127 

lllll    H)lUt 


I  fiice 
lltyof  3 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
DNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


435 


rRKSaUBK,  IN  KILOGBAUB,  BXQUIIiEI)  TO  FKODUCB  AS  IKIIKNTATIOK,  Uf  UlLLlUSTBBe,  OF— 


0.9S 


1520 
2350 


1951 
J211 


1407 


22C8 
2223 


2041 
1951 


4210 
1860 


2767 


2087 
2177 


075 
007 


1474 


1364 
075 


1700 


880 


0.31 


ii 


m 


p)h 


I 


D 


2041 


1746 


.•:i40 


1203  I 


1837 


1170 
1307 


1802 
2132 


0.76 


1.09 


l.il7 


2586 
3583 


3062 
2223 


2214 

2254 


3280 
3447 


2767 
2468 


5570 
3705 


4536 
4332 


3420 
3403 


2466 
2260 


2155 


1023 
1407 


2835 


252: 


2313 


4355 
3007 


3130 
34U2 


3002 
4530 


3402 
4002 


4405 


303B 


2008 


ITIIO 
2336 


2227 
H030 


2076 
3083 


3479 
2676 


2527 
2586 


3674 
3802 


2080 
2708 


4626 


6171 

4800 


4082 
3983 


3425 
3230 


2431 


2055 

leoo 


3148 


2527 


3720 


5307 
4401 


3674 
4U60 


4450 


3001 
4204 


4780 
5557 


4000 


2744 


1000 


3221 
4250 


3751 
2071 


2604 


30C0 
4173 


3107 
2830 


6464 
5126 


5586 
5307 


4436  ! 
4327 


3810 
3833 


2712 


2108 
1602 


8425 


3289 


4281 


6U23 
5058 


4001 
4436 


4008 
5738 


2871 


2753  I   2008 


1.99 


3411 
4482 


3046 
3153 


2840 
2921 


4105 
4287 


3252 
2880 


6701 
5425 


5874 
5480 


4717 
4608 


4114 
4073 


2891 


2250 
1801 


3633 


3520 


4581 


5470 


4214 
4605 


289 


4604 
6035 


5484 
0323 


4095  I   S080 


2007 


2064    2127 


3153 


2622 
3425 


2767 
3520 


2048 
3787 


1.78 


3629 
4662 


4237 
3284 


3021 
3003 


4237 
4432 


3352 
2904 


7145 
5742 


6201 
5761 


5035 
4844 


4364 


3116 


2381 
1800 


3042 


3751 


4700 


6805 
6851 


433-; 

4il?l 


5,-,01 


a.o» 


6005    6260 


4854 
5307 


5715  ' 
6568  I 


5421 


3801 
4854 


4414 
3470 


3103 
3157 


4350 
4581  I 


3434  I 
3085 


7430 


6382 
5087 


5434 
4049 


4604 
4527 


8293 


2472 
1978 


4024 


3904 


4044 


7235 


4527 
5067 


5800 
648U  I 


6080 
5421 


5883  I 
6736  ': 


6006  I 


a.!*8 


3040 
4990 


4554 


3326 
3207 


4401 


3502 
3106 


7693 
6250 


6677 
6123 


5670 
5308 


4808 
4844 


3497 


2572 
2073 


4101 


4178 


5207 


7521 
0386 


4007 
5230 


0840 
5285 


5661 
6042 


6881 


5851 


4105 
5112 


4005 
3760 


3493 
3393 


4581 
4808 


3507  j 
3292  ) 


9.94 


4.81 


4210 

5207  I 


4831 
3866 


3611 
8438 


4090 
4800 


3074 
3302 


7074  j   8219 
6532  !   0736 


I 


6040 


7117 


6296  I   0464 


4922 
6123 


5670 
4491 


4287 
3040 


5534 
5625 


4264 
3810 


9753 
8110 


9.08 


6421 
6623 


6360 
6068 


4626 


7248 


5479 


SC03  I   303B   3057 


2214  I 
3360 


2206  j 
3407 


2381 


5013 


3710 


2035 
2177 


4350 


4364 


5470 


7811 
6713 


4780  I 
5362  < 


6310 
7040 


5434 
5811 


6187 
7049 


6009 


3086 


2445 


3080 


3213 
4150 


3683  I   3810 


3343 

4:)»a ! 


5648 
6103 


5207 


8882 


2703 
2268 


4518 


4630 


8020 
6940 


5534 
6477 


7235 
5013  1 


5065  \ 
0310 


7221 


6246 


3102 


2604 
3018 


6441 


6123 


4854 


3121 
2703 


5308 


6078 


4491 
4150 


Bcmark*. 


Shuored  fibers. 
do 


.do. 
.do. 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end . 
do 


, do 

Sheared  fibers. 


0026 


7847 


5002 


3443 
3085 


5861 


.do. 


Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end . 


do. 
.do. 


Slight  shearing;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end ;  short  specimen,  121  mil- 
liujeters  lung. 

Split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers  on  one  edge ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end 

do 


Sheared  fibers 


do. 
do. 


fl5V7 


7462 


9163 


8279  1      0026 


3561 
4509  I 


3074 
4004 


5025  , 
0480  I 


7060 
8268 


7031 


8170 


7417 


3720 


2003  ; 


6146 
7076 


8302 
8T9B 


7530 
7711 


7758 
8603 


8301 


3666 


3230 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  comer . 

Split  at  ends 

Sheared  fibers 


do. 
do., 

do. 
.do. 

do. 
.do. 

.;o. 


do. 
.do. 
.do. 


4491  :      5171 


4355 


476;i 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 
Sheared  fibers 


do. 
.do. 


Sheared  fibers 

5443  '      6078  |  Sheared  lUicr.t  niong  one  edge  . 


683 
688 

353 
353 
615 
675 

282;> 
263* 

263 
263 

492 
492 

461 
461 

488 
488 
500 
600 

746 

030 
030 
1083 

333 

1124 

458 
458 

01 
61 
425 
811 
811 
1084 
1084 
1102 

1162 

347 

347 
738 


OliO 
COO 


"till 


11 


fl^ 


'HI 


I    ^'  I    I 


:.^ii. 


i;l'|i    ' 


>''  i( 


1' 


;i 


436 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NOI^TH  AMERICA. 

Table  V— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Speolea. 


Remark!. 


Triple  Uexnro 

do 

Triple  (li'xnrp ;  split  at  end 


Di'fleotcil  diagonally;  criisiied  at 

'25  milUiiictoi'H  I'roni  niidille. 
Crushed  nt  25  millimeters  from 

end. 
Criifllird  ut  M8  niillinietcrH  from 

middle;  "Ciiuper  lint  fl." 
Crushed  ut  G4  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crushed  at  114  millimeters  from 

end. 
CniHlied  at  middle , 


Cnislied  at  32  millimeters  from 

miil'lle. 
Cruslii'd  lit  r.I    millinieters  fVom 

middle;  dftlcetcil  dia.iioimlly. 
CrushiMt  nt  ^  millinieters  knot  12 

milliinetei-s  from  middle. 
Triple  tlexuro , 


Crushed  ut  38  millimeters  from 

middli'. 
Delltcled  diasontdly;  maximum 

bend  3S  niilliinetersfrom  middle. 
Triple  llexure 

do 


Defli-rtcd  and  fiticrs  eruslied  at  76 

niilliiiieteiH  fioiii  end. 
Crushed  at  3  millinu'ters  Itnot  at 

middle. 
Triple  flexure  1  sjdit  ut  ends 


Crusliid  ut  end  and  at  7(i  millime- 
ters from  end  iu  viriiiity  nf  knots. 

Triple    llexure;  middle   bend  10 
millinieters  from  center. 

do 


Ifit.  Fraxinus  AiiiericAuo,  rar.Tex- 
ensia. 


193.  Fraxiuiis  pnbeacens 229'   Vermont 

Jied  Ash. 

;    229'. ...do 


Triple  Uexuro 

Cru.xhed  at  0  niillimctcrs  knot  102 
niillimeleis  from  end. 

Failed   at    knot    04    millimetors 

from  end  ;  einss-yraiiicd. 
Triple  llexure 


194.  Fraxinus  viridis 
Omen  Afh. 


Trljile    tlexurc,   deQectcd  diago- 
nally. 

Deaeeted  at  middlu 


Crushed  at  middle  on  one  face  . 
Triple  llexure 


Ciusliod  nt  fiO  millimeters  from 

end,  split  tiuK  between  rings. 
Dellceted  diagonally 


Triple  flexure;    middle  bend  38 

milliuieters  eeeentiie. 
Crtished  at  0  millimi^ters  knot  51 

millinieters  from  cud. 
Triple  llexure 


US.  Fraxinus  platycariiA 
irn(«r  Ash. 

MM.  Fraxinus  quadrangulnta 
nine  Ash. 


Cmshcd  ut  76  millimeters  from 
enil. 


Triple  IKxure. 

Triple    llexure 
nully. 


do6ecte<l    diago- 


Triplc  flexure;  developed  Inter- 
seelinii  "Conpir  liiiis". 

Doflerteil  at  middle  nnil  nt  3  milli- 
meters knot  7U  miliiiuetersfrfmi 
end. 

Crushed  at  3  millimeters  knot  51 
millimetors  from  end  and  near 
middle. 

Crushed  on  one  fiico  19  millime- 
ters from  middle. 

Cnislied  at  knot*  192  miUimetem 
from  end. 


ilingn- 


from 


diago- 


Intor- 


;i  niilli- 
r8  Ciom 


mot  ni 
il  iieiir 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  OOMPRESSION-Continued. 


437 


PBUBUBB,  IK  KILOOBAMB,  BEQUIBED  TO  fBODl'CK  AK  IKDEKTATIOM,  IK  MILLIHETEBB,  OF— 


0.33 


m 

m 

[il 
pi' 

m 

II, 
111 


11 


1334 
113i 
74D 
1906 
1542 
1315 


1520 
1588 
15S8 
15£8 
1882 
15C0 
18C0 
2440 
1J51 
1170 
1352 
1538 
143:1 
1005 
2023 
2041 

132:i 
1837 


O.S1 


1570 
1033 
1588 
2041 
2041 
18C0 
2100 
2177 

1170 

2seo 

2350 
1452 
1170 
1542 

1225 

1073 

loss 


2078 
1338 
1302 
2048 
1882 
1842 
2100 
2«54 
1760 
1741 
1973 
2083 
1610 
2481 
2948 
2159 
1642 
1579 
2570 
lt(01 
2)08 
2622 

3357  '■ 

i 
i 

1006  I 
204 1  ; 


0.76 


1533  2518  , 
1384  i  2427  ' 
ISOO  '   2807 


2707 
1800 
2245 
2708 
3108 
3402 
3020 
3202 

1700 

3001 
3620 
1633 
1506 


2713 

2740 
3171 


i.oa 


2400 
1488 
1334 
3121 
1082 
2041 
2305 
2076 
1087 
2023 
2218 
3388 
2708 
2744 
3221 

2250  : 

I 
1801  ' 

1T4G  i 

2970  ' 

1982  ! 

2604  ' 

I 
2885  ! 

t 

3878  I 


2436 

1507 

1542 

3298 

2068 

2164 

2622 

3148 

2273 

2180 

2277 

3G11 

2003 

2800 

3379 

2403 

1932 

18S7 

3157 

2014 

2948 

3108  j 

4082  ! 


1.97 


2201 

2008 

3384 

3615 

2700 

3021  1 

2753 

2048 

3148 

3334 

3243 

3357 

1051 

2100 

2409 

2480 

2804 

3175 

3C38 

3C09 

3902 

4281 

3293 

3470 

3611 

3842 

1032 

2006 

4204 

4418 

4101 

4513 

1656 

1705 

1574 

1010 

3701 

3074 

3334 

S720 

28M 

2039 

3810 

4164 

2527 
1610 
1610 
3488 
22.-5 
2270 
2717 
3284 
2400 
2336 
2440 
3742 
2080 
3103 
3574 
2570 
2028 
1091 
3234 
2214 
3152 
3470 
4160 

2685 
3060 

3102 
3221 
3434 

3593 
2223 
2507 
3370 
4200 
4454 
3720 
4028 

22  «S 

4500 
48F6 
1724 
1074 
4150 

3882 

3071 
4377 


1.99 


2744 

1690 

1010 

3033 

23C4 

2427 

2030 

3434 

2466 

2504 

2536 

3964  ■ 

3162  : 

3248 


1.78 


2708 
2ir!2 
2123 
3334 
2313 
3334 


3751 
4305 


3710 
2155 
2076 
3647 
4482 
4717 
3856 
4164 

2313 

4722 
7180 
1842 
1778 
4332 

4082 

3202 
4S27 


2030 

1710 

1724 

3833 

3368 

2400 

3075 

3529 

2300 

2007 

2031 

4U42 

3:i07 

3388 

3842 

2807 

2103 

2218 

3425 

2331  I 

3620 


9.03 


4445  I 


3f.7« 
2004  I 
2749  ; 
3828  . 
4072  ' 
4808 
3087  !. 


2080 
1763 
1787 
3064 
2468 
2586 
3102 
3605 
2702 
2830 
2770 
4137 
3425 
3525 
3940 
2970 
2211 
23S0 

2430 
3783 
4100 
4522 


9.98 


2800 

3116 

3207 

4033 

4287 

4418 

3343 

3484 

3507 

3311 

3425 

3484 

3020 

3774 

3837 

3933  , 
2503  I 
2830  I 
3010  I 
4844  ; 
5035  : 


4300 

4454 

2377 

2450 

4849 

6022 

6480 

6706 

1806 

1973 

1873 

1032 

4173 

4206 

B357 

8420 

4744 

483S 

9.34  4.81 


3130 
1810 
1633 
4033 
2518 
2003 
3334 
38GU 
2848 
2804 
2800 
4250 
3513 
3583 
4002 
3134 
2400 
2136 
3520 
24hl 
3i)fll 
4539 
41% 

3420 

I 

4473  j 

3679  I 

35J9 

3983 

4037 
2713 
289U 
4053 
6121 
5207 
4106 
4572 

2522 

5158 
5005 
2028 
1082 


4427 

3470 
6103 


3207 

1883 

1842 

4128  I 

2576 

2000 

3488 

3937 

2085 

3057 

3080 

4350 

3940 

370B 

4i;;2 

3221 
2341 
2522 
3379 
2531 
3987 
4004  i 
4300  > 

3520 
4491 

3751 
3674 
4073 

3810 
2ti80 
2935 
4205 
5330 
5280 
4332 
4072 

2540 

5310 
6128 
2105 
2037 
4007 

4545 

3015 
6210 


2155 
2205 
4944 
3030 
3130 
4210 
4401 
3742 
3810 
3882 
5171 


3.08 


2413 
2172 
5570 
3130 
3357 


Be  marks. 


i 


3856 
4899 
3924 
2920 
3002 
3001 
2978 
4990 
54S0 
5131 

4359 
4703 

4377 
41IIU 
4G20 

4717 
3583 
334X 
5035 
0237 
0078 
4035 
5421 

2012 

0373 
7485 
2427 
2381 
5042 

5140 

4128 
<123 


4900 
4401 
4206 
4382 
5285 


I 


5443 
4300 
3130 
3420 
3901 
3089 
6483 
0010 
6851 

5333 


Split  at  ends ;  abort  sprcimen,  120  mUlimetera  long. .  SD* 

Sheared  flbers IM' 

do 1U» 

Split  at  corncrofRpouimi'D;  fibers  not  sheared 114* 

do  U4« 

Split  at  corner;  slight  shearing 114* 

Slight  Bhonringi  Hplit  at  end 130 

Sheared  fibers 130 

Splitalcnd;  ahearcd  fibers 213 

Sheared  fibers 213 

do 227* 

i 

do i  227* 

I 

Sheared  fibers i  spUtatcnd 227* 

Splitatend ..i  267' 

Slight  slieariug  of  fibers 267* 

do I  431 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  splitateutl I  551 

I 

Slight  Hhe;iriiig  of  fibers !  551 

Slioared  fibura j  747 

Slight  nhciiring  of  Obers !  747 

Slixht  shearing I  937 

Slight  Hlieaiing  of  fibers ;  1045 

Indented  without  bhearing j  1045 

do ;  364 

Slight  Bbearing;  split  stick j  364 


4099 
4423 
5035 

5035 
3992 
3405 
5625 
0940 
0593 
5202 
5087 

3157 

7031 


Sheared  ObiiM 

do 

Indented  witiioiit  Hhearing . 


do. 


229* 
228* 
1050 


67 

Sliiilit  fhcuringof  libers 308 

Sheared  fibers 308 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers |    438 

do 048 

Fibers  did  not  shiar '    048 


Sbeared  fibers. 
do 


.do. 


057 
957 

S38 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers 68 


8020    do. 


68 


2580  i  Sheared  fibers 125 

2567  I do 12* 

6509!  Slight  shearing  of  fibers |  ZS*" 

I 

Sheared  fibers ;  splitatend 286* 


4445     Indented  section  covers    unsoand  knot  10  mlUi- 

I      meters  in  diameter. 
6849  I  BllKbt  (hearing  of  fibers 


201 
618 


m 


i>  p  '.i; 


ml:i 


■:-) 


Sl-i'^V 


f  'i'ir  •'' 


1-1  > 


..  u  , 


438 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  . 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Sperles. 


State. 


Locality. 


1 17.  Frnxlnns  Or«)(fi<iia. 
OrfqonAth. 


001     Ori'poii  .. 

004    ....<1()  .... 

JOOl  ]...  lid  .... 

loot  ,   ..  ilii  .... 

1021  ..  do  .... 
I  io.;4  ■  ...On  ... 
I  WM    ...ilo  .... 

lono     ...  do  — 


Collector 


Soil. 


Porllniid 

..  do , 

■\Vii(ll('i's  s.'.w-mill do 

...do  


ill 
Ill 


lleinnrkB. 


O.  Eiic<'lniann  and    Low,  wet 

C.  S.  Sargent.  ; 

...do do 1  7(138 


0753     C'nisliod  nt  middle . 


Cnislicd  2'i  niillinH'lcr.s  from  mid- 
dle on  lino  tai'o' 
....|  8700     Tiipli-    IK-xnru,  dillocti'd    diago- 
I                  nallv. 
.do noGU  ;  Crnnliiil  at  iiid 

rorilind  I'nrniture'  ..  do 0441  I.CrnsIii'd  al  middle;  sidcMif  H]>cii- 

I      Company.  I  1  1      nii'n  split  oil". 

...  do do ,  05.17     CtiiHliidat  iiiiildli';  anvl  •ofi'iUHli- 

I      in.L'.  7.10. 

...  do do     0'2nS     CiiisJK'ilat  inidilh':  aimloorernBli- 

in;.'.  M^. 

—  lio do !I7!1S     CnLslii'il  at  ,'i!  and  at  111  niilliinu- 

ti  rs  iVniii  end. 


103.  Fra\intt.i  8:inibncifoli;t 

mack    Ash.        Hoop    Anh. 
iiionnd  Anh. 


r:i     Miiliij;iin 

i?:;o     ila'isaclinHi-tfs  . 


lO'*.  For('.«t:era  acuniitiata. 


201.  Osmaiitlius  Ainerioann.s. 
Xttvit  U'doif. 


BOKllAGINACEJI':. 

204.  lionrreria  ITavauonsis. . 
titroiifj  Hark. 


205.  Ehietia  lUiptica 

Knackiiway.    Anaqua. 

llIllXOXIACKiE. 

206.  Cat.-dpft  bipuonioidi'fi 

Catalpa.  Catawba.  Itean 
Tree.  Cigar  Tree.  Indian 
Hean. 


]   s;.'ii  ..  do  ... 

!  1 

.     7:'.7  C.eorjjia. 

7.17  . ..  I'lo    .. 


ranaville \A  . .T.  Ural '\Vi-t,  peaty.. 

Daiiver.s J.  l;ol»iiison liirli,  lonniy. 

. ..  do    do do 


0"j:i7     Criislied  oiionfl'iico'2.'i  inillimvti'ra 

JViini  niidiile. 
7C'.'l     Triple  lle\iiri  ;  middle  bend    25 

millimetcra  leeentrie. 
0441    do  .  


liainbridge. 
...  do    


A.  ll.Cnrtiss. 
.  do 


(IIIK     Sjdit  frein  end  to  end  . 


2(^:1     r.onisiiina.   

2,'i.l      . .  do 

I 

.IM     Florida 

,'i.-'4    . . .  do 


Aniilo '  C.  Slolir  Kleli.  alluvial 


.1  OO.'S     ('ruslied  aliins;  one  faeo  . 


. . .  .do «lo do 

Saint  Jolin's  river    .\.  II.  CnrliMs Sandy  lo.ini . 

do .do    do 


1137    ....do  . 
1137      ..  do  . 


Key  Larf;o 
...do  


do  . 
do  . 


. .    Coral 
..  ...  do 


042     Texas 
042  ' ...  do  . 


New  Ilr  tnnlel.s  ...    C.  Molir . . . 
ilo do 


Ivieli,  alluvial 
....do 


540  Alabiima 
744  tieor;;ia.. 
744      . .  do 


Stockton do :  Low,  wet. 

llainbridse A.ILCartiss Clay 

. .  ,do do do  .  . . . 


207.  ('atalpa  Hpeeio«ft  . . . 
Wenl-ni  Catalpa. 


HH     liliasouii 
3b    do  . . . 


Cliarleston  . . . 
..  do 


('.  S.  Sargent 
...do 


Wet  clay 

...do 


0003 
8777 
8110 

10014 
7770 

B078 
0305 

0827 
5625 
5012 

C068 
6373 


Crnslnd  nt  knot  04  milliincters 
I      fioin  end. 
Crnslied  at  70  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crn»lied  at  102  niillinioterH  from 
end. 

:  ('riiBlied  flbeiB  at  38  millimeters 
I      fVoui  •  iid. 

I  CrortM.srainetl ;    oblii]oe    fraetnro 
j      aliMiK  t;r.iin. 

Cntslicd  at  one  corner  near  niid- 
1       die. 
Triple  flexure,   deflected    diaso- 
nally. 

CiiiHbed  at  end 


Crusbi'd  at  38  niillimoters  from 

middle  on  one  i'-.wv. 
Crushed  at  3«  ndllimeters  from 

en<l. 

Crnsbed  at   10  and  at  102  milli. 

nieteiH  tVtim  end. 
Triple  llexni  e 


208.  CliilopHia  Hidl^n.i 

Dencrt  Willoto. 

A-KKIlEXACE-li:. 


210.  Cilliarexvliim  villiwuni 

Fitidle  ir.mr/. 

xvctagixacE/t;. 

212.  risoiii.i  obtnsata    

y'lii  i.»  ipiim;.    y.'cv/  wo^.a. 

Cu.k  llooi/.     iVi-ii-  Won<l. 
I'OLVtiDXACE.li;. 


082     Arizoni 


Tu.scon ;  G.  Engelinann  and     Moist,  j;i'avilly  ...    47.'i 

;      C.  S.  SarL'ent. 


490     Florida  . 
400       -  <lo    .. 


Hay  Ki.scayne 
...do 


A.  ll.Ciiitis^ 
..  do 


Coral    11007 

...  do IIOUO 


I'ailedin  vicinity  of  10  millinii-ters 
knot. 


(^nisliid  near   middle;    angle  of 

ellisilin;;.  S."**^. 

Crnslii-d  near  tniddlo 


I 


474 
474 


do  . 
do 


Upper lletacombe     ...do  . 

Key. 
do do  . 


.do 


.'  !)30S 


...  do 


..  I  4nj7 


213.  Ciicriil.il.i  riorida 
J'il/run  I'tiivt. 


I     473      ..  do 
!    47:1      ..  do 


I 


214.  Coei-ololia  nvifera 

Hen  drape. 

LArUACE^;. 

21.'>.  I'liHeii  Carolinensls.. 
J;rd  Hay. 


215.  rersea  Carolinensls,  tar.  pal- 
uslris. 


317.  SassafVNS  ofHclnale . 
JSaiia/rat. 


4.13 
4. -3 


do  . 
do 


do                       ...    ' 

1 
do                  ...   i 

i 
do 

do 

do !122l)2 

do 'l•:3^:! 


.•^plit  ailing  iiriiin  from  middle  to 

111.1. 
Cnisli  d  at  knots  102  millimeters 

Ir.'iii  end. 


CniMlietl  at   3H  mitlimeterH  from 

iiii'lill.'  and  iil  end. 
I'ni.vlicil  at  iiiidille 


5S5    ...  do 
S8S     . .  do  . 


do 
do  . 

Saint  .lobn's  river  — do 
do do  . 


.do  , 
.do  . 


Saudy  loam  . 
. . .  do 


340     Alab;inia  . 
340    ....do 


■  I 

Mobllo  county [  C.  Mohr '  Oamp,aaudy. 


do  . 


71  >  Missouri 
71     ...do  .... 


Allenton. 
...do... 


.do. 


do 


O.  W.  Letterman . . '  Low,  rich  . 
do — do 


435.-I 
3000 

0-)48 
8700 

1 
6216  ^ 

0532  : 

0060 
6486 


Split    from    end    to  end;     badly 

1  tiii'l^i'd  in  seasoning. 
do  . 


Criinlii'd  at  rimillimetoni  knot  near 

middle. 
CmisIiciI  at  end 


Cmnlind  at  64  mlllimetors  fhim 

end. 
do 


Crnsbed  at  51  millimeters  ftom 

middle  and  at  ends. 
CrushMl  nt  3  niilUmeters  knot  36 

mlliimetcrs  from  middle.  | 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


430 


Kij 


rilKSBl'llE,  IS  KILOGIIAUD,  liEQVIHEP  TO  rilOlUCK  AN  INDENTATION,  IN  MII.I.IMETEEH,  OP- 


0.3.5  O.SI   :  0.70 


I 


I 


=^1 


14,12 
lOGO 
I  (HI) 
1811  ■ 
1407 

i;ii5 
l."'.l 
i:!7(i 

1181) 

2i;t2  ! 

871  I 

1307 

i 

27U  j 
2140  j 
2223 
2041 

2087 
2132 

1S10 
i:.42 

two 

735 
717 

DBS 
703 

1270  1 

2070 
2048 

74  D 

880 

41'J8 
2404 


2200 
23.'iD 
2430 

1842 


l.oa  1.37  1.33  1.78  ;  a.o» 


I 


I 


J_ 


I 


1074 
331H 
2009  : 

1837 
2381 

4335 

2640  : 

2807 

2480  ; 

I 
3758  ' 

3334  I 

i 

2790  ; 
2308  I 

1210 

848 
1001 

1234 
1008 

1851 

3052 
4241 

1302 
1325 

5308 
3810 


2504 
2570 
2505 
2313 

loeo 

2004 
2472 
2380 

1740 
3801 
2810 

2205 
2749 

4000 
2003 
3021 
2703 

4482 
3837 

3:uo 

3000 

1334 

871 

ll^^ 

1352 
1170 

2105 

3091 
4808 

1515 
1,)33  ' 

OJOO 


I 


2010  '      3030 


17D2 

1051 
1551 

1810 ; 
nil 


2008 

2880 
2205 

1806 
1792 


2C8!i 
2703 
21120 
2440 
2118 
•JliOO 
2C85 
2054 


2840 
283-) 

28(i;i 

2022 
2214 
2141 

28f'0 
2880 


1810  ;   IK42 
3!l8:i    4110  ' 
3084    ;;3."i7 


2;!31 
2930 

5308 
3212 
3334 
3062  ! 

4877  j 
4140  : 

3011 
3293 

1429 
025 
1207 

1420 

1229 

2205  1 


4204 

5153  1 

1 

1000 
1000 

1 

I 

! 
7o;ii  I 

4080  I 


I 


2308  I 
300U  I 

5048 
3405 
3500 
3212 

4067 
4430 

3878 
3447 

1488 
044 
1257 

1488 
1200 

2301 

4401 
5302 

1740 
1728 

7303 
5310 


2071  ' 

2033  ' 

2080 

2749 

2313 

2J45 

;'.oii4 

3010 

1887 
1204  I 
3:,83  , 

2481  I 
:!184  i 

5020  i 
3742  I 
3056  I 

3425  ' 

I 

0210  I 
4681 

4037 
3051 

1324 
080  ' 
1302 

1551 
1320 

2408 

1 

4704  I 
5501 

1778 
1705  ' 

74S5  I 
5025 


i 


3075  ! 

3089 

3021 

2S0.1 

i:4;il 

2345 

32K;1 

:ci2 

iii:!7 
4:i;l0' 
3810 

2570 
3243 

0123 
3924 
3788 
3570 

5371 
4872 

4155 
3774 

1679  j 
1025  I 
1347  I 

1019  ' 

I 
1353  I 

I 
2558 


4895 
5052 

1787 
1851 

7021 
5800 


3175 
3180 
3121 
3020 
2531  I 

3302! 

1!W2  I 

4327 

3002 

2C35 

6373 
4150 
4014 
3710 

5489 
4990 

4336  : 
3001  ■ 

1006  j 
1060  I 
1803  I 

lOUO 

1402  ; 
i 
i 

2058  I 


3.38 

9.54 

4.S1 

3248 

3370 

3878 

3200 

3357 

3878 

3221 

320S 

3020 

3130 

3243 

3856 

8074 
0123 


2005 
4013  j 
4155  I 

2717 
3134 

6518 
4287 
4110 
3842 

6020 
5171 

4477 

4037 

1042 
1080 
1402 

1074 
1442 

2731 


5080  I      5102 
5042  1 


1801  '      1706 

I 
1878  I      1028 


5.08 


Semulu. 


2054         3148  1 

I  I 

2530  •       20n3 


Slight  Hbearing  of  fibers ;  split  nt  nnd. 
..do 

...do 

I 
4128  ] du 

1 
34'"  I  Slinarcd  Blicrs 


3523 
3501 


4128 
4150 


.do. 


3107 
4355 
4708  !  Slionrod  lib(»r». 


I 


Sheared  fiberH;  uplit  nt  end. 


2082    22U5 


4713 

i 
4318  i 


2733  j 
3184 


5370 
5283 

2012 
4078 


0050  7756 

4432  ''  5489 

4240  5058 

3000  I  4763 


6702 
6343 

4572 
4150 

I 
1728 

1089 

1438 

1710  j 
1488  j 


0577 
0237 

6230 
4026 

2028 
1302 
1701 

1960 
1724 


2427     Slionrid  fillers ;  split  nt  end  . 

3480     Sliglit  slioiirinj:  of  Bbera 

6625  ' do 


I 


3583     Sliearod  fibers. 
4287  ; All 


8523 

6625 
6202 

7076 
0713 

5831 

I 

6443 


.do. 


Slienred  lilicrs  ;  split  at  end  ;  short  specimen,  103 

niillinieters  lonj;. 
Sheared  libers 


I 


I 


.do.. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


1433 

1878 


Sheired  fibers;  split  at  end;  specimen  120  milli- 
meters lonR. 
Sheared  fibers 


.do. 


2803  I      3376 


1041 
3593 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end. 
Sheared  libers 


.do. 


I 


5216 


1805 
2006 


8302  I      6008 

I 

0532        0730 


1078 
2177 


10115 


Slight  .ihearini;  of  libers ;  split  at  end. 
do 


2001     Rlicarid  (Iber.s  ;  Riilil  at  cud. 
\ do 


10706  :  Sheared  fibers . 


3230 
2702 

3157 
2481 

2010 
2014 


3330 
2803 

3339 
2558 

2037 
2068 


.1. 


3429 
2020 

3516 
2031 

2127 
2118 


3403 
2004 


8534 
3075 


2717  j 

I 
2165' 

2104  ; 


27S4 

2108 
2214 


3024 
3123 

3878 
2858 

2218 
2322 


3724 
3212 

3937 
2080 

2205 
2381 


■1788 
325'i 

8087 
3066 

2318 
2400 


Sliglit  slioiiriiif: ;  split  at  end ;  short  specimen,  120 
miliiiueters  ion;'. 


004 
064 
1001 
1001 

1024 
1024 
1030 
1030 

122 
830 
83S 

737 
737 

283 
283 
584 
684 

1137 
1137 

042 
042 

540 
744 

744 

38 
38 

682 


400 
400 

474 
474 

473 
473 


4300 

I 
3850  I 

j 
4401  ! 

3538 

2604 
2767 


4522     Slieared  fibe 
4100  ' do  


I 


4854 
3878 

2835 
2808 


.do., 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


585 
68» 

340 
340 

71 
71 


440 


1 1  t 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V— BBHAVIOE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Specie*. 


97.  HMmfttM  ofllolnttle— tontlnned. 


918.  TTmbelliilaria  Caiiforaica 

Uountain Laurel.  California 
Laurel.  Spice  Tret.  Cagi 
put.  California  Olive.  Cali- 
fornia Hay  Tree. 

■  EtTPnOUBIACE.S;. 

sit.  Dr\'petea  crocra 

auiana  Plum.     While  Wood. 

SIS.  DrypetoR  ciocpa,  car.  latifolla. 

UKTICACEiE. 

SBS.  Ulroiis  cnissifolin 

Cellar  Elm. 

3B3L  TJlmns  fiilva 

Jied  A7i».  Sliprery  Elm. 
Moose  Elm. 


SS4.  triiuns  Americana 

While  i:tm.    AmertcanElm. 
Water  Elm. 


S.  TJlmns  raromosa 

Rock  Elm.  Cork  Elm.  nick- 
try  Elm.  White  Elm.  Cliff 
Elm. 


XTImnii  alata.  

Walioo.     Winged  Elm. 


State. 


MUsourl 

...do 

Tennesseo 

'Went  Virginia. 

...do 

Massacliasctts. 

...do 

Miasourl 

...do 


Oregon  . 
...  do  ... 


46£ 

459 
4S0 

324 
324 
029 
020 

30< 
120 

m! 

134  ' 

i 
I 

19  I 
I 

19 

281  I 
281  I 
058  I 
l»>8 

1030 

1036 

1049 

110 

lie 

110» 
116» 
314 
314 

428 

133 
133 
380 
633 

ass 


Florida . 


. .  do  . 
...do  ., 

Texas  . 
, . .  .do  . 

...do., 
...do. 


Locality. 


Allenton.. 

...do 

NashriUe. 
Grafton... 

...do 

Danrers . . 

..do 

Allenton . . 
...do 


Coos  bay. 
...du... 


Upper  Mctacomlie 


Collector. 


G.  TT.  Lettennon. 

...do  

A.  GattiDger 

C.  G.  Pringlo 

..  do 

J.  Sobinson 

...do  

G.  W.  Lottprman. 
...do  


G.  Engrlmann  and 

C  S.  Sargent. 
...do  


A.  n.  Cnrtiss  . 


do. 
.do  . 


1 


.do. 
.do  . 


Dallas  . 
...  do  . 
Austin. 
...do.. 


Kentucky . 

...do 

Hiekigan . . 
iUissouri... 
..  do 


Sl^erocr  county 

..  do 

DansTille 

Allenton 

...do 


J.  Kovcrchon . 

...do 

C.XIobr 

...do 


Soil. 


m 


AUavlal 5751 

do 6328 

Elch 6713 

6418 
6650 

Rich  loam ',  4559 

do 6851 

Low.allnvial 0341 

do 6033 


Itemuka. 


Coral  . 


.do. 
.do. 


9435 

8754 


10410 

8250 
8392 

i  , 


Rich  loam i  7847 


.do  . 
do  . 
do  . 


8414 
5051 
6781 


W.  31.  l.innoy 

...do 

AV.J.Beal 

G.  W.  Lcttcnnan.. 
...do  


ilasRacliu.setts A  mold  Arboretum   C.  S.  Sargint . 

I  I 
.  -  do ; do 1 do 

I  I 

Missouri Allenton 


.do  . 


do  . 


To.xaa Colorado  liver . . 

...do do 

Maasacbnsetts ,  Dan  vers 

— do ' do 

. .  .do North  Kcading  . 


Michigan . . 

...do 

..do 

...do 

..do 

..do 

Tennessee . 


Sonth  Carolina Bonnean'e  Depot 


Daasville... 
Big  Kapids  . 

..do 

Hudson 

Herscy 

..do 

Kasbville... 


..  do 

Tennessee . . 
Mississippi . 
...do 


...do 

Davidson  connty  . 

Kemper's  mill 

...do 


G.  W.  Lctternian. 

...do 

C.  Uohr 

..do 

J.  Itubinson 

..do 

...do 


Limestone I  7847 


...do  

Gravelly 

Rich,  alluvial . 
..do 


I 


8573 
0880 
8437 
8302 


Drift ,  8041 

,...di» 8573 

I 

Alluvial '■  7608 

I 

..do !  6895 

..do 

...do 

Gravelly 

...do 

...do 


W.  J.  Beal  . . . 

-.  do 

...do 

..do 

..do 

..  do 

A.Gattlnger. 


H.  W.  Rarenel. 

...do 

A.Gattingei 

C.  Mohr 

...do 


..do 

..do 

Low,  gravelly. 

Alluvial 

Rich  loam 

...do 

...do 


5851 
4990 
7022 
5579 
0040 

11385 
0571 
7847 
0571 
10387 
10206 
7340 


I 


...do.... 
...do.... 
Loam  — 
AUuvial  . 
...do.... 


7847 


7008 
78S3 


Crashed  at  51  millimeters  tiom 
end. 

Crnslied  at  middle  and  at  6i  mllli- 
meters  from  end. 

Cruslioil  at  32  and  at  80  milli- 
meters  from  end. 

Triple  Hexnro,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

do 

Triple  flexnre 

do 

Triple  flexure;  developed  Inter- 

ftccting  "Cooper  lines". 
Triple  lloxure 

Crushed  at  25  milllmetors  (h)m 

middle. 
Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 

end. 


Crushed  In  vicinity  of  small  knots 

Split  suddenly  from  end  to  end 

Split  suddenly ;  oblique  fracture.. 

CruKht'd  at  51  millimeters  from 

end. 
Cruslicdin  vicinit\  of  small  knoto 

>0.!  U'.iliiuu'ters  from  eutt. 
Ci  uwiicd  at  end ;  crus.s-graiued 

Triple  i'oxure 

Peflectort  ami  cnislicd  at  end  and 

at  lOJ  uiiiliniotcrsfruui  end. 
CruHlicii  at  middle 

Crnalied  at  102  niilllmeter.s  from 

end. 
Triple  flexure 

Cruslied  iicjiv  middle  in  vicinity 
of  knot. 

Oeflcited;  crushed  at  middle  and 

cimI. 
Triple  flexure , 

Triple  flexure;  luiddle  bend  ce- 

cemric. 
Cru.Hlii'd  at  middle;  deflected  di- 

ag(»ually. 
Ci'uslieil  at  knot  102  niilliineters 

ftotii  end. 
Crushed  at  10  millimeters  kuut 

near  n)iddle. 
Tri|)le  flexure,   deflected    diago- 

naliv. 
ifi>  

Triples  flexure;  developed  inter- 
seetiug  "Cooper lines". 

Triple  flexure;  middle  deflection 

25  milliuietera  occontrle. 
do 

Crushed  fll>er8  at  32  mlUlmcton 

fr  lu  end. 
Triple  flexure 

Crnshed  at  25  and  at  114  millime- 
ters from  end. 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Crushed  at  small  knot  at  middle.. 

Crushed  at  13  millimeters  knot 
at  middle. 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Crashed  at  10  mllllmetera  knot 
04  n:illimcters  ffoni  end. 

Triple  flexure 

Triple  flezare,  -leliected  dlago. 
nally. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UmTED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION-Continued. 


441 


FBMBVBB,  IK  KILOOILUU,  SKQUIBID  TO  FBOUUCB  AX  IKDUTATIOM,  IS  HILUUKTIRa,  OP— 


0.'JS 


i] 


0.61 


nil 

1071 
1452 

nil 

1842 
1270 
1778 
1275 
1065 

2010 
1078 


2177 

3652 

3130  ; 

I 

1315  I 

2e'i'0 

2070 

210D 

1078  I 
1003 
1505  ' 

1370  ' 

I 

1551  ; 


1468 
1442 
1802 
1882 
1778 
2068 
1060 
1833 
2250 

2600 
2744 


3856 

5670 
4500 

1878 
3303 
3856 
3765 

1814 
147il 

1932 
2277 
2073 


o.re 


1502 

2350 

1338 

1905 

1010 

1960 

1293 

1769 

1010 

16«9 

1324 

1609 

1636 

2449 

1796 

2835 

2006 

2880 

2201 

3280 

1838 

1887 

1170 

1087 

nil 

2295 

2291 

2853 

1096 

2663 

1678 

2875 

2586 

3901 

1474 

2012 

1078 

2465 

2381 

3030 

23Se 

3403 

1015 
1588 
1014 
2100 
1982 
2381 
2014 
2068 
2368 


1.0ii  •  L'jr  '  1.59 

I 


2971  I 
I 
2026 


4854 

6328 
5108  1 

2250  j 
3620 
4206 
4196 


2617 
3257 
3965 


1665 
1643 
1078 
2195 
2164 
2468 
2078 
2104 
2440 

3066 
3057 


5406 

6768 
5015 

2477 
3837 
4635  I 
4482 


1010 

2032 

ICIO 

1765 

2223 

2440  ' 

2386 

2527 

2300 

2481 

2000 

2S75  : 

21G8 

2377  i 

2041 

2180  ' 

1014 

2061  ' 

1715 

1787 

1800 

2014 

2744 

2058 

3260 

3515 

3108 

3434 

3674 

4037 

2041 

2164 

2254 

2468 

2740 

2071 

3076 

3266 

3016 

3108 

3348 

3620 

4377 

4677 

3606 

4002 

3405 
4264 


i 


1710 

1669 

2055  I 

2254  ! 

2250  ! 

I 

2522  ' 

2132 

2259 

2400 

3103 
3198 


5013 
4404 
2708    2800 


3620 
4522  I 


1760 
1710 
2123 
2360 
2377 
2558 
2177 
2413 
2531 

3329 
3334 


1.78 


1846 
1765 
2155 
2413 
2531 
2621 
2250 
2468 
2576 


3357 


5797  .   6092  '   6373 

7145 
5874 


2040 
4040 
4f00 
4744 

1855 
2570 
2085 
2058 

2971 
2504 
2330 
2190 
1882 
2109 
3139 
3097 
3097 

4241 
2268 
2613 
3184 
3452 
3366 
3842 


7439 

7756 

6110 

6396 

2803 

3030 

4237 

4350 

4609 

5353 

4053 

5103 

2322 

2427 

1909 

2004 

2007 

2758 

2709 

2076 

2038 



3121 

3212 

2645 

2753 

2372 

2504 

2313 

2431 

1982 

2118 

2214 

2304 

3261 

3452 

3810 

3004 

3828 

4028 

4527 

4695 

2381 

2477 

2704 

2808 

3402 

3583 

3638 

3765 

3556 

3605 

4073 

4200 

5243 

5557 

4644 

4881 

2971 

30:i0 

3810 

3992 

4762 

4S37 

9.03 


!i.a8 


1873 
1801 
2200 
2472 
2672 
2658 
2336 
2531 
2622 


6577  j 

i 

7983  i 

6500 
3106 


5516 
5380 

OKOO 

2104 
2860 
3112 
3089 

3348 
2844 
2507 
2549 
2214 


1037 
1801 
22SS 
2480 
2776 
2699 
2427 
2595 
2667 


3501    3674 
3561    3628 


0804 

8155 
6740 

3334 


4531  !   4690 


5707 
5011 

2067 
2277 
2935 
3207 
3207 

3438 
2971 
2003 
2008 
2331 


240O  ;   2430 
3550  '      3097 


9.94  4.81 


4916 

4109 

4182 

4281 

4880 

6036 

2576 

2658 

3035 

3125 

3738 

3862 

3010 

4033 

3747 

3940 

4400 

4581 

5007 

6942 

5110 

5380 

3202 

3293 

4150 

4287 

5114 

B358 

1982 
1887 
2304 
2513 
2862 
2741  ' 

2473  ' 

j 

2035  ; 


3484  i 
4800  I 
5905  I 
5797  j 

2744  i 

I 

2359  I 
2994  |. 
3266  ' 
3334  I 

3529  I 

3057  I 
I 

2744  . 
i 

2720 
I 

2354  \ 

2522  1 
3T74  ! 
4281  I 
4408  i 


S108 
2708 
3243 
4019 
4196 
4119 
4072 

6069  I 
5579  I 
3348  ^ 
4400  I 
5567  j 


2250 

2608 
2884 
3561 
3139 
2838 
3198 
2008 


a.o8 


Bemsrki. 


2440  i  Sheared  flbern 

Shcnrril  flbora  i  iipUtatend. 

2758  ;  Shenroil  ObcrB 

3121  ' ilo 

I 
3046  I <Io 

3334  ' ilo 

3002    ilo 

3538     Slight  slieuriDg  of  fibers 


3756 

4300 

3674 

4037 

6949 

8340  , 

8237 

9480 

6018 

8250 

4300  ' 
5851 
7212; 
7031 

2948 
2858 


3026 

4072 
4445 


8845 

lOlGO 
8790 

4808 
0102 
7083 
8029 


3153 


3937 
4014 

4250 
3674 

3221 
2071 
2971 
4740 
4907 
5480 


Sbonrcd  flbora. 


387 

387« 

446 

814 

814 

854 

854 
1103 
1163 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers 324 

do j  321 

Slight  Hhearing  of  fibers 029 

Sheared  fibiiB '  929 

SI  iglit  slienrinf;  of  fillers  j  split  at  end |  30' 


do. 
do. 
do. 
.do. 


4513     Sheared  flbor.'s. 
3992  I do 


Split   at  onds:    fibers   not  shoarod;    specimen  120 

millimiteis  loiig. 
do 


3337     Sliearcd  fibers 

3200  j do 

5171  j  Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 


5353 
6874 


3200  I.. 


4808 
4808 
4854 
5625 

7303 
6895 
3860 
5353 
6441 


do. 
.do. 


30* 
120 
134 
134 

10 
19 
2-1 
281 
933 
038 
1036 
1030 
1049 


Split  at  end ;  fibers  did  not  sliear ;  116 

Splitatend;  sliglit  shearing  of  fibers |  116» 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  splitatend {  116* 

do 116* 


6123 

7680 
7621 
4196 
5806 
7235 


.do. 
-do. 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers  . 


do 

do 

Sheared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers. 
do 


314 
314 
428 

133 
133 
380 
633 
68» 


IM 


! 


^ 


■ 

1 

F 

■1 

pp; 

!N 

m%4 

-J 

ill 

.;:' 

WVi' 

lit'' 

tW  ' 

'*"i 

f' 

1 

I*  ■ 

:|'l 

Ij' 


•■^^■, 


>      •       i 

%   -^ .' 


442 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 


227.  FIniioiii  ii(|iintUM 


228.  C.'ll  H  o. ciili  iitiil  iH 

Siiijarlicriji.    llackberry. 


228.  CcIli.siicciili'ntaliM, var. reticu- 

l;iln. 
JJai'kbtTrif.   Palo  Blanco, 

229.  Ficus  iuii-c:i 

331.  Finis  ])i>i(iiiu-nlntii 

iriiii  ^V;;.    India-rHhhcr  Tree. 

232.  Morns  riilirn 

lletl  Mulberry. 


234.  Marhir.'X  nnniiitiaca 

Osarje  Oraiifjtf,    JioitttVAro. 

PL.^TAXACE,^. 

235.  I'lal.'inna  (ircidciit.ilis , 

l^ycaiiiore.  Jlutlon  Wt,o.L 
J!,'ll:,iiliiill  Trci:  ]Yitler 
J!mh. 


230.  ri.!t;inii-i  i;weinii.-.-\ 

Hi/eiimure.    Jititlon  Wood. 


237.  rintamis  Wiishtii 

>';/cttiiiurc. 

JUGLAXDACICE. 

238.  Jii,:I.niHciiU'iiM 

Jlultrrnut.    I)7ii7«  Waliiul. 


State. 


758 
OIH 


301! 
30S 
375 
375 
873 
873 

nil 

nil 

(1:2 
4m 

480 

5U8 

132 
132 
43,( 
1244 
1245 
1240 
1255 
1255 

2,'>3 
253 

21 
21 
120 
120 

GrIC 


Floilila  . 
. .  il..  . . . 
. .  ilo  . . . 


Locality. 


L'liltcctor. 


Clialtahiioilu'o...  '  A.ll.f'iiitiB!*  . 

i 


aoii. 


il 

e  ..   . 

s.srt 

■r  £  " 


Misstiuvi 

...lo 

'I'cxaH 

..  lUi 

T*'niH"si'<' 

..  <lo 

Ma.sfai'linrti'tts. 

...ilo 

Mismmii 

..  do 


.tlo ' ilc) 

il.i !  C.XIolir  , 


Alli'iilim Ci.  W.  l.t^ltcriiiaii  . 

..do I do 

Dalliis i  J.  i;<>v.  iclioii 

...do do 

I>avidson{'Ouiily..i  A.  lniltii.;:or 

...  do I  - .  (lit 


.'^al.iii 

...do 

Saint  Lonis. 
...do 


•f.  llobinHon  ... 

..  do 

UoiiryEggort.. 
...do 


Aiizoiia i  Santa Rilanionnt- 

I      ains. 


Flr)riila 

...do 


..do  . 


Hay  IJiscayno 

..  do 


MisKoiii'i 

...  do 

TiMinofiHt'O 

^litsRoiiri 

...do 

..  do 

...do  .  

..  <Io 


Tosas  

..  do 


Massiicliusettii... 

..  do    

^lis.soiiii 

..do 


llocn  Cliioa  Key  . . 

Allenton 

..  do 

NnHlivillo 

Allcnton 

...do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


(r.  KTiifrlniaiinninl 

C.  S.  SarytMit. 

A.ll.  Curtiss 

...do 


Dallas 

..do 


At  nolil  Atbori  tuni 

...do 

Alli'ntou 

...do 


<lo 


G.  W.  Lfcttornian.. 

....do  

A.Gattiiigcr 

0.  »V.  Li'tternmn.. 

...do 

..  do    

..do 

...do 


,T.  Kovi'ioliou 

..  do 


(,'.  S.  Sarjient    

..  do 

0.  AV.  I.t'ttennan . . 
...do 


Califi.r'iiu  i  Carniol  rivi  r |  Ci.K.Vasoy. 

. .  .do i  . .  .do do 


llicli,  alluvial 0373 


ilo '  0328 

I 
do I  0214 


Itcniarka. 


Triple  tics 


Low,  rifli 5070 

i 
Alluvial I  0803  I 


..  do , 

Lftani 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

Moist  loam 
...do 


Dry 


5579 
filUO 
0805 
7(131 
5489 
7303 
S278 
8074 

0085 


'I'rlplo  lli'xuic,  d(tin<'ted  dingo- 
!      nallv. 

Crn.tlK'd  at  3H  and  at  1(^2  iniUiino- 
;      tfis  IViini  (»nd. 

(Jr(i"lii(l  on  one  I'ai  i^  at  23  millime- 

tvrs  IVoni  liiiiiolo. 
(^i'khImmI  a(    ];not   51    luiliiiiictcrii 

IVoni  end. 
('('■islicil  at  middle,  dcllcctfd  di- 

auoiially. 
Triple   llcxiin'.    di  llccti'd    diago. 

nally. 
Triple  (irxnie    

Triple    llexnri'.    dellerted    diago- 
I      nally. 
;  Triple  lli'.xiirc  , 

I  Triple    III  \iire,    dilleeted  dingo- 
'      n:  llv. 
Delleilid;  eiuslieil  at  middle 


Coral ....I  3108 


.do. 


do. 


190(i 


I 

Criixlied  nt  (1  inil1impter!i  i<uot  102 
tnilliineters  t'loiti  end. 

Criisbod  at.  12  ir.iilimeti'rs  IviiotH 
nt  end  anil  at  102  iiilliimeterH 
fiem  end. 

Triple  tiexnio 

,  Criislied  nt  middle  and  at  SSniilU- 
:iuti  r<  from  cud. 


4491  :  Split  oldiipioly. 


Kich  loam  . 

..do 

...do 


I 


8754 
8483 
0827 


UpLind I  0050 

....do I  0109 

...do I  5087 

Rich !  5829 

I 
...do I  5001 


Cmslied  at  (niddle  and  at  25milli- 

nietefH  from  end. 
Crnsiied  at  midiile  anil  at  end ;  de- 

fleeti  d  diagonally. 
Failed  iit.  12  niiilimiterH  knot  102 

niiiliineteis  from  end. 
Cnislied  nt  25  milliioeterB  from 

middle  at  3  miilimi  ters  knot. 
Crushed  at   19  niilliMHti'is  fiom 

end  in  vleieitv  of  Ntnali  knots. 
Triide  tlexure . .' 


Triple   tlexure,    dellerted  diago- 

niiUy. 
Triple  flexure 


Bottom ,14107 

...do 11771 


Crueliedatiniddli';  angle  of  crush- 
ing, .•;iio. 
Triple  tlexure 


I 
Drift OT.V) 

....do !  .5.-.79 

Kicli,  alluvial ■  8233 

....do I  82,-ifl 


Clay j  4191 

..do 51-.<8 


048 
048 

1« 

10 

70 

70 

70> 

123 

145 

303 

1057 


Arizona 

..  do 


^la.s.sai-Iiusi'ttR... 

..do 

MiHsouri 

...do 

...do 

Michigan 

llllDois 

Michigan 

Massacliusctts... 


S^anta  Uitamoiiu'.-  :  G.  Kngelmannnnd 

ams.                       t      ('.  s.  S.iigriit. 
. .  do ..  do 


j 

Arnold  Arboretum   C.  .'>.  Saigeut 

i 
. .  do ..  do 

Allenton '  G.  W.  I.i  1 1  irinan . 

. .  do I  . .  do 

..  do [  — do 


Dansville  . . 
Waukogan 
Lansing  ... 
TopsUcld  ... 


W.,T.  Ileal 

Kobeil  Douglas... 

\V..r.  Deal 

J.  Robinson 


Rieli,  gravelly  ....|  530S 
...do 5058 


Criedied  at  end  i'lid  at  102  inilli- 

ir.elels  from  rail, 
(.'lu^hi'it  111  mil  and  at  1J7  milli. 

ineli'is  ti'iim  i  nii. 
Cni*.lK(l  :it  1112  laiiliuirteiH  I'rom 

end. 
Criisbid  at  38  nnd  at   127  niilli- 

lui-ters  from  end. 

Crnsbed  ,it  V.  and  ;it  70  tiiMliue'tei's 

froiu  endaiiil  >\>Vi\  iutmi  !;taiu. 
Crushed  at  iiiidilli;  of  on.-  faee 


Ti  ip'e    d'-xiire,    di  tierted  diago- 

nall>. 
Triple  ll>xnre 


Drift  0100 

..do 1  0390 

Moi.st.alluviiil  ....I  7021 


...do 

Rich,    rooist    up- 

bwd. 
Gravelly  clay 


Alluvial 

Gravelly  loam  — 
Drift 


7000 
0849 
0123 
5080 
4150 
6373 


Crushed  at  .'d  anil  at  127  millime- 
[      Ills  t'liim  I  mi. 

Cruslied  at  102  inillino'terH  from 
!      end. 

Cmshed  nt  04  millimeters  from 
end. 

Cru-lied  at   51  milliaieters  from 
end. 

Ciiisbed  nt  25  millimeters  from 
end. 

Cnished  at  19  millimeters   from 
I      end. 

j  ('nisbedat  13tnilliini.'tersfiiim  mid- 
!  die  and  at  38iuiilimetor8fronien(l. 
i  Cruidied  at  114  mill  i  meters  fmm 
I      end  and  at  end. 

Crushed  at  middio 


I 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATKS  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


443 


i\ 


rilKOBUIIE,  IN  KILOflllAMR,  REql'lllKD  TO  mOIIVCK  AN  IKKRNTATION,  IN  UILMMETERB,  OF— 


o.'is    o..ti    o.ro    i.O!i    1.99 


Q 


m 


10 


m 


m 


m 


]3D7 
11(10 
Il;i4  I 


IJI." 

l-iun 

'J0l)8 

nil 

17'J.l 

i-i(i 

Kilo 

i::.i 

liion 

1.-79 

2223 

B22 
U40 

073 

1751 
1700 


1321 
1000 
1003 

loeo 

lOOJ 


lono 
75;) 

1134 
031 


1000 
1041 

Id"; 

If-llO 

21141 

3)03 

2404 

2C00 

3030 

2703 

2740 

2812  I 

2003 

3403 

817 

007  j 

1080  i 

2440  ! 

I 
237fl  ! 

I 


2234 
2141 

nco 

10.-7 
2243 
3X1U 
3003 
3;  07 
331.3 
3010 
S020 
3243 
33:!0 

3040 

f02 
080 

1243 

2000 
2753 


1073 
2C40 
2313 
2010 
2313 


i 


2003 

3080 

Tm 

4740 

1078 

2103 

14f'2 

1082 

1202 

2404 

1503 

2130 

1.305  j 

1071  ' 

I 

10.-fl 
1338  ' 


008 

l.'>12 

1(180 

1452 

703 

1008 

1025 

1237 

830 

1203 

703 

008 

740 

1170 

40-' 

0U8 

1021 

1701 

2078 
2700 
2.331 
2700 
2331 

3070 
5421 

2331 
2177 
28,38 
2277 

1301 
1137 

1835 
14,13 

1.388 
1300 
1134 
1.301 
1301 
1102 
1313 
GOO 
1800 


23l'C  2310 
23.-i(l  2481 
1700    1073 


l.S!)  :  1.7N  '.J.O»  3.38 


2123 
2427 
4037 
3210 
3102 
3803 
3175 
3320 
2070 
3020 


880 
1030 

1320 

2840 
2880 


2108 
2020 
2070 
2020 
2070 

5720 
5000 

2480 
2341 
3030 
2377 

1570 
1257 

10S7 
1.3-JO 

1000 
1543 
1202 
1474 
1433 
1134 
1406 
017 
1040 


0030  ' 
2.370  ' 
4327  i 
0488  j 
3383 
4073  I 
3303  1 
3605 
3374 

3010 ; 

4373 

883 
1073 

1005 

2020 
2080 


2218 
3010 

2873 
3010 
2875 

3701 
5851 

2022 
2440 
30S5 
2140 

1C05 
1300 

2114 
1010 

1742 
1610 
12.->7 
l(il3 
1470 
1170 
14C0 
035 
2023 


2740 
2022 

2341 
2072 
4531 
3083 
3837 
4332 
3502 
3742 
3020 
4000 

4530 

885 
1110 

2010 

3002 
3110 


•      2838 
2744  ■ 
2100 


2280 
3184 
3000 
3184 
3060 

0010 
0000 

2703 
2.-.81 
3134 
2540 

1740 
1303 

2101 
1083 

1601 
1C78 
1300 

io.no 

1.302 
1211 
1402 
007 
2078 


I 

2904  3107 

2>:iO  2071 

2I8J  2J43 


25fia 
2f0l 
4800 
4(133 
4103 
4017 
3024 
4110 
3837 
4300  !   45J7 


24.30 
2700  I 
4733  I 
3800 

3031  I 

I 

44.30  I 

i 

3715  j 

3074  I 

3742  ! 


4000 

804 
llGl 

2004 

3102 
3200 


240O 
3248 
3252 
3218 
3252 

6010 
0214 

2880 
"3*^7 


4004 

804 
1175 

2123 

3200 
3334 


2481 
3379 
3313 
3370 
3515 

6102 
0390 

2085 
2.«85 


2C40 
3010 
4080 
4200 
4J(H 
4817 
4064 
4314 
3887 
4026 

B071 

808 
1211 

2101 

3320 
3470 


a.a4    4.81 


3212    3024 

,".I'W  I   3810 

I 
2313  : 


4353 
4273 


»i7.i.»  I 


4080 
518U 
4311 
43.-10 
4014 
4110 
4445 
3340 
47.38 


003 
1220 

2313 

3303 
3513 


3289 

3348 

2035 

2708 

1814 

1840 

1470 

1.333 

2203 

23.39 

1705 

1812 

18;!3 

1903 

1719 

1709 

1343 

1350 

1710 

1731 

1(B7 

1710 

1243 

1200 

1388 

1C28 

600 

7(i8 

2127 

2173 

2608 
3.334  I 
30.32 
3534 
3052 

0328 
6432 

3094 
2085 
3429 
2762 

1001 
1578 

2404 

1887 

1087 
1810 
1303 
1783 
1709 
1297 
1660 
717 
2223 


2681 
3074 
3713 
3074 
3715 

C423 
0577 

3166 
3000 
3488 
2820 

1978 
1028 

2495 
1032 

2037 
1800 
1401 
1840 
1833 
1302 
1715 
730 
2268 


30.32 
0237 
.3421 
5210 
5H51 
4877 
3120 
4040 
5070 

0078 

003 
1420 

2094 

3833 
4037 


6:140 
6U33 
3820 
63110 
5307 


SlliMllrll  nil 

Slight  Klicarlngof  (11)1 

Sll(>llll'(l  llllClM 


Sli;;lit  Khi'iiriiiK;  split  nl  ouil 

Slicaiiiimiii-i 

SIi;;lit  Hliniiiii.norniiiiM 

(In 

FHicr.i  dill  •!"(  >lii'nr 

do   

ilo  

5023  j  Sli;;lit  .slirniiii!,' of  (Hum 

i  Sli;;lit  shiMirin?;  Bfilit  at  <>nil 

6192     Slusirirt  Uliprs 


3157 
4309 
4445 
4309 
4415 

7107 
6085 

3107 
3383 
3788 
3289 

2313 
2019 

2894 
2313 

2381 
2127 
1009 
2087 
2108 
1479 
1996 
866 
2481 


6350 


.1.) 


1030     Sliparcll  flbor»i  sppclrann  120  millimeters  long. 
1470  I  Shearoil  libera  


2840  i (1(1. 


4105  . 
4518 


.rto 
.rto 


3620 
4786 

4944 

I 
4780 

4944 

I 

1 

7008  j 
0805  j 

4423 
4062 
3046 

2486 
2200 

3044 
2540 

2590 
2291 
1792 

2381 
1533 


75 
75 
300 
300 
375 
375 
873 
873 

nil 
nil 

652 

480 
480 

508 

132 
132 


Sbenrod  flbors;  splltatend 1244 

I 
Sbcared  fibers '  1243 


.do 


do. 
.do. 

do. 


Sbi'ured  flluTB ;  split  nlong  gmin  from  end  to  end 


1240 
12.33 
1233 

233 
253 


Sluaiedllbers  21 

Slight  Nbearinjj  of  (Ibcra ;  21 

Sheared  libera |  126 

Sbeari'd  filiora  1  split  at  end 1  120 


1 


Sheared  fibers 
do 


do 
.do. 

do. 
.do 
.do. 


934 
2620 


Sheared  libera ;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  libera  

do 

Sheared  fibers  1  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fibers 

do 


6S6 

680 

648 
648 

10 

10 

70 

76 

76  « 

123 

145 

3^3 

1057 


1 

j 
1 

1 

\i    - 


^4: 


\-^. 


I-; 
-ii 


r* 

P' 

'■ 

■i 

1 

,] 

■■) 

'      i    i'i-'    •'. 

( 

;.i:;ii, 

•J. 


Si :  i| 


v.,  ;( 
Tr 


444 


8p««iM. 


JnRlnnfi  nifira . . 
£lutk  Walnul. 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

tablb  v.— behavior  op  the  principal  woods  op  the 


340.  Jnglann  rnpestrU    

Walnut. 

241.  Cnr.va  olivirformis 

/Venn.     lUiuoiit  Ifut. 

242.  Cfiryn  nlli.^ 

i^ltell-lark  Hickory.      Shag- 
bark  Hickory. 


SUto. 


112 
117 
318 
32t 
407 
7B0 
700 
051 
051 

415 
41S 

072 
072 


Looallty. 


Texas Dallas  . 


Collector. 


Sou. 


W 


ChnrloHtown Navy 

I      ynnl. 
yioridn '  Asimlaga   A.  U.  C'lirtlsH 


HlMonri AUenton O.W.  Lettorman..    AllaTlal |  0020 

Michigan Damvllle W.J.Beiil OrareUy ;  8067 

...do LanHing do Loam i  OOOS 

J.  I'cvorclion AUnvlal 

8.  H.  Pmik 1 0034 

'  Clay 0070 

i                                 I                                 I  I 

...do ...do ...  do do 0084 

'II 
Toxns Kow  lirauiifcla C.  Mobr ■  Moist,  calunrcoua      8301 

...do ...do j...  do I...  do 0002 

■                                    I  I 

New  Mexico Pinna  Altoa  monnt-   E.  L.Ori'cno Alluvial. 

I      niiia.  I  I 

do ,...  do 1  —  do  . 


Remarlii, 


Cruabed  at  middlo 

Cniahrd  at  102  niUUmetoTB  from 

oud. 
Split  obliquely  from  end  to  end . . . 

Ci'UKlied  nt  10  nilllimetora  from 

nilddlo. 
Ciiialud  nt  25  lulltlniotora  from 

iiiiUdli'. 
Criixlii'il  nt  nmiill  knot  32  nilllimo. 

liiH  from  iiMdillp. 
Crnahcd  nt  middlo 


CriiHlii'il  nt  51  mllllniGterH  from 

mil. 
CiiiHlii'd  at  .11!  iiiillimctcra  from 

cud. 


I 


Califoruia t'ontrn 

!      county. 
...do i do 


CoHta    G.  K.  Vaacy  . 
....do 


243.  Cnrytt  sulcata 

Big  HheU-bark.  Bottom  Shell- 
bark. 


344.  Carrn  tomentoaa 

MeektrNut.  Block  Hiekoru. 
Bull  A'ut.  Bigbud  nil*- 
cry.  WhiU-litart  Hickory. 
Stnff  Nut. 


322 

320 

I 
320 

3 

.'I 

20  » 

118^ 

118^ 

152 

240 
I 

240  , 

531  ] 

531 

530 

530  I 

810 

810  I 

1030  ' 

1050 
1007 

!>1- 

383 

383 

391 

391 
1082 
1082 
1164 
1165 
1166 
1170 


Misplsaippi Greenville '  C.  Molir. 

dii do I do  ... 


TexuH I  Dallas J.  I'.cvcrclion  . 

do do do 


.do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 

•  do  . 
do. 
.do  . 


i 


MaHHntliu!*('ttri. 

. . .  do 

Kentucky 


5M2 
0532 

I 

8250 
7258 

0040 
8250 
6033 
0577 

DUOS 


Shattered  «tic:k  ntcnd 

Split  nlong  gruin  in  oblique  direc- 
tion. 

Ci'UHlied  at  51  millimetera  from 
lud. 

'Ji'uxlii'd  ut  0  millimetcra  knot  at 
middlo. 


Split  nt  enda 

Trijde   lluxure;   dovel(i|ied  inter. 

seetin^  "Conpor  lluea". 
Triple  llexum 


^\riiiild  Aiboretuin   (J.  S.  Snrt;eut Drift 

do do do I  8301 

Danville \V.  .M.  r.iuney  ....;  Sbolo '  8808 

Jlieliisnn Tliidson W'.J.lieal Clay 11431 

—  do '..    T.unain.:; do do 11507 

Jlisaouri AUentiui  G.  W.  Letterninu  .    liicli  nplnud 10100 

Virginia Wyllioville II.  Sbrivbr Clay 10 178 

..  do do do do '  0I'34 


Triple    tlexuic,   dcllected    dinso. 
uully. 

Triple  llexure  ;  0(1  ])cr  cent.  Hnp. 

Wdod  :  <li  Itecled  IVt  ni  Hnp  Hide. 
Split  111  en.l 


Failed    iit    10    niilllnieters   knot 

near  middle:  Hup-nuod. 
Crn.^lied  at  end 


(,'ni,-.lieil  nt  111  niillinictorB  from 

nul. 
Ciusli<d  1)1  .'^S  iiiilihiit'tLr.'j  from 

mid. lie. 
Triple  tltixure 


do 


MiaaiBaippi Kemper's  mill C  .MoUr Alluvial. 

. .  do    ilo do    do 

...  do do do do  ... . 

j 

.do do do I do 

West  Virginia.. 

...do 

Maasacbuactta.. 


Grafton C.O.Pringle 

do ' do 

Topafield J.  Kobinaon 


...do.. 

...do    . 


;  10342 
'  fSOO 
11)000 
10514 
,11204 
110^2 


Kicli  leani ;  WJ< 


. . .  .do do    do do 

Miaaouri Allenton G.  W.  Lettcrnian..    Allnvial . 


/  8000 
10015 


Keutui  Uy ;  Mercer  county Vt'.  M.  Linnoy 

Mi.saou  ri ;  Allenton G.  W.  Lot  torman . 

— do do j...  do 

do do 1 do 

. ..  do do ! do 

,                                  i 
...  do — do    do 

do do j...  do 

I 
. .  do do I . . .  do 


. .  do  . 
..do. 
...do. 


Kentucky  . 
..do 


do  . 
do. 
.do 


do. 
do. 
do. 


Perryville  . 
...  do 


W.  M.  Linney. 
...do 


...do. 
...do  . 
...do  . 
. .  do  . 
. .  do  . 
..  do  . 
...do  . 
..  do  . 
..do. 
..  do  . 
..do  . 


8301 

7802 

!  0707 


.    0571 
.    7083 


TJtica  shale . 
...do 


10592 
8845 
8981 
9231 

8603 
8981 


Crushed  at  .'18  uiillimcteia  from 

niid'llo. 
Cnisliid  at  kuol.i;  croaagrnincd. 

Cruabed  nt  88  and  nt  70  niillimi  leva 

I'nini  end. 
Cru..*lied  ue;ir  ndddio 

Cru.sbcd  nt  51  njlllimctora  from 

end. 
Crusbeil  nt  25  millimctera  from 

niidille. 
THple  dexurc,   dcllected    diafjo. 

nnlly  toward  heart;  80  per  eent. 

snp-wootl. 
Triple    llexure,    detb'Ctod  dla;;o. 

uallv  ;  00  )>er  cent,  aap-wciod 
Triple  Ib-xurei  aplit  I'loni  end  to 

cud  ;  45  per  cent,  aap-wood. 


Triple  diagonal  llexure ;  60  per 
cent,  aap.wood  on  concave  aide. 

Triple  tlexiire;  80  per  cent,  aap- 
wood  on  convex  aide. 

Triple  flexure;  30  per  cent.  aap. 
wood  on  concave  aide. 

Triple  dhigonul  Ucxuro 

Triple  flexure ;  50  per  cent,  aap- 
wood. 

Triple  flexure;  5  per  cent,  aap- 
wood. 

Crnabed  at  25  milliineterB  from 
end. 

Cruabed  at  25  millimetera  from 
end  and  aplit  along  grain. 

Triple  flexure;  95  per  cent,  sap- 
wood. 

Crnahcd  at  6  millimetera  bom 
end  ;  aap-woed. 


Triple  flexnre ;  aap-wood  . 
do 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


445 


FBCMUHR,  IN  KILO0IUM8,  nKQUIHBD  TO  FBOOUCB  AN  INDBMTATION,  IN  HILLIHrrRBS,  OF— 


0.38  :  0.S1    o.ye    Loa 


VM 
1740 
1700 
VMS 
1470 
2812 
11105 
1700 


t.9r   i  1.89 


7<:<i  I 


2010  I 
053 
1043  i 
1170 


2208 
2223 
2070 
2740 
1851 
lOSl 
3701 
2003 
2007 

3470 
1028 
1041 
2155 


1051 

2007 

1028 

3221 

704 

1882 

1702 

3030 

2200 

2048  I 

2245  I 
I 
2245 

2206 


8857 
4105 
4012 
2713 
8243 


1400 
2812 
2010 
1420 
2404 
1050 
1505 
1057 
2700 

2004 
2031 

1837 
3002 


2132 
3331 
2245 
1407 
2200 
1700 
2381 
2381 

310'. 
2118 


2000 
40G0 
3130 
2005 
3302 
2570 
2013 
2500 
4014 

4204 
3002 

3311 
4020 


2518 
2305 
2804  I 
2021  I 
lUOO 
2440 
3060 
3212 
2003  ■ 

3024 

2245 

2214 

2408  I 

i 
3280  ' 

3878 

! 

2404 
3447 

3847 
4530 
4581 
3203 
3615 


I 


3837 
4353 
3007 
3003 
2700 
2405 
3810 
3403 

4037 
3221 


3207 
4300 
3783 
3171 
3052 
2020 
2039 
3010 
4513 

4040 
4020 

3705 
6171  I 


2672 
2481 
8071 
3221 
2073 
2713 
4082 
8438 
3175  I 

4106  j 
2486  j 
2336 
2676 

8456 
4173 
2744 
8074 

40C0 
5U3S 
6080 
8620 
3837 


2707 
2576 
3212 
8388 
2105 
2800 
4255 
3038 
3338 

4330 
2200 
2440 

2058 

8062 
4423 
2071 
3810 

4303 
6230 
5353 
3810 
4014 


I 


I.TS 


I 


2800 
2740 
3302 
8507 
2250 

3003 

I 

4377  I 
3707  I 

8502  ' 

i 

4500  ' 
I 

2830 
I 

2546 

2740 

8765  I 

4763 

I 

3108 

! 

4037  ' 

4650 
6534 
5052 
3083 
4160 


I 


1 


I 


3529 
4550 
4173 
3020 
8851 
8103 
3103 
8108 
4017 

4085 
5071 

3024 
5579 


1346 
4854 
4241 
3470 
4055 
2744 
4332 
3819 

4336 
3701 


■r.i  ! 


4563 
5230 
4550 
3774 
4382 
2840 
4626 
4078 

4527 
3810 


3707 
4717 
4405 
3033 
C078 
3203 
3243 
8360 
6140 

6353 
6389 

4060 
6066 


I 


8056 
4886 
4786 
4164 
4287 
3602 
3447 
3511 
6421 

6070 
5715 

4205 
6250 


208S 
2776 
8407 
8783 
2350 
8121 
4568 
3078 
8097 

4604 
2053 
2022 
2808 

8006 
4044 
8202 
4100 

4717 
6851 
6861 
4160 
4340 


a.o3 


a.38  9.84  4.81 


8089 
2849 
8670 
38S7 
2427 
8263 
4040 
4118 
8783 

4740 
3030 
2718 
2012 

4028 
6080 
3300 

4354  ' 

] 

4877  I 
6078 
5078  ' 
4281 
4482 


3184 

2012 

8710 

3055 

2504 

3303 

4740 

4204  I 

30C0 

4840 
3153 
2702 
2076 

4119 

6308 
S447 
4430 

6035 
6250 
0200 
4427 
4564 


8260 

2986 

8809 

4042  ^ 

2645  ; 

84S0  I 

4700  I 

4432  I 

4128  I 

i 
4931 

3289 

2804 

3035 

4228  ' 

6667 

8538 

4072  I 
I 
6180 

6410 

I 
0373  , 

4401 

4605 


I 


3561 
3447 
4400 
4423 
2080 
4K8 
6480 
6210 
4800 

5025 
8882 
3289 
3138 

4990 
6102 
41U5 

6286 

I 
0078  j 
7303  I 
7430  I 
6239  ' 
5058  I 


8.08 


3924 
3616 
4740 


3130 
4536 
5738 
6807 
6534 

6078 


B«muk(, 


Kbrarcd  fiber* 

<lo 

do : 

Blirnrcd  flbcrii{  ii|illt  at  end  . 

Slic'«nd  libera 

do 


Slirnicd   flliorn;    Indcntrd  lection  Includes  two  2 

niillinietcrH  kuoto. 
Rbrai  cil  llbui'D 


sunlit  Bhtnring  of  flbeiB  . 


3538 
3742 


Sbearcd  fibers 

Kbenrod  fibers  ;  Bjilit  nt  end  . 

do 

Sheared  flbora 


4400 
5042 

0008 
7750 
7038 
5706 
6376 


Rligbt  shearing  of  fibers  i  split  at  end 

Sll^bt  vbearlngdl'flbcrsi  split  at  end;  sbnky  stick. 

Indented  witboiit  Hlieurliig  fibers 

sunlit  Bliearing  of  libers 


Sliglit  Blieniing  of  fibers ;  60  per  cent.  Ba]>-ViO<)d . 

do 

ludeutcu  witbout  sbearinK  flbora ;  sap-wood 

Sbeai id  libers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers 


I 


■  ■ 


4067 
5751 
4817 
3847 
4581 
3016 
4831 
4255 

4708 
4128 


4146 

1 
5017  j 

4944 

4364  ^ 

4405  I 

3052  I 
I 
3529 

3001 

6675 

6920 
5851 

4341 

6555 


5243 

57i>7 

5013 

4200 

4872  ! 

3085 

6080 

4509 

4976 
4291 


5516 
6159 
6162 
4495 
5058 
3280 
6271 
4090 

6162 
4482 


4353 
5180 
6107 
4608 
4005 
8750 
3052 
3710 
6701 

6214 
0033 

4427 
6C40 


4463 
6204 
6394 
4744 
48U8 
3078 


I 


4008 : 

5452 
5634  \ 
4844 
4040 
4106  I 


6308 
64S0 


I 


6070 
634 1 
5308 
4040 
6203 
3425 
5421 
4877 

6294 
4626 


I 


8765 

1 
3882 

8707 

3887 

5087 

0114 

0177 

6704 

6123 

6390 

4017 

4726 

7212 

7430 

6756 

6087 

0532 

6704 

6525 

5756 

4803 

5058 

6298 

6280 

3470 

3520 

5570 

6806 

4085 

6116 

6475 

5052 

4790 

4908 

6715 
5579 
4854 
4536 
4527 
7417 

7825 
7439 

5480 
8437 


6033 
0804 


7031 
7625 
6805 
6101 
0441 
4037 
0940 
0033 

6068 
6761 


5398 
4044 
4877 
8142 

8754 
7623 

5093 
9103 


Slight  fliearing  of  fibers 

do 

Fibers  did  not  sliear;  npiit  along  grain 

Fibers  did  not  aliear ;  split  at  end 

SIi}:lit  Khesring  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

Indented  without  sliearing  fibers;  sap-wood  . 


lit 

117 

311 
82S 
407 
76« 
766 
061 
961 

415 
411 

672 
672 

822 
322 
828 
326 

a 

i 

20  » 
118 
118 


I 


.do. 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  40  per  cent.  sop. wood. 


Sheared  fibers ;  00  per  cent,  sap-wood  . 
Sheared  fibers ;  85  per  cent,  sop-wood. 


249 
248 

631 
631 
639 
539 
816 
816 
1058 

1056 
1007 

91» 
883 


7576     Slight  sbeaiing  of  fibers. 

8618  I do 

7530     Fibers  did  not  shear 


0091 
6713 
4491 
7570 
6782 

7146 
6500 


Fibers  sheared ;  80  per  cent,  sap-wood 

Slight  sbeariug  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

Sliglit  sheariug  of  fibers ;  80  per  cent,  sap-wood 
Sliglit  shearing  of  fibers ;  sap-wood 


Sheared  fibers  ;  sap-wood . 
do 


391 
891 
1082 
1082 
1104 
1106 
1166 
1170 

72 
72 


i 


u 


il 


IV 


I 


.    ;:'^' 


:■:  ■-!: 


44G 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOK  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 


S44.  Cnrya  tomentoeiv— coutinued. 


24S.  Carva  I'ori  iuft 

Fi;j  Hut,  lirown  Tlickoini. 
Black  Bickory.  Stoitch- 
bu  i  Uickory. 


State. 


234  I  Misaonri. 


Lociility. 


CoUectoi. 


AUcnton. 


Sou. 


is? 


5-2  f 

.—  *  a 

get 


G.  W.  Lcttcrmaa.!  racli upland  . 


280  I  ...du  . 


(1(1  . 


du  . 


ilo  . 


34«     Ahibaina Citronidlo C.  i-ohr  . 


Saudy 


n2t9 


01U3 
0307 


24C.  Caiva ama.  i 

BittcrXut.  Swamp nickvri/. 

247.  Carya  my riBtica'formis 

X'utmeg  Hxckory. 

24S.  Cat  ya  a<|uutica , 

Water     Ilicknry.       Swamp 
Uickory     Bitter  Pecan. 


MYHICACEiE. 

240.  Myiii'tt  icifera 

Baylicrnj.     Wax  Myrtle. 

2£0.  Myricu  (^alifornica 

cupuLiF»;iLa:. 

261.  Queroiis  nll>a 

Wliite  Oa!:. 


<l 

U 

88 

f8 

121 

2S8 

442 

5:18 

lODl 

11G8 
1168 

153 
153 
838 
838 

237 
237 

120 

302 

862 
740 
740 
917 
317 

586 


MaKaaiIiUM>tt.< !  A  mold  A  iborctiini   C.  S.  Sargent. 

. .  dii : do do 


Diirt 8103 

do ooo; 

I 

Mi»souii Allintou i  G.  AV.  Litterman.j  lUcIi  loam ,109.')4 

I  , 

-do ..do do I do :  088!) 


I 


Micliit'im '  Daiisvillo W.J.  Bcal 

Mi.>.soiiri '  Allt'Bton (!.  NV.  Leltiminii 

yruui'SBOC :  NasUvillo V.  Gattingrr 

Alubiiiiia I  Kcinper'a  mill C.  Mohr 

Ma.ssa(:buRL-tts  — :  North  Heading J.  Robinson 


Missouri ;  Allcnton  G.  VT.  Littflnuan. 


.do. 


I 


.do. 


do  . 


...do 

.  do 

MasHachusotts . . . 
...do  


South  Carolina. 
...  do 


...do  

Mississippi . 


...do... 
G*>or''ia. 
...do... 
Florida  . 
...do    .. 


GravcUv  cHy  — i  Din 

t 
liicli  loam i  S7 j4 

I'pland 8845 

Alluvial 10424 

Drift 0320 


riinty  . 
...do  .. 


8392 
8392 


...do do Eich  upland 8210 

.    do do ' do i  0117 

Danvers i  J.  Robinson |  Eich  loam \  7983 

do do do '  8110 


Bouncau'8 Depot .    H.  W.  Uavencl ...;  Eich, swampy  .. 
...do I do I do  . 


do 


.do j  Swampy  . 


Viclisburg ;  C.  Mohr  . 


...do  

Bainbridgd 

...do 

Chattahoochee. 
...do 


.do. 


1  A.  H.  Cartiss ,  Alluvial 

I 

do ! do  . .. 

j  C  Mohr ■ do  ... 

i.  ..do 


Ilomaiks. 


Triple  flexure ;  middle  deflection 

1'5   millimeters    eccentric  j    U.5 

Hiijvwood. 
Cruslied  at  13  millinieters   knot 

l(i2  niilliincter.s  lYiiai  end. 
TiipU^    diagonal    flexure;      sap- 

\\  cod. 

Failed  at  knot  at  middle;  80  per 

t'l  lit.  sap-wood. 
Cnislied  at  32  millimeters  from 

( nd. 
Triple  flexure  ;  M:tp-wood 


Triple  lli'xore,  diagonal  direction; 

sap.wi  (id. 
Triple!  tlfxure;  niiildh^  deflection 

23  milliuieiei.s  I'rum  ceuttr. 


Trijde  liexuie 
do 


Triple  flexure;  middle  dcflcolion 
23  uHlliineters  from  center;  0.2 
Ba))-uocid. 

Trijiii'  flexure  ;  saji-wood 


.do  . 


Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Crusiied  at  3  niiltinieters  kntit  23 
miilii.K  tern  lium  middle. 

Triple  til  xurc  


do 


I 


.do j  Saint  Jolm's  river    A.  11.  Curtiss Oiandy  loam 7122  1  Triple  tlexur 


9253     Crushed  at  knots  near  middle 

11158  ;  Crushed  at  51  niillinitti'rs  from 
I      middle;  cross-grained. 

8437  i  Triple    flexure,    iliagonal   tlcfli'c. 

[      tion:  80  per  cent,  sap  wood  on 

i      ctinvex  hide. 
7280  I  Tripb'    flexure,   deflected    lingo. 

1      naily  ;  niiudle  liend  23  inillinie. 

I      teis  from  eenier ;  sap-wood. 
7439     Triple  Ilextire  ;  t-ap.woud 

0208     Fibers  erusbed  at  102  millimeters 

from  t  lid. 
7892  I  FilieiH  eruslntl  at  ((  ntillinieters 
knots  \0'2  niilliint'ti  is  tinrn  end. 
6.309     Triple    flexure,   diagonal    dollec. 
I  tion. 

do I  7CC6     Fibers  crushed  at  04  millimeters 

!  I'rom  eml. 


605     Califoruiit  I  Santa  Cru/, I  G.  En^ii'lmann  and 

I                                    I      V.  S.  Sargent. 
003    ...  do do I . . .  do 


Kieb  loam I  7983  1  Crushed  fllieis  at  31  mdlimi  ters 

I            {      from  Miiddte. 
...do 9049  j  Crashed  flb.rsat  eiiddlo 


J 
82 

j 

823; 

82'' 

I 
40  { 

«>< 

40> 

49' I 

49' I 
! 
113 

113» 

113» 


Massachusetts . 

...  do  

Kentucky 

...do 

...do 

Missouri 

...do  

..do 

...do  

...do 


Arnold  Arboretum 

..  do 

iletcer  county... 

Boyle  county 

..  do 

Allentun 

...do 

...do 

..do 

..  do 


Limestone ;  9103 

8074 
7779 


Michigan I  Big  Eaplds  . 

...  do Uansvilla  . . . 


...do 


do. 


C.  S.  Sargent . . 

...do  

\V.  M.  I.inuey. 

. ..  do Shale 

...do I  Slate 

G.W.  Letlorniau   .i  Eich  uplaml 

..  .do    do 

...do !  ...do 

...do I do 

. .  .do I do 

W.J.  ileal '  Gravelly.... 

...do I  Sandy 

...do do 


Drift 3570     DeScrted  and  sidit  along  grain  . . 

...do I  3333  I  Triple  flexure  ;  split  ahing  grain. 

I  I 

Triple  flexure  

do 

Crusiied  flbers  at  end 


0163     Triple  flexure  lUmillittieters  from 

end. 
7702     Triple  flexure 

8137     Triple   flexure,   deflerted    diago. 

na'ly. 
7823     Tripbi  (lexurn 

8301     Crushed  flbers  at  end 

6781     Triple  flexure 

8437    do 

730T     Triplii    flexure,    deflected  dlsgn. 

nully.     , 


t'lB  fioni 


t  wood  ou 

cd    linso- 

»  innUiiio- 
viuui. 


itilliniotciH 


lilliin*  ti  vti 


'tors  from 


il    lUago* 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


447 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


iH 


riiESelRE,  IN  KILOCIRAUP,  nEQUIIlEI)  TO  I'llOUL'CE  AN  INUKNTATIOK,  IN  IIILUUETKIIS,  OF- 


0.45     O.S1 


m. 


m 


\nl  iliiign- 


Wl 


2404 

:268 
2350 

2540 
1U05 
2048 
2971 
1170 


324.1 
3742 

411U 
3198 
4400 
4423 
1760 


O.ftt 


4246 

3047 
4150 

4550 
3011 
4090 
4090 
1028 


1.09 


1.3y   1.99 


4401  I   4662    4831 


3756 
4445 


3083 
4662 


4854  I   5171 


3810  , 

I 

r.376  I 

5307 

2132  i 


4073 

'ieoi 

5602 
2250 


I 


2041 
3130 

2586  j 
I 
I 

2041  , 

2449  ! 

1315  ■ 

2U32  ' 

2132  i 

I 

nil 

1792 
2812 

1474 

2890 

2100  i 
2440  I 
2590 

1678 : 

1496 

1203 

1325 
1474 

1343 
2041 
21('4 
1384 

loni 

J  542 
1 051 
1412 
2318 

::ni8 

t»7 
107H 

1515 


I 


I 


3583 
4473 
4173 

3742 
4173 

2744 
3130 
2094 
2780 

3674 
401-2 

2(107 

4459 

3306 
4028 
4028 
20U3 
2608 

1073 

2449 
2232 

1040 

3230 

s.-ffs 

2041 
2503 
2767  ^ 

3357  I 

1 

!12!1  t 
3200  I 
1774  I 
2486  ' 
2 '41 


4101 

con 

4717 

4281 
4095 

3370 
3484 
3311 
3307 

4480 
4409 


4200 
4831 

5307 
4300 
5924 
5800 
2413 


3633  < 


4740 


4627  I 
5294  j 
5035 


4327  ; 
I 
4920 

3097 
3751 
347S 
3797 


3010 


8225 

I 

4572  5013 
3221  34C5 
3026         3216 


2132 

2767 
2518 

2050 
3388 
4042 
2:01 

3035 
3130 
34)'4 
30."7 

3i:o 
3:r8 

11132 
•.(■■14 
2513 


2976 
2713 

2-.'18 
34-8 
4446 
2440 
32C6 
31:20 
3751 
3311 

•.■^3 

3f01 
2  ro 
21  ro 

2681 


4831 
5J25 
6307 

4649 
5149 

3828 
4073 
3020 


4899  I   5194 
4067  '•      4800 


3089    3420  :   3538 
4990    5283    5470 


4057 
5479 
5316 
3583 
3330 

23M 

3198 
2835 

2313 
3570 
4808 
2563 
3370 
3:52 
3040 
3.-C0 
3738 
3n«0 
2100 
3112 
2654 


5058 
6738 
5537 

4899 
5262 

4032 
4350 
3761 


1.98  9.03  I  3.38  j  3.S4  4.81   3.08 


5013    5140    5280 


4332 
5013 

5512 
4527 
6105 
6010 
2531 


4486 
5210 

6670 
4672 
6386 
6100 
2613 


4604 
5421 


5412  j 

4708 
5588 


I 


5851 

5933 

4854 

4080 

6577 

6750 

6341 

6568 

2703 

2840 

6305 

6600 
6782 

7802 
7756 
3348 


Itemai'ks. 


Sheared  flbrrfi;  aapwocHl. 


r 


Sliruicil  tibiTM;  ii]ilit  at  eud;  specimen  120  millimc- 

tei'K  hma. 
Slinari'd  libera ;  sap-wood 


6023 

7167 

7167 
6150 
8523 
8483 
3583     Slight  Hheariiig  of  fibers  I  split  at  end. 


Slif^lit Hheariu^ of  fiberH;  40  percent,  sap-wood. 

do 

Fibers  did  nut  slic-ar ;  sap-wood 

do 


3992  I   420tl 


5421 
5108 

3720 

6851 

4106 
5696 
6625 
3738 
3476 


3348  ! 

I 
2026  ; 

I 

2354  ' 

I 

3633  ! 

5080  ! 

2600  I 

3447  I 

i 

3774  , 

4114  I 

3701  ; 

3806  ! 

4173  i 

21f8 

i 
3207 

2713 


6285  ! 

I 

5060  1 

I 
5770  I 

6067 
5579 

4146 
4427 
3910 
4527 

5034 
5389 

3015 

6023 

4386 
5946 
6tii7 
3810 
3603  I 


2480    2646 


3479 
3057 

2490 

3742 

5330 

I 

2867 
3583  J 
3C37 
4332 
3937  , 
3078  j 
4300  j 
2263 
3'.'98 
2776 


5316  , 
6149  I 
5033  ; 

5248  I 
5770  I 

! 

4314 
4672 
4037 
4681 


4.522 
6214 
6023 
3910 
3620 

2640 

3615 
3130 

2.'81 
3842 
5.539 
2080 
3002 
4110 
4405 
4105 
4110 
4405 
2400 
3307 
1800 


5702  , 

6314 

6159 

5512  j 
.5878 

4445 
4«04 
41.50 
4901 


5738    5996 
51525  I   5715 


3074  j   4233 
0101  i   6310 


4072 


6:'92 
8983 
3607 

2713 

3710  ; 
32.57  , 

2672 

.-iOJl 

.5711 

3075 

3720  j 

4268 

4672  ', 

4300 

4200 

4080 

2308 

3484 

3030 


5883 
0382 
6373 

5606 
6060 

4545 
4895 
4210 


0164 

5851 

4290 

6423 

4877 
6509 
6410 
4110 
3788 

2758 

3707  i 
3370  ! 

2722 
4040 
5906 
3139  I 
3810  i 
4400 
4872  , 


6840  I 

I 

7521 
7486 

6500 
7031 

5376 
57.18 
4080 


7303 
0895 


7190 

50U3 
7653 
7!)53 
4672 
4219 

3311 

4490 
3847 

3160 
4446 
0713 


4210 

508U 
6861 


4482 

6202  i 

4206 

4922  1 

4826 

5070 

2427 

2740  1 

3588 

4210 

3075 

3134 

7303 
8047 
8097 


Slight  shearing  of  iibers. 
, do 


-do. 


7,1.54 
7648 

6851 
6292 

5489 


do. 


.do. 


.do. 


8006  I 
7304 

5479 

7750 

6166 
7892 
8210 
5033 
4513 


do 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  libers  ;  split  at  end  . 

Slight  biiearing  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

do ; 


Sheared  fibers;  sap-wood 


do. 


254 

280 
348 

8 
6 

88 
8S 
121 
288 
442 
538 
1051 

1168 
1168 

.1     153 

.|     163 

.|    838 

838 

237 
237 

12» 

302 

362 


.  I 


Sheared  fibers ,  74* 

do '  740 

do 017 

do ,  017 


3700 

4740 
4173 

3.'>20 
4672 
7212 


.do. 


Sheared  fibers;  3  niillimetei'S  knot  in  indented  koc- 

tinn. 
Sheared  fibers 


4653 

.5087 
5579 
53.")3 
60.50 
295;i 
4513 
3810 


do. 
do. 
do. 


Slight  sbiMiringof  fibers;  split  at  end 

Sheared  filters 

Sll;;tit  shearing  of  llliers  ;  split  at  end  . . . . 

Slieared  AIkts  

Fibers  did  not  shear 

Slieiired  llliers 

do... 

do 


do- 


58e 

005 

COS 

8 
8 
33 
82» 
32» 
40 
40 
401 
40« 
40' 
113 
113» 
113« 


I    'I 


«  1^ 


H 


f   I. 


I 


r, 


'£::•  s 


448 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PBINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Species. 


\T 


$-:f       ! 


SSI.  Qnercna  alba— continned . 


252.  Qmuiialiibala 

^y|lile  Oak.     Weeping  Oak. 


203.  Qiicrciis  Garrynoa  . 
ir/it(e  Oak. 


254.  QiioiTusnlitiiHiloLa 

I'oil  Oak.    Iron  Oak. 


25S.  QiiiTciin  undulata,  tar.  Gam- 
IkIM. 
Sertib  Oak. 


\'      I 


28B.  (Jiifrcim  nmrrorarp.»         

llurr  Oak.  itotii/cup  Oak. 
Otcr-cup  OaK. 


State. 


238 

238 

250 

250 

251 

251 

259' 

259' 

403 

403 

443  . 

547  I 

647  ' 

748 

749 

749 


Locality. 


Collector. 


H.  W.  Baveuel . 
...do  


South  Carolina 

...do 

Tii'f;iiiiu 

...do 

..do 

...do  

...do 

...do 

Uai'.vlaud 

...do (.  .."do 

Tcnucsacc i  JfasbviUo I  .\.  Galtir.^er 

Alabama Ki."m\icr'8  mill C.  ilobr 


Bonncau'a  Depot 

...do 

i 
Wytbcvillo 1  II.  Shrivcr 

..  do i do 

...do ) do 

...do do 

...do I — do 

...do do 


SoU. 


ill 

f.it| 
pi 


...'  ChailostowuNavy.  S.  II.  I'ook  . 
^^'"-        i..du 


...do 

Florida 

...do  

...do 

MosHacliMselta 


...do 

Cbattaboocbco- 

...do 

..  do 


1050  I 

1050 

I 
1267 

1267 

670 
070 

986 

985 

988 

B8> 

1027 

1027 

1029 

1020 


....do      

do North  Koadiii;; 

. .  do    ! do 


Clmricstown  Navy 

yard. 
...  do  


California 
...do , 


Hcddiiig 
..  do  ... 


I 


.  do 

A.  H.  Curtisa  . 
.  do 

..do 

M.  C.  Bccu.o  .. 


..do 

J.  Kubiusun 

...do 

S.  II.  Took  . . 
...do  


Kich,  damp  loam. .  10024 

...do 0G17 

Clay '10020 

...do '  9869 

7570 
0940 
GiavfUy 
...do... 


Bomarka. 


l^icb  bottom  . 

Alluvial 

...do  

Clay 

...do  

...do  


I  i .  It.  Vasey I  G  raTelly  luam . 

do |....do 


Oregou    I  Woidlii'asaw.iuill   O.  Eusclmannaml  1 

I                                       C.  S.  Sargcut.       . 
..do !-..  do do 


..  do Portland 

..  do I do    .. 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do  


37'    Kentucky  . 


I 


37» 
1.^1 
161 
250 
361 
361 
771 
771 

417 
417 
526 
626 

79 
79' 


do. 


South  Carolina  .. 
do 


rortbind  Fumlturc 

Co'iipnuy. 
— do !.  


.do. 
.do. 


...do I  Jlich  loam  . 

. .  .do do 

...do  

...do 

..  do 

...do 


Hamidsburg 

...do  

Bonueau'B  Depot. 
...do    


9730 

8437 

8799 

0049 

0532 

8890 

9520 

8033  . 

8119 

7847 

7621 

0396 
7485 
7303 
9480 
8302 

7053 
0532 

7892 
8256 
7847 
7430 
8183 
8483 
8754 
763U 


Ti  iple  flexure 

Cinslud  at  89  millimeters  from 

end. 
Cru.shpd  nt  13  niillimt'ters  fiora 

nii'ldlo. 
Crualii  d  at  niiddlt?;  .split  pcipcn- 

dictiliu  tu  iiu<;H. 
Citislicd  ou  vm^  f;u"n  at  '-Ti  niilli- 

ineturH  fnim  iiiiddK*. 
Criislicil  nL  IC  niilliii.-f-ti'rs   knot 

fit  iiiiliinieters  I'rom  (  ud. 
Ti  iple  dia{;iiual  lloxurc 


.do. 


Fiber.s  rru.licd  in  (diliquo  lines 

at  middio  and  at  nnls. 
riln rs  ciUMhcd  at  32  niiUinu'tcrs 

tVdni  rnd. 
Delloi'tod  at  102  millimeter.s  ironi 

end  :  snlit  at  viu\. 
Tripio    tloxurc;  niiddlo    brnd  25 

niiIlii:U'tois  linm center. 
do 


Cni.sbod  (Ibers  »t  32  niillinietora 

I'tom  eid. 
Triple    ll.-xuio,   deflected    di.igo. 

naliy. 
Tri]>le    flexure,   defleelcd    diajio. 

n.'.lly:  knot  iit  miilill.'. 
Cnisli'ed  lit  MJ  niillinii-'er.H  from 

Did;  (^plit  from  aiii  h>  t  ud  per* 

,11  udieular  t<»  iin.>. 
Sjilit  tVoni  end  to  end,  opening 

Kensuii  4'iael<a. 
Crushed  (ilv  IS  at  32  miilimctera 

fnim  end 
Tiiple  tiexure 


.do 


CriiKlicd  Alters  at  .'^2  millinietera 
IVoui  end. 

Cj"  -iboil  at  C  niUliineteirt  knot.H 

;>!  niillinieterH  fioin  t  nd. 
Crushed  at  end  in  \icinU\  of  knots 


Triple  flexure :  bearing  dcleeiive 
do 


Triple  flexure,  deflected  towarci 

heart. 
Tri!)lu    flexure,    dcflceti'd     from 

heart. 
Crufhid  at  127  niillinieters  from 

end  and  split  alon;^  grain. 
Triple  flexure 


.do. 
.do  . 


Missanri I  Allenton . . 

Alabaum |  Citronelle 

..  do : do 

I 
Florida    |  Aspalaga  . 

..  do do 


W.  M.  Liuney Sbale |  7462 

do ' do 6641 

H.  W.  Karcnel . . .  {  lUch  upland 10002 

..   .do ' do 8709 

CW. Letternmn..'  «;lay ]  8437 


C.Mohr 

...do 

A.  n.  CurtisR  . 
..  do 


New  Mexico I'inos  Altoa  monnt- 

nius. 
...do do 


Colorado . 
...do  .... 


Kentucky  . 
..  do 


Engelmann's  caDun. 
....do ' 


E.  L.  Greene 

...do  

Robert  Douglas. . . 
...do 


do I  6078 

do I  0305 

Gravelly  barrona  .  8018 

do 7870 


Mercer  connty. 
...do 


W.M.Linuoy. 
...do 


Btcky . 
...do.. 


Alluvial 
...do... 


7439 
7061 

eeoi 

4681 

8392 
8119 


..do  . 


Cnished  at  8  iiiillinn  tera  knot  at 

niiitdle. 
Trii>le  dexure 


.do. 


Triple  flexure  {  split  along  grain. 

Cnishod  at  102  uiilUaieters  from 
«-imI  and  split  aloni:  priiin. 

Crijshed  at  6  niilliiMi  ti  is  knot 
}U1  mllliMirtt.s  from  end. 

Triple  flexure 


.do 


Crushed  at  25  nillllineters  from 

mhldle  at  3  niiiliiiu'lern  knot. 
Triple  flexuie.'  split  aloug  grain 

Cnisbeil  at  knots  32  millimeters 
friim  middle  <dry  rot). 


Trlpla  flexure. 
do    


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATK;;  UNDKI!  CO^ll'liKSSlON— Coiitiiau-d. 


1-19 


l'ltK»»UllK,   IX   K1I.()..KASIS,  KKgLIllBU  TO   lliODirK   AN   INHKNTMION,  IN   MlLLlMKriiRK,  OF- 


f      0.4.3      0.51      0.7«      t.Oi      l.jr      l.fSJ      l.}-S      j.O.'l      -J.-iS      i.-li      4.M1      S.OH 


Komarke. 


1^     iim 


in        ^3 
Ipil         USX 


S15 


ifao 


13 1 


Lii 


hiini 


(E5! 


1^ 


m 


li 


■-■•l'J7 

in.-.i 


2)im 


11711 

.■nil 


1!I41 

urn 


■j2-.';t 


i:w4 

IHUO 


2.1UI 


llf.'H 


IHIII 


^580 
I. "147 


248i> 


tsoo 


KOI 


au 


2:ill 


»U85 
:i81.-> 


2707 


mill 


2K5H 


'.IIM 


:i2H4 
3:175 


4rii» 

2(1711 


:iHiu 

244U 


;t47ii 


21171 
27iiri 


3447 

S747 


30r.7  I 


;i;!it 


:iiiin 

2622 


::!I74 
2IN17 


1:111 


2|K(1 

mill 


S2I2 


2085 


:1742 


:i,-)l.-. 


:i842 
42:17 


2767 


:r;.-i7 


:i(i2i 


2048 


m 


28iW 


;)i)26  I 
:io2i  ' 


:ilii2  I 


4:100 
:)284  i 


:M47 

:i47o 


270B 


:t8:i7  i 
:i4>'4  i 


;i507 

4S27 


:i742 


42i8 


4110 
4Tl'4 


:i4:iH 


;i47ii  I 


:i23(» 


ariiu 


2410 

4:1:10 


;i574 


;!0I2  : 


4028  j 
3742  1 


4024 
3ir,7 


4401 

3788 


3(180 


4(m,'> 


;iiu7 


:i7ii2 

:i724 


I24II 
4527 


:t484 


3248 
44U8 


28.-18 


3102 
:ilOO 


2023  I       2150  I      2803 


:1343 


4881 
3007 


:I056 


701 


4182  ' 
I 
3005 


4240 

:i237 


4005 

:io«o 


4013 

:il25 


4880 


4527 


44:16 


:»147 


30,13  •      :i747 


:)738 

3048 


39;i3  ; 

:i:)t4  : 


:i842 
3751 


:|842 

3HU2 


3:107 


4:140 
4155 


:i42r> 

4831 


4110 


:i20l 


41:10 


Olio 


4250 
15511 


:i8oi 

3037 


3405 


4078 


:i4ll 

3048 


:i0,s:i 


44115 
4300 


4:;05        43U1 


3407 
4000 


42l'.4 
4022 


:i402 


4581 
MllS 


50:15 


4744 

;j4(i(i 


442:1 


4U5:i 


:ioio 
410ft 


422:1 

358:i 


4!I9II 


4114 
4042 


5SS 


5570 
(1482  I 


5:1:10 
5208 


5308 


5007 


4273 


70:11      Slight  sliL'iiriiiK  "I'lilii'l's- 
iSli-iht  BllOJllill};-  (tl'lilnMr  : 


(In 


238 

split  iit  end ,    238 

I    250 


Filii-rs  iliil  not  NlH'iii';  H)>lit  nt  oiiil 


250 


4f!IO     Slu'iiri'il  lilicMs I    251 


11)01 


440(1 


Slight  slieariuii  iif  lUniin;  Hplit  at  t-ud  . 
SIhiiioiI  lilt(M-B:  Hplit  .It  end    


231 

2591 


Wtf" 


403 


.^piit  111  i'IkI -.. 

40:17    Shiiiicil  lil.iMs  44:1 

02110         7045     Slit,lil  slc<);iiiiii;  111' libera 547 

5025        0033     Slmhl  sli.riiiiiK  111' liliCTSi  split  litem'  547 

748 


Spill  ill  I  imI 


T:{0I      Iniluittil  w  il-li.ml  HliPiiiitiii  fllicra 


740 


4044 

4545 


4H.5-I     Shrai'i'il  lilu'i's;  split  at  8ulo  of  atick 


Slican-d  lilM'is . 


5470 
4404 


4240 


Sliulit  .sliiaiillKof  Hl)i" 


5042      Kiliol-s  did  not  sin 


Slit'al'fd  lilii'is. 


4513 


4890  ' 


.5747 
0004 


4017 

4:1:12 

48.54 

5070 

0214 

.5570 

5878 

5330 

5897 

4:177 

4705 

0123 

nooo 

5:108 



6000 

(i:ihO 

118.50 

5701 

0214 

Hid  lift  sloar  lihi-rs  ;  split  at  end 


12.57 


070 


Slij;lil  nIi, 


Slieaied  tilu 


iil'lili.ra;  splitatend :    070 


I 


do 

ai'fd  IUm'I'.s:  spt'ciiiit'ii  split  into  two  pieci'H 


d  lilii-rs  ;  split  at  I'lu 


Sluan-d  liliris 

Slicaivd  tillers:  split  at  end 


llrS 
088 


1027 
1(127 


1(.29 
10211 


Sli«lii  , 


liim  111'  lUiers. 


5579  ! Split  at  end  i  lllieis  did  not  slienr  151 


5400  I 
5180 


0,106        0872  ]  Slifilit  slieariiit;oltllierR 

0:100      :   Killers  did  liel  slnal  :   split  at  end 


447:1        40110  ;  .SlisUt  siie.iriiij.  el'  tiller 


351 
351 


.50(1(1 


5800     .Sheared  tilie) 


.11102     Slitlit  sheariiid  of  lllier 


001(1 


dii 


.-llr|3 


.5042 


.5210 


0.305     Slieaied  tlliers 


5171 


do 


Sll)(lit  slieuriiix  111'  Hbera. 


7»» 


t 


I: 


'»)  von 


450 


Si' I 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEUAVlOll  OF  THE  PKINGIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Speoica. 


256.  Qaercna  maorocnrpa— cont'd. 


2.^7.  QtiprciiH  lyratft 

Overcup  Oak.     f!i  amp  Poal 
Oal:    Water  },iiUeOak. 


258.  Querciis  bicolnr 

Swamp  White  Oak. 


£50.  QnirciiH  IttichniixH 

JIatket  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 


260.  Qiii'rnts  Priniis  . 
Chietniit  Oak. 
nut  Oak. 


Bock  Cheit- 


261.  Qiicrrns  prinoides 

TcUlw  Oiik.    Chettnut  Oak. 
Uliiiiquapin  Oak. 


M2.  QnorciiH  I)()tij.'IaHU 

Uiiuiiluiik  H'AiM  OaJk. 
oak. 


JBlu^ 


State. 


L 


137 

143 

31(1 

310 

43S 

831 

0^13 

033 

1071 

1072 

1073 

424 
424 
545 
515 
702 
762 

12 
12 
54 
54 
54« 
54' 
840 
£46 

240 
240 
624 
524 
783 

755 

31 

31' 

35 

434 

o:;5 

025 


Missouri. 


Locality. 


Allcnt'in. 


Illinois {  Waukouau . 


Texas  

...do 

Tunuessee . 
Illinois  — 

Tuxos 

...do  

Yennont... 

...do  

..do 


Tennessee  . . 

..do 

Mississippi . 

...do  

Florida 

...do 


MassacliuButts 
...do 

Missouri 

....do 

....do 

...do 

Mussacliasctts . 
...do 


Soutli  Carolina  . 

..do 

Alabama 

...do 

Florida 


.do 


Keutiicliy  . 

...do 

...do 

Tennessee . 
Alabama  . . 
. .  do 


4  I  Kentucky 


34< 
273 
2ii7 
323 
614 
614 


...  do 

MiR.«ouri 

..do 

Ti-.XM 

Tonnrisee  . . 
....do 


088  i  Calirornia  . 


t(« 


do. 


Dallas 

...do 

Nasbvillo 

Winnebago  county 

Austin 

...do    

Charlotte 

...do 

..do 


Nasbrille A.  Gattingor. 

do do 


Collector. 


G.  W.  Lottorman. 
liobcrt  Douglas.. 

J.  Reverchon 

...do 

A.  Gattingor 

M.S.Bubb 

C.Mohr 

..do 

C.  G.  Tringlc 

..  do 

...do  


Kenjppr's  niili . . . 

...do 

Cbattaboochee... 
...do 


Arnold  Arboretum 

...do  

Allenton 

...do  

...do  

...do  

West  Ncwbuiy  ... 
Arnold  Arboretum 

Dunneau's  Depot . 

...do  

Kemper's  mill 

...do  

Cbattalioocbee 


do  . 


Bojlo  cnuuty  . 

..do 

...do 

Noahvillo 

Cullman 

...do 


C.Mobr , 

..do 

A.  II.  Curtiss  . 
..  do 


C.  S.  Sargent .... 

..do 

G.  W.  Lettcrman. 

...do  

..do 

...do 

J.  Koliinson 

C.  S.  Sargent 


U.  W.  Rurenul . 

...do  

C.Mobr 

...do 

A.  II.  Curtiss  .. 


.do  . 


W.  M.  Linnoy  . 

...do  

...do    

A.  Galtinger  .. 

C.Mobr 

...do  


Mercer  county ]  W.  M.  Linnay  . . . 


Unjle  cciunty | do 


Sou. 


Moist  upland  . 

Uich 

Kicb,  moist . . . 

...do 

Allnviol 

Loam 

AUoTial 

...do 


Low 

...do.... 
Alluvial  . 
..do... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 


Drift 

...do 

Alluvial 

...do  

...do 

...do 

Low,  swamp; 
Drift 


Alluvial  . 
...do  .... 
...do... 
...do.... 
..do  .... 


do  . 


Shale 

...do  

Limestone 

Rocky  upland  . . 

Dry,  rocky 

...dD 


Limestone . 


Alleuton.. 

...do 

Dallnn  .... 
NasbvUle. 
...do  


,  O.  AV.  IiettcrmaD  . {  LiintHtuiiL' 


do I  Flinty        ., 

Calcareous. 


J.  Jleverclion 
A.  Gattiugcr. 
...do 


Cont  ra 

county. 
...do 


Costo     G.  K.  Voaoy  . 
.do 


T 


Alluvial  . 
...do    ... 


g  rt  « 


9  "B 

O  P.ac 
M 


Clay.. 
....do. 


Waveriy  shale 


8754 
7076 
8600 
8700 
7265 
8256 
7053 
6613 
7083 
7326 
7038 

5511 
7303 
8523 
87,M 
7756 
0344 

7530 

7:i2 

8506 
8500 
7083 
8437 
7(122 
7421 

6418 

77.-e 

7B47 
7083 
70.18 

8346 

8777 
0208 
lO.lOO 
5042 
0200 
7802 

7038 

1M22 
86K) 
0270 
016J 
0117 
02,13 


Remarka. 


Triple  flexure 

do 

Triple  flexure ;  split  at  end 

Crushed  at  middleof  one  fr   a 

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago. 

n;illy. 
Cruslied  at  10  mMlimetors  ft-om 

euil. 
Crushed  in  vicinity  of  3  millime. 

ters  knot. 
Triple  flexure,    deflected  diajo- 

nally. 
, do , 


Triple  flexure 

Triple  flexure,    deflected    diago- 
nally. 

Spilt  oldiquely  across  the  grain ; 

erofts.urnined. 
Crushed  and  split  at  ends 


Crushed  at  middle  of  one  face 

Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Cruslied  near  middle;  stick  worm- 
eaten. 

Crushed  near  middle 


Triple  flexnre ;  split  along  grain . 

Crushed  fibers  at  end  

Triple  flexure ;  split  along  grain . 
Triple  flexure 


Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Filii'is  enislied  at  ()4  uiillinieters 
from  eiicl. 

Triple  flexure,  detiectid  diago. 
luilly. 

Ti  Iple  flexure 


Triple  flexure;  split  along  grain. 

do 

Triple  flexure 


Triple  flexure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 

Triple  flexure  at  8  niilUmeteiB 
knot  Iii2  mlllimitert  Ircini  end  of 
ciuieave  Hide;  Hplil  al  end. 

Triple  llesure,  deflected  diago- 
nally. 


Crushed  fibers  at  middle. 
Cruslied  tiliera  at  eud 


rnisliid  fibers  iil  ;I2  and  at  127 

millinii-(e^  ■«  fiuni  ■  ml. 
C  nulled  an  J  split  at  end... 


Crimhi  li  fibers  at  76  millimeters 

tVnin  end 
Spilt  ateiid;  iiu»B  grained 


Triple  flexure;  middle  bend  25 
niilliiiM  ter^  fioiu  center;  do- 
liectnl  i'limi  lieillt. 

Cnislii  il  ui  fi  niiliiuielers  knot  80 
mdl'  III  ti  r.H  I'liini  end. 

Cninliid  imd  split  at  end 


Ttiplft    llixuie,     drflc-tcd    fioui 

li.iirl. 
Di  llei  ted  Tninilil;neleiH  from  end 

and  iplil  iiliuig  t'niiu 
Triple  flexuie,  ilcfleet        •    ...>.! 

Iieait, 
do 


8700  I  Cr»«bed  liber;*  at  61  r  !.li  u  ten> 

I      frnr   •■■  ■'die. 
i>117  I  Ciusl.    I       ei8  nearn''rti;i.-    . 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


451 


[  grain. 


(liiiBo- 


(liago- 


lit  127 


(■ml  25 
<lo- 

aiot  80 


fldUl 

itm  end 

.,,-,..Tj 

1 

I 


rnXBBUUE,  IK  KILCOBAMB,  REgUIIUtU  TO  rRODUCB  AH  IM>EKTATION,  IN  MILLIMETKRB,  OF— 


0.33 


mui 


m 


2676 
740 
1170 
1078 
1060 
1542 
1700 
1078 
C078 
2744 

looe 

2858 
2481 
1452 
2078 
2041 
1461 

1005 
1343 
1087 

2313 
1028 
2001 
1051 

1040 
2350 
1800 
1202 
3057 

1860 

215,-) 
1542 
186(1 
2245 
1452 
1050 

1588 

1024 
2613 
2223 


1170 
2404 

2707 
176t 


O.Sl 


3887 
2070 
2254 
270O 
2835 
2540 
2840 
2020 
3566 
3456 
2885 

4500 
4105 
1706 
2071 
2631 
2050 

2640 
2073 
2776 
2921 


2368 
3'J30 
3108 

2767 
3030 
2540 
2050 
3050 

2004 

3260 
2177 
3452 
3320 
2070 
2080 

2080 

3100 
3847 
3348 


707 


4808 
8720 


o.re 

1.0!) 

4341 

4817 

3184 

3420 

2654 

2812 

2080 

3134 

2935 

3160 

2858 

2967 

3148 

3361 

3300 

3574 

3000 

4336 

3652 

3937 

3280 

3470 

5180 

6600 

4740 

5102 

2068 

2254 

8320 

3574 

2020 

3180 

2313 

2563 

2740 

2008 

2322 

2405 

3071 

3311 

3320 

3683 

3520 

3683 

2580 

2744 

3652 

3010 

3538 

3856 

3044 

3330 

34C2 

3720 

2867 

2048 

2:i41 

2572 

4002 

44^2 

3434 

3847 

3383 

3074 

2504 

2713 

3070 

4042 

33'I7 

3074 

3U30 

3270 

3325 

3520 

3311 

3402 

3503 

3783 

4219 

4495 

3007 

3051 

3425 

3705 

4281 

4550 

0042 

6373 

4401 

4900 

Lsr 


5107 
3583 
3U80 
3350 
3303 
3134 
3484 
3715 
4604 
4150 
3701 

5847 
0010 
2422 
3833 
3300 
2722 

3094 
2076 
3579 
3955 
3702 
2935 
4190 
4040 

3547 
3078 
3130 
2770 
4744 

4173 

oOOl 
2021 
4300 
384  J 
3434 
3720 

3501 

3002 
4854 
4164 


1.53 


5403 
3792 
3230 
3535 
S5:'5 
3248 
3C05 
3850 
4044 
4341 
3882 

6196 
5860 
2017 
30011 
3529 
2985 

3230 
2844 
3742 
4100 
3042 
3094 
4445 
4287 

3074 
4150 
3280 
2030 
4090 

4409 

3l. 

3075 

4531 

3083 

3574 

3878 

3701 

4100 
6103 
4380 


I 


3969 
4804 

6713 
(262 


4104 
6044 

7008 
6466 


t.78 


5622 
3033 
3434 
3692 
3638 
3456 
3779 
4028 
5035 
4518 
4114 

0373 
0112 
2700 
4114 
3061 
3157 

3370 
2970 
4014 
45U0 
3083 
3248 
4604 
4020 

3878 
4180 
3447 
311G 
5171 

4072 

«.iO 
3230 
4020 
4037 
3720 
4033 

3842 

4382 
5202 
45C3 


9.03 


4430 
6210 

7248 
5707 


6915 
4042 
3002 
3792 
3792 
3024 
2882 
4155 
5252 
4613 
4291 

6500 
6364 
2035 
4206 
3751 
3329 

3534 
3125 
4178 
4717 
4237 
3388 
4735 
4780 

4028 
4058 
3606 
3201 
5;  10 

4008 

4101 
3379 
4880 
4140 
3856 
4100 

3928 

4560 
5498 
5753 


4527 
5398 

7512 
6942 


3.38 


6033 
4178 
3801 
3937 
3919 
3750 
3904 
4237 
5430 
4709 
4301 

6000 
6559 
3062 
4430 
3882 
3438 

3015 
3201 
4360 
4044 
4332 
3520 
4944 
4071 

414G 
4849 
3720 
3375 
6015 

5120 

4300 
3470 
4007 
4191 
3978 
4287 

4024 

4708 
5070 
4904 


4717 
6679 

7750  i 
6214 


3.94 


4355 
3910 
4028 
3983 
3001 
4004 
4314 
5570 
4009 
4613 

6722 
6605 
3157 
450O 
3933 
£593 

3729 
3348 
4554 
5149 

4441 

3601 

5008 
5158 

43U9 
6008 
3842 
3461 
0793 

6204 

4300 
3038 
5J02 
4246 
4073 
44:10 

4150 

4872 
6838 
51»7 


4877 
5717 

7028 
6300 


4.81 


7530 


4717 
4653 
4881 
4690 
1763 
6062 
0577 
0078 
5307 

7847 
7666 
3720 
6443 
4650 
4336 

4346 


5470 
0100 
5035 
4355 
0078 
0123 

60S0 
6U33 
4382 
4028 
6849 

6200 

4705 


S.08 


7038 


5126 
5153 
5353 


6068 
5307 
7145 
6668 
6806 

8119 
8074 


5652 
4990 
4026 
5033 

4831 

S700 
703 1 
6851 


6820 
0985 

9026 
7600 


6806 
4000 


0450 
5025 


6459 
6759 


6577 


4332 
7394 

6827 


Kemarks. 


Slight  nlienrlDf;  of  fibers 

Short  specimen,  120  millimeters  long;  split  at  ends  ■ 

Slight  shearing ;  split  at  ends 

Slight  shearing 

Sheared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers 

do 

do 

do 

do 


do 

Sheared  filters 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  I  spilt  at  end  . 

Shtarud  fibers 

do 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 


Slight  ahcariug  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . 

, do 

Fibers  did  not  shear ;  split  at  end 

Slight  sbeitriug  of  fibers 

Slicnred  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end. 

Filn'in  did  not  shear 

do 


Slight  shearing  of  Qbersi  split  at  end. 

Filters  did  uotsbonr 

Fibers  dill  not  shear;  split  at  end 

Fillers  (lid  uut  shear , 

Slight  sboiiriiig  of  fibers 


do. 


6285 


Slight  sliearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end.. 

Split  at  ends 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end 

do 


6298  i  Slight  shearinc  of  fibers  . 


:  Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end. 

7756     Sheared  libers 


137 
143 
810 
810 
432 
831 
933 
933 
1071 
1072 
1073 

424 
424 
545 
545 
762 
702 

li 
12 
64 
54 
54« 
54« 
846 
846 

240 
240 
624 
624 
765 

755 

31 
31" 
35 
434 
025 
025 

34 

34« 
273 
287 
323 

6160     Slight  sliearing  of  fibers j    514 

7430  ; do 614 


6000     SliiNind  Qbirs;  i'ldvu  ted  soetion  covers  3  millimeters 
knot. 


I! 


f  '.: 


9934  1 do 688 

I 

8392  1  Fibort  did  not  shear 688 


^^"rawfpww 


'h 


^ . , 


i 


mU 


1' «; 


452 


FORES^J^  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Taulk  v.— behavior  op  the  PllINOlPAL  WOODS  OF  TUE 


Species. 


State. 


2(13.  Qnei  Ills  oblongifolla ' 

While  Oak. 

I 

-04.  QnerctiH  jrrisoa ' 

While  Oak. 

1 
2(!0.  Qucrciis  Durandii 

I 

J 
I 

i 

267.  Quorciis  virona ' 

Live  Oak.  I 


288.  Qiu'icua  clnypolepis 

Live  Oak.   Haul  Oak. 
paraito  Oak. 


Vol- 


055 
655 


lion 

1103 

I 
1103  I 

t 

404  ! 

1 
I'M 


Cnlifnniia. 
....do 


Arizona  , 

Tuxns  ... 
.  ...do  ..., 
...do... 


Locality. 


San  Uiugo  county 
...do 


Santa  Rita  nioiint- 
ninB. 

AiiBtiu 

...do 

..do 


Collector. 


Soil. 


as. 

.n'-'.S 
9  ■•    - 

-  c-o 

i-af 


G.  B.  Vnaey !  Dry,  gravelly. 

. .  .do ; do 


G.  Knci'li:  annand    Dry,  rocky  . 
0.  S.  Siir):('ut. 


S.  I).  Buckley |  Damp,  calcareous 

. .  do do 

do ' do 


Florida Charlostown  Navy-   S.  IT.  Puok 

do I  Saint  Jolm'sriver.!  A.  U.  Curtiss. 


Sandy 


*J00    (Jui'ri'Ur*  Kinorvi 

Jilack  Oak.    ' 

270.  QtuTcuH  aj;ritblia 

Enceno.    Coast  Live  Oak 

271.  QiierciKS  Wislizeui 

lAve  Oak. 

272.  Qiit'i-cus  rubra 

Red  Oak.    Black  Oak. 


372,  QncrcuH  rubra,  var.  Toxana. 
I/ed  Oak. 


27J.  l/uta'cuH  c(K!cini*a  . 
Senrlft  Oak. 


799 
819 
919 
954 
954 

040 
640 
653  , 
053 

654 

663 
663 

685 

685  ' 

7 
7  I 

45  I 

45 

45''' 

80 

89 

02 
140 
141 
146 
215 
215 
217 
217 
218 
920 
920 
1043 
1043 

931 

931 


do do 

Alabama Mobile  county 

do do 

Texaa Matngorda  bay 

do do 


Caliloruia. . 

...do 

....do 

...do  


San  Heruardino  . 
...  do  

Murin  county 

....do 


do do 

C.  Mobr Eich,  sandy . 

do I  — do 

do [  Sandy  loam . 

do ! do 


W.G.  Wrinht 

...do 

G.  K.  Voscy 

...do 


Arizona '  Santa  llit;i  numnt ■  G.  Enp'lmunn  and 

aiUM.                     ]  C.  .S.  tSiirgont. 
I                                    i 

California Marin  county j  G.lt.Va9By 

do ; ilo I do 


.do ;  Auburn 


..do  . 


do  . 


Masstichusctts i  Arnold  Arboretum 

....do '....do 

Kentucky Mercer  county — 

do    ! — do 

...do    do 


G.  Kuficlraauu 
...do  


C.  S.  .Sargent . . 

...do 

W,  M.  Uniiey. 

...do 

..do 


Gravelly. 
...do  .... 


0260 
7621 

7666  j 

9140  I 
7892 
8618  : 

10478  , 
0707  i 

9034 
8105  ■ 
8036 
C.')77 
74;il) 

8S45 
0480 
0072 
7483 


liemarkn. 


Stick     Hbnttercii       t     HcnHoniii^ 

crackrt. 
Stick  Hbattcrcd  at  knots  and  sea. 

.soiiin*.^  crackn. 

Ciusbi'd  at  3  niilliniitcrH  knot  '.''> 
millimotcrH  I'nuu  end. 

Triple  tiexuro ;  split  along  grain . . 

Crusbcd  at  knots  51  niilIimoter» 

tVtun  i-ntl. 
Failed  lit  knolH  51  and  76  milliiiio.  ; 

tcrfl  from  cud.  ' 

Cru.Hlicd  at  uiiddlc  and  Hplit ;  cru.s.s. 

(iriiincil. 
Cru.Hlifd  lilnTH  at  115  millimeter.^ 

from  midiili'  and  at  -5  milliiiii'- 

tcr.H  fi'oui  cud. 
Triple  (Icxuio;  dovclopcd  inter- 

Hccting  "Cooper  linen". 
Ciu.-^hed  tiliei-H  atend;  B]>litalong 

Hide. 
Cru.Hlieil  tillers  at  middle,  6  milli- 

lueters  ftoin  knot. 
CimhIkmI  in  vieinity  of  knots  102 

niillinieters  fVoni'end.  1 

Triple  II  ex  lire [ 


Ciuslied  fibers  at  32  millinuiters 

t'roin  miildle. 
Crushed  tlliursat  end 


Crushed  at    knot  .ll  millinicti<rs 

from  middle. 
Cruslied  at    knot  64  niillinietera 

fnini  end. 


Dry,  rocky 0759     Cruslied  atend  and  split. 


Loam . 
...do  . 


0085  Crushed  at  two  6  millimeteis knots 
19  and  57  millinieters  from  end. 

7847  '.;nislied  till  -is  at  .")7  niilliiueteis 
Ireiii  midtlle. 

8052  j  Crusbed  and  splintered  lit  end 

9004     Crushed  at  end 


Missouri Allcutou 

do do    

Kentucky Mercer  county. 

Mic1ii;:an Dansville 

do    ' do 

Illinois i  Willi kogaii 

Vermont Cliarlotto 

do do 

do do 

I 
do    I  —  do 

do do 

Mississippi Kuteiiirise 

do do 


G.  W.  Letterman . 

...do  

\V.  M.Linney .... 

W.J.  Heal 

...do 

Ridiert  Douglas.. 


Drift !  0017 

...do 10003 

.Shale 6895 

...do i  7821 

...do '  6023 

Kichloitm 10705 

...do 10524 

Allavial 0917 


Sandy  . . . , 
...do... 
Gravelly. 


C.  G.  I'ringle ! do  . 

...do [  ...do 

— do I do  . 

— do do 


..do 
C.M«br. 

..do... 


Massachusetts . 
...do 


North  Reading  ...   J.  Robinson . 
do 1...  do 


Texas Austin. 


...do 


do  . 


7.12     Florida Aspalaga  . 


C.Mohr. 
. .  do    . . 


A.  H.CurtUs 


...do... 
AHavial. 


Drift.. 
..do 


Calcareous 
...do 


Clay. 


7122 
7031 
5025 
866:1 
•SON 
9026 
7862 
S981 
6390 
&579 
«W7 
lt)ti;< 

9321 
9299 


Crushed  at  25  millinieters  from 

eiiil;  npened  ^Min. 
Crushed  ut  32  niillinieters  froiii 

end. 
Triple  llexure,  detlected  parallel 

to  riii;i«. 
Triple  llexnre,  deflected  parallel 

to  lill^H. 

Ciiishiii  at   :14  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crushed  at  102  millinieters  frnin 

end. 
Crushed  lit  19  and  at  80  millinieleis 

from  end. 
Triphi  llexure.  deflected  perpen- 

diciiliir  to  rings. 
Ciiishedat  eiiil:  splittingof  wedge. 

shaped  piece;  cross. ;;r.iiie  d. 
('nisheil  lit  end  and  at  'J'l  iiiilli. 

llu  lel's  fniin  middle. 
Criislii-d  at  II  iiiillimeters  kiiiit  .^1 

iiiilliiiieti  IS  I'loni  (Mill. 
Tiiple   llexure,   iletheled  toward 

heart. 
Crusheil  tllieiii  at  end 


Triple  tlexur**. 


Triple   lleviire,  deflected  parallel 

to  rinus.  I 

Crushed  tibers  at  i^iid I 

i"riishe<I  lP4»rs  iit  25  miHiiiielers 

froni  nii'Llle. 
(-lushed  ttu-rs  at  51   inillimeti.ts 

from  mil 
Triiih'    llexui-o;  middle    In  ml  '.'S 

iiiilliiiieteis  from  i-eiiter. 
Ciiislied  at  end  and  ill  102  inilli 

met  Ills  liiiiii  end. 

Ciiislieil  nt  knots  114  millimeters 

fntlil  ellil 

Triple  tiexiiri-;  middle  detleetiou  . 


25  niillinieters  t^iim  center. 


I 


8074     Triple  Mexiiie,iiiugoiial  deflection  \ 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATICS  UNDETJ  COIMPRESSIOX— Coutiimcd. 


453 


inlli. 
It   -.1 


tern 
liiill 


?  ! 


fliKM<riiK,   IN   KlI.lKMlAMf,   I!l:yt.lURI)  TO  I'RODI.'CB  AN  IXDEtCTATION,  l!«  IIILUMETKHB.  OF— 


~  I  O.'iS     0.5I      0.7H      t.O-i      1.47      I.S3      t.tS     9.03      '2.38 

£  I 


\m 


mji. 


r"! 


^-2 


m 


17''4 

"472  j 

1 
•J200  i 

28111  1 


4T17 
4309 


:!hr>() 


r.i7i 


■i;i.-i-t 
4;i;iL' 


7.'I40  : 

57111 


4G2(i 
411117 


71183  '      «437         8!I81         9300 
IU17S  '      (1477         079.1         7l'8I 


494U 
4904 


riilli7 


rio7i 


(j214         C410 


9707 

7;i72 


fi;)ri:i  ■     54«»       r)0r)7 


ulild         54(10 


:ii:w  1 

I 

17J4  . 

1701 
2440  I 

17(19  ; 

1879  ' 
1(1111 

-"«■'  I 
1033  j 

20S7  ! 

1010 ! 

2758  ; 

1424  ! 
l.V'O  '■■ 

2313 
1415 

1037 
1043 
19U5 
871 
lU'H 
1706 
2109 
2132 
18(19 
1078 
1778 
19.-.1 

nil 

lt'37 
17(19 
19(15 
1500 
11184 
1505 
1724 

2493 

i 
2109 

1120  I 


5534 
3742 

2971 
4408  i 
3311 
3029 
2!i9t 

41101 

412S  , 

3U02  I 

34SU  ! 

I 
4072  ' 

2070  j 
2004  I 

;i85(i  i 

2085 

i 
2295  I 

2040  I 

2h;b 

1051 ; 

1851  ■ 
2970  : 

2880  ; 

2540 : 

2014  ; 
2254 

2570 ; 

I 
2104 

2245 

2522  I 

2464  [ 

2031 

I 
1010  I 

1(178  i 

2118  j 

2400  ; 

3310  ! 

343H  ' 

2527  I 


0441 
4145 

3579  ■ 
SOtO  I 
385(1 
4400 
3709 

4415 
4922 
4187 
3978 

5093 

3303  I 
3030  ' 

4454 
3110 

2495 
2395 
2280 
1955 
1955 
3393 
3153 
2802 
2104 
2372 
2722 
2558 
2531 
2099 
2672 
3012 
1951 
17i>7 
2418 
2703 

4332 
3882 

2800  j 


0782 
4922 

3892 
3308 
4140 
4908 
41511 

41177 
5421 
4495 
43(M 

0283 


4851 
:;4U2 

2(194 

1 
2022  ■ 

2400 

2028 

1987 

3083 

3357 

2971 

2518 

2858  j 

2835  ' 
I 
27()7 

2753  j 

2808  I 

31(10 

2028 

1833 

25te 

3334 

4772 
4140 

3071 


7r 

5170  '' 

4259 
5057 
4430 
5252 
4391 

41171 
5025  I 
4fl4 


I 


«om 

4000 
3479 

5058 
3005 

2899 
2744 
2440 
2130 

2123 

1 
3892  j 

3513  ; 

3171  i 

I 

2422  ' 

2081 

I 
3020  I 

3'i«3  1 

2899  j 

2944  I 

2089  ; 

3320  ! 

2140 

IHMV 

.■7(r7 

3484  i 

! 

4971 
4359 

3234  I 


7358 
5470 

4491 

5851 
4503 
5002 
4744 

52cU  I 

5005 

5107 


4877  I   4971 


5121 
3890 

3167  I 

2939  ! 

2580  * 

2280  ' 

2232  ' 

4033 

3783 

3379 

2020 

2785  , 

3171 

3588  \ 

3075  j 

3075  I 

i 

3121  I 

3643 

2209 

I 
1978 

2908  I 

3m 

S252 

4563 


5043  I   5800 


7570 

5"(I0 

4753 
COOO  , 
4922 

5874  i 
5053 

5557 
0141  ! 
5280  j 
5248  ! 

7303 

4020 
3797 

5043  I 

4082  1 

i 

3200  I 

3075  ! 

2090  I 

2313  ' 

2205 

4359  : 

3083 

3543 

2803 

2914 

3293 

3107 

3193 

3100 

3212 

3885 

2263 

2041 

2085 

»07 

attn 

4844 
3074 


7802        7970 
5920  j       01U5 


4999 
0J23 
5053 
0128 
5339 

5720 
0332 
5512 
5570 


48»1 
3900  , 

5851  ' 

4204  j 
i 
3470 

3289 

2785  I 

2408 

2350 

450O 

4200 

:i(!5e 

:!890 
3021 

3420 

I 
3.'*8  ! 

3310  ! 

I 

3243  , 

3343 

3701 

2318  j 

2105 

.li;i4 

3438  I 

S«80 
5002 


I 


9.94     4.81 


9970  I 

7506  '. 

I 

6777  ! 

5800 
5987  , 


1157 


S.ON 


Koiiiarks. 


1293     Shonred  flliore 055 

Split  lit  oiirta ;  HJip'WOOfl 055 


Split  ^it  i'IkI 


0377 
7122 


7U31     Sli;;lit  Hhcaliim  111' libi'in  


7000 


do 


5285 
0332 
5280 
0311 

55,s4 

5878 
0000 


5110 
4U92 

0005 
4482  I 

3092 

3434 

2817 

2530 

2481 

4053  ; 

4355 

3851 

3003 

3130 

3525 

3750 

S3e3  ! 

i 

3388  I 

3452  ' 

3797 

2354 

2104 

3225 

3570 

5711 


8205 
0382 

5543 
0513 
5302  '. 
0577 

5850 

0u78 
0745 
5029 
5929 

8192 

5312 
4223 

0250 

4005 

I 

3783 

3488 

2875 

2500  I 

2530  , 

4854 

4491 

3951 

3076 

3175 

3011 

3937 

3401 

3570  j 

3579 

3040  I 

2440 

2200 

3302 

3629 

5850 
'■I-O 

4100  \ 


9117 
7011(1 

0940 
7402 


10047  Shcand  tllmis  

8415  Slight  !ilic:iii:ii;  iif  lilii'i-s. 


8097 
7439 

(1985 
7892 
7212 
7054 


7000    dii   

7502     Sli;;Iit  Hlicarin;:  ol'  libuiH;  ftjdit  at  end  . 

Split  at  ond 

8845     Slight  sin  111  iiij;iif  libera 

818R        ..      do 


7021 
8483 
7924 
800(1 


do 
do 


9594       ..    ..  I  Sliiilit  HJicaiiii;:  of  liherH;  split  at  ond. 


0577 
5013 

7157 
5398 

4445    . 
4033 
3300 
3021 
2958 
5715 
5398  ' 
4559 
"  3774 
3783 
4300  I 
5058  I 
4164  j. 
4204  |. 
4264    . 


7258  j  Sli^bt  rtbt-arin^  oi'tlbora. 
do 


5070 


2804 
2622 


4415 

0508 
0008 

S112  I 


791(1  I do 

0305  I do   

I 
(  Sliiilit  sln'aiiiit;(tt'li1ierH:  split  at  end 

...  1 do 

3074  !  SliPiilid  lllicls   

I  SlipariMi  (lla'iH;  split  ;il  fiiil. 

3357     Sheared  liber.s 

S1ip;ht  Nhcariiii:  of  libers;  split  at  end 

do 

4990     Slic;.rid  llbiiM  

Slij:bl  slieaiiiij;  of  fibers  1  split  at  end 

3901     Slieari'd  lllieis 

I 
.    ...     Split  at  .11.1 

r.851  '  Sheared  llbiis      

Sheared  lib.  r.<;  split  ul  end ... 

8plit  at  end 

do 

I  8plit  at  end :  sliiirt  speeimcn,  120  liilUiDietcr«  llHI§ 

Ztmt     .Shefiivd  fibers 

■>im     ....  do 

Split  lit  end    

48.54     Split  lit  end.  liliiiH  ilid  iiot  sheiir 


7349     Blicurt'd  iil».rw  :  .*plit  at  end 
7439     SUislit  Hbevrinic  at  Uberii  . . . 


S71A 


Fibers  did  ■«  ..<hear. 


098 

1103 
1103 
1103 

404 
799 

7!  19 
919 
019 
954 
0S4 

649 
049 
6.53 
053 


603 
003 

685 
085 


4;. 

45 
4.-|< 

89 
89 
92 
140 
HI 

no 

215 

an 

217 

«/« 

m 

im 
m\ 

031 

752 


454 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  v.— BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


r,^>  i  : 


Species. 


374.  Qnerenn  tinrtoria 

Slack  Oak.  Tellow-hark 
Oak.  Qiurcilron  Oak. 
Tellou)  Oak. 


275.  QuonMtsKcIloggU. 
Jllack  Oak. 


276.  Qm>rrii3  nijirft 

Mlack  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 


277.  Q'ii>rcvis  f:ilcita 

Spantth  Oak.    Jled  Oak. 


278.  Qui'iTim  Ciitesliml  

'J'lirl.ri,  <),ik.  Serjib  Onk. 
J'i.i-k>'it  U'itf  Black  Jack. 
Jilack  Jack. 


270.  (ill  reus  ]iMlii.stns 

2'in  Oak.     Sivanip  Spanish 
Oak.     Water  Oak. 


280.  Qiiori'ii"  aqn.Tlioa 

Walcr  (Mk:   Dick-  Onk:   Pot- 
mm  Oak.    I'unk  Oak. 


281.  QiinTr-ns  l.Tinlfolia 
Laurel  Oak. 


17 

17 

36 

86» 

36> 

74 

74 

86 

244 

244 

247 

247 

437 

C28 
628 
963 
063 

268 
339 

131 
131 
243 
245 
265' 
28.>' 
548 
548 


State. 


UossachusetU... 

...do 

Kentucky 

...do 

...do 

MiHSOUl'i 

...do  

...do 

Vli'Kiula 

...do  

...do  

...do  

Tcnnesseo 


Oregon  , 
...do  ... 
...do  ... 
...do... 


Mis.sonri 
Alubuiua  ■ 


South  Carolhm. 

...d.) 

Viiginin 

..  do 

...do 

..  do 

Mi»H{8.s!ppi 

..do 


342 
342 
770 
770 

47 

47  ' 
282 
282 

204' I 

I 
204'' 

I 
204'; 

340  ' 

340 

Mil 

511  ' 

742 

742 


Alabama 
...do  .... 
Florida  . . 


do  . 


Missouri . 
...do  .... 
...do  .... 
....do    ... 


LowUty. 


Collector. 


C.  S.  Sargent., 
..  do 


AmoU  Ai  borctum 

...do  

DunvlUe  Juuct-lon  '  W.  M.  Linney . 

— do I do  . 

...do [ do  . 

Alli'Dton 

...do 

...do 

Wythovillo  . . 

...do  

...do  

...do 

Naabville 


O.  W.  Lottci  man . 

...do 

..  do 

n.  Shrivcr 

...do 

...do 

...do  

A.  Gattinger 


Sawmill,  Asblamli  G.  Engclmnnn.ind 
C  S.  Saigiut. 


...do 

Eugene  City. 
...do  


do  . 
G.  n.  Collier  . 
..do 


AUonton '  G.  W.  Lctterman.. 

I 

Citiouillo I  C.  llobr 


BouEcan's  Depot.. 

.  do 

Wythevillo 

..  do 

Carridl  county 

..do 

Ki-niper's  mill 

...do 


II.  W.  Kavenel . . 


Cottage  Dill... 

..  do 

Aspalaga 


...do 

II.  Sliriver  . 

...do 

..do 

...do 

C.  JloUr. ... 
...do  


|2S 

5  B~ 


Sou. 


a  .,    . 

S  a  j 

=  "  ec 

.t2  *  a 


Drift 

...do 

Shalo 

..do 

Slate 

liicli  ujdaDd  . 

...do 

...do 

C'ly 

...do 

...do    

..  do 

...do 


Clay... 
Sandy 


...do 

...do 

A.  U.  Curtiss  . 


I 


Kieliloam. 

...do 

Clay 


8800 
0081 
7530 
0617 
7326 
8600 


Kcmarks. 


Crushed  at  end,  also  at  102  milll- 

nicti  VH  IVom  end. 
Crushed  U  bi  rs  near  middle 


Crushed  6t  millimeters  from  end 

nt  '.\  millimeters  knot. 
Cruslieil  tillers  on  one  faeo  at  13 

miliimc  teis  fnun  middle. 
Deth'i^tcd  and  split  alcuig  grain 

tVnm  end  to  middle. 
Tiipio  lle.Nure,  deflected  parallel 

to  rings. 


8256 

5534 

5103 

8003  ! 

0562 

7660 


Triple    lle-ture,    deflected     from 

lieart. 
Triple  llexu)e,  deflected  parallel 

tn  rin;;s. 
Cru.sliod  and  split  at  end;  briltle. 

Crnslied  at  13  and  at  7u  millimeters 

I'rinu  end. 
Crushed  at  end 


8233 
8301 
0300  { 
6806  I 

7706 
8142 

0208 
0163 
0730 


Crushed  ut   19  millimeters  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 

ellii. 
Triple  flexure , 


Crusluul  and  splintered  at  end  . . . 
Splintered  at  end 


Triple  flexure 

Crushed  in  vicinltv  of  small  knots 


...do  10083 

...do 9008 

...do 9081 

Uieli  loam 10006 

...do 0270 


Barren,  sandy. 

....do 

...do 


Allinton. 
...do  .  .. 
...do  .... 
...do  .... 


0.  \V.  Letterniau-.    Itich,  nlliivlal I 


do  , 
do 
.do  . 


.do  . 

do  . 
.do. 


Virginia  i  Carroll  county 


...do.... 
. .  do  ... . 
Alabama . 
. .  .do  .... 


...do  

...do 

Cottngo  Hill . 
..do 


Tennessee. Tnllahoma.. 

...do do 

Georgia Baini>ridgo  . 

...«» do 


7S0  !  n«Ms 

TliO    ....4*... 


II.  Sliriver , 

...do 

..do 

C.  Molir 1  Sandy  loam. 

I 
...do i....do 

! 

A.  Gattinger ' d« 

...do do 

A.  ILCurtLss i  Alluvial 

.do ' do 


0800 
77114 
7212 
7507 

8437 
81511 
689.-) 
7001 

7974 
7802 
7530 
8709 
8700 
7107 
7371 
b2:0 
8506 


Crushed   at  64  millimeters  from 

end. 
Cruslicd  nt  25  and  at   10.>  niilli. 

nu'ters  I'inm  I'Ufl. 
Crushed  ut   19  millinu  ter.s  from 

end. 
('rushed  at  25  ndllinu^tors  from 

end. 
Cnislieil  iinone  fai'eiit  25  niilliuie. 

tei-s  from  u>iddte  nn:|  at  rinl. 
Crushed  at  102  ndlluncu-rs  Irom 

I  n<l. 
Cru..h«(l  .\\  end  and  at  114  milli- 

UK  tils  from  end. 
Cruslu  (I   at  i^O  millimeters  from 

end. 

Triple   flexure,    deflected    dingo- 

nallv. 
Tiiple  flexure;  sjdil  along  grain.. 

Triple  flexure;  knot  at  mitlille 

Ciushetl  at  eiul  and  at  3  (iiilliineters 
kiint  at  iiiiliinp  ters  from  end. 

Crushed  at  end 

do 

Triph^  flexure 

do    


.do 


Crushed   nt  25  millimeters  from 

mitiitle  on  one  f.ice. 
do 


Triple  flexun> 

Crushed  at  04  millimeters  from 

eiui. 
(;ru>lH.d  at  ki.nts  at  niiihl'e  and 

nt  .'.I  niillinrters  fntrn  end 
CrusluMi  at.  i>  nullitn*  ters  knot  70 

Mlillnne'ers  Ironi  einl. 
Crush'  d   lil)eis  at  Tuiildle , 


Saint  John's  rircr.: do 

I 
do — do 


udy  loam . 
..do 


8596 
7884 


Cru-^lied  nt   HO  millimeters   from 
end  in  \iuinity  of  small  knots. 

Triple  flexure  


Cnished  in  vicinity  of  3  inillimo. 
ters  knot  10-'  millimeters  from 
end. 


'8  from 

-a  fiom 

iIU»  ami 

wiiot   70 

'rt   from 

vliUlH. 

lilli'iio- 

'H  Iruui 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Ooutinued. 


H! 


PBISBUnB,  IN  KILOeBAHS,  BKQUIBED  TO  FBODUO  AN  IKDIMTATIOM,  IN  WLUlirntitS,  Or— 


o.as 


2032 
1542 
1037 
2313 
2318 
17GB 
l!i63 

ig:>s 

1343 
835 
1315 
2019 
1547 

1709 

1042 

989 

1229 

2U48 
2707 

2330 
975 
1987 
14(10 
1728 
13H4 
2430 
17:i 

2008 
1792 
1597 
2118 

1338 


o.ai    o.ro 


1450 

21J9 

1024 
140U 
1078 
17C9 
IMO 
1542 
1293 


2313 
2149 
2522 
3100 
3407 
2903 
3200 
2858 
2201 
1509 
2313 
2422 
2277 

2072 
2495 
2232 
1800 

4024 
4110 

3438 
2230 
2;i»5 
1814 
2503 
2400 
2033 
2807 

2753 
2477 
2770 
3411 

2203 


2008 
2039 

2109 
1842 
1955 
2070 
2245 
2085 
2313 


2405 
2081 
4  ISO 
3357 
3003 
3529 
3992 
3130 
2322 
1033 
2570 
2007 
2481 

2790 
2081 
2840 
2141 

4277 
4010 

3701 
2709 
2572 
1887 
2799 
2017 
3203 
3248 

2890 
2703 
3.'21 
3905 

2040 


i.oa 


28:.8 

3311 

1542 

2020 

2856 

3705 

ICIO 

3030 

2293 
3075 

2.'11 
1932 
2U03 
2700 
2400 
3130 
2749 
3851 
3347 

4219 
3420 


2812 
2840 
3012 
3543 
3842 
3819 
4436 
8230 
2380 
1074 
2790 
2807 
2720 

2803 
2713 
2907 
2313 

4495 
4240 

4042 
3053 

2722 
2087 
2683 
2744 
3488 
3330 

3000 
2833 
3301 
4239 

2821 


1.97 


2480 
3343 

2359 
2087 
2008 
3139 
2744 
3475 
3012 
419G 
3129 

4482 
3720 


2880 
3012 
3103 
3074 
4004 
4028 
4717 
3383 
2305 
1751 
2970 
3035 
2880 

2917 
2776 

3000 
2372 

4072 
4491 

4204 
3284 
2803 
2215 
3021 
2835 
3038 
3097 

3302 
3020 
3730 
4300 

2935 


1.53 


2703 
3484 

2480 
2155 
2173 
3311 
2800 
3002 
3218 
4495 
4002 

4735 
3942 


3048 
S134 
3379 
3742 
4123 
4300 
5013 
3588 
2454 
1842 
3153 
3213 
2130 

3003 
2890 
3184 
2513 

4834 
4099 

4572 
3433 
2958 
2440 
3130 
2994 
3828 
3933 


3429 

3160 


1.78 


8075 
S348 
852S 
3083 
4237 
4518 
5398 
3810 
2518 
1878 
3232 
3338 
3193 

3020 
2994 
3352 
2580 

5020 

4881 

4922 
3005 
3098 
2622 
3298 
3125 
3942 
4110 


«.03 


3615 
3302 
4000  3815 
4817    5071 


3130 


3715 

2527 
2214 
2205 
3484 
3002 
|p37 
3393 
4781 
4314 

5035 
4164 


3202 


3039 
8847 

2670 
2341 
2413 
3074 
3221 
4128 
3(;06 
5013 
4300 

6202 
4340 


3221 
3434 
3593 
4037 
4400 
4040 
5670 
3892 
2503 
1928 
3388 
3443 
3407 

3020 
3075 
3453 
2017 

6262 
5007 

6044 
3828 
8230 
2707 
3402 
3207 
4082 
4204 

3731 
3447 
4403 
5303 

3310 


a.98 


3361 
8520 
3747 
4110 
4026 
4935 
5015 
4004 
2049 
1951 
3574 
3360 
3547 

3139 
3193 


3.54 


3202 
4033 

2733 
2400 
2481 
3901 
33fl8 
4191 
3783 
6239 
4000 

5401 
4500 


2694 

5407 
6202 

5210 
3933 
3302 
2980 
3407 
3339 
4178 
4380 

3fS2 
3579 
4717 
6007 

3470 


8470 
3050 
3850 
4187 
4880 
6103 
6146 
4190 
2m. 
2078 
3005 
3047 
3083 

3225 
3221 


3352 
4160 

284') 


2758 

5570 
5107 

5407 
4110 
3425 
3133 
3374 
3438 
4327 
4322 

3083 
3088 
48.11 
5700 

3538 


4.81 


4173 
4340 
4491 

4980 


C283 
7212 
4944 
3083 
2404 


4377 


3710 
3830 


6480 
6392 

0214 

4877 


S.08 


6532 


7005 


3248 
2634 


4899 


4037 


Remuka. 


Slight  shearing  of  Qb«ni;  aplit  at  end  . 

do 

do 

Split  at  end ;  fibers  did  not  shear 

Fibers  Indented  without  shearing 

Split  at  end  ;  fibers  did  not  shear 

Indented  without  shearing  fibers 

Split  at  end 

Sheitrud  fibers;  spilt  at  end 

Sheared  fibers 

Split  at  ends 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 
do 


3933 


4128 


2434  I 

231)5  I 

4000  ! 

3338 

1 
4443  I 

3910  I 

5416  i 

4790  ' 

1 
5601  I 

4192 


3393 
4327 

2980 
2493 
2070 
4173 
3(132 
4020 
4037 
5015 
4919 

5847 
4304 


5210 

4780 
4408 
5831 
0918 

4287 


7021 


7060 


4150 

3311 
2948 
3121 


4377 
3334 
3080 
0849 
5761 

0730 


7349 


Sheared  fibers 

Sli<;lit  shcariu<;  nf  fibers ;  split  at  i^nd 

Shalty  stick ;  split  at  ends 

do 


Sli^dit  Bhcnring  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 


Sllglit  sheai-ing  of  fibers;  split  at  end  . 

do 

Split  nt  cud 

SIi|;lit  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

Split  nt  end ;  fibers  not  sheared 

Slight  slicariug  of  U1)ora ;  split  at  end  . 

do  

do  


Sheared  fiiwrs 

Sheiirt'd  fibers;  split  at  end ,. 

S]i;4lit  siicariug  of  Ql)ers ;  split  at  end  . 
SheariMl  fibers 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  ot  end  . 


Slight  siieaiing  of  tllxM-a;  split  at  end  . 
Fibers  tliii  not  slu'iiv ;  split  at  '.mhI  . . . . . 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 
do 


Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end   

Fibers  did  not  shear;  split  at  end 

do 

TudiMiti'd  witliout  siiearing  fillers 

Slight  slieaiiug  of  fibers;  split  at  end. 

Slieared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end  . 


7521     Sheared  fibers 

Split  at  end;  fibers  did  not  shear. 


455 


17 

17 

36 

36« 

36« 

74 

74 

86 
244 
244 
247 
247 
437 

028 
628 
063 
963 

208 
339 

131 

131 

2)5 

245 

205' 

205' 

548 

548 

342 
342 
770 
770 

47 

47 

282 

282 

2C4' 

204« 

204' 

,349 

349 

,111 

511 

742 

742 

758 

7.36 
736 


i 


::? 


t   u 


li 


t        ! 


?  -   I 
J 


■« 


■,i<  ■  I  i 


»     I 


I  **s 


■I 


1      1l 


tl 


45G 


FOREST  TREKS  ()F  NORTH  AMERICzV 

Taum;  v.— r.KIIAYIOU  OF  THE  PPvlNCirAL  WOODS  OF  TDE 


8iH<'ios 


':i<\. 


(,llli'trl>)l!nili('ii|ll 

-ri»nf!n 

irrl. 

801 
HUl 

(^ui'li  US  hi'ti'iopli 
lUiitnttn'it  Oak. 

vll.i 

1171 

1171 

State. 


FlorlilH 

...  <U«  

N»'wJrrfli'y   

.     .In    


Loonllly. 


CoIIcctnr. 


Boll. 


Saint  .Iiilin'Bilvti-     A.  II.CintisH 1I4WI 

. .  .<lo (Ill ' 77:i4 

I 

Moiinl  Holly S.  I'.  Sliiirplra  . . .     CIny 5171 

..(1(1      ..     <li> «lo 802!) 


(.)ii(-ii  iir«  cinciia    i    'i->~ 

l/iliunl    WnUw  Onl.:     litiie 
,;«./.■.     Siffd  .lack.  I 

(^iiiiii-iis  liyi'f't  m  a  1I7.1 

I    tl74 


(}ii'  iTiiH  inil'iiciirlii :      40"^, 

Sl.iiHilf  (ink.     Laurel  Oak. 

40' 

,     r>(i 
,    111 -I 


AhiliaiiiH I  Cltifmollp C.  Molir I'iuc.bani'ii 7107 

Adzdiia    •  Santa  liUaiMoiint-  '  G.  Kii;X(*linannnn(l     Dry,  rocky '  7107 

ninw.  I      I*.  S  Sarpent.  '  1 

do <!(> I ilu do 222J 


liciiiarkt' 


(MiihIikI  :\I   2:.  iiillliniotcrH  from 

Oilddli'. 
('rUNli'il  al   Hi)  iiiillimi'leiM  Iroiii 

ohil  and  at  (Mid. 

CrUHlicd  at  J.'i  iiiillinK^tiTH  knot.  Ill 

inHliiootciH  IVoiii  cud. 
CniHlicd  lit   102  iiiillini(-lci-H  from 

end. 

Split  at  end  and  n|iliutei('d  at  102 
niillinicteiH  IVdii)  end  ;  liiiltle. 

Triple    llexiiic,   dellecled    dingu- 

ually  :  Hplit  at  end 
Ci'oHH  t:i'i><nc(li   olili(iiic  aplit  152 

niillinictei'H  loim. 


Keotiict,y    JlarrodHluir):    — |  W.  M.  Uunoy Utlrn  shale 18020     CniHlied  al  end 

..do         d" '.    do    do IM)2« 

MixHouii  Allenloii  I  Ci.  W.  Leltcrinan..^  lllcb,uioii<t 8846 

do do I  . .  do ...'  llicli  loam j  9458 


Triple  tlexure,  detlcctfd  parallel 

to  riii^H. 
Triple  tlexure 


Qr    Mll.v  '■'  r]h< r.l2 

1,  il.'er'  ';«(■.     J'lueh  Oak. 

512 

(,>iirn-ii»  dilisilh.ni     087 

luiiUiiik  Oak.   Clanliiut  Oak. 
l-iiii-h  Oak.  OK" 


TcniicHsee 
do 


ridlahoiiia 
.  do 


A.  (i;iltini;(  r MoiHt,  Hilicooiis  . .   !  5087 


do 


6480 


CruHlied  iit  7U  inillhueterx   l^'oni 
end. 

;  d'liiilied  at  1!)  inilliineteifi  knot  at 

I      end. 

I  Triple  (lexure 


Ciilitoriiiiv  Marin  eouiity j  tl.  li.  Va.iey Gravelly 10404 

do do      ..  do do '  87'i4 


t-'iisi.iliopsi.s  clii^\..-vipiiylla  . 
(*Uiii<i'iafiin. 


('iiHtanca  piMiiilu  . 

iliiU'l.t'flnti. 


Cii't.ine.i  viil  iins.  var.  -Aiiier- 
iiMlia. 
Chf'.tiiiil 


201. 


Ka^iiH  iVmiuinea 

llcCh. 


292. 


Ostrya  Vir^iiiica 

Hop  Ilornln'aia.    Iron  W'tnni. 
Lever  Wooil. 


I 


CniTiinii.sCaroliniana 

Uoritheaui.       Jtlne    Jieech. 
Water  ]t<  ech    Iron  Wood. 


72!l 
720 
tiT.I 

r>-:> 

l.s 

18 

23K1 
2.W- 
510 

II 

0 

44- 

441 

110 

Hi) 

765  ' 
70.'. 
85:1 
853 

II 
11 
877 
877 
1047 
1017 

40 

7:1 

73 

1038 


- .  do    Alendocino  county    A.  Ki  Uo;;j; 

.     do do do 

AikansuH  Hot  Sprin/is    ..         (1.  W.  Leileinian       Sandy  loam. 

. .  ,do      ...    do do    do    


5651 
8250 

8150 
7080 


,Mii"!'iclinsett8.. .      Arnold  Arboretiiiii    I'.  S.  Saijienl Drift    4137 

do do ,   ..  do    do 5208 

\'ir;;iiii;i Fancy  Gap    ..     ..j  U.  Sliriver   Moiflt j  7235 


do 

TnilicHsee 


.     do    . . . 

Xashvill,. 


do 


do  . 

A.  Giitl'iiner. .    . .      Sandy 


7483 
6373 


.Ma»H!i«-liiiHettM  Arnold  .Vrliiiu^t mil   r.  S.  Sargent Drift 1  7847 

do do .  .   do do 7070 

Keiitiicivy    Mercei  county  ..      W.  II.  I.iiiiioy. . . .     HiulHoiiKivorHliale   7506 

.     do do    do    do 8000 

ilidiipm    Dansville W.J.  Hull '  Gravelly 18822 

.  .  do    do      do    do i  8340 

Florid' f:li;rtliilio.iclice  ..      A.  II.  Curtinn      ..    do    !  6400 

do do , !  . .  do    do    [  0827 

Ma.sMieli(iM'tt8  llainiltoii  J.  liidiiiii'On do ,8278 

do do      do do 723.'» 


(iruslied  iil  38  niillinictcrH  from 
middle  lit  Tl  niilliinet(>rs  knot. 

Triple  tlexure:  middle  liend  25 
iiiilliiiuiterK  from  middle. 

(!ru»licd  at  end  at  3  niillimetcra 

knot. 
Cruslied  at  end 

CruHlicd  at    51  niiliiiiiotern 'from 

end. 
('riirilicd  ;it  5  loillimetcrs  knot  .'>1 

ntillimetei-H  from  middle. 

Triple  llexiiie,  detlcct(d  ]iarnllel 
to  I'in.UH. 

CriLsIicd  2.'i  millinictci'H  from  mid- 
dle al  3  uiilliinelerH  knot. 

Crushed  nt  25  niiUiiiielerH  from 
cud 

('rushed  at  U)2  millimeters  from 
end. 

Cruslied  iit  41  millimeters  freiii 
end. 

Cruslied  at    32   niillinieter.s  from 

middle  and  split  iiloiif;  prain. 
Crnslie  1  at  04  iiiillimetcrs  from 

end. 
CIiiisIkmI  at   70  iiiillimcter.s  from 

end. 
Cruslied  at  25  and  at  127  niillimc- 

tciH  Iroin  end.  I 

Crushed  at  end j 

Crushed  at  middle  and  at  end < 


do Arnold  ArlHu-etitm   C  S.  Sargent . 

do    do    do 

...do Danvers .T.  Itoliiuaon   . 

...  do      do do 

. . .  do North  Heading do 

do do .  ...  do 


Missuuri Allciiton  G.  W.  Lett«?miun. 

Kentucky Mercer  county W.M.I.iuuey 

...do do    do 

Masiuicliusetta Danvers J.  KobhiHon 


Drift 9300 

...do 0»:i4 

Rich  loam 0707 

..do C3.'J9 

7983  : 

8641 


I 


Dump,  alluvial 6003  , 

Trenton  llmeHtouo  9390 

...do 8573  ; 

Gravelly 8949 


Criisheil  at  middle  in  vicinity  of 

13  miltimetcis  knot.              '         | 
(_'iuslie(l  ill  end    

Cni.'lied  at   25  millimeters  from  1 

end. 
C'l'iislied  111    10  millimeters  from  i 

.nd. 

Cruslied  at  51  uiillimetL>i'8  from  : 
niiddh'.  I 

Triple  lle\iir<^;  middle hclid  25  mil-  i 
lillletelsecc(!Utric.  I 

Triple  llexiire 

Crushed  at  dQ  iiiillimctets  from  I 

end. 
Tiiple    tlexure,    detiecteil   diago. 

nally  iierpcndicul.ir  to  rin^s. 
CriisliVil  at  51   luilliineterd  frotu 

(rud ;  opened  grain. 

Detlected  at  middle  and  split  ut 

ends. 
Triple  llexnre , 


<lo  . 


CiOi'B.gi'ained  J  split  at  knots. 


fnpin 
licilu 
IVcm 

IVoni 

till.       I 
tVi'iii 

Iri.ni 

illinii'- 

■  ■     ■■ 
ml  .... 


IVoin  { 

t'lnni   i 


friim 

Mllil- 


IVoiu 


lit  ut 


I 


Tin:  WOODS  OF  Tin:  linitki)  statks. 


'i:;7 


UNITED  STATHS  rNDKl;  COMI'UESSION— C'ciitiiiunl. 


m 


I'UKMIlllE,  l.V  KILOlillAMH,  KF.gUlUn'  TO  I'llOKLTK   AN   I.M>KXT\TIil\,  1\   MII.I.IMRTKIIR,  OK— 


m 


^mrn 


,11 

113 


m 

m 


m 


o.a.i 


ItHU 
14SH) 

«0H 


0.rit      O.TU      I.O-i      l.'iT      1.9'i  ;  l.TN     4.0S  {  9.98     9.AI      4.H1      JI.08 


1010 
1851 

i!nr> 

127U 

21:18 

IIIIU 
1143 

171)'i 
18110 

1080 
1825 
1125 
575 

l»38 
1(25 
880 
871 

2223 
1452 

nil 

2G;I1 
1073 

leoo 

1542 
1370 
lli83 
1452 

KmK 
2132 
1073 
1547 
1315 

1542 
17i'2 

iroi 

1247 


i 


20KO 
2UB5 

2713 

1878 


204lt  I 
34(12  ' 

3153 
258(1  I 
2245 

321(1  '■ 

I 

2S35 

I 
2540 

20.11)  I 
3012 

1452 

1(!00 

■  1452  I 

1338  ' 

1474  I 
15iii; 

12«4 
1401 

10H0 

2803 
2223 
2744 
3103 
2740 
27(i7 
2201 
2123 
2427 
2241  : 

.'1352 
2301 
3470 
3U30 
258(j 
•J381 
1 

2')72 

I 

2707  ; 

2454 
257U 


3:h8 

W74 

3157 

3438 

2021 

3157 

2155 

22B1 

2022 

2058 

352S 

:;70O 

4128 

44bO 

3402 
3112 
2741 
3402 

3248 
28U0 

3153  ! 

33U0  I 

KflO 

1778  1 
1740 

1524  1 

I 

1642  j 
1700  j 
1424  I 
1037 
1220 

3(J.-i7 

2530 

2071 

3320  J 

3134 

3010 

2513 

2350 

2(i40 

2480 

3002 
3713 
3874 
3402 
2885 
2740  ! 

2035 
3012 

2785 
2035 


I 


3847 


3011 
.1434 
2021 
3005 

3420 
3125 


1774 
l(iG5 

1740 
1787 

1.524 

I 
1715  j 

1207  ! 

3212 

I 
2713 

I 
3102 

3525 

3248 

3203 

2703 

2400 

2835 

208a 


4155 
3720 
SI03 


3130 

3200 

I 
3060 

3103 


3330 

3403 

2477 

2617 

M'J^l 

3375 

3078 

4101 

4717  1 

3788 
3020 
3130 
30:!7 


4U44 


4201  j 

3078  ! 
I 
3052 
2713 

4332 
S15:i 


30HV    4164 
3878    4037 


3343 

4205 


3011  j   3801 
3203  I   3438 


8384  i  3.-.h;i 

3525  !  3(102 

I 

1733  I  1837 

1802  1  1087  i 


3538 
44U 

3051 
3002 

381(1 


lOUO 

1814  ' 

i 
lOU  j 

1840 

1010 

1774 

13)7 

3407  I 

2.S58 

3284  ' 

3052 

3411 

3403 

2806 

2658 

2085 

2840  I 


3800    4001 

! 

1802  2005 

2136  2J27 

2028  2182 

1014  1078 


2010  , 
1010  j 
1(W7 
InOO 
14.^.2  ■■ 


I 


3004  I   4140 
2804  :   3130 


43S0 
3083 
3348 


3017  <      3184 


3320 
3515 
3438 
3330 


3652  I 
3121  I 

3470 : 

3774  ' 

3.'.52 

3503 

2004 

2753 

3121 

2004 

4327 
3202 
4622 
4210 
35,10 
3303 

;Wfl3 
3700 
3503 
3503 


2118 
1078 

i7.-;(i 
111(11 

l.".2il 

3771 
.128s 

358;;  j 

3874  I 

3011  I 

3710  j 

3121  ! 

I 
2375 

3207 

3071  I 

4527  , 
3438  I 
4840 
4423  I 
3720  i 
3588  i 


3000 
3055 
3801 
3774 


I 

4403 

4t27  , 

1 

4164 

4300  j 

3828 

4001 

2844 

3007  ; 

3738 

3878 

4463 

4550 

5343 

4341 
4100 


4513 
4100 


4631 

4436 

4137 
3116  ' 

4010  ! 

i 
4072  , 

5043  1 

i 

4000  \ 
4572  I 


5052  , 

5202 

5013  I 
3788  : 


Kemarkg. 


0050  I  Sliffht  KlicdiiiiK  of  fllit'TB 

Sli|{lil  Hli('iiriii|{  III'  llbonii  spUtntcnd. 


S512 


5570 
5025 


7107 

Olio 

0214 


4078 
3756 

3!lC(i 
4101 

2073 
2280 

2041 

2204 
2028 
l.KM 
1082 
I. ".07 

3005 
3120 
3701 
3051 
3007 


42(1. 
3S78 

40.'*2 
4318 

21(15  : 
'2351 
2205  I 
2Il'2  ' 

2073  i 

1 
1887 

2037 

104  7 

I 
4037 
35(15  ' 
3707 
3087  I 

::oi5 


.5035 

4:100  , 

I 
3S87 

41(14 
4430  ; 

217.1 
2450 
2305 
2214 

2250 
2123  . 
10.'I2  I 

'2001  j. 


5874 

5171 
4831 


.•11.70 
5308 


tin 

.ll«. 


Hplit  lit  (111(1  . 


Slight  nliuiiio):  (if  tllKTH:  BplH  ut  onil 
Slu'iircd  llliciH 


Inili'iilril  withniit  iilixiiriiig  flbcrg  . 
(Ill 


Splil  at  rlliU  . 
•  Id 


ImUiuti'tl  without  Hliciiriii};  lllierB  . 

Sli^lit  slicacili^  111'  Olirr.^ 


4800          5443      Shcillcil  llli.  Is 
5202  I       5738  I (Ill 


801 

801 

1171 
1171 


074 
074 

40« 
40'' 
50 
135 

512 
512 

087 
687 


2580 
2004 


j  Shciiii  il  lilii  r»  ;  .s|ilii  ati'iitl 720 

'  ....  <1(. 720 

I 
'  Sli);lit  nlioaii   ;:  of  libers  1  split  at  end ;  573 


(ill 


130     jiheaiTil  lilidi'H 


413         2554    do 


2227 


3850 

3028 

3280 

3348 

3048 

3080 

3338 

3443 

3202 

3138 

4058. 

41^54 

3015  3774 

5080  5252 

4004  48(l.S  j 

3833  3087  ■ 

3742  30:17 

3605  3702 

4000  427;l 

3078  4110 

3802  4037 


1706 

4100 

3005 

3874 

4132  : 

4000  : 

4033  : 

3450 

3103 

3570 

8.5.52 

5080  , 
3024  j 
5470  i 
4008 
4110  i 
4040  : 

:ioio  ; 

4;i55 
4210 
4140 


2(141 

4854 
4401 
43U1 
4740 
4581 

4130  j 

3720 

4173 


Sbcarcil  llb.i-s  ;  Hplit  nt  ends  . 
Sliearrd  llboiH  ;  split  ut  end.. 
do 


18 

18 

258' 

258» 

510 


5025  I  SI  (Mllcd  libi'l'a '  0 

-l,);lit  sbiuriuj;  of  liliors;  feplit  atcnd 0 

4877     Shcaiiil  libera 44' 

5140    do I  44' 

4000    ilii ,  110 

j  Slieared  liber. s ;  split  nt  end 110 

4581     Sheared  libera 765 

I  Sli'ibt  shearing  of  fibers  i  splitatond 705 

I do 853 


0078 
48,54 
0713 
5042 
4800 
4000 


.do. 


8,W 


U 


I 


I 


5480 
5307 
4044 


.do 877 

do 1  877 

5570  ;  Slicbt  shearing  of  fibers 1047 

5,570    do 1047 

'  Split  at  end..) |  46 

0010     Slit;btHbeaiiiisof  rtburs j  73 

Sheared  tibois  I  split  nt  ends 73 

,5470     Sheaied  llliers 1  10:i8 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


Hi  B&2   |22 
^    |£0     12.0 


11.25 


1.4    11.6 


P; 


^ 

/^^ 

^^/ 


^      -^ 


/A 


''W 


om 


w 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corjwration 


^ 


\ 


^N 


<^ 


^. 


>^ 


\ 


>- 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIUT»t,N.v.  USM 

(7!6)S72-4S03 


^ 


6^ 


,  •■  ■  ^Sr"r?^^-MJV'','>''i''.-'H'-'4"i"^yiVll.  ■.»V*-n'J.'|JJWf«fJ 


I 

l1 


458 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  v.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


SpeolM. 

a 
o 

Stete. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Sou. 

§53.3 

111 
III 

Kemarka. 

BETULACEiE. 

294.  Bptnln  nllia,  var.  nnpnlifolift  .. 
While Hinh.    oldJieldJiirch. 
Gray  Jiirch. 

10 

10 

848 

£23 
22G 
722 
722 
330 
830 
090 
990 
10C5 
1065 
1000 
lOuO 
1007 
1007 

528 
029 

843 
843 
1008 
1068 

inoo 

1060 
1070 
1070 

130 
1.30 
841 
841 
842 
842 

4 
4 
221 
221 
84) 
844 

810 

007 
007 
001 
001 
1026 

Mnssachnaetts — 
do         

Arnold  Aiboretum 
do 

C.S.Sargent 

....do  

Drift 

0123 
5307 
6202 

Triple  floxnre  parallel  to  rings 

Crunhod  at  0  niillimet'-rs  knot  102 

niiliinieteiH  I'roiu  enil. 
Crushed  and  split  at  middle 

...do 

do       

Danvcrs 

Charlotte 

J.  Kohinaon  

C.  G.  Pringle 

Canm  Jlirrh.     White  Birch. 
Paper  liirch. 

do                

do      

....do 

Montana 

do 

Sercno  Wataon  . .  - 
do           

Wot 

....do    

8340 
0713 
798? 
8800 
0480 
0.i77 
3340 
7485 
7485 
7552 
7847 
9002 

5070 
6840 

8270 
10070 

0034 
10093 
lU62ri 
10841 

9208 
10206 

7339 
7122 
7249 
70C6 

onoo 

COCO 

9072 
882.3 
11022 
10031 
9480 
10115 

Crnshed  at  102  millimeters  from 

iiiil. 
Cni^licd  at  2.'i  niillimeters  from 

iiiiilille;  (lefleeietl  di.'igniially. 
Cni^lii  tl  at  3J  iniliiinelers  from 

liiittilie  on  one  fu-e. 
Cni«h(d  at  25  uiilliii  etera  from 

cnil. 
CriTslu'd  at  middle  at  3  mitlimetcrs 

l\tlOt. 

CniMJicd  70  niillinu'tera  from  end 

at  3  iiiitliiiK^ti-rs  iuiot. 
Ciu.sheil  at  U  niillimeters  knot  at 

miilillo. 
Ciu.slieii  at  0  millimeters  knot  at 

midille. 
Cruslied  at  38  niil'.imetera  from 

end. 
Crii^h'Ml  at  0  millioietera  linot  38 

IDituiiM'telh^  I'roiii  1  ml. 
Crni^lieii  at  70  miiiinieters  from 

end  iinil  at  futl. 
CrnslK  il  at  38  millimeters  from 

midille. 

Cruslied  at  middle:  opened  grnin 
Iliiee-l'ouilhsihelengtiiof  rtii(  k. 

Cruslii  (1  at  uiiildle  and  split  along 
grain. 

Cruahcd  at  51  luillimcters  from 
end. 

do     ...             

do       .     . 

Massachusetts 

■lo 

Townscnd 

do    

....do 

Chilcoot  inlet 

....do  

do       

....do  

Vcimont 

do               

CO.  Pringle 

do    

...  do           

do         

do 

....do 

..  do    

do    

do 

....do    

....do  

....do  

do 

do 

.    do          

Engclniaim'sranon 
StrawUeiTy  valley. 

Robsrt  Douglas... 

G.  Ergolnmnn  and 

C.  S.  Surgout. 

J.Robinson 

do          

Wet,  sandy 

Wet,  peaty 

Black  Birch. 

Califoi-nia 

Massaibusetts 

....do 

I'dlow  Birch     Gray  Birch. 

do 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

....do  

Charlotte    

CO.  Pringle 

...do        

do     

.  do           .   ... 

.      do 

Triple  diiiL'onnl   flejuro    perpcn- 

(lu-uiar  lo  liiij:  1. 
Crushed  at  61  luillimetera  from 

ei.d. 
do 

..do 

...  do    

...  do    

....do 

....do  

...do  

...do 

....do  

.   ..do 

....do 

Crushed  iit  3  niilliniiters  knot  25 

inilliliietei's  i'v.  Ill  iiiidtlle. 
CiUHhed  at  uiulilio 

Crushed  at  5  millimeters  knot  at 

III  llllle.. 

Crii^liid  (It  10  iiiilliim'tera   knot 

:|J  iiiillini'tt'iH  liMiii  eiitl. 
Tiiplf  llexiiie   pi-ijM-iiiliiiilnr  to 

I  illL!H. 

Ciie-li'  d  at  44  miliiiiiete?-a  from 

iiiidill.i. 
Triple  llexui'U  fnwurd  heart 

Criisii.d  nt  0  iiiilliini  ti'ia  knot  38 
nilliiliielel'H  lliiin  end. 

CiMHJieil  at  31    niiliimetera  fTom 

nii.iill.';   ilelleiliil  ill  ■L'lll  div. 
Tliple    tli'Mlle:     Timlille    liiiiil   ,32 

niilliineli  is  eie.  iilrir, 
Cni-linl  at  h'J  niillimeters  fioni 

i'ImI. 

....do    

do 

....do 

....do 

298.  Bctnla  iii'Ta                          

Alleuton 

O.  W.Lettennan.. 
..    do 

Moist  loam 

...do 

lied  Birch.    Hicer  Birch. 

....do  

...  do  

Massachiisntts 

...do 

...  do 

..  do           

North  Andorer  .. 
..  do 

J.  Bohiuson 

....do    

Alliiviul 

....do 

..  do 

...  do 

...  do 

do    ...  . 

..  do        

...  do    

S89.  Botnlii  lentiv     

..  .do 

...do 

Vonnont 

..do 

Arnold  Arboretum 
do 

CS.  Sargent 

....do 

Drift 

Cherni  JUrch.     Black  Birch. 
.•^}i'cf't  Birch.     Mahvtjanu 
Birch. 

...do 

Charlotte 

..  do    

CO.  Pringle 

....do  

Gravelly 

...do 

...  do 

Massachnsott*  — 
-.do 

Diinvers 

do    .  . 

Crnshed  at  102  nilllinieterB  from 

iiiil. 
Ciiislied  at  10  niillimetcra  from 

middle. 

.    do          

..  do 

Pepper's  mills  .. 
Sitka 

W.M.Canby 

Paul  Schultzo 

HeuNHlf  Aider. 
Ml*  AlniiB  rubra 

Alaska 

6976 
0033 
0010 
0829 
675B 

Crushed  nt  32  mlllluiotera  frimi 

ihiililh'. 

Alder. 

...do    

..  do 

...  do    

Wa'-lilngton  torrl- 

liiry. 
...  do    

rnyHlliip 

...do 

O.  En'-'elniannand 
C.  S.  Saigiiut. 

('rushed  nt  70  iiiilliuietera  from 

eiiil. 
Triple  flexure  1    luiilille  lienil  51 

II  illiiiieleiH  ecreiiti  ie. 
Criislii  (1  ut  23  rjillimt'ters  from 

niiddlo. 

Portlimd  Eiirnitiire 
Coiupauy. 

...do  

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
PNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPKESSION— Continued. 


459 


rnBSBUllE.IN  KILOQIlAHfl,  IlEQUIRED  TO  PBODUCK  AN  IKDENTATIOK,  IN  klLUMZTEBB,  OF— 


0.33 


ei 


m 


1179 
1048 
1400 

1170 

830 
lltuG 
1180 
1134 
1343 
1384 

030 
1270 
ISfil 

075 
10-Jl 
1170 

794 

930 
740 

1748 
1742 
1520 
131-1 
1210 
1343 
1842 
1021 

1223 
I'.'IO 
880 
804 
1M7 
1120 

21.10 
1407 


0.51 


IOCS 
1170 


1019 
1547 
2223 

IGGO 
1003 
1073 
1078 
1701 
1941 
2028 
1470 


1740 
1338 
1488 
1533 
13J5 

1837 
1320 

2350 
2022 
1987 
1700 
2028 
18K7 
2495 
1542 

2108 
1497 
1343 
1379 
2123 
1515 

3501 
244U 


2085 
2330 


127U    1810 


1080 
IOCS 
1774 
075 
TOT 


1270 
1724 
2004 
12.-.7 
1301 


0.96 


1778 
1507 
2332 

1787 
1170 
2114 
2223 
1878 
2004 
2108 
1583 
2C04 
1883 
1529 
1033 
1C56 
1447 

2168 
1424 

2580 
2S58 
22U 
1087 
2254 
2118 
2099 
1733 

2472 
1037 

in4j 

1S42 
2254 
1024 

4iU 
2713 


1.0!} 


3080 
2731 

1932 

1347 
19:'3 
2223 
1851 
1515  I 


184C 
1701 
2409 

18C8 
1325 
2230 
2359 
2028 
2214 
2304 
1087 
2313 
2005 
1592 
1715 
1709 
1570 

2340 
1533 

2722 
3002 
2104 
2168 
2449 
2254 
2858 
1851 

2085 
170U 
1801 
1000 
2377 
1737 

4380 
2894 


1.37 


8334 
3030 

2023 

1397 

iiino 

2377 
1910 

lais 


1955 
1709 
2495 

1032 
1356 
2205 
2493 
2118 
2295 
2391 
1790 
2427 
2077 
1710 
1819 
1802 
1083 

2450 
1597 

2607 
3139 
2477 
2282 
2507 
230H 
2948 
2000 

2790 
1851 
1923 
1703 
2522 
1851 

4572 
3130 


l.Sil 


3407 
32UI 

2008 

1474 
2032 
2481 
2032 
1009 


2053 
1877 
2540 

2014 
14G0 
2391 
2049 
2250 
2440 
2331 
1804 
2490 
2182 
1790 
1802 
1978 
1705 

2599 
1CC9 

SO.'JO 
3311 
2570 
2345 
2708 
2481 
31U7 
2132 

28t;9 
1982 
1982 
1835 
2620 
1890 

4733 
3230 


1.78  3.03 


3720 
3411 

2164 

1492 
2127 
2372 
2168 
17S6 


2108 
1037 
2604 

2105 
1565 
2531 
2740 
2345 
2549 
2676 
1941 
25M 
2295 
1883 
19?1 
21 SU 
18)0 

2083 
1751 

3121 
3470 
2731 
2504 
2758 
23911 
3221 
2241 

3010 
20i;4 
2040 
1910 
2717 
2000 

iMI« 
3397 


3850 
3583 

2218 

1547 
2177 
2KI0 
2232 
1800 


22i3 
1991 
2654 

2150 
1615 
1649 
2844 
2431 
2076 
2785 
2023 
2078 
2391 
1932 
2040 
2209 
1341 

2744 

1605 

3243 
3574 
2794 
2572 
2894 
2054 
3313 
2345 

3065 
2.'05 
2159 
19f.7 
2803 
2087 

5112 
3574 


3.!I8 


4(173 
3801 

2259 

1619 
2254 
2753 

2295 

I 

1040  i 


2322 
2073 
2703 

2209 
1808 
2731 
2948 
2545 
2771 
2882 
2091 
2748 
2513 
2028 
2073 
2304 
2023 

2802 
1892 

3357 
3001 
2880 
2009 
2998 
2749 
3450 
2463 

3102 
2308 
2182 
2037 
2t04 
2141 

8257 
3658 


3.S4 


4205 
3U55 

2341 

1828 
2308 
2808 
2350 
1987 


2300 
2173 
2748 

2254 
1783 
2799 
3018 
2635 
2867 
2905 
2177 
2799 
2595 
2114 
2200 
2391 
2082 

2930 
1937 

3501 
3774 
2998 
2770 
3071 
2799 
3574 
2507 

3216 
2345 
2232 
2082 
29S9 
22C5 

5413 
8815 


4305 
41Ul 

2400 

1005 
2354 
2030 
2427 
2078 


4.81 


2071 


8311 

2070 
2087 
3334 
3529 
3198 
3470 
3543 
2076 
3288 
3207 
2303 
2067 
2939 
2567 

3318 
2395 

4332 
4423 
3052 


3000 


4241 
3130 

3742 

2381 
2563 
3074 
2209 

6300 
4620 


6210 
61122 

2812 

1932 
281)3 
3374 
2427 
2449 


I 


S.08 


3108 


2903 


3705 
3940 
3029 
3801 
3847 
2994 


ReimrlM. 


Sheared  flhcre 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  cod. 
do 


Shoarcd  flliors  ;  iiidi  ntcd  section  covers  3  milliiue- 

tl'M  kiKlt. 

Slight  ftht'aring  of  fibers;  split  at  eud 

Slicareil  fibers  


2858 


3357 


Slijiht  slicrriiic  of  filters;  indeuted  section  covers  3 

miliinit'ltlH  Unnt. 
Slij;hl  slieariu^'  uf  fibers;  split  at  end 

do 

Sheared  fibers  

do 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end 

do 

do 

Slight  Khearinfj  of  fibers ;  split  nt  end 

Slijjlit  sher>riiig  of  ilbera 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end 


3632 
2690 


Sheareil  filters;  split  at  end. 
Slight  shearing  of  fibers 


453C  I 
4590  ' 


.do. 
do. 


407: 


Shi':ired  fibers;  splic  ntend. 

SM^ht  Hliiaiipir  of  fibrrs  ;  split  at  end  . 

Shi'iinMl  filler?* ;  split  at  end 

Split  iit  cihIh;  fibeisdid  not  shear 

Sheared  fibers 


10 

10 

848 

223 
223 
722 
722 
830 
830 
090 
990 
106S 
1065 
1006 
1006 
1007 
1087 

528 
629 

843 
843 
1068 
1068 

'  1060 

1 

'  1069 
1070 


4011 
2880 
2912 
2799 
4105 
2948 

0022 


Split  at  end;  fibers  did  not  shear I  1070 

Sli;:ht-h.aiingof  fibers I  136 

I 

She;neil  libers;  split  Mt  end |  136 

Sheand  fibers     841 

Slight  HljeMiiiigof  fibers 841 


.do. 
.do 

do. 
.do 


5701     Sliglit  slieiirin;;  of  fillers  ... 

0701    do  

I 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


812 
842 

4 

4 


844 
844 

810 


2041     Sho:md  fibers I    067 

'  I 

3039    do 987 


3910     ....  do. 
319K  '  do 

2722    do. 

I 


901 
001 

loas 


i 


^ 


11 


4G0 


FOREST  TREKS  OE  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tatjlb  v.— 13EriAVI01l  OF  THE  rKIKOIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Specicp. 


301.  Aliuis  rubra — continued  . 

DOS. 


xVlniiH  rliombifoliu  . 
Aider. 


Aliiiis  oblongitblia . 

AMci: 


A  lulls  iiiciuin 

flifcklril A Uiir,   Boary Aider. 
ISliuk  Aider. 

SAI.ICACKiE. 

Siilix  tiiyra    

lilitck  WWitw. 


Siiiix  niiiygtlalnidos 
Kdlou: 


Salix  hi'vigata. 
iri»oif. 


TiUO.  Siilix  lasiautlra.  var.  lap.cifolin 


;tOO.  Salix   tasiaiiilra,  rar.  Feudlc- 
I  iiiiia. 

'AVi.  Snlix  liavosfcua 


Salix   tlavi-NrfiiH,  var.  Scoule- 
riana. 
mark  WiUino. 


1025 

635 
717 
717 
970 
979 


State. 


Oregon  . 


...do  .... 
Montana. 
. .  do  ... . 


Locality. 


Portland  Furniture 
CoQijiany. 


Anlilnnd  .. 

MiHHoula  . 

.do 


Oregon Drain . 

do 1  . .  do  . 


California. 
. .  do 


San  llornardino   . 
...do 


I 


314.  Salix  IIi>iik>'riana  . 


374 


232 

855 

008 
908 
911 
Oil 

690 


640 
981 
981 

889 

721 
721  , 

972  i 
972  I 

966  I 
960  ' 


Vi'iTOont 


...do 

lilaasachusettB . . . 


Colorado . 
...do  .... 
..do  ... 
...do  .... 


California 
...do  


Hiueaburg . 


Sliclburne  . 
TopHtield  . . 


Collector. 


G.  Knm'lnmnnand 
C.  S.  Sargent. 


...do 

Serono  Watson  . . 

..do 

C.  S.  Sargi'nt 

...do 


SoU. 


Hi 

m 


W.  G.  Wright, 
-do 


C.  (1.  Pringle. 


...do 

J.  Robinaon 


Wet 

...do  

Moist  loam  . 
..do 


Wet  loam . 


7258 


Semarks. 


Crushed  at  102  niilliiucters  from 
end. 


'022     CruHlied  at  25  niilliinetors  from 

uiiiidh-. 
4900     CriiHlicd  at  114  niillinietf-rs  from 

i-nd  at  3  inillinii'tt'ra  knot. 
4800     Criihlied  at  1(>2  miltime(i'r.s  from 

I      I'nd  on  ont'  face. 
5171  I  Ciushi'tl  lit  25  ntillinietiTH  from 

I      niiddlo. 
6300  ;  Triple  llcxurc 


4415  j  CruHhnl  at  8.1  millinieterrt  from 

end  at  3  niillimetevH  knot. 
44.W     Cruslii'd  at  102  niillimclors  from 
I      end  at  3  millimtttcrs  knot. 

4017     Crnshrd  at  25  millimetorH  from 
middle. 


Wet,  sandy 
Wet  loam... 


Cafion  City  . 

..do 

. .  do 

...do  .   


Santa  Cruz  . 
. .  do 


E.  AT'i'Ston 

. .  do 

.     do 

. .  .do 


G.Engi'Unanuand 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


...do ,  Strawlierry  valley 

Oregon 1  Portland 

. .  do I do 


Utah 


Citv  (.""rofk  cafion 


Moist,  sandy. 
...do 


1 


4645 
2277 

3493 
4355 
5171 
3878 

5012 
5216 


Triple  dexare  perpendicular  to 

rings. 
CnislKMl  at  5  millimeterH  knot  51 

inilliincter.s    from    end;    cross* 

grained 
Crusliiil  at  6  niillimot<'rs  knot  at 

midtile. 
Triple  tlexiiro;  Hjdit  along  grain 

111  t  ween  rings. 
C  lusliod  at  51  inillimetera  from  end , 

split  along  grain  between  rings. 
Cruslii'd  lit  5  uiilliinfters  knot  51 

iiiilliiiii'terH  from  midillc. 

Triple  di'Xiiri'  

do    


I 


.     do Moist, rich... 4373 

F.Skinnor [  Alluvial '  6942 

I  1 

do i  ..  do 00,-in 


I 


M.  E.  .Tones Gravelly 


Montana I  Pattce's     cafion, 

'      ttlsHoula. 
do j. . .  .do    


Wasliington    ter-  j  Seattle, 
ritory. 


. .  do  . 


Oregon  . 
...do  ... 


do 


Winchester  bay 
...do 


Sereno  Watson  .. .!  Rich,  moi^t . 

1 
...do 1. . .  .do 


(r.  Engelniannnnd  I  Aloist,  sandy 

C.  S.  Sargent,      i 
do do    


4581 

0632  j 
6532 

8074 
6805 


Crushed  at  .'il  niiltimcterH  from 
end  in  vicinity  of  kiiols. 

Cnislieil  l:i  niiUitiietels  from  mid- 
dli>  at  2  iiiillimi-ters  knot. 

CriLsliid  at  Wl  niilliinelei'H  from 
end  and  at  end. 

Crushed  at  in  niilliiiietei's  from 
middle  at  3  miliiiaeters  knot. 

Cruslii'd  near  middle  on  one  face.. 

t'ruslied  at  3  niillinieters  knot  76 
niilliuii'ters  from  end. 


t'i'Ushi-d  at  middte 


do 
do  . 


. !  Sandy  saline !  7031 

.....Ao '  66'.'3 


Crushed    lit    5    iiiiliiini'M'rs  knot 
near  inithile. 

Triple    flexure,     deflected    diag- 

imallv. 
Trijili'  llrMire 


316. 
.lis. 


Salix  hisiolepis 

iri7/oii'. 

PopillllS  i  .'IMIluliiMl'S 

Ani>rn.     l^iiakinij  Avp. 


.110.  PopiiluK  grandldentatA 
J'ojdar. 


.'120.  l'ii|.iiliis  hrlriojihylla 

h'inr  Cnitiinirood.     Swamp  I 

('i,ll„IIW:(:d. 

321.  I'opuliis  li:tlsaii'ifi'ra 

Jtali/itin.   Tucauiahae.  Jialm 

II/  (lilrad. 


una     California 

I 

272'' 


S.iutaCruz G.  Kngi'lniannnud  I  Randy  loam :  Oino 

!      S.  ('.  Siirgent. 


272 
10»fi 
1035 

847  ' 

847  I 


Colorado i  Alidne... 

,.  do    I...  do.... 

MaHsachusetts. . .  '  Danvers 
. .  do do    . . . 


. .  do  . 
. .  do  . 


T.  S.  limndegeo  .  \  Damp 4219 

...do j   .     do I  471T 

.1.  Robinson \  Gravelly !  6200 

. .  do do 6042 


do 
do  . 


52! 


!•»     I     '1 


Tcunessee . .'.  NashvilU' 


do  . 
do. 


(."nislnil  near  middle  on  one  face. 


Criishi  d  at  51  and  nt  114  millinii'- 

(ri  .s  ti'oiu  i-iifl ;  split  along  graiu. 

Tiipli'  (lexiiii'  paiidlel  to  rings    . 

Crnshiil   at  3S  luillimehrs  from 

iniildle  on  one  face. 
<lii 


A.  Gal  linger — 


do.. 6(12.'>  '  Cruslii'd  at  89  miUiuietvrs  from 

I'll  I. 

do 6829     Triple  flexure;  iiiiddle    bend    38 

I  uiilliiiieleiH  eerelilric. 

Alluvial 14627     Crushed   at    Hi  inilliuieteiM  knot 

I  1U2  niillimrtiis  from  end. 


061     Alaska . 


321.  PopnIuH  balaaniifera,  car.oan- 
dleans. 


0«1 

1064 
1064 


do 


Massachusetts. 
..  do 


ChiUoiit  Inlet i  Paul  Scliniti'.o 

...do    


Tnpsfleld  . 
...do  


. .  do '  4672  Crushed  at  il  milliuiet"!  s  knot  '25 

I                                    j  iiiiilinietiTs  lioiii  end. 

do ....do '5570  Tiipli'  flexure;   iiiiildle   bend    32 

!  milliui'  lirs  ei  rentrie. 


>T.  Robinson. 
..do 


GrnvuUy ,  4.')27     CrnHhed  at  76  millimetors  from 

;  end. 
do 4300      Triple    flexure  pirpendlenlur  to 

liuus. 


"  t'U    r^^'^^ 'T'r'f' "T -" v?^,-F 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


401 


UNITED  STATES  UNDEll  COJiriJESSIOX— Contiuucd. 


riiE»»UUE,  I.N    KU.OI.IlAJlb,  Ml;l  lIU-li    lo   ;1I0I>111;  AN   IMiEMAIIO.N,  IN  J11I.UMHF.K8,  OF— 


o.-ja 


0S3 

01 B 
631 
409 
590 
607 

030 
658 


007 
U44 

063 
1043 
40U 


O.Sl   0.70   1.0'J  I  l.Sr   l.5!j   1.78   3.03  •i.'iH   i  3.34 


1243 

1520 
053 
857 
044 

1030 

1089 
939 


r.'03 
•Mi 

10?4  ' 

I 

rj2o  I 
!io;  ! 


1352 

160.' 
1043 
003 
1052 
1111 

1120 
998 


I 


1461 

1529 

17U0 

1851 

1071 

1080 

048 

998 

1B28  !   1715 


1084 
1175 

1202 


053 

1016 

S8j 

131,-. 

12U2 

1K61 

1134 
1030 
635 

003 

071 
771 

802 
1021 

10(iO 


i4o; 

12(17 

11U7 

1220 
1252 

11121 
1(187 

l.WO 


140(1  I 

048 
658 
821 
862 


1851 

1184 
735 
1397 
12C7 


040     885 
658  i    844 

885  I 

817 

885 


1307 
1143 

1202 
1361 
1016 
1080 

1424 
1087 

1560 
1270 
943 

1170 

1379 
1397 

1384 
1082 

1633 


1125 
1229 

1257 
1120 


2064 

1202 
739 
1565 
1261 

034 

880  j 


1569 
1207 

1252 
1438 
1075 
1094 

1488 
2123 

16") 
1388 
1016 

1266 

1470 
1565 

1615 
2108 

1706 


1028 
1361 

1347 
1479 
1166 
1184 

1569 
2218 

1674 
1447  I 
1680 

1311  I 

1565  I 
1597 

1678 
2359 

1769 


1937 
1120 
1043 
1193 
128H 

1302 
1207 


1006 
1152 
1084 
1270 
1347 

1361 
1225 


1084 

nu 

1080 

1126 

1030 

1075 

043 

1052 

730 

807 

2168 

1257 
758 
1637 
1315 

080  I 

003  I 

I 

1288  I 

1170  I 
1125  i 

1110  I 

852  I 


2241 

1270 
771 
1710 
1366 

1030 
057 

1384 

1238 
1166 

1167 
903 


1719 
1442 

1.393 
1547 
1234 
1210 

1651 
2280 

1760 
1647 
1120 

1384 

1615 
1674 

1710 
2486 

1651 


2291 

1811 
807 
1756 
1411 

1075 
998 

1438 

1288 
1166 

1198 
957 


1824 
1529 

1447 
1642 
1306 
1257 

1710 
2350 

1801 
1509 
1170 

1438 

1724 
1729 

1810 
2507 

1937 


2301 

1352 
830 
1824 
1470 

1120 
1034 

1611 

1848 
1170 

1201 
1002 


1760  {   1805 


2008 
1179 
1120 
1315 
1397 

1402 
1266 


1806 
15/4 

l.'i24 
1674 
1347 
1306 

1814 

2482 

1846 
1624 
1220 

1488 

1787 
1801 

1960 
2685 

1006 


2454 

1388 
848 
1905 
1524 

1101 
1080 

1547 

1384 
1220 

1302 
1043 


2132 
1234 
1166 
1347 
1415 

1443 
1311 


1041 
1642 

1,>74 
1733 
1393 
1352 

1023 

2604 

1802 
1674 
1200 

1.133 

1833 
1855 

2010 
2731 

2009 


2518 

1303 
862 
1082 
1669 

1170 
1120 


1303 
1261 

1820 

1084 


1010 

2200 
1279 
1220 
1388 
1483 

1480 
1343 


2032 
1733 

1619 
1814 
1452 
1624 

1951 
2590 

1928 
1715 
1302 

1579 

1865 
1928 

2078 
2858 

2118 


4.81   9.08 


2254 

2486  I 
1442  ' 
1407 
1669  1 
1678 

1765 
1624 


2395 
2155 

2010 
2168 
1774 
1833 

2305 
8020 

2214 
2032 
1.570 

1905 

2132 
2313 

2481 
3311 

2541 


2686 
1547 
1647 
1860 
1878 

2064 
1774 


2505 

1397 
898 
1691 

1578  I 

1211 
1170  ' 


1415 
1306 

laoi  I 

1125  , 


2518 

2232 
24-tO 
20U5 


Hemarks. 


Sheared  fibers  i  «pUtat  end 1025 


Sboiircd  llburs. 

do 

do 

do 

do 


...  do. 


Sliplit  Hhi-ariii<;  of  tiburs;  split  at  end;   specimen 

120  luilliniett'i'A  louu. 
sunlit  Hbciifing  of  libers    


1 


.<lo 
do. 
do. 
do 


2085     SbCBr(!d  fibi'rs 
3370    du 


2322 
2232 

1778 

2177 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Hlijrht  siieiM-inj;  of  fibers  . 


Sli^at  sliearing  of  libers ;  split  tit  end. 
2054     Sheared  fillers 


Sli^Iit  shearing  of  fillers ;  split  iit  end 

Sheared  libers:  split  at  end  ;  Indented  aoction  cov- 
erh  *J  iiiillinieters  iiuot. 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 


207' 

1010 
1025 
2268 

1860  I 

I 
1474  < 

UU2 


1651 
1488 

1666 
1315 


3311 
1746 

nil 

2586 
2618 

1656 
l.-|33 


Sheareii  libera. 


.do 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Shean  il  fillers;  split  at  end;  specimen  120  millimo- 
ter.i  Iiing. 


1702     t'heuri'd  libe 
1660    do 


i3j 
il7 

m 

70 
J7!) 

634 
094 


1883  I  SIlKbt  shearing  of  fibers  . 
l.'>33  I do 


232 
855 

008 
908 
911 
911 

690 
690 

040 
981 
981 

889 

721 
721 

072 
972 

966 
966 

669 

272» 
272« 
1035 
1035 

847 
847 


061 
061 

10.'>4 
1054 


i! 


lit 


'I 


4G2 


I- 


.5  (■,.,v 


i\ 


-!  ■■ 


IB' 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Specie*. 


322.  Popnlim  niipL'tifolin., 
Mtack  ColUmwood. 


823.  PoptiliiR  tilcliocnnift 

Ulaek  Ciitlunwood.    Baltam 
Cotttrnuood, 


824.  Popniiifi  monilifura 

C'oltonwiiod  Xceklaee  Pop- 
lar, Varolina  Poplar. 
Big  Cottonwood. 


825.  Popniiis  FrcmontU. 
Cottunwood. 


825.  Popnlnn  Freraontli,  var.  Wis- 
lizcni. 
Ca((u.<wood.     Whitt  CoUcn- 
rcood. 


CONIFERS. 


826.  Liliocpilnis  ilpciirrenH 

While  Cedar,    llaatard  Cedar. 
Pott  Cedar,  incetuo  Cedar. 


827.  Tbiiyn  ocrlAcntaliH 

}YhiU  Cedar.    Arbor-viUt. 


138.  Thnyn  irlpnnten 

lied  Cedar.    Cano4  Ctdar. 


552 

I0I2 
1012 
1028 
1028 

255 
304 
304 
300 
300 
754 
754 

650 


646 
U46 
909 
909 
909 
909 

634 
634 

662 

662 

370 
?79 
782 
782 
783 
783 
790 
790 
792 
792 
796 
796 
874 
874 
1099 
1009 

1017 
1017 
1021 
1021 


SUte. 


Colorado. 


OreKon  . 
...do... 
..do... 
...do... 


Missonri. 
...do.... 

...do  

Tezaa  ... 
...do.... 
Florida.. 
...do...., 


Califomin. 
...do 


do 

...do" 

Colorado 

...do  

...do  

..  do 


CalifurnU  . 
...do 


.do  . 


...do. 


Vermont 

...do 

New  Brnnewick 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Province  of  Qnebec 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

...do 

Maine 

...do    

Widcunsin 

...do  


Oivgon  , 
...do... 


Legality. 


Manitou  Springa.. 


Saint  .Tobn'R  Barrel 

Fiiclory,  Porllnnd. 

...do.. 


Portland  Fnmitnre 

Company. 
do 


AUenton 

...do 

...do 

Dallas 

...do    

Chattahoochee. . . . 
...do 


Sacramento  valley 
...do 


San  Bernardino . 

...do 

CaOonCity 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Sawmill,    Straw. 

berry  valley. 
....do 


Snw.m'll,  Snn  Ber. 

naniino  mouni- 

aius. 
...do 


Monkton  . 
...do 


Bridgeton. 

..do 

Amqiil 

...do  


Mattawamkeag . 

..  do 

Eau  Claire 

..  do 


Weirtlir'n  naw.mill, 

Portland. 
..    do 


do. 
.do. 


Portland  Furniture 

Company. 
do 


Collector. 


Bobert  Donglas  . 


F.  Skinner. 
...do , 


G.  Eneelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
do 


Q.  W.  Lettennan. 

...do 

...do 

J.  Reverchon 

...do 

A.H.CartiBa  .... 
...do 


G.  RVasey. 
...do 


W.G.  Wright. 

...do 

...do 

...do  

...do 

...do  


G.  Eneelmann  and 

C.  S.  Sargent 
do 


W.G.Wright. 


.do. 


C.  G.  Pringlo. 
...do 


Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 
...dcJ 


Ed.  Sinclair. 

..  do 

A.  Grant.... 
...do  


Grand  Trunk  rail. 

way. 
do 


...do  

...do  

J.  Robinson... 

...do  

H.C.Putnam  . 
...do 


SoU. 


a- 

ill 

«p  a 

.a  ..■". 

Lit 
til 


Sandy  loam . 


AUnvlol. 
...do.... 
..  do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 


do. 
.do. 


.do., 
.do.. 


Cold,  peaty. 
...do 


Drift. 
...do. 


G.Knrclmannand 

C.  S.  .Sargent. 
do 


...do. 
...do. 


4332 

5851 
6214 
6192 
6713 

4763 
4264 
4541 
6260 
6214 
6192 
732f 

6987 
6123 

5625 
B216 
6759 
6713 
546G 
5919 

5618 
6115 

8754 

5290 

4626 
4545 
5034 
6035 
5579 
5398 
4355 
4785 
2994 
3221 
4545 
5103 
5965 
6532 
4423 
5806 

6895 
8301 
6396 


Bcmaika. 


Failed  at  6  milllracterB  knot  25 
millimetera  from  middle. 

CruKbed  at  38  millimetei's  ftom 

miitdie. 
Crunlied  at  51  millimeters  from 

end. 
CruBliod  at  38  millimeters  from 

middle, 
Cmsbcd  at  25  millimetera  firom 

middle. 


Triple  flexnre 

Crushed  at  middle   and  opened 

along  grain. 
Cruahed  at  102  millimeters  ft'om 

end. 
Cnisbed  at  38  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crushed  at  middle 

Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  38 
millimoten  from  middle. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  from 
middle  at  3  millimeters  knot 

Crushed  at  38  millimeters  Crom 
end. 

Crushed  at  25  millimeters  from 

middle. 
Trijilo  flexure:   middle  bend  19 

niillimctt  rs  eccentric. 
Crushi'd  at  89  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crushed  at  5  millltneters  knot  64 

niilliinvterH  I'roiii  end. 
Crushed  iit25niillinirtersfrflmend 

in  vicinityol'5  millimeters  knot. 
Triple  ttexiire 


Crashed  at  25  millimeters  from 
niid<lle, 

Cruslied  at  102  millimeters  from 
end ;  split  whole  length  of  speci- 
men. 

Crushed  at  middle 


Crushed  at  eud|    opened    along 
grain. 

Cruslu'd  at  25  millimeters  from 

end. 
Criixlied  at  13  nnd  at  57  millime- 

t^MR  from  end. 
Cruslicil  at  25  nnd  at  102  millime- 

teis  from  end. 
Triple  liexuro    


Crushi'd  lit  13  and  at  102  millime- 

toifl  from  t'uil. 
Triple  tiexnie;   middle  bend  25 

milliUH'ters  ecrcnti  ic. 
CrUHlii  dnt  KOniiliiuutors  from  end 

nnd  lit  end. 
Triple  llexurc;    small    knots   at 

niidille. 
CiUHlied  at  51  millimeters  from 

end. 
Crnsiird  ut  25  millimeters  from 

end. 
Cruxlied  at  32  millimeters  tram 

mil. 
Triple  diagonal  flexure 


Criinlicd  at  89  millimeters  from 

end. 
Tiiple  flexmo 


Spli*  nt   knot  at  middle;    sides 

swelled. 
CriiKlird  nt  51   millimi'tcrs   from 

end;  split  along giain. 
I 
i  CriiBhrd  atwomi-hnlcSl  niillimo- 

ters  tieniend;  Rttlitnlniiggrnin. 
Crushed  at  32  mlllinieters    from 

midillui  sudden  t'liieiiiie. 
Cmslied  at  83  mUHmeters  tnm 

end. 


m 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


463 


^ 


rUEBBUBB,  IK  KILOGUAMB,  KEIiUIBED  TO  fBODUCX  AH  DiDEMTATION,  ID  MaUHETKKg,  OF— 


m 


0.93 


454 

749 
S04 
930 
449 


666 
408 
1588 
52? 
862 
83D 

934 

703 

2064 
653 

1120 
658 
635 
817 

1071 
1007 

956 

1071 

522 
508 
821 
400 
021 
404 
C31 
680 
BID 
404 
671 
703 
504 
717 
572 
6S8 

712 

lu80 
307 
98U 


O.S1 


944 

007 
712 
998 
712 

595 
898 
608 
2254 
1043 
1320 
1143 

1216 
998 

2971 
1125 
1311 
925 
835 
1052 

1179 

1202 

1334 

1805 

703 
703 
1012 
857 
880 
821 
089 
8;i9 
721 
509 
(60 
871 
789 
053 
914 
880 

80:i 
1080 

085 
1148 


0.70 


1111 

1002 
793 

1093 
789 

653 
939 
683 
2395 
1167 
1488 
1220 

1311 
1179 

3143 
1220 
1411 
1061 
880 
1116 

1216 
1284 

1303 

1828 

744 

717 
1098 
808 
948 
075 
1010 
934 
707 
020 
007 
898 
8U7 
093 
1034 
053 

875 
1117 

753 
1107 


1.0i<  1.37 


11C6    1225 


1043 
817 

1160 
852 

680 
980 
726 
2436 
i223 
1542 
1300 

1352 
1252 

3216 
1338 
1438 
J107 
930 
?.17» 

1270 
1447 

1493 

18U4 

785 

721 

1116 

934 

1007 

1034 

1030 

957 

789 

635 

902 

939 

806 

1025 

1075 

1016 

016 
1315 

803 
1143 


1080 
889 

1216 
880 

726 
098 
780 
2490 
1315 
1628 
1352 

1438 
1325 

3307 
1397 
1533 
1189 
9;  5 
1243 

1315 
1470 

1533 

1928 

812 

730 

1161 

939 

1030 

1071 

1057 

989 

812 

619 

1002 

984 

803 

1039 

1084 

1057 

084 
1415 

844 
1211 


\A9 


1306 

1120 
934 

1279 
939 

766 
1043 

830 
2567 
1356 
1687 
1307 

1515 
1388 

3375 
1470 
1037 
1239 
1016 
1283 

1305 
1492 

1578 

2000 

835 
739 
1175 
918 
1034 
1080 
1079 
1016 
802 
062 
1043 
1025 
007 
1048 
1125 
1107 

1034 
1501 
857 
1266 


1.78 


1343 

1101 
948 

1338 
098 

807 
1080 

875 
2022 
1447 
1801 
1442 

1569 
1442 

3420 
1574 
1719 
1279 
1071 
1338 

1402 
1538 

1619 

2087 

875 
753 
1203 
966 
1066 
1102 
1107 
1030 
875 
676 
1075 
1039 
930 
1057 
llCl 
1152 

1071 
1407 
898 
1288 


3.03 


1356 

1184 
993 
1365 
1043 

848 
1120 

903 
2703 
1488 
1851 
1488 

1619 
1556 

3479 
1660 
1756 
1352 
1120 
1397 

1438 
1574 


2182 

894 

702 

1225 

970 

1075 

1116 

1116 

1043 

884 

680 

1116 

1057 

039 

1075 

1193 

1207 

1093 

1778 

912 

1334 


9.38 


1307 

1225 
1030 
1429 
1084 

852 
1100 

948 
2753 
1538 
1896 
1520 

1605 
1588 

3529 
1724 
1801 
1397 
1166 
1447 

1442 
1583 

1710 

2250 

903 

798 

1201 

989 

1089 

1120 

1129 

1073 

894 

604 

1157 

1075 

937 

1069 

1220 

1252 

1116 
1406 
939 
1370 


9.94 


1442 

1261 
1039 
1474 
1125 

875 
1198 

984 
2807 
1597 
1946 
1574 

1728 
1647 

3574 
1605 
1869 
1442 
1211 
1488 

1405 
1597 

1751 

2400 

984 
807 
1270 
1007 
1112 
1134 
1161 
1008 
912 
708 
1170 
1102 
080 
lUfl 
1270 
1200 

1161 
1383 
966 
1384 


4.81 


1609 


1474 


1384 

1030 
1315 
1179 
3302 
2032 
2223 
1837 

2087 
2023 

4037 
2177 
2177 
1701 
1433 
1760 

1628 
1787 

1941 

2622 

1034 
934 
1429 
1116 
1243 
1216 
1311 
1215 
1043 
794 
1397 
1261 


a.o8 


1216 
1497 
1447 


1740 
1110 
1579 


1905 


1179 
1452 


2495 


1833 
1610 


1769 
1896 


Benukrks. 


Slight  sheailDg  of  flben  . 


Sheared  fibera 

Slight  ahearlng  of  flbera;  apUtatend.. 

do 

do 


Sheared  fibcrg 

do 

Slight  ahoaring  of  flbera;  aplit  at  end. 

do 

do 

Sheared  flbera ;  apUtatend 


1134 
903 
1342 
1229 
1288 
1243 
1488 
1323 
1075 
839 


ises 

1203 
1010 
1342 


Sheared  flbera ;  aplit  at  end  . 
do 


do 

Sheared  flbera 

Slight  shearing  of  flbera;  aplit  at  end . 

Sheared  flbera ;  aplit  at  end 

do 

do 


Sheared  flbera . 
do 


2046     Sheared  flbera ;  aplit  along  indented  face. 


Sheared  flbera ;  split  at  end . 


Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers;  split  along  indented  face. 
Sheared  fibers 


Shi'nred  fibers;  indented)  face  covers  3  millimeters 

kuiit. 
Sheared  fibers 


1769 


1728 


do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  at  end . 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 


Sliglit  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fillers 

Sheurcil  filieis;  split  at  end 

Sheared  Qbera 


asa 

1012 
1012 
1028 
1028 

255 
304 
304 
309 
309 
754 
754 

650 

esB 

646 
648 

909 
900 
912 
912 

634 
634 


370 
379 
782 
782 
783 
783 
790 
790 
792 
702 
700 
700 
874 
874 
1009 
1009 

1017 
1017 
1021 
1021 


!. 


1 1 


11  I'lif- 


I  .,y-: 


401 


FOREST  TREES  OF  XORTII  A:^IERICA. 

Table  V.— BErrAVTOR  OF  THE  rRlXCIPAI.  WOO])S  OV  THE 


Spocii'S. 


State. 


Locality. 


32!). 


Chnnin'cypnrln  flphicroideft . 
White  Cedar. 


Cliniiiircypnris  Nutknensis 

Yellow  Cypreii.    Sitka  Cy- 
press. 


3S0 

ar.o 

850 
850 
851 
851 
852 
852 

060 
000 
083 
983 

0!!4 
004 
1000 
1000 


Clinniii'ivpiiiis  I.nw.ioniaiin    .       701 
l;,rl  liijoril  CeJnr.     Ortymt 
Vt'dtif.    WItitrV.'dar.  J.aw-      7o7 
«0H  V  Citjin'.-<a.  tiinffcr  I'itii'. 


Alnliiimn i  Cutln(;('  Hill 

...  do -  ilo 

MnasnchusettH ]?cvei  ly 

...rto ]...  do 

...<lo [ do 

...do do    

...do    I...  do 

. .  do ' do 


Colli'ctor. 


C.  Xlolir 

...do  

J.  KobiiLsou. 

....do 

...do  

...  do  

. . .  .do 

...do  


Soil. 


Siindy,  wc  t 
...do  

Swampy  ... 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


ill; 

la.stl 

-j  4400 
4105 
40GU 
3750 
4014 
4581 
4173 
4105 


Heiufiiks. 


Crnsliod  at  2.'>  iiiilllinotcrH    IVi 
do 


Alaska  . 
...do.. 


Sitka :  Paul  Subultze 5897 

...do ...do 7031 


Hiitiah  Coliirabia  .    Saw-mill,  Victoria.    (>.  En;;elnianii  and   |  8210 

i  I      C.  S.  Saigi'iit, 


. .  do ' do I  . .  do 

I 
Alaaka '  Peiil  Htiait Paul  SchtUtze 


...do  ... 
..  do  .. 
..  do    .. 

...du  . 
—  do    . 


do  . 


Wpidler'H  aaw-mill, 

I'mlland. 
...do  


Dp;ni  iV  f  "o.'m  »uw- 

iiiill,  Miirslifii'Id. 

...  (Ill 


do 


332. 


ClipiTH^ns  iii;MTnr:irpa  . 


333.  Cupi't'ssus  (rovcniaiia 


3ns.  •Tiiuipei'UH  occidt-iitalia 

Jiiviper. 


33S.  Jiinipei'ii.*    orridontalin.    var. 

t'UIljUi^rlls. 

Jtfiiipir. 


330.  iTiiiiipiriis  Vir;;iniana 
Kea  Cedar.    Havin. 


07.) 

e75 

on  I 

1)91 
1100 
1100 

024  . 
021 

93H 
931) 
1102 
1102 

327 

327 

734 

734 

800 

80O 

837 

837 
1055 
10.55 
1240 
1250 
12S3 


Cnlifuiiiia 
lo 


MoiltlMI'V  . 
Ilo 


7779 
7711 
7439 


G.  Kiiuflniaunand  !  7217 

C.  S.  Sai  yent.       !  ' 

-.do i 6907 


do  . 


...do 
. .  .do  . 
. .  do  . 


I 


...do. 
...do. 


do '  Marin  county 

.ilo ' . . .  ilo    

do Calistoga  . . . 

dii    '  . .  do    


G.]{.  Vaaoy.... 
...do 

W.  F.Fishor... 
...do 


..  ilo 
. .  do  . 


Vn-kii  plains. 
..  do 


Texas . . 
...  do  .. 
...  do  . 
...  do    ., 


do    . . 
.    do  . . . 
Floiida 
. .  do    . . 


Austin 

..  do 

...do  

...do  


G.  Kn^idiuann  and 

0.  S.  Sai'pont . 
do 


I 


C.MoIii- 

do 

. . . .    S.  B.  Buckley 

....I...  do 


Gravelly  loam  . 
...do  


Dry  rldgea . 

...do 

..do 

...do  


Ijimestoni' 

...do  

...do 

...do  .... 


7235  ! 

7462 

7666 


Cruslu'd  at   70  niilliiniti't-s  t'l-oiii 
end  ttt  3  inilliiiii'li-r'H  knot. 

Crnshc'1   iii  niiilillr  in  viiinily  of  , 
3  niillinirti'i's  knota. 

CruHln-il  at  end;  opi-ned  uniln 

Crushed  !i(  3  nnliiiiiitev.M  Kiml  'A 

inillinieli'i'H  troni  end. 
Cnt..*li0il  at  3:i  initlinietera  from 

end;  opi-ni'd  1)1  i v.'ecn  liiijrs. 
CruHlii  il  ;il  2.')  iinil  at  127  nillliine. 

tei'H  IVoiii  end. 

Triple  di.i^nn.il    lle\uri'  ])arii]li-l 

to  riniiH. 
Crir^lied  at  3S  niilliineteiH    IVoiii 

end. 
t^rnrthed  at  04  inillinieterH   triini 

end. 
Triple  tlexiiro;    middle  bond  38 

niillinieteiH  eerentrle. 
Crnabed  at  35  ndllinieterH   from 

end. 
CriiHlii  d   at   13  niillimi-leiH  knot 

38  niillimeteis  IVi.m  middle. 
Cnisbeit  :t(  31   millimeter.-^  iVoni 

end. 
Criialied  lit  25  and  iit  102  niillime- 

tfvs  from  end. 

Crnalied  at  25  ami  at  51  millinii'-  . 

terafroni  end;  .Mplit  :ilo!m  yniin. 
('rual)eil  at  end  luidai  102milliiiie. 

ters  fiom  end. 
Crusbed  at  51   millimeter.s  from 

end. 


1 


5603  { 
7349 

6253  ■ 

I 
4872  I 


Triple  fle.xiire 
do 


Crushed  at  middle ;  end  sbatteied  ; 

split  alonf;  ^Eralu. 
Split  alouK  (.'rain ;  shattered 


9040 


Hhnttered  stick  at  127  railliinetera 
from  end  and  at  I'ud. 


Dallas I  J.  Koverrhon Calcareous . 

do    j...  do do 

Chattahoochee A.  H.  Curtlss do    

do ;...  .do do 


I 


do Saint  John's  river  1 

do ...  do ! 


..do. 
.do. 


Massachnsetts.. 
..  do 


Danvers .  J.  Robinson 


do 


do. 


do Topafleld I do  . 

.   .  do do I do  . 


Tennessee  . 

..  do    

...do 


Wilson  county. 

...do  

...do 


A.  E.  Baird 

...do  

...do 


Sandy  loam  . 

...do 

Drift 

..do 

Gravelly 

...do 


9662 

0804 

7172 

74.10 

7015 

"219 

7031 

.•|715 

5120 

4044 

5H5I    ' 

7076 

8256 

6870 

6677 


Trinle  dtajiunni   ilexure   perpeii.  ; 

diriiliir  to  rinua. 
Split  nldiiiuriv ;  eiiiss.y;rainedaud 

kmita.  I 

t'riialie'l  at  102  millimelern  iVniii  ' 

I  ml  ;:iiil  aplit  uloli^  ;riiiiii. 
Triple  lli'Mire ;   !niiliUe   beliil    ;J2 

niitlimi-ti-ra  eei  elitlie. 
Criisbeil  at  2."i  iinil  iit  127  millime. 

lers  I'riini  i  ml. 
Cl'lialied  jit  ;>  millimeteia  knot  2.*i 

milliiueieiH  from  end. 
Crnflii  il  lit  10  millimeteia  knot  13 

niiliimiti-i-M  finm  end. 
Opened    ;:iain   at    6   millimi'teia 

Knot  iieiir  middle. 
Triple    niiiuonal   llexare  p;tiitll.  I 

til  linj:..*. 
....  do 

(^'riialii  il  in  \'ii'itiity  of  13  milUnie. 

tela  Kiiiil  at  miildle. 
CruKllrd  at  lllidiile;  defiei'ted 


(.'riiaheil  at  knot  at  middle 

Cruabed  at  kniit  near  end 

Triiile  diaiinnal  Ilexure  perpen 
dieular  to  riiiga;  openi  d  crain. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


465 


FBKBSUltE,   IN  KlLOOBAHg,    BKQUIRED  TO  mODUCE  AN  INDENTATION,   IN  MILLIHETEnB,   OF— 


m\ 


m\ 


o.as 


840 
G40 

aso 

«26 
403 
022 
044 
544 

549 
522 
721 

one 

749 
1125 
1320 
1542 

8G6 
COO 
OtO 

1656 
17(:0 

1406 

1805 

604 

1728 

1343 
1610 

1778 
1474 
1740 


0.31   0.7« 


581 

I 

084  j 
889  ; 
053  j 
735  ; 
608  ! 
1025  ■ 

075 

I 

I 

885  I 

7,6 

uro 

1592 

J  247 

I 
1442  ; 

lf37  : 

I 

2032 ; 

1420 

o:>3 

060 

3311 
3200 

2540 
2413 
1574 
2427 

2431 
2459 

3593 
3134 
3402 


I 


720 
1034 

039 
1139 

802 

803 
1103 
1125 

071 
1103 
1302 
1767 
1320 
1515 
1082 
L118 

1520 
1080 
1116 


3511 

3010 
2558 
2118 
2558 

2925 
2622 

4291 
4046 
4033 


Loa 

702 
1075 

062 
1184 

871 

821 
1315 
13)1 

1012 
1048 
1393 
1842 
1303 
1507 
2073 
2205 

1529 
1120 

net 

3742 
3620 

3311 
2572 
2404 
2622 

3134 
2681 

4653 
4359 
4264 


i.ar  I  1.39  1.98 


I 


803 
1116 

003 
1243 

880 

835 
1365 
1356 

1025 
1080 
1488 
1800 
1442 
1083 
2114 
2254 

1579 
1170 
1202 

3860 
3724 

3425 
2019 
2563 
2771 

3202 

-  r)8 

4817 
4SI3 
4414 


812 
1166 
1030 
1279 
894 
839 
1415 
1411 

1057 
1120 
1517 
1019 
14U2 
1333 
2104 
2400 

1579 
1211 
1207 

3951 
3797 

3515 
2673 
2620 
2853 

3307 
2826 

4944 
4649 
4626 


848 
1211 
1061 
1293 
003 
644 
1474 
1483 

1003 
1166 
1588 
1900 
1547 
1774 
2214 
2354 

1051 
1229 
1266 

4051 
3660 

3647 
2703 
2681 
2944 

3393 
2809 

5i03 
4854 
4726 


!>.03  I  3.38  '  3.34 


857 
1234 
1084 
1302 
021 
857 
1506 
1551 

1120 
1175 
1642 
2000 
1592 
1819 
2259 
2404 

1087 
1275 
1311 

4104 
3001 

3720 
2739 
2731 
3012 

3434 
2953 

5158 
4953 
4795 


875  I 
1270  j 

nil  I 

1315 
944 
880  ; 
1565 
1579 

1129 
1210 
1724 
2032 
1047 
1800 
2400 
2481 

1728 
1306 
1325 

4187 
4014 

3783 
2803 
2709 
3094 

3484 
3016 

5221 
6080 
4899 


1270 
1120 
1329 
962 
889 
1610 
1642 

1157 
1234 
17C0 
2067 
1687 
1890 
2331 
2513 

1746 
1329 
1301 

4214 

4078 

3642 
2621 
2817 
3134 

3515 
3094 

5294 
6668 
4962 


4.81 


1007 
1452 
1306 
1429 
1034 


3.08 


1126 
1574 
1452 
1420 
1089 
998  1  1080 
1805  I  1973 
1028  I   2132 


Bamarkf. 


1300 
1406 
2028 
?313 
1006 
2214 
2380 
2835 

1928 


1400 

1520 


4717 


4241 


3160 
3606 

3862 
3574 

5987 


5579 


2790 
2994 

2155 


4967 


4527 


3348 
3901 


4001 


6305 


Sheared  fibers  

do ... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Sllcht  shearing  of  fibers I      852 

do 852 


sso 

350 

850 
850 
851 
851 


Shcari'd  filers ,  969 

Sli;;lit  shearing  of  fibers ]  969 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end ,  983 

Slipht  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 083 

I 
do ,  994 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  3  niillimoters  ;  004 

knot. 

Sheared  fibers lOOO 


.do. 


1000 


do 701 

Split  along  grain i      707 

do ,..„..^r^.^,^^r.i      707 


Slieared  fibers 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  ends  . 


675 
675 

Sliglit  shearing  of  fibt  r.s ;  indented  section  covers  '     691 

two  3  miliiinetersitnots. 
Slight  sliearing  of  libers  ;  split  at  comer !     691 

Sheared  flbera j    1100 

do ;    1100 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends ;  worm-eaten 624 

do :      624 


Sheared  fibers 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . 
Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends. 


939 
1102 
1102 


1087 
1207 
1687 


2014 
1932 
2381 


2068 
2132 


2186 
2162 
2844 


22.J0 
2214 
2690 


2304 
2236 
2935 


2349 
2259 
3030 


2395 
2304 
3060 


2449 
2341 

3094 


2504 
2330 
3139 


2004 
2566 
3438 


3202 


Sheared  fibers ;  327 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end {   827 

do 734 


I 


1384 
1011 

8:!9 

817 
1061 


2091 
1700 
1438 
1270 
1928 


2291 
19C9 
1363 
1424 
2245 


2341 
2028 
1705 
1511 
2  50 


2303 
2082 
1733 
1533 
2518 


2454 
2118 
1765 
1574 
2540 


2486 
2159 
1778 
1579 
2572 


2549  I 
2173  j 
1790 
1028  I 
2017  ' 


I 
2590  ' 

2214  I 

1810  ! 

1631 

2649 


2608 
2286 
1624 
1665 
2681 


2989 
2527 
1951 
1878 
3030 


3221 
2672 
2074 
1996 


Sheared  fibers. 

do 

do 

do 


800 
800 
837 
887 
Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 1085 


1588 
1203 


2790 
2404 


3066 
2694 


318R 
2840 


3334 
2986 


3443 
3039 


3565 
3153 


3588 
3292 


3674        3720  j      4264 
3293        3348        39U1 


4196 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end . 
Sheared  fibers 


1241 
12S0 


3(»  roil 


■fl'-l 


IIIIMI 


4Gt) 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


TAnLi;  v.— liEIlAVIOlt  OF  THE  rUINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


'      }| 


..      .  '\ 

^f!   5       I*     1 


Spccloa, 

1 

B 
9 

635 
.535 
5.2 
542 
741 
741 

6.57 
657 

673 
673 
710 
711 
711 
712 
712 
713 
T13 

714 
715 

078 
078 

62 

62 

277 
277 

651 
651 

1 
1 

222 
777 
777 
788 
788 
789 
789 
797 
797 
1044 
1044 

976 
987 
987 

6S8 

Stnte. 

Looallt.v. 

Collector. 

C.Mobr 

....do  

Soil.. 

Longitudinal     com- 1 
presgion:  Cltimate 
stn-ngtb.  in  kilos. 

Roniarlia. 

• 

Stoclilon 

....do  

Alluvial       

8020 
7031 
0760 
6750 
6328 
6697 

0341 

6078 

6017 
7301 
7122 
6.52:1 
7970 
5262 
5307 
7122 
6042 

7340 
6.105 

C608 
8700 

72.58 

7349 
70O8 
7838 

5570 
.5670 

5308 
5230 
0214 
4427 
4210 
6160 
6305 
5800 
4005 
6842 
5625 
6534 
4967 

6123 
4081 
4944 

6441 

Cnmlied   at  64  niillimetera  from 

end. 
(;iu»lied  at  51  milliniof    <i  from 

enil. 
Crunlied  at  38  niillimetera  from 

niiilille. 
CruHhe<l  at  25  uiillimotcri  from 

end. 
do 

liald    CvprcM.      Slack  Cy- 
prctt.  ktd  Cypreiu.   Wh<U 
Ciipretn.      Deciduout    Cy- 
prut. 

...  do 

...  do 

do 

Mobile 

do 

...  .do 

...do    

Florida 

Cliattidio<iclio« — 
...do 

A.  11.  CurtiHS  ... 
...do 

.    do    

Cnlifomia  

Tnlnrc  loiint.v    . . . 
....do    

G.  Engelinann  and 

C.  S:  Sargent. 
. .  llo 

Granite 

Jiiij  lire. 

.  d« 

do 

do •. 

Cniaheil  nt  25  niillimetera  from 

middle. 
Crualied  at  middle     

M2.  St'iinoia  Rflnipcrvirpiis    

Jiedwood. 

do     . 

KnsHian  ri«-er 

...do  

..  do       

...  do 

....do  

Santa  Cm» 

....do  

Turner,  Kennedy 

&  Shaw. 
...  do  

Crualied  at  70   railllmetera  ttom 

end. 
Cruahed  at  middl.*;  ahattored 

Crualied  nt  114  millimelera  from 
end ;  threw  otl'  t  wo  aplintera. 

Crualied  at  51  niilllmeteni  from 
end. 

Crushed  at  38  millimetera  from 
middle. 

do 

...  do  

...  do  

...do  

..  do    

...do 

Mendocino  county 
....do  

J.  Kontfleld  &  Co 
.    do 

do 

..  do    ..  . 

....do  

. .  do 

...do 

...  do 

...do    

...do    

...  do  

Cnished  at  25  niillimetera  from 
middle  in  vicinity  of  2  milli- 
melera knota 

Crualied  at  middle  and  nt.38milll 
iiieiera  I'loni  <  nd ;  opened  grain. 

Crualied  nt  1(12  niillimetera  from 
end ;  aplit  from  end  to  i  nd,  i;inin 
eiiilv. 

Failed  at  10  inillimotera  knot  at 
middle. 

(Iriisliiil  near  middle  at  3  miltinie- 
ttirn  knot. 

Crushed  nt  0  millimeters  knot 
51  millinirters  from  middle  1 
opened  giiiln. 

Crualied  nt  10  millimetera  from 
end. 

Tiijde  dingonr.l  iloxnro  perpen- 
dicular to  lings. 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

(13.  liiss  l,i«tlfot.«        

Portland 

O.  Engelwann  and 
C.  8.  Sargent. 

Moiat,  rich 

....do     

T*u>. 

do 

....do  

Floridu 

Cbattaliooohce 

....do  

C.  S.  Sargent 

...,do 

Alluvial 

ftinking  Crdar.    Saiin. 

..do      .. 

....do    

.do      .. 

...do 

A.  H.  Curtiss 

do 

Calcj>reou8 

....do    

...  do    ...  . 

...do    

S4C.  'i'orri>;v-ii  Ciilifonilcn   

California  Xtiliiieg.     Stink- 
ing Cedar. 

847.  Pinun  Slrolnia 

CaliforDia  

.    do    

Marin  county 

....do  

("r.  11.  Vnsey 

....do 

Stony 

..  do     .      ... 

Crushed  r.t   01  millimeters  from 

middle  at  5  niillinielers  knot. 
Triple  tlexiii'e  ....         

MasFachusettR 

.  do    

Arnold  Arboretnm 
...  do    

C.  S.  Sargent 

.do              .... 

Diift 

Crnabrd  at  51  millimeters  from 

middle. 
Crushed  at  01  millimeters  from 

end. 
CriislMjd   at  70  millimetera  from 

eud. 
Criislied   lit  10  niillimetera  knot 

3H  iiiillinieleis  I'rnm  middle 
Ciualieil   at    1(1  inillinielera  knot 

51  inilliiiH  tela  iieni  end. 
Crushed  nt  51  rnd  nt  114  millime- 
ters Iroin  end. 
Criislu'd  nt  1(12  milllinelers  from 

ind. 
Crushed  at  13  mllliuioters   from 

end. 

WhiUl'ine.    Weymouth  IHtu. 

do 

Vermont 

Charlotte 

C.  G.  Prlnglo 

Intercolonial  rail- 
way. 
..do         

Wot,  awampy  . . . 

...  do    

..  do 

BridgetoD 

...do  

Ed.  Sinclair 

..do 

...do  

Province  of  Quebac 
...do 

A.  Grant 

...do  

...do  

...do 

Grand  Tmnlt  rail- 
way. 
..  do 

Crii'lied   nt  Ot  millinietera  from 

niidillo. 
Ci  iislied  at  end  and  .it  32  uiillime- 

ti'i'H  from  middle. 
Crualied  nt  45  millimelera  from 

miildle. 
Criislied  nt  83  millimeters  trom 

eud. 

Crualied  nt  70  mlllimitera  from 

end. 
Triple  flexure  parnllol  to  rings  ... 

Crualied  at  13  millimetera  ft-om 
end. 

Criiabed  at  three  places  near  ends . 

...do 

Massaolinactta.... 
...do 

Rending 

J.  Robinaon 

...do     

Drift 

...do    

.  ..do    

M8.  Finns  monticola 

Britisli  Columbia . 

Ha8tin|rii'"an-mill, 
Burrard  inlet. 

Caniade     mount. 
aiDH. 

...  do  

G.  Engelmnnnand 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
C.  8.  Sargent 

...do  

IVAife  I'ine. 

Moiat  loam 

..  do  .           

...  do 

349.  Pinna  Ltinibertiaiui 

CalifomiB 

Snw-mill,     Straw. 
bcrrv  valley. 

(t.  Eniieluiannand 
C.  S.  Snr^ent. 

Sugar  Pine. 

iMi 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  0OMPKES8ION— Continued. 


rRKHSUIIK,  IN   KlI.nnttAllH,  [IKglllRii!)  TO  IMinDL'CR  AN  IN'DKKTATinN,  IN  MILLIlimiBS,  OF— 


t    o.i» 


;  fe 


0..1t  I  0.9«      I.04 


liiv 


m 


IB: 


a: 

■jiilifl; 


m 

pi 

S 


404 
440 

hk;i 

gH9 
403 
880 

830 
S6;> 


sea 

780 
C'.'O 
61' 

7o:i 
8r.7  j 

74!t  . 


7Hri 

707 
1424 

r.-.'o 

104o 
1120 

O.Vl 

osn 


800  I 

8;)0  I 
ir.«7 1 

i:!00  { 

i;f.'5  i 
I'jii'i 


010 
B80 
1078 
1352 
14B2 
1257 


OHO  I   1030 
071  I   1052 


i.ar 


93» 
O'Jl 
1742 
1415 
1483 
1320 

1084 
1098 


852 
1012 

702 

780 
1048 
1300 

833 


t.M 


1002 
044 
1787 
1483 
1620 
1350 

lOSg 
1106 


1.78  9.0» 


I 


I 


1774 


m   -^^ 


2440 


3052 


2:!r>0  !   3085 


1050 


licl 


2331 


2341 
1257  1023 
1013    1520 


1021 
1071 

053 
640 
008 
521 


1452 
1203 

1135 

nil 

1542 
885 


021  I 
ICOfl  j 

8f0 

821 
ICOl 

nil  I 

871  ' 

I 


1075 
930 
860 
008 

1110 
921 


2731 


4037 


2853 


4150 


387K  I   4024 


2013 

2M0 
2118 


2835 

3035 
2200 


1033  '   lfi8'< 


071 
789  i 

499 ; 

520  i 
i 
930 

531 

8(in 

500 

080 
712 
002 

535 


002 

030 

708 

780 
1075 

862  I 
1210 

903 

05;! 
871 
857 

1034  ' 


1028  I 

iiMi  ; 

1211  i 

1343  ' 

I 

1883  ' 
1048  ' 

ora  : 

ll!43  . 
1030  j 

762  I 

885  ; 
1152  I 

944  I 
1262 

002  ■ 

! 

1052  I 

962  ' 

025 

I 
1210 


984 
1080 
048 
898 
95!t 
1180 
957 


1710 
2050 

1201 
1193 
1950 
1075 

902 
1080 
1075 

803 

012 
1207 

971 
1302 

980 

1003 
1025 
975 

1275 


2926 

4296 
4150 

2971 

8125 
2254 
1742 

1805 
2118 

1297 
1447 
2087 

nil 

980 
1125 
1120 

844 

944 
1261 

084 
1320 
1002 

1130 
1075 
1108 

1311 


1002 
1084 
008 
931 
975 
1325 
1002 


8003 

4360 
4265 

3121 

3270 
2313 
1700 

1842 
2205 

1347 
1483 
2227 
1116 
1012 
1166 
1161 
852 
957 
1320 
1025 
1347 
1U48 

1189 
112') 
1034 

1338 


1060 
1007 
1824 
1520 
1509 
1415 

1134 
1225 


1025 
1107 
1030 
044 
062 
1393 
1043 


1003 
1034 
1804 
1551 
1610 
1447 

1148 
1288 


I 
9.9H   I  9.94 


1030 
1157 
1035 
002 
1034 
1442 
1080 


4436 
4380 


3366 
2345 
1851 

1800 
2250 

1370 
1511 
2304 
1120 
1021 
1207 
1207 


1301 
1034 
1370 
1071 

1234 ; 

1161 
1078 

1366 


1139 
1062 
1905 
1588 
1019 
1483 

1161 
1320 


1034 
1193 
1039 
984 
1075 
1470 
1098 


1175 
1080 
1941 
1019 
1042 
1529 

1184 
1442 


4.81 


1334 
1247 
2205 
1882 
1790 
1792 

1320 
1624 


4518 
4473 

3367 

3456 
2303 
1896 

1041 
2259 

1303 

1524 

2427 

1134 

1052 

1220 

1247 
839 
993 

1411 

1060 

1384 

1075 

1275 
IICO 
1008 

i 
<388 


1061 
1221 
1049 
1007 
1098 
1501 
1120 


4581 
4613 

3488 

3515 
2386 
1941 

2046 

2304 

1429 
1538 
2454 
1152 
1093 
1247 
1270 
898 
1025 
1488 
1116 
1397 
1093 

1311  I 

1184 

1120 

1424  '. 


4031 
4726 


1179 
1370 


1116 
1210 
1633 
1266 


a.o8 


1338 


2087 
1932 
1087 

1400 
1701 


1452 


Remarka. 


Hhi'mod  libera ;  apUt  nt  end 

Slight  Bbi^itrini;  of  flbero 

sunlit  BhearloK  of  flliern ;  split  at  end. 

Shonrod  fiborn ;  npllt  at  corner 

Sbeanxt  fl bem 

do 


do. 
.do. 


1306 
1792 


M03 
&i21 


3661 
2440 
1904 

2087 
2341 

1447 
1651 
2,503 
1101 
1111 
1297 
1293 
921 
1039 
1520 
1148 
1420 
1116 

1347 
1220 

114:1  I 


4287 


5480 
5851 


Hhoared  tlberH ;  iipUt  at  end .' 

.Sheari'd  flbrrn ;  nplit  niong  grain 

Slight  ahcarluK  of  tlliem;  HpUt  along  grain. 

Slieared  flbera;  nplit  along  ([rain 

Sheared  tlliors 

do 

Sheari'd  tll>erH ;  split  at  end 


Split  at  enda  . 


Slirari'd  fii>er8  ■ 
do 


I 


Split  at  i-nda  . 


4527  I  Sheared  fibers;  split  at  ends  . 
I 
2713  I  I  Shenrpd  fibers;  split  at  end.. 

2245        24 13  '  Sheared  fibers  


1450 


I 


2481 
26,<C 

1.588 
1724 
2971 
1270 
1270 
1.520 
1424 
1043 
1175 
1792 
1293 
1529 
1243 

1547 
1424 

1293 

I 

1010 


•^076 

2707  j 

1778 
1709 
3130 
1329 
1384 
1600 


Shiared  libers ;  split  nt  end  . 
Sbeiired  fibers 


1157 
1270 
2023 
1397 
1601 
1301 


.do. 


Sheared  flbern;  split  at  end  . 

Slifibt  shenring  of  fibers 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fibers 

do 

do  

do 

do 


467 


i 


685 

635 
543 
641 

741 
741 

tst 

657 


710 
7U 
711 
7U 

in 

7U 
TU 


715 

S78 
(78 


82 

277 
277 

651 
661 

1 

1 

222 

TT! 

Tn 

788 
788 
788 
788 
797 
797 
1044 
1044 


1005 

1384  '. 

I 
I 
1724  |. 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end {      075 

Sheared  fibera 

do 


.do. 


987 
9<t7 

818 


Jl 


rrr- 


1.3 


It  I 


468 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Taule  v.— behavior  OV  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 


MS.  Finus  LanilicTtiAna— contM  . 


I 


State. 


Locality. 


WW.  PinnitaoxilU.. 
Whilt  rine. 


SSI.  PinuB  nlbirniillx. 


SS2.  Pinus  icllpxn. 
1VAi(«  I'ine. 


353.  IMmiR  Pnvr>-flnii 

I'iiion.     Xut  rine. 

US.  Plnii!)  cMlii1i.s 

J'ii'ion.    .Vii(  I'ine. 

3M.  Pinii»inoii<>i)li.vlla... 
I'iiton.    .Vh<  rine. 

357.  Piiiii»B»1f<iuiiiiii».-. 


857.  PiiiiiH  ISiilfonrmnn,  rar.  nriHtata 
foxtail  I'ine.    lliekor!/ Pin».\ 


358.  Pimis  ri'sinosa 

Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 


tSt.  Finns  Torreyana. 


•.  Finns  Arizonica 
Tellow  }Hnt. 


WL  Finns  ponderosa 

Teltow  Pine.    BuU  Pini. 


008 
780 

810 
810 
013 

002 

902 

861 
661 

6S6 

656 

307 

882 
015 

631 
631 

821 
821 
014 

315 

315 

785 

785 

1074 

1075 

1076 

1076 

090 
096 
906 

1154 
1154 
1155 
1155 
1156 

1156  ! 

i 

610 
620 
630 


636 

<89 


CaUfornia I 

I 
....do LosBPu's  pralc  .. 


C'olora<lo. 
...do  .... 
Nevada . . 


Britiali  Ciilumbia 
'....do.  


Forest  City 
..  do 


Collector. 


Soil. 


■a  a-° 


Remarks. 


Q.  RVanny ' SOfO  i  Crashed  at  38  rallllmetciii  IVoin 

end. 

Sierra       Lumber    Win  j  Triple  lloxurn 

Ciinipany. 


I 


T.  S.  Braudegeo. 
do 


Danville i  A. Triple. 


Silver    llonntaln  |  G.  Kni;i'lnmnnnnd 
valley,     Fmser  i      C  S.  Surgout. 
river.  | 

—  do do 


Gravelly orjll     C'rimlied  nl  25  millimeters  from 

ind. 
...do 0l2:i     Climbed  st   76  ndlllnirteis  fmni 

end. 
do 4.'>27     Crnnbiil  at    10  milllnieti'rs  knot 

7(1  inillitneters  I'rnm  end. 


Arizona Snntu  Uitaniount-    G.  Knuelninnn  and 

nins.                            ('.  S.  Sur;;L'nt. 
do do do I 


4740     Triple  flexure  . 
6S5I    do 


Califumia San  Dii'^o  tnunly.    G.  It.  Vasey. 

— do ...  do ...  do 


Colorado CaDonClty E.  \Ve»ton Gravelly 

I 
Lcwlston M.K.Jones '  Roeky 


Utah 


Nevada Danville  . 


...    A.  Triple... 


Gravelly.... 


Califoniia Sentt  niniintuins  ..    G.Knf^elmannand     Rocky 

I      t".  S.  Sarj;ent. 
do do ■ do do  . 


Colorado Forest  (Mty 


T.  S.  Bnindegeo. 


...do 

Nevada 


Micbigan 

...do 

Now  Brunswick . . 

..do 

Vermont 

...do  

...do 

..do 


California 

...do 

...do 


Arizona  . 

...do.... 

...do.... 
...do.... 
...do  ... 
....do... 


do do 

Prospect  mountain   A.  Tiiplc. 


Rocky 


Hersey W.  J.  Beal . . 

do do 

Bridgefdu  Ed.  Sinclair. 


...do 

Charlotte . . . 

...do 

...do 

..  do 


...  do 

C.G.Pringlo. 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 


■| 


San  Diego  county .    G.  Kngt  Inianu Sondy 


do. 
do  . 


Santa  Kita  mount- 
ains. 
...do 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do 


.do. 
.do  . 


8020 
7621 

52(12 
5,->70 


4037 
4740 

4703 
60.13 

M»' 
.'■|0I2 

8301 
7107 
81(15 
6(123 
.'5042 
7340 
6886 

440U 
4876 


C.G.Prinple. 

...do  

..do 

..do 

..do 

..  do 


Rocky  . 
. . .  do  . . 

..do  . 
....do  .. 

...do  .. 

...do  .. 


Cnixlieil  lit  38  mid  iit  FO  uiillinie. 

ti'i's  tVnni  i>i)d ;  opened  gijrin. 
''luslie*!  at  32  nillliiiM'teiH  from 

end;  t.plit  iiltlitpicly  iilnn^jxrain. 

('ni>'>iiil  at  64  Mili;MM'ter.><  from 

I  ml  at  Id  millinii  tern  I. nut. 
Tiiplf  tlc.xure 


(^iiiKhid  lit  end  at  .I  milllmi'lei'H 
l>m>l. 

Split  oblii|iiily  nlonj;  KTiin 

I^illf'd  at  111  niilllincterH  k:uitHat 
iinitdlc. 

Tailed  at  10  milllnietc  is  ki.ol  T(l 

lllil>ilnetrl'n  fl  (im  i-ad. 
('imnIimI   at   3  nillliincti'rH  knotH 

lit  niiilille. 

Crnslird  at   32  millimcterH  from 

riiil :  eioHH-triained. 
Cm  sited  Jit  end 

Craslied  ;it  midille  and  nt  3  milli. 

inrti-iH  Kijot  2.'>  millimeters  tii'ui 

nridclli-. 
CmisIh-iI   at   'A   milliiiifters  from 

fiid. 
UriiHlied  nt  64  millimeters  from 

eini. 
('rushed  at    10  millimeters  knot 

2.'i  niiiliiiirti-rs  fioiu  end. 
<  'ruHhed  u(  i-nd 

Crushed  at   2.'i  anti  at  114  milll. 

merer rt  from  emi. 
(.'rrislii  d  jit  25  and  at  76  miltime. 

tev.H  from  end. 
t'rirshid  nt   51   millimeters  from 

en  I 
Crushed  at  6  milliinotcrs  knot  nt 

middle. 

Cnislied  nt  2.'i  ami  at  102  niilH. 

meters  from  errd. 
Triple  tlexiriei    mlildlo  bend  61 

millimeters  eccentric. 


748.''>  I  Crushed  at  2,'i 

end. 
7349     Ciiished  nt  end 


milllmctors  from 


5330     Shattered  ot  end. 


j  03."i0     Crushed  at  51  millimotern  from 

eii.l. 
Ii0)'0     Crrishi'd  at  25  millimeters   knot 

at  «Mid. 
4014  ■ do 


Dakuta 

Oregon 

CaUiornin  ... 

...do    

...do 

..do 

...at  


Dead  wood Robert  DongVis . . .[  G  ravelly . 

Sawmill,  Ashland    G.  Engelmanii  and 

I      C.  S  Sargi'nl . 
St  ra  \v  berry  valley do 


I 


701.1 


do. 


Sawmill,    Straw. 

berry  valley. 
..do 


do. 
do. 
do. 


Sawmill,  San  Bcr.    W.  G.  Wright. 
nardiiio. 


I 


I.ow,  wet,  swampy 
...do 


530 
3020 
3765 
8256 
5042 
7756 


Oushed  at  51   millimeters  from 

end. 
CriiHlicd  at  76  millimeters  from 

end. 
Triple  flexnre  perpendicular  to 

lings ;  knots. 
do 

Triple  dexaro  

Crushed  at  51  millimetera  ftom 

end. 
do 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


469 


nBglllllKI)  TO  rilODlTIt  an  INDRMTATIOK,  in  MII.I.IMKTKIIB,  Of— 


Iffi 


m 
111 


1 


m: 


m 

M 

m 

m 

m 
m 


m 


liiili 

IITP) 


1201 
1134 

2023 
1407 

1006 

1702 
0S3 

871 
1211 

1442 
1110 

1307 

071 

802 

744 

80ij 

504 

703  ' 

U.")3 

f02 

1270 
i:i:!8 
)4,'.2 

1021  I 
1034-1 

1089 
lUlO 

»30 

!'07 

080  I 
1157 
1452 

ims 
n:i4 

1U21 


10«!> 

1824 

1325 

1400 

1042 

1700 

1710 

1005 

1800 

1032  j 

1 

2070 

3157 

2380 

2008 

270O 

3U30 

2123 

2345 

2100 

2506 

2014 

2450 

1811 

1800 

2130 

2280 

1600 

1500 

2000 

2105 

1034 

1157 

1170 

1275 

1110 

1343 

1400 

1583 

030 

102.-, 

080 
1243 
1025 


1087 
lOCO 
1305 
1574 
1397 
1301  ; 

9711 
1724  ! 
2400 
K08 
1343 
1170 
1429 


1034 
1370 

nil 


2000  2177 
2480  2155 
2132    2291 


1710 

1837  I 

1420 

1087 

1524 

13f8 

1UD3 

18-)] 

2408 

17li-> 

14 -ill 

1189  ; 

15*2 


1073 
2005 

3243 
2736 

3210 

2481 
2744 

2058 
1023 

2301 
1010 
2200 

1220 
1325 
1433 

1047 

I 
1080 

nil 

1420 
1170  I 

22ri8 

2223 

23r>9  I 

1700  I 

I 

1802 
1488  . 
1724  j 
1570 
14C8 

1181 

1870  j 
2.->18  ] 
1S33  ! 
1533  I 
1275  j 
1824  I 


1032  I 


2032  ! 
2053 

3411  I 

2840  j 

3388  I 

2540 

2885  I 
i 
I 

2713 

1087  ' 

2477 
1074 
2208 

1288 

I 
1305 

I 
1470 

1 
1700 

I 
1134 

! 
1157 

1401 

1234  \ 

2327 
2201 
2440 

1804 
1041  I 
1524  " 
1774 
1507 
1429 

1207 
1 005 
2008 
1851 
1001 
1325 
1087 


l.rs  a.03  9.9(1  3.94 


2073 
2118 

3620 
2020 

3403 

2054 
8021 

•2753 
2023 

2670 
1705 
2350 

1338 
1424 
1407 
1724 

1100 

I 
1202 

1520 

1288  \ 

i 

2360 
2350 
2480 

1040 

1001  . 

l.-^OO 

1805 

IfiOl 

1450 


1257 
1978 
2007 
1883 
ICCO 
1343 
1700 


1583 

2073 

2123 
2182 

3011 
2008 

3074 

2717 
3125 

2880 
2050 

2045 

I 

1751 
2431 

1870 

1483  I 

1551  . 

1705 

1207 

I 
1238 

1509 

I 
1343  , 

2431 
2400 
2527 

lODI 

2028 

1 

1U15 

1833 

1010 

1497 

t 
1302  i 

2040 

2740 

1932 

1733 

ISO,') 

1790 


1524 

lOHt 

1700 
1042 
2227 

10V?4  I 

I 
I 
2114 

2160 
2200 

3070 
3085 

3850  : 

I 
2753  I 

3?12  ' 

2021 
2001 

2703 
1801 
2527 

1415 
1647 
1584 
1787 
1234 
1200 
1001 
1370 

2440 
2477 
2405 

2041 

2073 

1000 

1882 

1037  ' 

1524 

1338 
2082 
31^03 

1!>4u 

1 
17S7 

1411 

1840  ' 


1547 
1120 

1774 
1087 
2400 

1005 

2160 


2223 

3738 

3210 

I 
3002  ' 

2RS1 

I 
3311 

I 

2063 
2130  ' 

2771 

1833 

2022  I 

i 
1442  I 

1674  \ 

1024 

1801 

1270 

1203 

1033  '■■ 

1415 

2499 
2572 

2518 

I 

2118  ' 
2100  I 
1002  : 
1800  I 

icni  ' 

1538  ' 

1301 

2118 

2853  '< 

1900 

1851 

1483 

1800 


1670 
1130 

1700 
1724 
2341 

1087 

2200 


4.81 


a.08 


Renuiki. 


1837 
1201 

1073 
1041 
2007 

IB32 

2406 


1982  ;  Sheared  flben. 


I 


I 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 


1334 

2033 

2078 

I 
2868  j  Sheared  flbum ;  opened  ((rain  »t  eud  and  along  one 

!      fuce. 


I- 


2273 

I 
3833 

1 
3260  ' 

4140 

2804 
3857  j 

2085 
2108 

2700 
1842 
2081 

1470 
1010 
1005 
1837 
1311 
1320 
1000 
1452 

2564 
2505 
2630 

2141 
2570 
1710 
1905 
1050 
1505 

14U2 
2155 
2903 
1082 
1001 
1529 
1932 


2670 

4400 
3860 

6013 


2000  :  Shearrd  flberR. 


I 


2736 


.do. 


3830 
2032 

3811 
2108 
2048 

1*78 
1800 
1901 
2032 
1407 
1620 
1923 
1700 

2948 
3010 


Split  at  eud ;  Indented  aeotion  covers  0  mtlUmutere 

I      knot. 
2768     Sheared  fibers 


I 
4864     Slight  BhenrtnK  of  fibers 

4204     Sheared  fibers 

Shoamd  fibers ;  split  at  end. 


do 


3720     Sheared  fibers. 


8638 
2070 

3616 
2381 
3470 


2023 
2108 


1033 

2087 


.do. 
Ao. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end. 

do 

Slieared  fibers 

do 

Sheaicd  fibers;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers 

do 


I 


Sheared  fibers;  split  nt  end. 


3100     Sher  .-cd  fibers 

3201    do 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end . 


I 


I 


1073  I 
2836  I 
1000  I 

1778 
1805 

1010 
2330 
3200 
2214 
2177 
1700 
2200 


.do. 


2020  ,  Sheared  fibers  

I 
2205    <lo  

'  Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 

1892  '  Sheared  fibers 

1 
1919    do 


Sheared  fibers  j  split  nt  end 

2540     Sheared  fibers 

3438    do 

2381    do , 

Slight  shearlDK  of  fibers ;  split  nt  end . 

1700  ;  Sheared  fibers 

..  do 


730 

8I» 
8ig 
018 

092 

092 

001 
Ofll 

88< 

068 

897 

882 

916 

831 
631 

821 
821 
014 

315 
316 

785 
785 
1074 
1075 
1070 
1078 

096 
996 
806 

1154 
1154 

1166 
1155 
1156 
1166 

010 
020 
630 
030 
032 
036 


4 


■  j  j^.mgf'y^it^ 


470 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THL  Plti:NClPAL  WOODS  OP  *>  HE 


Off-  -I 


Iv 


kh 


ii  '.:'f^  I 


Ilonmrlis, 


Crushed  at  end  . 


I 


CriiBlioil  lit  M  inilliniptovp  fior.i 

eiiili  llliiiilliinotorri  ItiiotateiHl, 

Ci iiriliud  lit  mifUllu 

Tripli*   dinffonni    fli'xuri';     knots 

niMr  iiiitlttlo. 
Tiijilr  iliiiizDiKil  tl"\mi'i  C  milli- 

nii'tiTrt  knut  at  n^d<l!l^  In'nd, 

Ci'uxhi'd  lit  niUlilUi  at  G  millime- 

tcia  knot. 
Triple  diagonal    floxuro  jiarallol 

t4>  vin^H ;  iniddlo  l>uud  (I  niilii- 

niett'rHcixontiir. 
ObU(|U(^  Hplit  ITS  milli.neti^rH  loiip, 

sopar.UinK  stick. 
Cruwlicd  ut  51   niillinictcrs  fn)ni 

end. 

Triple  diagonal  floxuro 


Sliattcrt'd  ciid  :  rrtiHliL'dnt  lu'Jiuil- 
liiiieti  l>  IVoia  i  ud. 

Cruslied  xt  lOU  iiiilIimotcr«  from 

I'IhI. 

Criislicd  at  .'d  uiillimettTs  from 
unil. 

(/'nislicil  at   38  niiUiinc't«rs  *'vom 

.>lul. 
C'luslioil  ut  10  inilliinrti'rs  Itnot 

lit  niilliini'tf'r.4  IVma  :  nd. 
Crusltctl  at  8'J  inilliniftcrH  from 

.lid. 
Cruslifd  nt  10  iiiilliniotrra  k»iot 

10-  inillinM'tf'rs  tnim  oiid. 
t'riislic  il  at  5  inilliiiiettrH  knot  nt 

niiil.llc. 

Tripli-  fln^iiir;    niiddlu  beud  3.5 

lilitlilUi-tt'iH  fcrcntric. 
Fnili'd  at  l.'l  indliniLtiTH  knot  at 

niidfllt'. 

(*ni8lH<d  tit  10  iniliinu'tiTs  knot 
ll'"^  itiilliitM'tor.4  ftiMii  iniddlo. 

CniNltod  at  70  millinii'tA^ra  from 
end. 

Cru!ih('d  ut  ng  inilliiurlprti  from 
end  at  r*  ndllinirtciB  knot. 

Ci'iiidu'd  ut  ^'l  to  71  millimeters 
fii'in  I'nd. 

CriiHlivd  ut  102  mllliiiii'terH  from 

ind. 
Crunlu'd  at  knolH  ut  midillo  and 

near  end. 

Criisliod  at  78  niillimiters  fimii 

end. 
rniahed  at  ."il   niilliuictcrR  IVoin 

I  ud. 
Triple  flexnre 


do 


Crimlied  at  76  niillln<et«ni  from 

end 
Cruslied  at  l!H  miUimeterH  fitira 

end  in  vieinitv  of  kni»t^. 
Criulied  nt  niiddlu  in  Tieinity  of 

.')  inilliineters  kiiiit. 
Crimlied  nt  iniddht  in  vieinitv  of 

knot. 

Ci'iiHlied  nt  lO'J  niilliract'is  from 

end 
Triple  flexure  parallel  to  rluKi — 

CiUHlie<l  at  04  milliineterg  ftom 

end. 
Triple  fl"xiire 


Finns  Innp^ 
Jtrieii  An«.    Berub  Pint 


Triple  llexiire    prq.endieulnr  t« 

r'upH. 
Triple  (Iexui«  pariilli  I  to  riiiK"    .  - 

Triple  (let  ore,  eontnined  7  knots 
'.i  to  0  itnlliiiielei'H  ill  (lianieter.      i 

(;riiiilied  ill  vieiiiitr  >  (  '■>  niiiliuii'- 1 
terHkiiot.'il  inllliiiietei'H from  end.  i 

CriiMiied  at  eiiil  at  111  loliliiiioteiH  j 

I^IKit.  I 

CriiHlieil  nl  i;i  ludlliueters  knot  70  i 
iiiilliiiielerM  IrnMi  eud.  I 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


471 


}  OF  ?  HE 


tI»>ITED  STATES  UNDEll  C0MPKBS810N— Continued. 


Uiniotoip  fvor.i 
ii'8  itnotatciiil. 


icxuro;     knotH 

■Miiv;  0  milli- 
lidtllc  Iu'ihI. 

)  at  6  niilUniiv 

oxuro  i)aralIol 
)  Ituud  U  niilii- 

illi.netorBlong, 

llinictcra   fruni 


iUimetors  from 

Uimeters  from 

Iliii)('t4<r9  *"-oin 

illiniftiTH  "knot 

lliiui'lcrH  from 

illimetcrs  knot 

ilMll  011(1. 

nietors  knot  at 


iiiddlti  beud  25 
nietLTH  knot  at 


illimrtiTH  knot 
nin  niidillo. 
iltinu^tcra  fn>iu 


illimotorH  from 
t)>i'B  knot. 
71  iniUimetcfB 


lllunctora  from 
Ht  mi(1<ilo  ana 

illimt'tora  from 
iUimctcm  from 


illln'ttoni  from 

illimeterH  fiiim 

»f  l-nots. 

o  in  Ttcinitv  of 

ot. 

o  in  virinity  of 


liUimct'-rn  from  I 
nllcl  to  riuKS.... 
illimetprs  ftom  | 

I 
1 

:ri.i'nillculftr  to 

iillit  torinKA  ■  •• 


itainrtl  7  knots 
H  to  (liiiinotPr.  ! 
tr  *  f  :t  milliiiH-l 
iiipt(M-Hfrt>nion*l.  1 
t  13  tiiillimotttiH  I 
I 
liniotrrn  knot  70  ' 


PRBfiSUKE:,  IN  KIIiOOBAMe,  B£(jt'limD  TO  i-KODK  K  AN    .MiKNTATION,  LN  5I1LLIMKTEUB,  OF— 


0.-M 

0.31 

1021 

1160 

807 

ia25 

Viu-: 

17U9 

S85 

iras  \ 

I         I         I         '         !         I 

0.y«  !  ].Oa      1.37      1.3!)      l.»N      S.0.1      !).!|8 


'i.H4      4.N1      3.08 


m 


eh: 


'0 


IL'Ol 

ir.-fi 

80-.' 
771 

lo-.'l 


i.-'7!) ; 

170!)  i 

i:ii5 

I'JiW 

ur.'i 
•jr. 


im:> 

1787 

VM-2 

I»06 

883 

1U71 

007 

1  OTII 

1061 

B»8 

i 

807 

10S2 

1202 

1778 

1470 

2014 

IbBO 

1225 

-m 

1247 

817 

1406 

DSS 

14S6 

309 

1093 

767 

1166 

1179 

1207 

1982 

lis: 

1447 

l'J43 

1764 

880 

1093 

862 

UJO 

li47 

1433 

025 

1R20 

1828 

2223 

iM2 

2218 

93S 

1270 

703 

1179 

26M 

3479 

2658 

425S 

1B20 

2132 

1043 

1678 

1211 

1796 

1116 

3073  1 

:2u 


170D 

171:8 


,:i70 
1483  1 


2070  I 


1202  j 
1143  ' 
1501  ' 
1438 
1152 


1306 
1261 

1347 
2218 
1529 
1919 
1161 
1193 
1497 
1678 

2295 
2844 
1343 
1P70 

3761 
48M 

2318 
2023 
2032 
2350 


1201 


.302  j   132  ,. 
11)05  ■   1082 


18UI 
1833 

2,73  i 
1U46 

1479 
1509 

1937 
2853 


1005  I   2000 
2341    'Ji.  ; 


1229 
1170 
1588 
1402 
1193 


IGIO  I  1062 

2214  j  2332 

1362  I  1397 

1374  I  1424 

1560  I  1624 

1619  1674 


1379 
1297 


2372 
150% 
2060 
1216 
1276 
1560 
1801 

2341 
3089 
1374 
1474 


I 


i:i(;5  , 

2023 
1880 
1001 

2250 

i»no 

1547 
1624 

2000 
2930 

2078 
2685 

1252 
1108  ' 
1065 
1520 
1252 

2041  ' 
2363 

i 

1470  ; 

1479  I 

1665 
1710  i 


1424  , 
1320 


1276 
1325 
1633 


2449  ! 
3207  ' 
1303  '. 


3901 

4019 

6239 

5461 

2305 

247V 

2127 

2186 

2096 

2104 

2014 

lUOU 
lliU'i 

2105 
Ml  2 

21H4 

28:i0 

1270 
122i) 
1715 
1565 
1302 

2087 
2413 

1533 
1647 

1701 
1746 


1456 
1347 

! 

1393  i  1466 
2433 
1666 
2118 


1620 
'  2518 
I  1706 
2223 
'347 
1406 
1674 


1866    1901 


2631  I 

3302  I 
1402  I 


1442  I   1483 


2481 


2604  > 


4150 
5070 

2568 
3241 
2106 

2527 


I4U2  I 
2008  I 
1928 


1347 
1452 
2114  I 
20(10 


1987  I   2028 
2309  ;   2345 


2004 

1051  ' 
1715 

21CS 

3071  ; 

2250 
2894 


2108 
2409 

1574  j 
1574 


1489 

1379 

1674 

I 
2563 

1737 

2263 

1442 

1466 

1701  ' 

1028 

2505 
3357 
1433 
1501 

4250 
6729 

2608 
2277 
22311 
3399 


131)1 
1470 
2155 
2098 
2091 

2308 
2082 

1087 
1755 

2223 
3116 

2300 
!004 

1288 


1279 

1243  i  1252 

1774  ;  1846 

1379  1601 

1329  .  1374 


2200 
2543 

1616 
1010 


1715  I   1737 
1778  I   1816 


1624 
1397 

1637 
2635 

1700 

1 
2322  I 

1497  ' 

154''  i 

1733  I 

1073  \ 

2658 
3488 
1452 
lirii 

4359 
6625  I 

2638  j 
2300 
2260 
2640  , 


1397 
1542 
2186 
2123 
2141 

2418 
21U 

1751 
1790 

2280 
3175 

2372 
3075 

1293 
1275 
1910 


2259 
2699 

1651 
1660 

t746 
1838 

1538 
1429 

1666 
2672 
1819 
2368 
1647 
1697 
1774 
2005 

2740 
3679 
1492 
1631 

4409 
5634 

2708 
2341 
2268 
260O 


I 


1438 
1570 
2218 
2182 
2182 

2ni 
2150 

177" 
18,'2 

2354 
3293 

2410 
3180 

1311 
1288 
1064 


Kemarka 


1078  1878  Sheared  fibiT». 

1709  1028    do 

j 

2540  j  2085    do 

2495  !  2004    do 

I 

2120  2849    do 


2-.9 


Slionrcd  fibers j  eplit  at  end. 
do 


2UU4 
2087 

2812 
3765 


22J3 
2277 


do 

Sbearud  flbiTs 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  nnds 

Slight  nhearinp;  uf  fibers ;  split  at  ends  . 

SU|;ht  sheariug  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . . 
Shoured  fibers ;  split  at  iiid 


1647  I      1685 
14C0  :      1433 


2313 
2654 

1687  . 
1715 

)7C0 
1669 

1509  : 
1470 

1669 
2713 
1865 
2418 
169" 
1637 
1766 
2037 

2844 
3802 
1520 
1665 

4622 
655; 


14'I7 
!4L'7 
2223 
18U 
1610 

2607 
3107 

2023  ; 
1073  I 

1969  I 

2118  ' 

17flS  I 


1 089 
1579 
21(14 

1787 
2810 


SUcari'd  fibers. 
do 


do 


oiiLared  fibers;  split  at  end  . 
Shesi'Otl  Abel's 


.do. 


2214 
2186 

1068 

1905 
1746 


Slight  Bhearmg  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


Sheared  fibers 
do 


do. 


Shean  d  fibers  -,  split  at  end  . 
Sheared  Jibers  


.do. 


2994 


2768 
M66 
1096  { 
2019  1 
2223 

3281) 
4219 
1678 
i;87 

5210 
5?6I 


2963 


2182 
2336 

3626 
4491  ' 
1706 
1883 

3851 


Split  atends)  fibers  did  not  shear 

Sheared  fibers  -,  spill  at  ends 

Split  at  end ;  fibers  did  not  shear 

Indebted  withoat  shearing  of  fibers. 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  ends 

Split  at  end ;  fil)era  did  not  shear 

Sheared  fibers 

di 


do 
do 
.do. 
do 

do 


2740 

3030 

1 

3202 ; 

2368 

2613 

2286 

257'- 

2633 

2731 

Sheared  fibers;  split  along  grain. 


Sbcaied  fibers 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  tlbei  s  

SliKlit  shearing  of  fillers  ;  split  at  end . 


718 
718 

731 
007 
910 

033 
033 

667 
087 

604 

8(M 

09, 
997 

293 
293 
603 
625 
025 

644 
644 

1167 
1167 

676 
676 

676 
576 

82 
82 
366 
366 
388 
888 
389 
380 

13 

13 

1040 

1046 

83 

83 

021 
622 
1169 


■'l^^pRfP'^" 


l^CTflV}*'^ 


>.  j  j 

■■1 


t      I    '^•**-, 


^  ■ 

I.      1 

^  i 

{    '■ 

¥ 

r;,i,  i 

4 

1    ' 

-.  ,'i 

If!  5 

1 

i 

472 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OP  THE 


Species. 


8T3.  PinuB  inops— continued 

S?4.  I'inns  vlausa 

Sand    Pine.      Scrub  Pitt*. 
Sprvce  Pine. 

176.  Pinna  pungcns 

Table-mountain  nne.    Uiek- 
ory  Pine. 

376.  Pinnx  ninrli^iita 

Obi»po  Pine.    Uiihop'i  Pine. 


877.  Pinnn  mitis 

Tellow  Pine.  Shortleared 
Pine.  Spntre  Pine.  Hull 
Pine. 


LocalitT. 


Monnt  HoUy . 
do 


Collector. 


Soil. 


Sis 

m 


. P.Shaiples '  Clay.. 

i 
..do do  . 


Apalacbicola {  A.  H.  CnrtinR ]  Dry,  Mtndy  barrens 

do do —  do 


Wythevilli' '  H.  .Sliri\  or 

I 


.  du 


.do. 


Clay.. 
....do  . 


Marin lonnty '  O.K.  Vasey j  Gravelly. 

1»    do — do  — 


878.  Pinn»  ):l»l<ra 

Cedar  IHne.     iSpruee  Pine. 
White  ISne. 


87D.  Pinna  Banksiana 

Oroy    Pine.      Servb 
^'rince't  Pine. 


Pine. 


8M.  PinuB  paluatriri 

}Kin<7-leavetl  Pine.  Southern 
Pine  (Jeornia  Pine.  Yel- 
low  Pine.    Ilard  Pine. 


Florida I  Chuttalioorlice . 

. . .  .do    ■ do 


I 


A.  H.  ('nrtias. 
...do 


Clay.. 
do  . 


31B  I  LouiKieun Aniiti  i  C.  Miibr i  Sandy  loam 


£033 
6S7B 

5715 
6341 

5987 
.■>3S1 

8063 
7621 

4763 
7983 

10138 


Reniarka. 


Crusbed  al  middle  on  one  face . . 
Triple  diagonal  flexure 


Tiiple  Hi'xiir.i  parallel  to  rings; 

knotM  at  niludle. 
Crnshed  at  kn  Us  at  middle 


Triple  lloxtire  perpendicular  to 

rini28. 
Cruiibud  at  80  millimeters  trom 

end ;  split  at  end. 

Crusbeil  at  114  millimeterH  ttom 
end  at  3  millimeters  knot. 

CiuhIiuI  at  1U2  milliiuotvra  from 
end. 


1<2 

142 
544 
!:44 
704 
764 

;i!l4 
n94 
780 
7S0 
879 
870 

81 

81 

(.5 

8S 
243 
243 
,102 
302 
3.17 
,157 
35K 
■.W 

359 
880  I 
360 
361 
361 
384 
884  '. 
385 
385  I 


South  Carolina  .. .    lionninuK  Depot       II.  AV.  Kavenul Itich  upland   {  5466  j 

...do do do ...do I  5308 

Mississippi tioiiii'svilli'    C,  Molii- j  Low,  sandy i  3130 

...  do do ilii L...do 20«'l 

Florida Cbattalioorbei'  . . .'  A.  II.  Ciirtiss I  i*ow,  wot 53T<i  j 

. . .  .do i\o do ' do i  5.'J75  i 


Crusheu  at  small  2  millimeters 
knoth  25  niiUiiuctors  from  mid- 
dle. 

Crushed  at  6  millimc'ters  knot  25 
miltimi'tcis  fnmi  middle. 

Triple  dexiiro 


I 


^lichigau  . 
..  do 


Ualdwiu ;  W.  .1.  Benl. 

do do 


Now  Brunswick  ..1 Intinoloiiial   lull- 

wav. 
..do du 


do. 
do. 


Saw-mill,       Saint 

•lolin's  rwcr. 
■     do 


Florida '  Uuval  coiaitv 

. .  do do 

....  do    . .  do 

...  do 1   . .  do 

...  do    .. 

..  do     .. 

South  Carolina Aiken 

i 
. . .  .do !  . .  .do 

Alalmma |  Cottaiir  Hill 

...do !  ..  do 

do    .. 

.     do  .  . . 


.do. 
.(U>  . 


I 
Low,  snudy ^  5104 

...do j  4044 

•  60WI 

'  77.'>0 

8188 


Crushed  at  51  niillimett>rR  from 

end. 
Crui-hcd  nt  70  millimeters  from 

end  nt  10  millimeters  knot. 
Ti  iplo  flexure 

Triple  flexure  itarallel  to  rin;;s . . . 

Cruslied  ;{2  millimeters  from  mid* 
die  in  vieinily  of  knot. 

Crushed  at  end  at  13  millimeters 

knot. 
Triple  tiexure ;  opened  gtaiu 


A.  II.  Ciirtiss I  Sandy  loam.. 

..do ' do 

I 
. .  4lo ]  Moist,  sandy . 

.  ..do  1 do 


6813 

8302 
10077 
8018 
0321 


dci ..1 11204 

1 


Crushed  atO  millimeters  knot  76 

millimeters  frimi  end. 
Crushed    and    opened     between 

rinizs  at  end. 
Crushed  at  89  millimeters   from 

enil. 
Crushe'l  at  3  millhueters  knot  at 

iiiiitdle. 

Split  ol>1ii|nely ;    stiek    broke  in 

two  (lieees. 
Crushed  .-t  in  to  70  millimeters 

I'roni  end. 
Triph'  tiexure  parallel  to  riiui.^  . . . 

CriishiMl  ai  i:t  mdlimeters  from 

end. 
Crushed  at  10  milliuu'ters  fium 

end. 
Crusheil  at  middh'    


...du 1011)0 

H.  W.  Kavenel   . .     Dry,  saudy 7}^7     CrusbiMl  uearmiddlo 

do I do !  8105 

I 
C.  Mohr I  Sandy  loam il0478 

...do '...do il0O47 


Citronelle i — do do  . 

.......  di» . .  do ' . . .  do  . 


..  do     Cliuiiebula. 

. .  dti do      .... 

do tlu 

—  do do 

. . .  .do do 

. . .  do tlo 


..  do 
..do 
..  do 
..do 
..do. 
. .  do 


Florida Sawmill,     C'edar     A.H.Curtiss. 

I      Keys. 
do '...do do 


. .  do  . 
..do 


...do 

...do  


do. 

......  do 


..do  . 
. .  do  . 

.  do  . 

.  do  . 
. .  do 


10560 

11830 

Ilii.lO 

{luail 
i 
IIUU8 

1 1 003 1 

100611 


Crushed  at  51   millimeters  fnmi 

end. 
t.)i'usliett  at  38  millimeters  I'rom 

end. 
Crushed  at  ItH  inilllmet«>r8  ft'om 

miihlle, 
Cnished  at  end    


Triple  tiexure 

Crushed  and  splintered  at  etid  . 
Crushi  d  at  iniiiiUe 


do 100.11 

...  I  977,-. 

!  00.14 

I 
8063 

0017 


I'rnslied   al   32  millinieters  from 

enil. 
Cru<lied  at   01  milllnii'tiis   n-uoi 

mid. lie. 
Crushed  at   M8  millinieteis  tViuo 

end. 
Crushed    iit   70  millinieters  IVum 

ru.l. 
Cruslied   at    70  millimcteiH  I'roni 

end  and  shalteii  d. 
Cru'.lh  d   u;    .M  mill.nieteis  IVuni 

end. 
Cruslied   at    :ts  inlllinieler^  I' i 

end. 
Crnshed   al   811  niilliiueli  is  ir.  lu 

entl. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPBESSION— Continued. 


473 


tBESSUIIK,  IN  KIL0G3AHB,   REgUIUKU  TO  mODUCE  AK  INUEHTATIOK,  IN  MII,LUiBTBBS,  OF— 


o.as    O.S1 


o.re 


u 


m 
jiii 


"1 


124"  ' 


1884   2082    2264 


pil 


1243 
1184 

1-252 
»B3 

1429 
862 

1080 
1393 

1157 

1043 
1030 
862 
600 
104U 
1370 

707 

544 
1134 

807 

857 
1071 

I 

I 
170B  j 

1388  I 

144L'  j 

998 

1588 

1951 ; 

I 
1479 

1125 

1134 

1700  ' 

1400 

I860 

1961 

2223 

1651 

2041 

1R88 

1010 

1400 

1452 

1270 

laii 


2404 


1941 
1429 

1687 
1462 

1901 
1826 

1429  ; 
2177  \ 

1538 

1760 
1470 
1198 
1148 
1515 
1674 

1247 
1452 
1442 
1315 
1300 
1203 

2268 
1800 
1024 
1615 
1U6U 
2803 
1882 
1452 
1442 
2305 
108,1 
2707 
2290 
32IP2 
1837 
21)21 
3(>48 
1000 
1542 
2:i40 
1005 
1810 


2812 


1.09 


2100 
1656 

1883 
1615 

2060 
1515 

1551 
2481 

1624 

1941 
1506 
1311 
1284 
1592 
1787 

1393 
1633 
1501 
1520 
140C 
1301 


1996 

1728 

1778 

2064 

3012 

1882 

1515 

1568  I 

2558 

1833 

2071 

2405 

;i447  , 

2037  j 

2971  ! 

3438 

1006 

1706  I 

2885  ' 

2078  , 


i.gfy 


2028 


8076 
2804 

2218 
1715 

1910 
1705 

2136 
1601 

1624 
2613 

1724 

2028 
1565 
1335 
1338 
1660 
1864 

1470 

1 
1778  I 

1583 

1628  I 

1416  i 

1443 

I 
2622  i 

I 

2087  j 
I 
1778 

18C0  ; 

2100 

2994  , 

10<l.'> 

1037 

1740 

2822 

1!I41 

3(139 

2040 

3184 

2214 

2812 

3061 

2i:i6 

1778  i 

3026  I 

2818 

2I6.-I 


3248 
2400 

2400 
1801 

1961 
1733 

2232 


1706 

2076 

i 
1810  I 

2096 
16b6  I 
1415  I 

1303  I 
1728  j 

1028  I 

I 

1529  I 

I 

1851  ! 

1637 

1687 

1424 

1520  ! 

26.^1 
2168 
1873 
IfilO 
2101 
2812 
2023 
1710 
1796 
21.35 
203" 

3um 

2808 
3502 

3153  j 

3751 : 

22'0  I 

1914  I 

I 
3110 

2295 

225(1 


1.S3 

1.7S 

3343 

3411 

2440 

2513 

2377 

2436 

1814 

1846 

2032 

2118 

1756 

1787 

2286 

2345 

1756 

1787 

1756 

1810 

2702 

2781 

!l.03 


2154 
I61U 
1442 
1429 
1700 
1982 

1569 
1078 
1710 
1719 
1438 
1574 


I 


2209 
1647  j 
1479 
M38  ; 
1810 
2005 

1015 
.'out 
1778 
1700 
1524 
1(142 


3466 
2572 


9.»H     3.94 


2477 

2536 

1860 

1869 

2191 

2250 

1801 

1824 

2386 

2431 

1842 

1901 

1887 
2790 


1864  I   1928    1987 


2250 
1665 
1500 
1470 
1851 
2014 

1660 
2064 
181) 
1810 
1597 
1087 


2790 

28H5 

2048  j 

2269 

2313 

2386 

1941 

1091 

2050 

1987 

2046 

2150 

2273 

2322 

2363 

2880 

3075 

3193 

2250 

25''2 

2622 

1702 

1864 

2431 

1892 

1973 

2041 

2040 

2«7« 

2003 

2127 

2182 

2254 

3289 

3388 

3484 

2890 

3071 

3108 

3543 

3683 

375(1 

2640 

2676 

2768 

2817 

2994 

3103 

3887 

3878 

3033 

2341 

2422 

2480 

200(1 

20K2 

2132 

3100 

;ijifl 

3.MIH 

2350 

243(1 

2522 

2300 

2359 

2U(i 

2604    2640 

2676 
1923 

2331 
1910 

2490 
1946 


2037 

2295 
1687 
1533 
1483 
1901 
2068 

1683 
2001 
1382 
1842 
1628 
1705 

3021 
2440 


2236 

2409 

3257 

2703 

2480 

2114 

31)25 

I 
2205  { 

3529  I 

3270 

3842  ' 

2X85 

3310 

4014 

I 
2581  I 

2177  I 

3357  j 

5572  ! 

2t!)5 


4.S1 


&MI^ 


llemarka. 


Split  at  end 

2994!      3188  I  Shenrod  flborB . 


2880 
2132 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  cuCs. 

2359  ;  Sheared  flbnra 


-" ••  I 

2201         2495 

2767 
2304 


1951         2009        2341    ... 

I  I  I 

2785  I       2790         3139    . . . 


2«66 


2345  2699 

1701  1800  j 

1565  1746 

1616  1633 

1941  ,  2186 

2000  ,  2404 


Sheared  fibers ;  eplit  along  groin  . 
Sheared  fibers  


Slteared  fibers ;  split  at  end. 
do 


Slight  shearing  nf  fibers ;  split  at  end. 
Sheared  fll«'r» 


1172 
1172 

279 
279 

321 
321 

671 
671 

278 
278 


1716 

I 
2146 

1923  i 

1855  j 

1V69  I 

1792  i 

i 
3062  ' 

.  2486  j. 


lODU 
2454 
2330 
2032 
1769 
2004 

3221 


2917 
1951 

1879 
1851  I 

2336  '. 

I 
2785  i , 

21!1  . 
2653  ,. 
2585 


Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end {  318 

I 

Sbnaredfibers I  142 

do j  142 

....  do 1  644 


do 
.do. 
.do. 


I 


Shearedfibeii,;  Sroillimetersknotin  indented  section. 

Sheared  fibers;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  nt  end 


3866 


2286 
2440 
3302 
2003 
2581 
2108 
3134 
2350 
3633 


2690 


2971 


4160 


3896 

2998 

3452 

4101  4808 

21154  I  3030 

2263  2740 

3411    

2(13 "«  :  3107 

2.-.93  2813 


5216 


Sheared  fibers 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Split  ut  end ;  fibers  did  not  shear 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Slight  Hhearing  of  fillers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 

Sheared  fibers;  opened  seasoning  cracks... 

Slight  shearing  of  flborH ;  split  nt  end 

do 

Sheared  fibers  ;  split  ut  end   

Split  lit  end  ;  fibers  diil  not  slieai- 

Sllg'.it  shearing  of  fibers  ;  split  ut  end 

Split  at  end  ;  Hliera  did  not  shear 

Sp^ll  at  ei  ' ;  MfiM  shearing  of  fibers 

do 

Sheared  fibers  :  split  at  end 

Sheuriil  libers  

Slight  shearing  iif  libers;  split  at  end 

do 


Sheurctl  filters;  split  at  end 

Slight  shearing  Kl'tllii'rH:  Hplit  at  •miiIs 


544 
704 

764 

394 

394 
780 
780 
879 
870 

HI 
81 

85 

a'. 

243 
243 
302 
302 
357 
367 
358 
358 
359 
3.'>9 
300 
360 
301 
361 
384 
384 
38S 
885 


'i   • 

i  • 


ti. 


1 


474 


FOliKST  'IMMOF.S  OF  NOimi  AMKIiI(\\. 

Tauli:  \.— UEUAVIOU  OJ'  TIIK  ritllSClJ'AL  VVUODa  OF  lUfi 


»A'.r.-?laSnT3S5*!&esa!rt.^---JW-*vasND  -sj:-"  ■- "TT'.agrT' 


.-  ■•TWT——TT- 


'aar'ii  I-.*  wPsKAfTh'-'s^- 


3«t.  rimiH \iiil\isttl»— coiillmii'il 


ailti  ,  Ni>illiCiiii>llim 

ami  '  . .  ii.i  


t.m'ttliU 


Wilmlnutou 

..  .1..    . 


I'mIIi'iIiii 


Soil 


v.    Milclrr 

,.  ,u>   


w   1"  -• 

a'- 2 

y  5  « 

jj  C  '■ 


K<  tllltl  ks 


SHI,  rilmHi'ulMMiKlK i      »4      KlmUlii I  Diiviil  nimil.v 

MiuA  /Viif.      .S'lPii 111 i>  /"ill."  I  I 

J.'.udiril    /"III.-.       XtnMl<'ir         Ml. ...lid |...|U» 

/"iiir 

[Oil     Aliilmmii  .. 


■r 


;iM  ! 

4D!) 
4IK) 


.1.1 


Florliln 
...tU.   ,. 


rmttiKK  mil 
,.  .1.1     . 

IIhv  IWf».'a\  \w 
.  ito 


A.    II.    ClIlilHH. 

...  ll.) 

C.  Ml. 1.1       ... 


A.    II      ClIltlllH 

...lUi    


I 


M.iiHi.ni.ml.v . 

.  iU>    

...do    

.1..     

I  ..ml 

do 


lirjcd 

Krt.i7 

. .    1 ;"«'.' 

. .     lilMA 
IIIIKI 


SlC.  IMi'i'ii  nil'. Ill 


2:11  ■  Vniiiinit I  t'liiiil.>tl(> .. 


■jai 

7T0 

n« 

7M 

mo 

(ISO 


ll.< 


Uiiiitliicl.iii 


..  .1.1 

....ill. 

N.'W  Hn.tiHwi.-k  .  '  l*iiv  .ll"  l''.niilv 

I 
. . ,  .1..  . .  .1.1    

rnivliu'.MiUJuoli.'.'  I'mivilU.   

. . .  till    .    (In , 

New  lUimswl.U  .  Hii.lsvl.m    . . 

,...!..  .1.1    


. .    f.  (i    I'rlni;!.' 

.1.1    

.  ,  .1.1    


Iiili'irol.iiiiiil  mil 

wii\ . 
.    .  .1.1      ... 


Colli.  iM'iiiy    i  Will 

...  till   iitnu* 

}  Oinviilty O'.M'.'  , 

IWOfi 

,  mm 


I 


(imuil  Tvoiik  mil    ' i  MM 

wiiv.                    ' 
....tlo    ! I  «il7;i 


Kil.Slii.liilr. 
.1.1 


DO.  IMfMiiUi*  


M3     N.'w  IIiiiii)i.Hliin.       siiiitr.ml t".  (i.  I'rliiitli.     .       Urnroll.v . 

.M.I    ...  d.i . .  .1.1    .lo    !....ilo    ... 

I 

rtLH>     Prtk.ifji    ,  'V»'i-i\  "HjHirtk  —  .      K.  U.iii^liiM I. ...do.... 


I 
6404  i 

i 
4OTU  j 

ftin 


('rm-li.Ml  lit  iiiIiIiIIk  mill  III  I'niiillll 

iii.'li'r.H  li'iiiii  iiiiilill.'. 
('iiihIi.i.!    III.   Til   lllllllllllitiMH    rii«li 

.Mill. 

CniHliril   III.  M  inUllimlcrii  liiiiii 

.'Mil  nil. I  lit  mid. 
'I'lljil.'  II.  \iiio 

CiiikIi.'iI  III  ;i'.'  mid  III.  lO'J  iiilllliiii.. 

IrlH  I'l  1)111  I'llll. 

('riinliml  III   Til  iiilllliiintiim    I'lnm 

.111.1. 
Spill  iililli|iii<ly  ul.iiii;  criilii .  .ii'"- 

H.iiiitiK  .'iiirkH. 
rniNliii.T  lit.  .1^  nilllliiivtiini  I'linii 

iiiiilill.'. 

i'iiihIiiiiI  lit  ;i  iiiillliiiiitrrii  kii.it  ill 

IllillillK  Irl'H  tV.illl  l-llll  ' 

rriiNliiMl  III  ;iiiilllliiii>liit'H  kii.itn  nt 

iiii.lilli'  mill  lit  .iiid. 
('iiihIi.iiI   lit  ti«l   llillllllirtiirN    tViilii 

niil. 
Ci'iikIiimI  lit  0  iiilllliii.'l.iin  kiiiit  M  i 

iiilllliiiiit..m  li.iiii  iiit.l.ll... 
friiHli.'.l  lit    niid.llo  III  tl  iiitllliito.  j 

ItM.".  kll.il. 

Tiililii  tl.i\.ir.>;    iiililillii  liiMi.l   'J.%  j 

tllilllllt.il. >t't4    ...-(M'iltli.-. 

CiiihIiimI  at  2iv  iiiillliiiiili-iN   IViiiii 

IMIll. 

(*nii<li<i.l  lit   Kl  iiilllliiiiil.il H  I'liiiii 

iiilil.ll.i. 
('niNlui.1  lit  iiilddlii  (111  .1111'  I'll.'.'  . . 


ItiW 


.1.1 


.lo 


....'....do !  M4B 


I 


lutiMv.iloiil  1  rail- 

wi»v. 
...lii    


TTS     New  Unin»wii'k  .      Ilu.v  of  Kiiiidy 

J71    do — do 

TM  do Brlilit.iloii  Kd.  Slm'lnh' 

TtS4  '. . .  do •  . .  do .1.1      .    . . 

Tim     Trill iiico of QiioluM"    .\iuniii     A.ilaoiit 

TBI  do do    do    


SM    ll.v*  Knip'lmiimii  202     CiiLirmlo  .. 


JkVi     TuNMl  piuii;rtl!* 

I*  Alt/  .vji  nj.y .     Klu4  .NfriMW. 


I^oea  Siiihiiiiiiiti    . 


29-J  . 
tT5  . 

to 

Ml) 

•:to' 

ITU' 


do 
do 
do 

.1.1 
do 
do 


Koitwt  I'll)- 

...do  

..  do 

.    do 


T.  .^.   lliiiii.l.iiftH^       l>iiin)i.. 

.       .  .1.1      do    . 

.' I'.  S.  Swu.'iu      ...    Pimty.. 

T,  S.  lli'.iii.l(>^«<o         . .  .lo 


1  .171.1 

I 
.|  45IH 

.1  6(W7 

I  (1878 

.>  MRl) 

.1  «am 

j 

.    4(I!I7 

.    !IH8;l 

I 

.   Mtrj 
:iiHii 


Criinliiil  lit  .liiiilllnirti  in  l.iMi  .'I 

iiilllliii.'t.'rn  li.iiii  .'lilt. 
rriiMli.1.1  lit   i:t  iinlliiii.  l.-i  I    l.iiKl 

lit    llllllUllV 

('rimtiril  lit   .'ll    iiiilliiii.'ici.i    It. III. 

iiiiil.llo. 
friiHliiiil  lit  :t  iiiillini.'t.'.  ^  I.  II'  I   '>! 

IV.iiii    11.1 
i'iiii.li.'.l   nt    HI  iiiiltiiiii'|i"M  I.iiot 

^fi  1lllllllll.'tl>m  il.'Ill  llliilillr 

CiiinIi.'.I  III    III  iiiilliiii.  I.  >  ^    1.11 'I 

MIL'  lllllllllll>l.>l'l.  Iliilll  IM.tl. 

t'iiii>li..l  III   4.'.  iiilllliii.  I.  ll    r>"iii 

iiiliUll.i. 
('I'llnlliiil    III    .'ll   lllllllMii'ti  IK    lli'li 

t'llil. 
CiiihIi.i.I  at   Til   liilllliii.t.is    ri.uii 

I'lid. 

I'IIImIiImI     at     til      lllillitllrtlMH     IV.IIII 

.'lid. 

Trlplo  tlioui'O  |iiiiii.ll.<l  to  iiii);i..... 

('riii.lio.1  at    III  iiiilUiiii<li<i>i    knot 

Ml  iiilllliii.'IrrH  l>ioin  iiiid. 
'ri'lplii  ll.'\imi 


AI|iliio    do  . 

..  do «...  do 

. .  do    do  . 


Umiili       '  40411 

I 

...  do ]  rra 

...  do 4,M.'i 


!>:o     AliWka      Sitkn    . 

970    ...  do    do    . . 


I'linli^-biilUo. 
...do    


lUiOX 
1)146 


977     lliitUh  C.dnnililA      S;iw-iiitl1,  Uiirmnl     tl.  l-*ii^.<liiiaiiii  mid;.. <  571.*i 

iiiK'l.                           I'   S.  Siirc.iit. 
977  do  .1.1         ilo 1  S87lt 


lOl.'i  l)r»'m>ii 
1P19  do 

1019  ...do    . 

MH  ...  do   . 
lOiM  do 


AN'.MilU'r  simw  null. 

I'.irilaiul 
Sawmill.  Antoriii 

do    


rortlmid  Kiiinitoii' 

i'oiupiuiy. 
do     ..." 


do 
.lo 
.1.1 
do  . 
do  . 


WT     t>n|r>  t'»Q*dMi«u  . 


>     UiMxu-huiU'tt*. . .     Arnold  ArlH<n<tuiu   1'  S  Sarircnt 
i  do      do ;  .     do 


,    U9     Vcniiool Charloitc I' O.  TriiiglD. 

"        ■  ;  I 


I  «4«i 

I  5210 

I  882,1 

!  .1017 

j  4527 

Drift I  6067 

...do I  STOO 

QniToUy i  77oa 


Ciiiiiliiil  nt   1(12  iiiillliii.it.r.i  fr.iiii  | 
.Ml. I ,  .'iiwH  i:rtilii.'.l 

Ct'iii.tii'd  111  102  iiiillliiH'l.'m  liiHii  I 

011.1  lit  1(1  iiiillini.'liMK  kii.it. 
CiiiMli.'d   nt  III   iiillliiii.'t."^  knot 

Tit  lIlillillllit.il'M  fltllll  IMld. 

Cniitlird  at  ;IH  nillliiii.liM  n   from 
iMi.lan.l  at  niUUIlo  itt  :i  iiitlllnio- 
li.iii  kiioln. 
rii|il.>  ll.'Xiiro  paiHlIrl  to  riii^n. . . . 

Tripio  ll.'xiiiti  ptM'iioiidl.'iilai'    lo 

iiiii:«. 
('iiinlii'd  at  04   luilliiiioti'iH  I'liini 

IMI.I.  , 

('riinliixl   nt    70  loillliiirt.'rH  liMiii 

IMI.I. 

('nmlii'd  nl  middio ;  augloof .  niKli. 

ill)!,  K.1'>. 
('iimlKMl  nt  70  iiiiUliii.'l<M-a  Iroiii 

i-nd;  iiinil.i  of  .'I'liKl'lim.  ^.1^. 
('iiikIkmI  nt  70  inilUuiittiMH  Ir.itii 

iii.l. 
Ci'iikIiimI  at  lU  nud  at  102  iiiillliiif. 

I. MM  fioiii  ouil. 
Ti  Iplo  tUixiiiii 


Triplv  tluxiiro  piinilli'l  to  rliiK* 

('iiiHhi'd  al  51   BiiUimntora  from 

Olid. 
TrlpIo  tlvxura 


TIIK  W(^OI)H  OF  THE  UNITKl)  STA  TKS. 


475 


IINITHI)  HTATKH  UNDKll  COMPMCHSION— <V»nliiiii«Ml. 


■^??K"--?.'3tlK«»iJliU?: 


IMIKKHniK,  IN    KII.OIIIIAUH,  IIKglillll  l>    ID   riKIIU  IK   AN   IKIiKM  A  I IHN,  IN   MII.I.IMK  IKIIH,  III'— 


i    o.'jJi    n.ai    0.7W    i.ovs    i.-jr 


llllll: 

ii 


Ifwnl 


SI 


L.i 


ra 


L.J 
11 


"ml 


O 


o: 


El' 


l.tir. 
r.i;; 

nil 

rjii;i  ' 

rjvii 

■.':ii;i 

■JUKO 

IWI7  ] 

ir.,':, 
Mill 
IM'I 

-111 

1171 

ii;i,'i 
ii;i5 

77(1 

7:m 
7'.'e 

tt70 
.MUI 
<Kll 
0«2 
M4 
H17 
640  I 

M)7 

U&.1  I 

572 

.11)0 

I 
007  I 

04*  I 

lUlfl  I 

KKII 
717 

<uo  ; 

7fi8  I 

4.'M 

731  1 

7116  I 

»U0  j 

0.11 

I 
H71  I 

771 


1171 

mil 

Mull 

I7i;ii  I 

I  l.-'J  1 

I 

:i:ili:i  I 

:i(ilC  I 

272'.' 

IL'III 

I  ;'■.:. 

W17 

m.^o 

IIIHll  j 

uii'.; 

1 1107 

oo::  I 
ii:iu 

iiini 

1 120 
IlilD 
I0H4 

7im  I 

I 

1I»V  I 

817 

VIA 

una 

DM 

1IIH0 
11179 
83n 
UOII 

127U 
U12 
1148  j 

I1H4 

KI2.'> 
740 

114M 
U'JO 
7M 
007 

104a 

DOT 

1007 
817  I 
771 


111  17 

MIH7 

i:.ir. ' 

IHIO 

lr.^H 
:i7H!i 

4 IIKI 

;ii:io 
iiiii, 

IIKM 
III! 

I'JIIK 

iii:iii 
mill 
iii:iii 
iwii 

iiw 

1257 
l»ll 
122U 

KOO 
lUOl 

H04 

002 
1021 
I04!l 

1170 

ir>ir> 

M4 

0H4 

1402 
0411 
1234 

11102 

1574 

I 
807   ; 

12.17  i 

Olio  ' 

848  I 

I 

025  I 

1120  ! 

U80  I 

i 
1084  I 

848  ; 


IMl 
■.'111  , 

iriiiii ! 

IHirj 

won 

;iiih:i 

I7HI1  ' 

;i20H 

liij 

i.vii: 

IIHII 

r.'iii 
mir.; 

11171 
lUil 
MIMI 

iiiii:i 

1 1 711 
11125 
111117 

Iil4:i 

I 
907  I 

10U»  I 
OHO 
806  I 

1071  I 

1071 

r.'U4 

1507 
857 

1025  , 

1401 
U02 
1257 

1415 

1 1128 
871 

111211 
740 
808  { 
0.14  , 

1170 

1026  i 

1108 
804 

0f3 


i.ftii  !  I.7N    i«.o;i 


IKH7 
2:11:1 

ir.112 
m:i2 

171111 
411711 
5080 
III.IK  i 

I 

ir.'ii 

I  .'pl-M 

mini  I 

11'7»  I 
lU.V.'  I 
1102  I 

miiH 
mil 

112.-1 

1202 

11188 
1447 

laiiii 

057 
1128 
1007 

903 
U2B 
I1U9 

ms 

1005 
882 
1900 

1524 
984 
120,1 

1479 
1700 

944  I 
1247 

7l'0  I 

957 

071 
1108  j 
1062 

1275  I 
021 
093 


1117:1  I 

2i;ii  ' 
|i;k7  : 

i|l8'J 

mM 

12.17 
5252 
:il.Ml 

152(1 
111:17 
I  IVll 
1:1112 

i;i7« 

112.-. 

ir.'o 

114:1 
I  mi 

IL'2.'. 
14211 
H88 

m:ih 
IU12 
lun 

10.10 

iu:io 

1170 
1184 

IU25 
1710 
80O 
1008 

1505 
1010 
1324 

1.120 
1705 

006 
1388 

8.10 
1021 

1010  I 
1220  ' 

1071 

1297 
1002 
1016 


215.1 
■.'.■illll 


I.m:(i 
ir.,s 
llllll 
|:l'5 
1 1112 
I  nil 
I  Mil 

mill 
1111:1 

12(11 

14:18 

I. '.21 
MI'K 
10411  ' 


1H19 
10,14 
1370 

1000 
1820 

003 
1406 

800 
IU48 
1048 
1270 
1111 

1306 
1107 
1*52 


!       I 


22211         2277        23511 
2(154       •:^l^r.       21144 


a.ON 


Kriiiiilkn. 


HIIkIiI  hIm  mini;  1.1  llhriu.  k|iIII  iil  ciiiIh    ... 
niii'linil  llliiMH.  >|.lll  ill  I'liiln 


I7III  '      17:17  ,       I71II1         IH24  V 

21178  I       "1511  2277  2331    [       2785  '■ 


.'11.11  I  :.'r.':i  ■.•.■;iii  2:iiM 
iji'.l  .i:i(iii  iiiK  l,v.'7 
5:i7ii       .■..(11        :n.M       11.11 


Sllj^lli  nIm'IIIIii^  nl  llllll-H;    liptll.  lit.  I'IhIh  . 

,     .    ill.    

(Ill 

SIlfllM'll  IIIm'I'H;   H|ilil  III  cIhIh 


Slll'lll'l'lj   lUirlH  ;   Nplil   III    I-IkI  ;    llldl'llll'd  Hrt'lillll  COVCfH 

HI  niilMllir<t.|H  Llliit, 

iviii       :iKii|        :iKH7        :miiii        41111        I'.'lii     sin-Mini  iii.i  i.<  


300 
300 

84 

84 

:m 

■AM 

40:1 
493 


iiiiii. 
i;i'i 

I'.'li2 

1:117 
l.|:iH 
I'll 
I'.'ii',' 
r..'i2 

12(17 

12113 
HM 
I. '.42 

l.'iin 

1080  I 


1175 

1220  1 

1080 

IO»H 

1001 

1071 

1220 

I'^O 

1229 

I'iiOl 

1:101 

1393 

1751 

1705 

808 

044 

31'20 

1152  1 

1050 

1(1.52 


1353 
1170 
1129 


m.'H 

I77H 

iv':il 
i:i7ii 

1  1711 

I  ■'■-'.■. 
,...,„ 

r.".'5 
i..':iH 

1:11.'. 
l.''iiiii 
ii,(i.', 
I. '.74 
1110 
1200 
Mil 
1008 
IIUO 

1303 ; 

1415  I 
177H  ' 

1148 
1175 

1009  ; 
100(1 


1397 
1000 

1443 

17'28 

1802 

1060 

1098 

1101 

1424 

I4,^1 

0(13 

939 

1120 

1130 

1080 

1110 

1325 

13,10 

1 1'25 

11.12 

ll'.l.ll 
It-lll 

l'.'.-.7 
1:1117 
l.'.ll 

r.'47 
124:1 

1252 
l':75 

1:1:14 
I.-.4L 
1570 
1(137 
1152 
1802 
1134 
1125 
1.147 
1325 

1447 
IHU 
093 
r207 

1083 

1098  I 
1470  { 

1760  ] 
2008  i 
1253  I 
1456  ' 


1216 
1120  i 


II.'.-.! 

i;.(iii 
17  r.' 

I  V.'M 

i:i8)< 
i:i7n 
11HH 

l.'.HH 
1078 
1724 
11137 
1325 
1438 
1370 
1261 
1633 
1492 

1579 

1043 
1820 

1882 
1275 
10,17 

2087 
2305 


.'^lM'(lI^ll  lllil.l  H  .    .,|.lit  111  .  liiU 

Sllulil  Hlii-iiliii;:  I.I  lllii  I.. .  -iplll  111  iTiiln 

llllll           ill.  

I7:'l       SlMiiM-.l  llln-l.i 

SIl.llM-ll  lll.i'l-.     ..l.lll  :ili-liil     

l.-.llll      Sli.:n.-.l  lllii-li.  

I.MKI  ill.  

HM  .      .Ii.      

l.'.7ll       ...      ill.      


231 
;  231 
j  -173 
I    77«. 

770 
I  704 
j  794 
!    880 


il» 


\*'1\      .Hll;llil.  HllilMtliK  I.I  III.I'IK 


Mlii'iu'i.l   tll.i-lH;  :i  tiiilliliii.h  l'4   kl.'.t.  i-ovrll'll   li,v  lll- 
ili-lili-il  Mi-i-llnii. 

.Slll-lll.-lt    llltl-IH  ....  


i:i7» 

iu:i7 
1733 


Sllitlil.  nhi'iirlim  iiF  IIImiih;  nplll  Kt  eiiil  , 

SIm'IIH.iI   III..-IH 

Slii.iiii-il  llllll  I.   -(.Ill  III  .-l.il 

Shriiri-tl  llli.'lH  

Slll-»ll-ll  lllllTH  ;    .ipllt  111  l-Ud 

SI.MiHiil  lll.i.rH  


uao 


2(109 
1370 
1778 


il.i  ...; I 

Hliciiniil  tlliKia;  lU  mlltimetcrn  knat  covormi  by  In-  | 

ili-nli-il  H.-.-lii.n. 
HlivuM-tl  III.1.1-11 

Hhcatril  lUinrii  -,  iipllt  at  end ! 


Hhviirnil  UIm.iii 
...     do 

ill! 


880 

513 
513 
020 
020 
77:1 
773 
784 
784 
791 
701 

29-i 

57i 
822 

2(10 
2701 
270' 


HIiiMtrt'il  IIImth  ;  KfWX  at  «n<l 07il 

2531  '  «lio»r«l  (Ibcri |    07ft 

HIlRht  iibi.uiiuK  of  libera  :  npllt  ut  (.ml  I    977 


I 


1715  I I  Slieaml  fllxm. 

I 


I 


977 

000    1 1  8|ilit  at  emh  lllmnidld  not  iihoar j  1015 

1101  I      1433  j :  migbt  alivaiing  nf  Bbern  ;  npUt  ut  end  I  1KI9 

1101         1352    !  Hbinrcailliniii;  npUtntond i  1010 

1415         1033 Sh.iirwl  nb«r» 1020 

1106         13(12         1397    do Iii2(i 


1?BT 

uai 


1M3 
18U 


HIlKht  nhcarlDg  of  flban :  iplit  kt  and  . 

1732     Slu'»r<!il  fllH-m  


Hlight  nhaariDg  at  fib«n ;  iplit  *t  end I    219 


!! 

II  >.-( 


! 


476 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


f.?; 


f-  I 


'K  t! 


;,•!/  i 


Species. 

i 

sut«. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Soil. 

Hi 
HI' 

Remark  H. 

.M7.  TiaKtt  CMudenais— oontlnaed. 

210 
772 
772 
775 
776 
778 
778 
787 
787 
793 
793 
817 
817 

Vermont 

Charlotte 

C.G.Pringlo !  Gravelly 

7892     Crushed  at  51  millimeters  from 
midilli'. 

...  do    

way. 
...do    

1  knot. 
5307     Triple    llexure  jiorpendienlar  to 

1  rings. 
1  5489     Cru(*lird   nl    45  niillimetent  from 

....do  



Bav  of  Fandv  .... 

...  do  

do 

do 

Hn 

1 

niidille. 
Tiiple  th'xure;    midill»  bend  51 
millimeters  eeeentric. 

1 

...do 

do  

5035 

...do 

do 

vieinity  of  knots. 
S058     Ciiishi'il  at  middlo  at  10  millime- 

Bridgeton 

do     

Ed,  Sinclair 

...do  

Grand  Trunk  rail. 

way. 
...  do  

C.G.Pringle 

...do  

J.  Robinson 

...do  

...do  

...  do 

A.  h.  ^  ,.  tias  .... 

G.  Eugelmauu  and 

C.  S.  Sargent. 
Paul  Schultzo  . . 

ters  knot. 

ftA.*il      CniHlliMl  Hi  76tiiil1inietel  h  from  end: 

...do  

opened  grain  from  etid  to  end. 

0301     Triple    llexiue   peipeutlit-uiar  to 

1                 lings. 
i  7403     Crushed  at  0  millimeters  knot  64 

niillinieters  from  end. 
8.140     CruKlied  ut   13  to  23  millimeters 

from  emi. 
6323     Crunlied  at  10  millimeters   from 

middle. 
0101     Crushed  at   32  niillinieters  from 

middle. 
Moist  loam 6827     Crushed  itt  76  millimeters  from 

i-iid. 
do '  5516     Triple  Hexiire 

6480     Crushed  at   70  miUimeteni  (Vum 

end. 
5126     Crushed  nt  .'il   niilliuieter.s  from 

middle. 

Dry,  rocky  01 JO     Ciuslu'd  at    5    iiiillimeterH    knot 

near  middle. 

Rich  loam 1)165     Criialied  at   70  iiiillimcters  from 

Province  ol'  Quebec 
...do    

West  Virginia  . . . 
....do  

Danville 

..  do 

Grafton 

do 

1040 
1040 

Maasachiisetts 

....do 

Dauvent 

. ,  do 

388.  TsQga  C'ait)linianii 

1042 
1042 

023 

971 
995 
005 

980 

080 

271» 

627 
702 
704 

...do 

...do  

North  CaroUna.... 

Washington    ter- 
ritory. 
Alaska 

...do  

BritUh  Columbia  . 
....do  

North  Reading.... 
...do 

Hendersonville  . . . 

Wilkcson 

Sitka 

do 

Ilemtock. 
380.  Tsuqa  Mertensiana 

Hemlock. 

end. 
7021     Ciu.-died  at  fi  iiiilliiiieters  Uiint  45 

...  do    

'U.l.-, 

niillinieters  from  end. 

300.  Tituga  Pattoniana 

Silver  peak,  near 
Fraser  rivftr. 

....do    

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

...do  

T.  S.  Ilrandogee . . . 

G.  Engelmann  and 
C.  S.  Sargent. 

Gravelly  loam 5t03 

do '  0341 

middle. 

Triple    llexure;    middle  bend  38 
niillimeteis  eceenti  ie  nt  3  milli- 
MiohM-s  kniit. 

.<.S1.  Fseudotsnga  Doiiglasii 

Sed  Fir.    TtUow  Fir.    Ore- 
gon Pine.    DougUu  Fir. 

middle. 
Moist 6613     Tiiiite  lli-xiire 

California 

...do  

Oregon  

...do  

Saw.ralll,    Straw- 
berry valley. 

middle. 
0390     Crushed  ut  end  and  ut  102  milli- 

Sawmill,   Marsh. 

field. 
...do  

E.  B.  Dean's  saw- 
mill, Marsbflold. 
...  do  

....do    

...do 

...do    

...do  

Sawmill.MisKOuItt 

..  do 

LaHseu'speak 

...do 

Salt  Lake  

..  do    

...  do  

meters  from  c'lid. 
5480  1  Triple    tlixure   pirpendieular  to 
rings. 

....do  

705           fin    

do 

8700 
20.')50 

end. 

706 
708 
708 
709 
700 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
881 
973 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do  

....do  

....do  

Crushed  . :t  80   millimeters   from 

end. 

...   do 

11022 
7303 

end. 
Crushed   nt  25  millimeters  fi-om 
end  ut  3  millimeters  knot. 

...do 

..   do 

7212 

OUll. 

H.  Watson    

niidtlle. 

...  do 

California 

....do  

Utah 

...do 

IllitiMh  Coliimliin 

...  do 

8030 
8020 
7802 
0805 
0305 
7238 
7770 
8600 
9O20 
7570 
7680 
7760 

end;  shattered  end. 
Triple  flexure;    middle  bind  38 

millimeleiseieentiie. 
Crimlied  at   10  millimeters  fmm 

cud. 

Siena       Lumber 

('iinipanv. 
. .  do 

M.E.  Jones 

...  do    

CiUrtliuil  at  ;;  Mitlliiut'tcrtt  kiiott*  '.Iti 

milliniftn-ri  truin  cml. 
CriiHlii'iI  at  IJ  iiiilUiiii«terN  knot  at 

inidtUe. 

...do 

Sawmill,  Uurrard 

in lot. 
...do    

...do  

...do 

C.  8.  Sargent 

..do 

973  ...  do  

974  ..  do  

974    ...  do  

986      ..  do 

080     Orcpon    

1008     IIHtlxht'cdiinibia 

(?riiHlitMl  lit  ;tH  iiiilliHiotcMH  tV4mi 

Oi-iiHhfd  lit  fit   inilliinrtors  from 
riiit. 
.    .u. 

Triplu  flcvuitJ 

. .  do 

...do    

Sawmill, Victoria. 

Saw-mill,  Portland 

Saw-mill,  Biirrnnl 
mil  t. 

G.  Eugelniaiin  and 

C.  S.  Saigiut. 
do 

('nmlictl  lit  Ki'oiipof  l^nntrt  2't  mil* 

liiH«)ti'iH  iruru  niidtUt'. 
( ^i-iiMii(>il  Hiiil  HliHlttiri'd  lit  rnil .... 

...  do 

THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


477 


I 


rREFKrilK.  IN   KlIOORAUg,  IIRgUIHEO  TO  PIIODUCE  AN  IHUENTATION.   IN  MILI.IMBTKII8,  OF- 


I      0.3S  ;   0.31     O.V«  ;  1.09      i.-it      1.S4      l.tS     3.03     il.38 


Pi/ni 


m 


I  23 


m 

883 
707 

use 

003 

730 
704 
O'.'S 
400 
13S8 

nil 

341 
.•.7-.' 

i;i38 

470 
058 

1184 

503 

012 

1400 


m\ 


m\ 


1400 

880  ' 
I 
739 

1300 

1338 

1101 

800 
1700 
1134 
lOI-U 
122V 
1035 

071 

802 
1583 
1833 
1315 

802 

loss 

885 
747 
780 
053 
830 


8:.2 
908 

iico : 

1343  ! 
1108 
044 
1311 
1474 

8:.7 
I8:i3 

1402 

70S 

703 
1034 
1800 

867  ' 

771  I 

1180 

848  j 
1170  I 
2032 


I 


802    1315 
1089  '   1438 


1051 
1170 
1089 
2141 
209O 
1533 
1120 
2291 
2078 

1207 

I 
1170  I 

1108 

1438 

1107 

2200 

1041 

1032 

!i:.7 

1814  , 

1210  ; 

1089  I 
802 
132CI 
1080 


1120 

1267 
1474 

12P8 
1021 
141.-. 
1401 

084 
2041 
l.V.l 

780 

7R'"> 
llL'9 
1837 
1093 

817 

1842 

971 
1315 
2132 

1438 

1533 

2118 
1270 
1100 
2440 
2200 
1066 
1189 
2523 
2308 
1247 
1089 
1238 
1S13  1 
1220 
2M& 
2482 
2118 
093 
1982 
1225 
1152 

ori.! 

1470 
1207 


804 
1320 
1315 
1538 
1352 
1075 
1411 
1401 


1048 
1307 
2223 

1501 

1086 

I 

2277  j 
1311  ! 


1221 
2670 
2322 
1710 
1257 
2070 
2409 
1297 
1293 
1300 
1500 
1200 
2313 
2646 
2264 
010 
1941 
1202 
1.02 
1002 
1647 
1302 


075 
1307 
1433  I 
1028  I 
1442  I 
1107 

I4iri 

14U6 


098 

1048  1 

2218 

2241  1 

1000 

1733 

803 

844, 

820 

862, 

1103 

1247 

1037 

2008 

1225 

1300 

871 

894 

1928 

1 
1000 

1003 


2313 


1551 


I 


2345 
1325 
1284 
2807 
2301 
1742 
1203 
2817 
2499 
1352 
1429 
1370 
1515 
1320 
2245 
259.'> 
2300 
1012 
1800 
12:0 
12.i2 
1048 
1588 
1347 


1002 
1415 
1492 
1724 

1547 

1157 

1447 

1683 

1080 

2246 

1702 

857 

871 

1288 

2141 

1362 

930 

2032 

1139 


1461  I   1633  I 


2305 


1592 


1778    1828 


2436 

1361 

1320 

2768 

2472 

1778 

1352 

2971 

2596 

1370  I 

1529  I 

1411  ' 

1547 

1301 

2109 

2635 

2346 

1010 

1778 

1338 

1302  '. 

1080 

1047 

1907 


I 


1000 
1438 
1651 
1778 
1016 
1170 
1479 
1037 
1143 
2246 
1833 
871 
808 
1325 
2269 
1397 
080 

2078 


1647 

1010 

24B7 
1400 
1860 
2799 
2245 
1833 
1374 
3004 
2072 
1384 
1042 

1447  I 

I 
1828 

1433 

2132  I 

2713  1 

2400  ' 

1084 

1500 

1411 

1343 

1120 

1074 

1452 


I 


1110 
14C0 
1037 
1861 
1087 
1211 
1538 
1706 
1170 
2260 
1828 

907 

948  [ 
1306 
2300  , 
1415  , 
1021  I 

2001 


1087  ; 

1960  ' 

I 

2631 
1447 
1400  ' 
2800 

2500  i 

1 

1800  I 
1411 
3257  ; 

2740  i 

I 

1400  ' 

1700 

1407 

1074 

1483 

2246 

2768 


I1UI 
1605 
14C1 
1306 
1139 
1728 
1488 


!>.S4 


1152 
1511 
1710 
1010 
1737 
1234 
1028 
1761 


021 
OMl 
14112 
•j;i54 
1416 
1034 

2123 


I 


1170 

1220  ; 

1201 

1697 

1050 

1733 

2405 

2558 

2040 

1737 

lOM 

2576 
1470 
1434 
2030 
2045 
1932 
1405 
3411 
2821 
1483 
17U5 
1638 
1719 
1500 
2360 
2821 


1170 
1628 
1778 
1069 
2006 
1252 
1674 
1700 


4.81 

1220 
1700 
2078 
2404 
2313 
1301 
1837 
1000 


2241 


2282 


039  1034 
1002  I  1120 
HM    1710 


a.08 


1429 


Remarks. 


2722 


1407 
1990 
2141 


2381 

1420  i 

I 

n-1 

2141  ' 

1302 
1709 
2081  I 

1700  I 

2068 

2599 
1601 
1401 


2731 
1087 
1501 
3567 
2017 
1611 
1824 
1674 
1774 
1556 
2430 
2012 


2076  . 
1520 


2330 

1620 
2223 
S0.')3 

2019 

2381 

2800 
1715  ; 
1605  ' 


1687 


Slight  ilieariuii;  .if  fillers;  split  at  end 

Shonri'd  flbcre ;  xplit  at  end 

Sliflftt'od  fibers;  Hplit  from  end  to  end 

Slight  rhearingof  fibers;  split  at  end 

do 

Sheared  libera 

, do 

do 

.Split  lit  end 

Slight  xhiaringof  libers;  split  at  end 

do  

Sheuri'il  lilierH  ;  Hplit  from  end  to  end 

Sheiiiid  flliiiri   

SIi;:ht  she;irini;  of  tibers  ;  split  ut  end 

Slie;iiiil  libers;  split  nt  ends 

Sheiired  iiiiera 

Sii;:lit  sheai iug  of  libers;  split  at  ends 


240r>     SIi^'btHb(';iring<if  filii'is;  split  nt  end. 


Slight  shearin;:  of  lllurs ;  split  at  ends. 
do 


Shonred  libera  ;  split  at  ends  . 

Shonred  fibers 

do 


Slii;i!eil  lllii  r«;  split  at  end 

Slight  xheHriiu  of  fillers  ;  split  at  end. 
do 


.1. 


2223 
1742 
4106 


2350 


1724 
1961 
1814 


1833 

I 
2023 

2006  ' 


3200 


3561 


1110 
1037 
l.'i.'4 
1402 
1170 
1765 
1533 


1143 
1733 
1374 
14:i3 
1103 
1801 
lEOO  ! 


1400 
24i):i 
1824 
1688 
1311 
2130  ' 


1,'i70 


1087 


Sli;:bt  shearing  of  llliers;   nplitatend;  10  niillime- 

knot  on  indented  seel  ion. 
Sli;:ht  shearing  of  llbei  s ;  split  at  on<l 


Shenreil  fibers ;  split  ut  end 

do 

do 

do 

Shwired  fibers 

do 

do 

do 

Slight  shenring  of  fillers ;  split  at  end  . 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 

do 

Slight  shearing  of  fibers  j  split  at  end  . 

Slie:iied  fibers 

do 

Shemi'd  libera;  split  nt  end 

do 

do 

Fibers  did  not  sheai 


210 

772 
772 
775 
778 
778 
778 
787 
787 
703 
703 
817 
817 
1040 
1040 
1042 
1042 

023 

071 
095 
905 

980 

080 

271' 
(■,27 
027 
702 
704 
705 
706 
708 
708 
709 
709 
720 
720 
732 
732 
881 
«8( 
073 
073 
074 
074 
986 
989 
lOO* 


I 


„_._  ..•  i 


478 


FOREST  TREES  OB^  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V— BEHAVIOR  OF  THE  PEINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


i. 


:>:i|  ^1  ..; 


mi 


I 
i' 


H 


•f 


,?-    {.    r 

-  « 

■  i  i   I 

! 

! 

Species. 


31)) 


I 


1 


'391.  FaeiidotBUipt  Dongluii.   var. 
niacroi'arpa. 
Bemiotk. 


3a; 


;io;i. 
:)»4. 


Abies  Fmspri 

ItaUaw.     She  Baltam. 


A  liics  balssmna 

HaltamFir.  Balmo/OiUad 
i\r. 
Abies  siibalpina 

Ilaltam. 


305.  Abies  grandis . 
nhiie  t\r. 


Abies  eoneolor 

White  Fir.    Baltam  Fir 


PseiiflotHiipi  I)oauUsil— ennt'd   10U8 
1011 

1011 
I  1016 

:  loie 

'  1018 

I 

I  1018 

1020 

1020 

1022 

1022 

042 
642 

.')23 
623 

877 

449< 

440> 
440'  . 

820  I. 
820 

1010 
1010 

520 

520 

630 
630 
738 
733 

1004 
1004 

965 
965 

617 
647 


British  Calnmbla 
Oregon 


Locality. 


Collfotor. 


do 


Saw-mill,  Bnrrard    O.  EugelmnDn  and 

inlet.                    '      C.  8.  Sargcut. 
Oregon     Kuilway  ' do 

mid  NiiTigation 

Company. 
do do 


..  do I  Weidler'ssttW-miU, 

{      I'orilnud. 
..do ;...  do 


Soil. 


iS 


i 


2-2  « 

•a|| 


Komorks. 


do 
.do 


...do  . 
...do  . 


Snw-niill,  Astoria do  . 

...do do  . 

do. 


. .  do Portlnnd  Fiiiniture  . . 

Compnny. 
...do do — '.  do 


..  do 
...do  . 


do 
do  . 


do. 
do  . 


8P81 
8790 

j  080.1 
;  8081 
.'  979.S 
.'10002 
.]  0602 
.,  7802 
.  7660 
.  8346 
..  K)92  j 


Criihhed  at  33  milltnieters  from 

uiiddle. 
Crui^hrd  at  3  niillimeters  knot  at 

middle. 

Criislird  ut  10  niilltinet*  >  .<  Inot  76 

millimeters  tVoni  eun. 
CniHlicd  ul  Wi  ml  iiiietcrh  from 

en<l. 
CniKhed  at  .?    <iiiillimeters  from 

middle. 
CriiHliud  Ht  51  millimeters  irom 

end. 
CriiKbed  nt  38  millimeters  from 
end. 
do 


California 1  Sawmill, San  Iter-    W. G. Wright 

nnrdino.                                                    | 
do do ' do 


North  Carolina  . . .    ICoan  mountain 
. .  do do 


Wnlrott  Oibbs Peaty  loam 

do do 


Vermont Monkton C.G.Priuglo Peaty. 


Colorado {  Forest  City T.  S  Itmudegoo  . . . '  Moist,  sandy  loam 

. ..  do ! do — do i do 


..do  . 
. .  do  . 
...do  . 
...do. 


do 
.do. 
do 
.do 


do. 
do 
do 
do. 


.|. 


do  . 
do. 
do. 
do  . 


Triple  llextira 

Cnislied  at  !i\  millimeters  from 
end. 
,  Crushed  nt  51   millimeters  from 
I      middle. 

6ii72     Split  c>li1i(|ni'ly:  pieees  flow  from 

'      mnehitie. 
7D3K     CruHlii'd  nt  I113  millinieteni  fkt>m 
end :  opened  grain. 

5874     Crushed  at  6  millimeters  knot  31 

millimelerH  fi-oni  end. 
ri-239     Ciii^<lu'd  nt  Ul  millimelers  knot  25 

niillimeters  from  middle. 

ri8.*il     (.'runlii'd  ut  25  millimeters  from 
middle. 

4854     CrHslii'd  nt  middle  at  25  millime- 

tei'H  knot. 
4400     Cnislied  at  6  millimeters  knot  38 
niillinielirs  f^oin  middle;  split 
along  grain. 
385U     CiufIii  d  nt  lu  millimeters  knot  nt 

I      middle',  split  along  ginin. 
5661  '  CriiHlied  nt  38  millimeters  from 
!      end. 

5:198  ■  < 'inslied  nt  middle 

I 
48(18     Ciiisbod  and  sbatleiiMi  nt  end ... 


Oregon Portland (1.  Engelniann  and  .  Kicli,  alluvial 

I                                          (".  S.  Snrge'il. 
do    i do do  .  ! do 


I 


6033     Ciuslo'd  at  25  millimeters  from 

middle. 
047T     Crnshed  at  10  millimeteiH  from 

middle. 


Colorado Engelmann'senllon   Itobert  Doaglns. 

..do do do 


Roeky  .... 
.  ..do 


398.  Abies  amaliilis. 


390.  Abies  nobiliH 
Ked  fSr. 


400.  Abies  magniflea . 
Bed  Fir. 


■ .    4300     Cniiilied  51  millimeters  from  end 
(nt  end  bearing  trnnhVerse  test) ; 
s]dit  nioug  lings. 
..,  4067     Split  nll(lmllUiiieterHkmitK25mil- 
j      linieters  from  mid<lle. 

California Strawberry  valley    G.  Engelinnnnand     Alluvial 6360  |  Triple  flexure 

C.  S.  SnrgenI . 

do do ..  do do 5070  '  Triple    tiexnre  perpendieiilnr  to 

^  I  rincs :  opened  gi'niii. 

do Ijissen'g  peak Sierrn       Lumlier    ,  8618  I  Ciunbed  at  middle 

,  Company.  ' 

. .  do do do '. 7507     I'rusbed  at  38  uiillimeteiH  from 

end. 

British  Columbia  .    Silver  peak,  near     G.  Eugelmniinnnd     Rieh,  sandy  loam..    7838  i  Cru^;,ell  at  2.'   millimeters  fiom 

Frnser  livef.              C.S.  Sargent.                                           \                 nii(U,.e. 
...  do do I...  do do 7122  !  CriiHlied  nt  middle 


401.  I.arix  Americana 226' 

Larch.    Blaetl.areh.  Tama- 

rack-     Uaekmataek.  2261 

I  226" 

I  220> 

!  774 

i  774 


Oregon Cascade 

ains. 
do do  . . . 


V 


do 
.do 


California |  Soda  Springs 


...do 


Vermont 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

New  Brunswick  . 

..  d* 


.do  . 


Charlotte 

...do 

...do  

...do 

Bay  of  Fundy . 


do 


G.  Engelnmun  and  '  Gravelly  loam  . . . 

C.  K.  Sargent.       \ 
do I do 


C.O.Pringlo '  Cold, swampy. 

do ' do 

do ' do 

do do 


Bich 7235  '  Crushed  nl   51   millinietein  from 

end. 

do    7270     Crushed  at   25  ndllimeters  fiiim 

'      middle. 

7258     Crushed  at   51  millimelers  from 

j      end. 
0068  !  Triple  tlexiire;    middle  bend  25 

!      niilliiiieters  eccentrie. 

12021     Crushed  at  25  millimeleis  from 

middle. 
10387     Triple  flexuie:    middle  bend  25 

I      niillim' terseeei  utile. 
6840     Crnshed  nt  U  millimeters  knot  at 

I      middle;  split  fnmi  end  to  end. 
8166  '  CrushtKl  at  middle ;  split 


Intereolonial  rail- 
way. 


do 


7892  i  Crushed  nt  13  niillimeters  knot  61 
i  mlUimeters  from  end  ;  opened 
!      between  rincs. 

9V95  !  Crushed  at  64  niillimeters  from 
middle  at  25  millimeters  knot. 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


479 


i 


I'lIF.SHria-.    IN   KII.0(IBAM8,   RRqi'inKH  TO  I'llODI'l'K   AN    IMll:NTATUI,\,    IN  Uir.LIHKTRRH  OK— 


I 


~    0.4.1    0..11    o.»e    i.o<i  I  i.-jr    i.Sii  1  i.rs    4.0.1    4.4m    4.54    4.81 


Romarka. 


ml 


IE3I 


'^ 


lemni 


771 

926 
8M 
817 

1043 

I 
889 

730  I 

I 
671  1 

817 

1179 

1080 
I1B7 

MO 
499 

644 

780 
726 

704 
504 
r>90 

663  ; 

631 
499  i 


r>22 

740  ' 

852 

1131 

1134  I 

i 
604  I 

680 

1350  ' 
1184 

844 
1021 

1270 
1225 
1030 
1724 


2087  I 
1306 

1I6C 

1107 

908 

1211 

lt20 

780 

8A2 

84<4 

1452 

1551 
1520 

I 

830 
835 


1010 

925 

821 
817 
820 

817 
B17 

1002  ' 

776  \ 
1134 

1110  I 

I 
1243 

1179 ; 


1709 
1533 
1633 
2368 
1143 


7»4 


2264 
1433 

1216 

1157 

1048 

1297 

1189 

807 

95:1 

886 

1497 

1633 
1583 

984 
939 


993 
1080 

030 
8U4 
866 
057 


1093  I 

1 
804  { 

1180 ! 

1207  ; 

1338 

1229 


2087 
1G28 
1728 
2600 
1247 


1134    1279 


2241  I 
14-0 

1276  j 

1202 

1075 

1343 

1220 

aw 

930 
907 
1406 

1610 
1624 

1061 

9V5 


1048 

nil 

044  I 

030 

889 


839  I   830 
609  I    712  I 


112.-I 
971 

iin« 

12711 
1438 
1270 


844 

88U 

930 

8C2 

930 

1002  ; 

1505 

1701 

1842 : 

1610 

1696 

1778  ■ 

1016 

1003 

1148 

1583 

1760 

1800  1 

2241  , 

1778 
180O  ; 

2876  ' 

I 

1343  ' 
1862 


I 


1996 
1520 

1334 
1267 
1125 
1303 
1284 

944 
1U02 

002 
1203 

1615 
1669 

1003 
1002 


I 


1978  I 
1656 

1388 
1302 
1184 
1430 
1329 
1002 

nil 

093 
1315 

1092  ' 


I 


1728  i 


1039 
1107  !   1202  1   1267 


1093 
1139 

980 
97."i 
^94 


1125 


1007 


857  912 

762  I  .803 

i 

1143  ;  1166 


1002 

1025 

1210 

1247 

1320 

1347 

1633 

1592 

1275 

i325 

998  \ 
1001  j 

1941  I 

1892  I 
I 
I 

1175  I 

1014  i 
2391  ' 


1080 

1098 

I 

I 

2106  i 

1969 

1207 
1082 

2472 
1940 


i 


I 


lOfiO 

ir>88 

I 

1429 
1352 
1234 
1.'.37  I 
1384  I 
1039 

n57 1 

1030 
1470 


1778 
1746 


1125  !   1157 
1080 


1306 


1184 


1176  I   1211 


2073  ; 

IIIOO 

I 

1447  I 

1303 

1284  j 

1615  ' 
I 
1447 

1071  i 

1198  I 

1080  { 

1651  I 

1846 
1760  i 


I 
1633 

1 
1488  ! 

14211 

1843 

1660  ' 

1483 

1102  ■ 

1211  : 

1107  I 
1761  1 

.10 
1824  ' 


1987 

1660 

I 
1524  I 

1438  j 

138M 

1737 

1506 

1134 

1252 

1143 

1805 

:!)6o 

1842  I 


2676 
1462 

1724 
1642 


S.08 


2003 
1565 


2078 


I 


1361 
1429 
1306 
1987 

2177 
2082 


Sbeari-d  flhoni 

do 


1008 
1011 


1624 


2313 

2400 
2186 


Sbearrd  tlbeni  i  aplit  at  «ud j  1011 

Fibera  did  not  ahcar  t  split  at  end '  1016 

SI  Iglit  RhcarinK  of  flbcm ;  apllt  at  end I  1016 

, dci I  1018 

i 
do I  1018 

do !  1020 

Sheared  flbera 1020 

sunlit  HliearinK  of  flbera ;  apllt  at  end j  1022 

Slii-ared  libers '  1022 


1170         1103         1202         1379  I       1442 
lllli         1129         1160         1306         1379 


1365         13!i7         1447  > 


1211  ;       12118  , 


206         1442 


1217  i      1201         1284  ;      1474 


do. 
.do. 

do. 
do. 


642 
042 

523 
623 


j  Slii-bt  HlK'arinB  of  fibers;  split  at  end;  4  DiUlimi'tera  377 

I      knot  ill  iiidi'iitftl  section.  ' 

1588  I  Sb.Mri-d  fibers 440 

1597  I do I  440' 


103U  I   1001  !   1110    1110  I   1270  I   1374  ' 


I 


.do 


080  '       1007  I       1030  I       1039 


1012  i      1034         1052  ;      1080         1102  '      1270 

I i  i 

i  I 

1052  I      1030 


I 


902 
817 

1170  ! 

I 
I 

1062  I 
1279  i 
1402 
1692  I 

1470 

j 

1116  I 

1129 : 

2218  ' 
2050  I 

1252 
2050  ' 

2549  ''. 
1987  ' 


1012 
8U 

1179 

1084  I 
1320  I 
1438 
1769  : 
1633 

1157  ; 
1166 

226S 

2123  ! 

I 

1275  j 

2073  ' 


I 


1066 
866 

1193 

1098 
1338 
1405 
1824 
1592 

1210  I 
1193  I 

2345 
2173 

1311 
2118 


440> 
449' 


Slicnred  lllwrs;  split  at  end 

Split  ntt'iid    820 

I 
1057  1      1170  1      1225  I  Slieui-ud  fibers  i  split  lit  oiidH 820 

i      !      I 


1098    1225  I   1379 
885  ' I  


2581  ;   2640  I 
2050  !   2114 


1202  1 

1116 
13U1  ! 
1511 
1860 
1624 

1257 
1234 

2413 

2214 

I 
1325  ' 

2141  ; 

2717  I 
2104 


1302 

1225 
1610 
1746 


.do. 


Sliuht  shearing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end  . 


Sheared  fibers ;  split  nl  uiid  . 


1700 
1905 


1860 

1420 
1452 

2858 

2586 

I 

1474  ! 
2404  I 

2948 
2440 


do 

Sheared  fibers 

do  

Fibers  did  not  shear ;  apllt  at  end . 
Sheared  flbera ;  apllt  at  end 


3221 


1661 
2586 

3130 


.do. 
do. 


1010 
1010 

520 

620 
639 
639 
733 
733 

1004 
1004 


Slight  shoariliK  of  fibers  \  split  at  end :     965 

Sheared  fibers ;  split  at  end 


Sheared  fibers. 
do  


1982 

2073 

2150 

2939 

3026 

3039 

1388 

1420 

1442  ' 

1 

1447 

1470 

1474! 

2263  I 

3502  ''. 

1470  I 

I 

1483  ' 


2381 
3506 
1197 

150G 


3612 
1.138 

l.-i38 


1746 
1769 


SI  icli  t  Khetii-luii;  of  fibers ;  split  at  ends 

Sllnlit  sbenrlut!  nf  fibers;  split  at  end;   apocinien 

120  niilliniet(>rs  liiu^. 
FiliiMs  illd  not  shear;   split  at  end;    specimen  120 

miliiineti'rs  liiii);. 
Sliiilil  she. Mini;  of  fibers;    shattered  atiok ;    apeoi- 

nii'U  I'JO  iiiillinu'tei'H  \an%. 
SlifiUt  sheai  ing  of  fibers ;  split  at  end 


do. 


647 
647 

22«i 
22<> 
226» 
228< 

774 

774 


'Ai 


r 

i 


ii 


480 


FOREST  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Table  V.-BEHAVIOR  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  WOODS  OF  THE 


Spei'iea. 


401.  Lariz  Amcrlcanft— oontlnned. 


M2.  LarixoccidentaliB. 
Tamarack. 


PALUACE^S. 

40e.  WaahioRtonia  flUfera . 
Fan■l*(^f  Palm. 


8Ute. 


781 
781 
786 
786 
706 
705 
840 
840 

719 
710 
084 
084 
1006 
1006 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Nnw  Brnnawlok  . .  |  Bay  of  Fiindy Intercolonial  rail- 

I                                    way. 
do do tlo 


■  do j  UridKoton  . 

■  do I do 

.  •■  1 1  Danville.. 


..do 

Mnssacbnaotts... 
...do 


I 


...do 

Wcniinm . 
..  do 


Ed.  Sinclair . 
....do 


Grand  Trunk  rati. 

wav. 
...do 


J.  Eobiiisoii . 
..  do 


Montaua >  Misaoiila i  S.  AVatHon  . 


I 


...do  . 


do. 


do. 


^aoliiugton  terri- 
tory. 
do 


Fuldrt ;.    W.Sikmlotf. 


...do. 
..  do 


do  . 
.do. 
do. 


.do. 
do  . 

do  . 


Soil. 


8147 
8142 
0300 
7600 
0480 
8437 
6007 
7530 

0307 
IU047 

Moist 11648 

do l:!033 

do nw:> 

do 10000 


Swampy 
...do  .... 


Ba 


Kemarka. 


1159     Califomin Apia  Calieutc  . 

1150  !....do do 


W.  ('. .  WriKlit '  Dry,  gravelly 1481 

do ! do jHOO 


Triple  floxniv 

Crushed  at  25  mllUmetera  ttom 

middle. 
, do 

Cniahrd  at  51  millimnters  trom 

middle. 
Cnialicd  ut  64  miUinietera  ttom 

middle. 
Cruabcd  at  middle 

Triple  dexure  parallel  to  ringa; 

interHccliiij;  *'C«»oi>cr  liuca". 
Crnalicd  at  lt'2  milllnietcra  from 

end  ou  one  face. 

Triple  iloxure 

CruHlu'd  ut  04  millimeters  from 

end. 
CruHlicd  at  .11  millinii'tors   lYom 

cufl  lit  :t  iiiilllin<'tciH  knot. 
Crn.sItMi  at  3  niillinictcrH  knot  10 

niillinictcrH  from  end. 
Crn.slii  il  ut  2.')  millimeters  from 

iniddlc. 
CruMlied  at  00  mllUmetera  f^-om 

end ;  opened  grain. 

Split  olilicptclyi  fractmo  228  mil- 

lin)t>tel'H  loll;;, 
.^plit  <il>liipii'ly;  fracture  305  mil- 

linicteia  Ung. 


:»    *i 


THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
UNITED  STATES  UNDER  COMPRESSION— Continued. 


481 


FBUBVRB,  IN  KILOOKAHB,  BEQUIUKU  TO  fllODUCK  AN  INDENTATION.  IN  UILMUBTKUB,  OF— 


0.9a 

o.at 

0.76 

093 

1125 

1220 

1270 

17BS 

1005 

862 

034 

1025 

703 

1203 

1270 

730 

1111 

1180 

1002 

1315 

1420 

1315 

1733 

1842 

1179 

1769 

1802 

953 

1674 

1774 

1211 

1452 

1570 

131S 

1451 

1547 

1633 

2336 

2360 

lesc 

2681 

3134 

H06 

1660 

1005 

818 

508 

670 

813 

1207 

lS2fi 

1.0i« 


1311 

2041 
1076 
1325 
1288 
1506 
1087 
1046 

I860 
1696 
1610 
2345 
8348 
2040 

617 
1307 


t.*7 

l.A!> 

1388 

1401 

21B0 

2254 

1125 

1189 

1347 

1433 

1320 

1388 

1561 

1050 

2083 

2168 

2028 

2108 

1028 

2000 

1706 

1860 

1710 

1792 

2400 

2545 

3376 

3470 

2150 

2300 

068 

680 

1443 

1407 

1.78 


1538 
2346 
1220 
1633 
1429 
1760 
2227 
2259 

2019 
1946 
1910 
2081 
3062 
2301 

708 
1651 


9.03  9.98  9.94 


1001 
2422 
1261 
1624 
1442 
1860 
2313 
2300 

2050 
1087 
1087 
2803 
3750 
2600 

736 
1610 


1674 
2504 
1302 
1092 
1461 
1906 
2422 
2490 

2118 
2082 
2040 
2948 
8901 
2540 

76g] 
1628 


1774 
2872 
1325 
177B 
1501 
1041 
2472 
2636 

2186 
2118 
2123 
3004 
4061 
3673 

776 
1650 


4.81 


2313 
8198 


2087 


8085 
3030 

2541 
2449 
2563 


946 
1032 


a.o8 


2686 


2313 


2713 


1048 
1006 


Semuks. 


Slight  aheaiing  of  flb«ni 

Slight  ahearlng  of  flbera ;  aplit  at  end  . 

do 

do 

, do 

do 


Shpsred   flbfrni   apIlt  at  end;    Indented    aeotion 

cover*  6  nillllnivtrrB  knot. 
Slight  ahearlng  of  libera ;  apllt  at  end 


Shonred  libera 

Slight  ahearlng  of  flbera;  apllt  at  end 

do 

do 

do 

Flbera  did  not  ahear 


Sheared  flbera 

Slight  ahearlng  of  flbera. 


781 
781 
786 
786 
705 
795 
840 
840 

710 
719 
984 
984 
IMM 
lOOfl 

1159 
1168 


31  FOB 


n .  i 


I 


FJ^RT    III. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


IN   THEIU 


ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 


481 


—  ■ .  :>iv;*'^.'^>v.j'!rTr' JS*K!rV' 


I? 

fSHft     I 


ti  ' 


iJ?-*! 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  SiATES  IN  THEIR  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS. 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 

The  maps  of  relative  average  forest  density  joined  to  this  report  are  intended  to  illustrate  the  present  productive 
capacity  of  the  forest  covering  of  the  country  (map  No.  IG,  portfolio).  They  are  based,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
extreme  western  states  and  territories,  upon  the  returns  of  enumerators.  In  states  originally  wooded  all  land  not 
accounted  for  in  the  returns  as  cleared  or  treeless,  or  otherwise  known  to  be  destitute  of  tree  covering,  is  treated 
as  forest.  The  county  is  taken  as  the  unit,  and  is  seldom  divided,  unless  varied  topography  or  different  natural 
features  in  diflferent  parts  makes  i'urther  subdivision  desirable.  In  the  western  states  and  territories,  where 
topography  determines  forest  distrioution,  county  lines  are  disregarded,  and  the  estimates  are  based  upon  special 
reports  of  census  experts,  or  upon  the  i)ublished  reports  jf  the  various  government  sur\  oys,  maps,  etc.  The 
condition  and  jiroductive  capacity  of  the  forest  covering  Lave  been  carefully  investigated  at  nriny  points  in  each 
county  or  unit  region,  and  the  area  covered  with  forest,  obtained  in  the  manner  described  above,  is  multiplied  by 
the  average  stand  of  timber  or  other  useful  wood.  The  results  thus  obtained  are  necessarily  greatly  generalized  to 
conforrc  to  the  scale  of  the  maps  used. 

The  following  statement  represents  the  value  of  the  forest  cro],  of  the  United  States  for  tJae  census  year,  so  far 
as  it  has  been  possible  to  obtain  it: 


Saw  logs $1^8,838, 8CU 

Wood  used  for  domestic  purpoHes  as  fuel 

(estimated)  306,950,040 

Wood  .sod  by  rcilroads  as  fuel 5,  l'J6, 714 

Wood  used  by  steamboats  as  fuel 1, 81'.^,  083 

Wood  used  as  fuel — 

In  the  manufacture  of  brick  aud  tile  :i,  978, 331 

In  the  manufacture  of  wool 423, 231) 

In  the  manufacture  of  suit 121,  G81 

In  the  production  of  precious  moials       2, 874, 5U3 

In  other  mining  operations 673, 692 


Charcoal  used  as  fuel — 

In  uiauufacture  of  iron (4, 726  114 

I  a  manufacture  of  precious  mutals . .  29, 306 

In  tl'.ii  twenty  largest  cities 621,  HIG 

Xaviil  htor.'s 5,000,000 

Southeiu  moss .WO,  000 

Railroad  tics  (29,534,094) 9,  800, 247 

Fence  posts  (for  fencing  railroads) 180, 009 

Uncultirated  vegetable  substances  useil 

in  the  manufacture  of  mcdiciuos 587, 000 

Uncultivated  nnts 78,640 

Hoop-poles 1,947,316 


Wood  used  in  the  manufacture  of— 

Handles 

Wheel  stock 

Wo(m1  pulp 

Baskets 

Excelsior 

Oars 

Shoo  pegs 

Hand-made  ubiogloa 


$897, 170 

1,360,892 

1, 974, 074 

314, 12S 

150,800 

81,000 

7.,  000 

47,952 


Total 490,073,094 


These  returns  are  incomplete  aud  often  unsatisfactory.  Many  important  items  are  omitted  entirely.  It  was 
found  impossible  to  obtain  statistics  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  (posts,  split  rails,  etc.)  used  in  fencing, 
with  the  exception  of  i)osts  used  by  railroads.  The  amount  of  material  thus  consumed  annually  must  be  very  large, 
probably  exceeding  $10l),000,0t)0  in  value*.  No  returns  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  bark  of  different  trees  used  in 
tanning  leather  have  been  received,  and  there  are  no  statistics  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  unsawed  limber 
produced — spars,  pile.-,  telegraph  aud  other  poles,  hewed  timber,  hard  wood  exported  in  the  log,  ship.s'  knees,  etc. — 
that  is,  all  timber  not  manufactured  in  saw-mills  into  lumber.  The  value  of  the  timber  of  this  sort  cut  in  the  United 
States  every  year  must  be  very  large.  The  returns  include  the  railway  ties  laid  down  by  completed  roads,  and  do  not 
embrace  those  usetl  in  the  construction  of  some  10,000  miles  of  new  road  built  during  the  census  year.  It  was 
found  impossible  to  obtain  oven  an  estimate  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  cooperage  stock  produced  outride  of 
regular  sawmills,  and  tiie  returns  of  handmade  shingles  only  include  those  made  from  cypress  at  a  few  points 
in  the  south  Atlantic  region.  Ma])le  sugi.r  to  the  amount  of  36,570,061  pounds  and  1,796,048  gallons  of  molasses 
were  produced  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States  during  the  year  1879.  No  statistics  of  the  value  of  these  products 
have,  however,  been  received.  Statistics  of  the  value  of  material  consumed  in  the  mitnufactnre  of  excelsior,  wood 
pulp,  wheel  stock,  handles,  shoe  pegs,  baskets,  oars,  and  hoop-poles  are  incomplete,  and  do  not  fully  represent  the 
value  of  the  wood  used.  Tlie  statistics  of  the  value  of  wild  nuts  and  wild  vegetable  substances  collected  are 
very  incom])lete,  and  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  separate  the  value  of  the  imported  from  that  of  the  native 
wood  used  in  the  manufacture  of  veneers,  an  industry  cousuming  a  large  amount  of  high-priced  hard  wood.  Gould 
complete  returns  of  the  forest  croj)  of  the  census  year  have  betiu  obtained  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  would  be 
found  to  exceed  $700,000,000  in  value. 

TUi:  1  UMBKU  INDUSTRY. 

The  following  table  represents  tlie  vulmni',  by  .states  and  territories,  of  the  lumber  industry  of  the  United  States 
for  the  census  year,  as  derived  from  the  returns  of  the  enumerators  on  the  schedule  of  manufactures,  and  from  the 
reiKirto  of  special  agents  for  manufactures  in  cities  having  at  the  time  of  the  Ninth  Census  8,000  or  more  inhabitants. 
No  distinctioi'.  between  the  dilferent  kinds  of  wood  sawt^d  was  attempted  in  the  enumeration: 

486 


I'^il 


U4\ 


486 


THE  FOREStS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I 

a 

3 

4 
6 

8 
7 
8 

S 
10 

11 

u 
u 

14 
IS 

16 
17 
18 
U 
» 

n 
» 

94 

18 

38 

n 

38 
39 
80 

81 
32 
33 
34 
38 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  LUMBERING  INDUSTIJY  OV  THE 


StatM  and  Tenitortea. 


Th*  United  States  . 


Atobuna .. 
Alaaka.... 
Ariaona . . . 
Arkansas  . 
California . 


Colorado 

ConnecUcat 

Dakota 

Dulaware 

Dtatrjot  of  Colombfa. 


Florida . . 
Ckwrgia  . 
Idaho  ... 
Illinois  . . 
Indiana  . 


Indian  territory . 

Iowa 

Kanaas 

Kentncky 

Louisiana 


Maine 

Maryhuid 

ICassachnsetta  . 

Mloliigan 

Minnesota 


Mississippi. 
Mlasonid  .. 
Montana  . . . . 
Nebraska  ... 
Kevada 


New  Hampehii-e 

Now  Jersey 

New  Mexico  

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 


Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  .. 

39  !  Rhode  iHland... 

40  Snrih  Carolina  . 


Tonni'9«t>«. 

Texaa 

Utah 

Taraont . . 
VlrRlnia... 


WMhln|i;ton... 
Wast  yirginla. 

Wlaoonsin 

W/SMiBS 


1 


? 
t 


25,708 


354 


13 
319 
251 

93 

300 

39 

8« 

1 

135 

655 

48 

640 

2,022 


328 
146 
670 
176 

848 
369 
606 
l,St9 
234 

296 

881 

36 

38 

9 


284 

2« 

3,822 

778 

2,362 
228 

2,827 
49 
420 

766 
324 
107 
688 

007 

37 

472 

704 

7 


Capital. 


AVBBAQB  NUmXR  OV   RANDfl  XXFLOTKD. 


DoUari. 
181, 186, 122 


1,645,655 


Maxinvim  :  \f„i„ 

at  any  one  I  T  "* 

Si-T;;  lir  above 

time  in  in»e.p, 

the  year.  '"  y**"' 


2,798 


102,450  ! 
1,067.840 
6,454,718  I 

481,200 
657,300 
118, 750 
259, 250 
2r>,  000 

2, 219,  550 
3,101,452 
192,460 
3,  295,  483 
7, 048, 088 


141,664 


1,611 


126 
2, 985  ( 
4,945 

1,605 

1,262 

451 

64r> 

as 

3,240 
4,971 
311 
5,799 
16. 252 


77 
1,690 
3,423 

870 
699 
•»» 

378 
25 


1,945 
3,298 
162 
3,652 
9,920 


4, 946, 390 
262, 975 

2, 290, 558 
903,950 

6,339,396 
1,237,694 
2,480,340 
39,260,428 
6,771,145 

922,595 

2,867,970 

208,200 

93,375 

132,000 

3,746,790 

1,657,395 

74,675 

13, 230, 934 

1, 743, 217 

7, 944, 412 

1,  577, 875 
21,418,688 

1, 066, 265 

2,  004,  603 
1, 060, 052 

272,750 
3,274,260 
2, 122, 925 

■2.  456, 460 

1,068,020 

19,824,059 

26,700 


4,155 

831 

5,140 

1,614 

9,S36 
1,769 
3,130 
30,8C6 
3,m 

2,113 

6,678 

.174 

295 


4,765 

1,066 

282 

17,609 

5,334 

IB,  277 
1,185 

21,  IGC 

260 

2,  .188 

!1,587 
4,579 
845 
4,601 
5,812 

891 

3,768 

14,  07B 

68 


2,528 
507 

2,506 
013 

^4eo 

1,216 

1,948 

22,782 

2,73. 

1,123 

3,468 

142 

136 

35 

3,066 

760 

172 

11,066 

2,938 

8,769 
566 

14,443 

139 

1,4.11 

3,677 
:i,  136 
175 
2,411 
J,  922 

405 
2,057 
7,748 


Females 

above 

15  years. 


425 


143 
23 


I 


Children 
and  yonth. 


5,9C7 


86 

94 

4 
199 
413 


9 
94 
38 

183 

23 

30 

1,360 

100 

47 
95 


48 


91 

548 

13 

463 

18 

37 

141 
40 
10 

160 


4 
126 
467 


Wages  paid 

daring 

the  yt>ar. 


DoBan. 
31, 845, 974 


424, 156 


33,875 

237, 864 

1, 096, 736 

112,981 

178,386 

54,974 

40,694 

6,000 

562,249 

554,085 

33,867 

787,867 

1,671,740 


825,244 

66,  757 

671, 939 

200,063 

1, 161, 142 
223, 786 
431, 612 

6,967,905 
924,473 

197, 867 

««8,644 

47,915 

29,  313 

9,892 

548,556 

179,693 

24,240 

2,102,972 

447,431 

1, 708, 800 
242, 154 

2, 018, 450 

33,143 

221,963 

549,  222 
732,  014 
fiS,  175 
426,053 
540,231 

200,539 

459,945 

2,207,218 

8.380 


MATKIIIALS. 


Value  oi'  lotH. 


Vnlae  of 

mill 
soppilce. 


Dottan. 
189,836,869 


1,  517, 986 


Dettart. 
6, 318, 516 

DO,  640 


126,486  I 
1,009,954  I 
2,05.5,636  i 

654,600 
609, 024 
269, 235 
229, 763 
a2,000  I 

1,763,617  1 
,1,049,43r<  I 

213,691 
2,959,537  ] 
!>,290,438 

i- 


4,023,661 

421, 738 

2,  238,  888 

1, 106,  280 


4,  754,  613 
1,041,836 
1, 827, 497 
30,819,003  I 
4,  408,  iii- 

1, 190, 903 

3,113,049 

257,320 

153,823 

I.I^TSO 

2, 159,  461 

842, 752 

lOO,  145 

8, 628, 874 

],  400, 610 

8, 603, 127 

1,  294, 703 

11,378,589 

116,083 

1,170.088 

2, 006, 124 
1,900,794 
216, 610 
1,039,775 
1,864.288 


1, 174  006 

1,  307,  843 

12, 219, 097 

24,725 


I 


5,300  ; 

00,441  I 

186,868  I 

i 

46,794  I 

32, 545 

12, 640 

13,612  I 

2,000  I 

103, 596 
147,720 
16,875 
185,368 
336, 669 


118, 224 
25, 711 

171,855 
80,779 

197,344 

64,959 

76,608 

1,432,360 

120,587 

28, 214 
102.243 
20,778 
11,055 
11,020 

113, 530 
47,227 
16, 910 

490,389 
86, 523 

292, 079 
36,639  I 

576,841  1 
4, 803  J 
67,273 

136, 701 
186,981 
21,655 
82,093 
119,489 

14,070 

67,  ,'.29 

252, 370 

2,026 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


487 


UNITED  STATES  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  MAY  31,  1880. 


1^6,701 
188,081 
21,  OM  I 
85,  M3  I 
11P,48»  j 

14,070  I 
67,  .'.M 
2t>2,3'0  j 
,(126 


Lnmlier  (board 
meuare). 


Feet. 
18, 091, 356,  OeO 


2S1,861,000 


10,715,000 
172,  50'!,  000 
304  7(lj,  000 

03,  702,  000 
04,427,000 
*»,  280, 000 
31,572,000 
4,000,000 

a  247, 627, 000 

451, 788,  000 

18, 204, 000 

b  334, 244, 000 
015,943,000 


(412,578,000 

45,  381,  000 

305,  C84, 000 

133,  472,  000 

566,656,000 

123,  336,  000 

d  205,  244,  Oto 

4, 172,  572, 000 

563, 974,  000 

168, 747, 000 

<  399, 744,  000 

21, 420, 000 

18, 585, 000 

21,  545, 000 

292,  267,  CUO 

109, 679, 000 

11,195,000 

1,184,220,000 

241, 822,  000 

010,832,000 

177, 171,  000 

1,  733,  844,  000 

8,  401),  UOO 

185,  772,  000 

302,  673,  000 
3*.'8,  008,  ( 1)0 
2^  700,  0«0 
322,  042,  OW) 
316,  030,  000 

100. 170.  000 

180,112.000 

1,542,021,000 

2,060,000 


Laths. 


Number. 
1,761,788,000 


14, 147, 000 


,150,000 
6,  527, 000 
2, 420, 000 

4,925,000 

1,719,000 

664,000 

317,000 

1,000,000 

20, 101, 000 

17, 438,  000 

750,  OoO 

625,077,000 

28, 031.  tfOO 


Shingles. 


Xuiiiher. 
5  555,046,000 


5,427,000 


Staves. 


Number. 
1,248,226,000 


2,857,000 


1, 760, 000 
61,  768, 000 
188, 718, 000 

27,214,000 
7, 192, 000  j 
4, 828, 000 
506, 000 


800,000 
1,640,000 
3,063,000 


270,000 


e  79, 924, 000 

26,000 

26,866,000 

7, 745, 000 

184, 820. 000 

7, 955, 000 

d  16,  947, 000 

461, 805,  000 

88, 088,  000 

7,908,000  j 

£20,839,000  I 

2,620,000  ' 


3, 061, 000 
25, 332,  COO 

4, 235, 000 

615,306,000 

26, 034, 000 


4,610,000 


Sets  of  headings. 


Number. 
146, 523, 000 

437,000 


350,000 
1,203,000 


12,000 
650,000 


791,000 
2,014,000  I 


110,000 
964,000 


2K!,  071, 000 


1, 385, 000 
26, 389, 000 


Spool  and 

bobbin  stock 

(board  measare). 


Fett. 
34,076,000 


Valne  of  all 
other  products. 


33,000 


4,000 


30,000 
1, 957, 000 


e  128,  J  00, 000 

8,15, 000 

25, 253, 000 

30, 10.1, 000 

426, . '130, 000  I 

4,429,000 
d  19, 667, 000  j 
2,684,717,000  j 
194,666,000  I 

\  355, 000 

(8,832,000 

9,627,000 


5,335,000 


660,000  ' 


49,464,000 

8,  948, 000  ' 

107,000  I 

79,399,000  I 

13,340,000  I 

50,625,000  I 

18,  246,  000  I 

183, 740, 000  I 

10,000  ; 

-.3,  133,  000 

21,275,000  1 
14,131,000 
1,  iKI,  000  [ 
10,  74r).  000 
14,  401'.  UOO 

«,  6,"i0,  000 
12,071,000 

■J  15,  i:ij,  (;0(i 

■too,  000 


486,000 

67,086,000 

13,717,000 

722,000 

305, 711, 000 

8, 707, 000 


23, 148, 000 
220,000 

02,  376, 000 

16, 227, 000 

21, 002,  OOO 

IW,  821,  000 

7, 825,  OOO 

00,000 
21,426,000 


24,876,000 

5, 010, 000  I 

288,601)000  \ 

1,086,000 

10,  o:i(!.  (KIO 

14,  2U.'i.  OOll 

U:,  .VJJ,  UOO  I 

0,298,000  ! 

.Vi,  711,000 

(i,  223,  OUU 

3,010,000 

;t,  005,  000 

to.'.  »22,  OOi) 

8(r..ooo  ' 


31, 364, 000 
40,000 
20,000 

63.  .,64, 000 
45,000 

214, 246, 000 


8, 174, 000 
3.3,000 

3,312,000 


160,000 
383, 000 


1,8(0,000  I 
21,897,000  I 

547,000  i. 


13,426,000 

.« 

672,000 
6, 038, 000 


3,363,000 


?,  491, 000 
166,000 


3,073,000 
883,000 


22, 130, 000 
571, 000 

26, 779, 000 


1,003.000 
1,253,000 

25,000 


80,  062, 000  ; 
365,000  ; 
38^,00O  ' 


4,  342, 000 


10,401,000 


03,000 

570,000  ! 
140,000  j 


326,000 
3,700,000 


6,S00 


Dottara. 
2, 682, 668 


1,010 

3,000 

700 

12,930 

500 


2,000 

13t  999 
3,975 
60,200 
16,807 
146,760 


Total  valne  of  nil 
proilncts. 


Dollan. 
233, 208, 720 


Itnnic 

according 

to  value 

of 

I  products. 


38,343 
3,400 
76,665 
16,470 

182,618 
149,894 

44,396 
631,406 

21,100 

6,340  I 
7,007 
1,900 
1,100 


68,613  j 
40,386 


13,219,000 
14,  333,  000  ' 

23,000,000  . 
41,902,000  ; 
8«,  645,  000  I 

1 


,572,000  j 
920,000 


416, 000  I 
800,000 


2o5,263 

7, 196  ! 

196,788  '■ 
10,600  I 

393,044  : 

174 
41,700 

72,998  , 
10,860 

1,765  ; 

2,676  I 

30,366  I 


1,  D.VJ,  000 
7.408,000 


40, 195 
16'.,  171 


2,649,634 


216, 918 
1,793,848 
4, 428, 960 

1,051,296 
1,076,456 
436,792 
ill,  060  ' 
50,000  I 

3,000,201 
4,875,310 
349,635 
.5, 003, 037 
14,260,830 


6,186,628 

682,007  , 
4,064,361  I 
1,764,640  { 

I 
7,933,808  , 

1,813,332 

3, 120, 184 

52,449,928 

7,366,038 

1, 920, 335 

6,265,617  i 

527, 605  ' 

265.  062  ! 

243,200  I 

I 
3,842,012  I 
1, 627, 640 

173,030  ' 
14, 356, 010 
2, 072, 796 

13, 864, 460 
2, 030, 463 

22, 4.17, 350 

240, 579 

2,  001,  507 


3,  744, 006 

3, 073,  449 

;i75,  lot 

•i,  2.'*,  Blfl 

:i,  4;:4, 16« 

1, 734, 742 

2,  431, 8.17 

17,  052, 347 

40,090 


a  Includinu  77,600,000  feet  iiiniiuf.icturod  tr.iin  Iii;;»  cut  in  A'abauia. 

t  In<!lndlu«  73,700,000  fi'it  Innilur,  l."i,041,000  '.iiltis  nnd  11.^26,000  »!iinnlis,  uminifnoturi  .1  from  lopn  rntin  Wisconsin, 

•  Iniludliic  334,lll!l,(0il  feet  liinil»  r.  7C.728,000  Ii..lm,  iiml  127..10I.000  sliiiiRlrs,  niiuinrnitiircd  •rnni  Io^k  cut  in  Wisconsin. 

d  Iiicludln^i  20.0011.000  fi'ct  lumber,  11,082,000  luths.  nml  WO.U'O  KliintilcB,  nimiiifui'lnviil  from  Iuhk  cnt  In  New  llnnipsliirc  and  Vermont 

«   Inoludiug  27,000,000  I'uct  luuiucr,  12.400,0(0  liilli.'<,  iiud  5,300.1(10  tliinKh'S,  niiiuiil'iiituicil  friiiu  lu|is  cut  in  WiHCODiin. 


33 


44 

29 
13 

34 
33 
37 
38 
46 

21 
12 


40     13 
11  '  14 

6 :  16 


...._  16 

9  '  17 

35  I  18 

14  !  19 

30  ^  20 

7  I  21 
28  22 
20     23 

1  I  24 

8  '  26 


27 
10 
36 
41 
43 

16 
33 
45 
4 


33  I  36 

I 

6  I  30 
3«{  37 

3  ;  ^8 
43  '  ,10 
25     40 

16  41 

17  I  43 

30  !  43 
10     41 

18  45 

31  {  40 

34  I  47 
3  !  48 

47     40 


488 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


m 


In  the  following  table  the  average  importance  of  the  saw-mills  located  in  the  different  states  and  territories  is 
shown : 

AVERAGE  SIZE  AND  PRODUCT  OF  SAW-MILLS  IN  EACH  STATE  AND  TERRITORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


IE  [   'M 


Ul 


.1  >i 

■i 


i 


states  and  Territories. 


The  Cnited  States. 


Alabama.. 

Alaska 

Ariiona  .. 
Arkansas . 
Califumia. 


Colorado 

Cuiinecticiit 

Dakota , 

Drlawari' 

District  of  Columbia 


13 
319 
251 

96 
300 
39 


Florida 13.i> 

Georaiu :  655 

Idabo I  48 

niinois I  640 

Indiana 2, 022 


Indian  territory  . 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Loiiisiiiua 


llainc 

Maryland...... 

Mnsaauliuiietts. 

Micbignn 

Minnesota 


MisstAslppi . 

Missouri 

2iliintnna 

Nebraska. . . 
Xevada 


328 
146 
670 
175 

S48 
?69 
606 
1,649 
234 

205 

881 

38 
11 


s- 

u 

IhUt. 
7,048 

4,306 


7,880 

3,347 

25, 716 

5,013 
2,110 
2,B17 
3,015 
25, 000 


MUUDKU  OF 

IIAN'lia     ' 

EWLUVKO. 


II 


8.8 


7.9 


0.7 
S.0 
19.7 

16.6 
4.0 

11.6 
7.5 

35.0 


e 


5.8 


4.6 


10,441         2..0 
4,735  ],        7.6 


4,009 
5,149 
3,485 


Xow  Hampshire '  680 

Now  Jersey j  284 

New  Mexico i  26 

NewYoik 2,822 

North  Carolina 770 

Ohio i  2,352 

OreBon I  228 

I'onnsylvauia  '  2,  827 

KhodelHlund '  49 

Sonth  Cnrolinu 420 


Tennessee 

Texas 

rtiil    

Veimoiit... 
Vir^'inio  ... 


WasbinKton  ... 
W.'st  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoroinu 


755 
124 
107 
688 
907 

37 
472 
704 


15,080 
1,801 
3,418 
r   165  , 

7,475  I 

3,3$4  i 

4,093  I 

23,808  I 

28,  930 

3, 127 
3,255  ' 
r>,  783  ' 
2,4.'-.7 
14,U06 

5,508 
5,836 
2,870 
4,688 
2,  240 

3,378 
0,920 
7,670 
2,044 
2,  .-lis 

2,G.'i5  : 
5, 126 
2,  549  i 
4, 7.TO  I 
2,340  I 

06,390   1 

;i,  .his  I' 

2<«.  159  .\ 
3,S14 


6.6 
9.0 
8.0 


6.0 
6.6 
13.7 

9.0 
2.0 
7.6 
4.6 
26.0 

15.0 
5.0 
3.6 
6.0 
6.0 


12.6 
5.7 
7.7 
8.6 

11.0 
4.8 
5.0 
18.7 
10.0 

7.0 
7.0 
11.0 
8.0 
7.0 

7.0 
3.7 
10.8 
6.0 
7.0 

0.5 
.5.0 
7.5 
5.0 
.5.5 


0.0 
3.5 
3.8 
8.S 

7.8 

3.0 

3.0 

14.7 

12.0 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
3.7 
4.0 


MAtERULLS  AMD  LABOB. 


Value 

of 
logs. 


Dolls. 
6,436 


Valne 
of  mill 
sup- 
plies. 


Dollt. 

240 


4,288 


256 


9,729  408 

3, 166  I        190 
•?,  190  744 


6,808 
2,030 
6,903 
2,672 
32,000 

13,064 
4,055 
4,452 
4,624 
4,600 


476 
108 
324 
158 
2,000 

708 
225 
352 
200 
166 


12, 2# 
2,888 
3,341 
6,  3l'l 

,5,007 
2,823  ' 
3,015  I 
18, 700 

18,8.30  { 

I 
I 

f  037  I 

3,534  ! 

7, 148  I 

4,048  I 

16,865 


4. 5  j  3, 176 

2.7  jl  3,319 

6.7  !|  3,861 

4.0  Ij  3,067 

4.0  ii  1,921 


4.0 
2.5 
5.0 
3.'0 
3.5 


,.•.658 
5, 678  • 
4,732 
2,  369 
2, 785 


7.0 

5.0 

2,657 

l<.0 

9.8 

5,804 

7.9 

3.5 

2,  C24 

0.6 

8.6  { 

2,819 

6.0 

4.0  1 

j 

2,055 

24.0 

13.6 

31,730 

8.0 

4.0 

2,770 

20.0 

12.0  j 

17,380 

0.7 

5.5 

3,  532 

300 
176 
256 
462 

232 

170 

126 

868 

516  j 

I 

95 

116 

577 

290 

1,224 

167 
166 
050 
173 
111 

124 
100 
204 
98 
100 

181  I 

577  I 

202 ; 
119 : 

131 


Waees 
paul 

during 

the 
year. 


Dollt. 
1,236 


1,198 


2,567 

744 

4,305 

1,176 
594 

1,410 
473 

6,000 

4,166 
845 
700 

l,23u 
777 


2.  513 

457 

1,003 

1,143 

1,369 

006 

712 

4,225 

3,950  I 

,671  I 
760 

1, 332 
771 

1,000 

806 
633 
932 
766 
576 


r!6 
1,062  ! 
1,032  ' 

676  i 
.528  j 
I 
727  I 
2, 262  il 
600  :| 
020  I 
595  1 1 


Lumber 

(boaid 

measure). 


Feet 
703, 000 

1.2,000 


824,000 

541,000 

1, 214, 000 

664, 000 
215, 000 
761,000 

367,  ono 

4,  000,  000 

1,  834,  000 
690,000 
380,  000 
522,  000 
453,000 


Laths. 


Shingles. 


Ko.       I 
68,000  I 

40,000 


1,258,000 
310, 000 
456, 000 
702,000 

068,000 

334,000 

338, 000 

2,  530,  000 

2,410,000 

572, 000 
453,000 
69.5, 000 
.357,  000 
2, 394, 000 

129,  COO 
386,A)0 
430,000 
419,000 
311,000 

387,  COO 
777,000 
013,  COO 
172,000 
442,000 

400,000  . 
1, 01,5, 000 
240,000 
460,000 
348,000 


11,000 
20,000 
10,000 

61, 000 
6,000 

15, 000 

4,000 

1,000,000 

150, 000 
27, 000 
10, 000 
40,000 
14,000 


244,000 
40,000 
40, 000 
44,000 

218, 000 

21,000 

28, 000 

280,000 

376,000 

27, 000 
23,  000 
73, 000 


Xo. 
216, 000 

15, 000 


136, 000 
194,000 
553,000 

283,000 

24, 000 

12 1, 000 

6,000 


23, 000 
39, 000 
88,000 
24,000 
13,000 


73,000 
31,000 
4,000 
28,  000 
17,000 

21,000 
80,000 
65,00a 


.56,000 

28,000 
43,000 
14,000 
28,  000 
10,  000 


390,  000 

6,000 

37,000 

170,  000 

503,000 

12,000 

32,  000 

1,  668,  COO 

831,000 

18,  000 

10,000 

207,  000 


Staves. 


Xo. 
48,000 

6,000 


23,000 
6,000 
8,000 


1,000 


Sets  of 
head- 
ings. 


Spool 

and 

bobbin 

■tocL. 


1,000 


1,000 
5,000 


62,000    i    0,000 


6,  000  I    1, 030 
3,000  '     1,00( 


38, 000 
140,000 


10, 000 


34,000 
1,000 

73, 000 
44,000 
35,000 
121,000 
33,000 


2,000 
13, 000 


Feet. 

1,300 


Valne 

of  other 

prod 

ucts. 


Total 
value  of 
aU 
prod- 
ucts. 


DolU. 
104 


2,000 
12,000 


4,000 


3,000 
13, 000 
2,000 


24,000 


4,000 


46,000 


22,000 


54,000 

98,000 
38,000 
27,000 
108,000 
11,000 

10,000 

2,000 

102,000  I      28,000 

40,000  7,000 

24,000 


91,000     11,000 


5,000 


8,000 


i 


18,000 
347,000 
87,  000 
80,000 
9,000 


3,000 


6,000  I 


19,000 
1,5,000 


2,000 
1,000 


77 


2,000 

104 
6 

1,254 
26 
72 


117 

23 
113 

88 

215 

406 

73 

322 

00  i 

i 
18  i 

"i 
S3 

20 


86 
142 


101 
9 


7,486 


16,609 

6,623 

17,045 

10, 951 

359 

11,174 

4,780 

60,000 

22,668 
7,443 
9,340 
7,911 
7,062 


19,000 
4,700 
6,066 

10,083 

r,356 

4,914 

r.,  149 

31,807 

31,  478 

0,509 
(,,  WO 

14,  058 
6, 0",-. 

27,  022 

5,0:1 
5,731 
6,090 
5,087 
3,  445 


380  5, 420  I  4, 329, 000  1 

143  I   074  II  381,000 

SS8  I  a,  206  !  2, 100, 000  I 

376    911  {{  423,000  , 


177,000:    97,000  I  639,000  ^ 

26, 000  8, 000  I   89, 900   4, 000  j 

305,000  1,220,000  I  117,000  10,000 

43,000    lS3,0«0i 


83  ;  5, 80.'i 

46  I  8,  005 

130  j  7, 944 

3  4,000 

4,837 

06  '  4,960 

82  I  11,338 

1<  :  3,  606 

3  ',  4,7:16 

33  3, 786 

i 

....I  46,885 


86 
216 


6,  '62 

26,  M« 

6,866 


territories  is 

STATES. 


Value 
of  olliei 
1    prod- 
ucts. 

Total 
value  of 
aU 
prod- 
ucts. 

DoUt. 

VoUt. 

104 

9,078 

7,486 

77 

16,600 

6,623 

12 

17,045 

7 

10, 051 

43 

350 

13 

11,174 

4,780 

.      2,000 

60,000 

104 

22,668 

6 

7,443 

.     1,234 

0,340 

26 

7,911 

72 

7,052 

117 

19,000 

1         23 

4,700 

113 

6,066 

88 

10,083 

215 

r,3S6 

406 

4,014 

73 

fi,  140 

322 

31, 807 

00 

31,  478 

18 

6,509 

8 

I,,  000 

S3 

14,  €68 

20 

6,  07,-i 



27,  022 

86 

5,  CO 

142 

6,  731 

6,690 

101 

6,087 

» 

3,445 

i         83 

5,805 

40 

8,005 

1        130 

7,044 

3 

4,009 

U9 

4,837 

1         80 

4,860 

32 

11,838 

1< 

3,606 

8 

4,736 

33 

8. 780 

40,886 

8S 

5,  '62 

216 

26,bti« 



6,866 

S- 


:^A 


■It.       V 


iiEiy\K^]'MK;r:~  'ik  tiik  ':iTn;'':i"'r 


TEil'I'F  CFN^■"JS '1?"''H1^'  UlKTK'i  r'':'/,7'l-';^ 


if  I 


■I  il 


w 


t 


r 

fr 

It' 


It  ■' 


I  ,! 


■-'"  !! 


rl 


I!  .      11 


.f 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


489 


Michigan  is  tbe  greatest  luraber-prodncing  state  in  the  Union.  The  valne  of  its  Innibcr  product,  with  that  of 
Wisconsin  antl  Minnesota,  exceeds  one-third  of  the  total  vaUie  of  all  the  lumber  manufactured  in  the  United  States. 
This  enormous  development  of  the  lumber  business  in  the  lake  region  is  due  to  the  excellence  of  its  forests,  the 
natural  advantages  of  the  country  for  manufacturing  lumber,  and  the  easy  communication  between  these  forests  and 
the  treeless  agricultural  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  extinction  of  the  forests  of  the  lake  region  may  be  expected  to  seriously  affect  the  growth  of  population 
in  the  central  portion  of  the  continent.  The  country  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  Rocky  mountains,  now 
largely  supplied  with  lumber  from  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  must  for  building  material  soon  depend 
.upon  the  more  remote  pine  forests  of  the  Gulf  region  or  those  of  the  Pacific  coast.  A  gresit  development  in  the 
now  comparatively  unimportant  lumber-manufacturing  interests  in  these  regions  may  therefore  be  expected.  Now 
centers  of  distribution  must  soon  supplant  Chicago  a.s  a  lumber  market,  and  new  triinsportation  routes  take  the 
place  of  those  built  to  move  the  pine  grown  upon  the  sliores  of  the  great  lakes.  It  is  not  probable,  however, 
that  any  one  point  will  ever  attain  the  importance  now  possessed  by  Chicago  as  a  center  for  lumber  distribution. 
With  the  growth  of  the  railroad  system  and  the  absence  of  good  water  communication  from  the  great  forests 
remaining  in  the  country  toward  the  center  of  the  continent,  lumber  will  be  more  generally  shipped  direct  by  rail 
from  the  mills  to  the  consumer  than  in  the  past.  In  this  way  the  pine  of  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas  will 
reach  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  the  whole  country  now  tributary  to  Chicago.  Western  Texas  and  northern  Mexico 
will  be  supplied  by  rail  with  the  pine  of  eastern  Texas,  and  the  prairies  of  Minnesota  and  Dakota  must  draw  their 
lumber  by  rail,  not  as  at  present  from  the  pine  forests  covering  the  shores  of  lake  Superior,  but  from  the  fir  and 
redwood  forests  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

FUEL. 

The  following  table  represents  the  consumption  of  forest  products  as  fuel  during  the  census  jear.  The 
estimates  of  the  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  used  for  domestic  fuel  are  based  upon  answers  to  letters  of  inquiry 
addressed  to  persons  living  in  every  town  in  the  United  States.  The  average  amount  and  value  of  the  wood  used 
by  a  family  of  five  persons,  taken  as  a  unit,  is  multiplied  by  the  number  of  families  in  each  state  using  wood  for 
fuel,  and  the  result  tlins  obtained  is  taken  as  the  total  state  consumption : 

WOOD  USED  AS  FUEL  FOR  VARIOUS  PURPOSES. 


Use. 

Ford^moslicpurpimeR  a«  below 

By  railruiuln 

By  8t>>anil)ont» 

lu  mining;  ituil  amalgamating  tho  preoiouR  mctaln 
In  utiic:r  niioing  operations 


Cords. 


140,  KIT,  439 

1,071,813 

787, 882 

358,074 

266, 771 


Valne. 


$306, 050, 040 

5, 126,  714 

1.  812,  083 

2, 874, 593 

673, 692 


Um.                                      I  Oonla.        I 

In  tlio  mauufaci lire  uf  brick  and  tilu <  1,157,522  I 

Til  tbe  luaniifacturo  of  aiilt '  540, 448 

In  tlie  niamifacture  of  Wdol |  158,208 

Total I  145,778,137 


Valne. 


»3. 978, 331 
121, 681 
425,239 

321,062,37.1 


ESTIMATED  CON.sUMPTION  OF  WOOD  FOR  DOMESTIC  PURPOSES. 
Number  of  persons  nsing  wood  for  domestic  fuel.  32,375,074. 


States  anil  Territories. 


Cords. 


Value. 


States  and  Territories. 


Alabama 

Ala.ikii 

Ariziina     

ArU  iinsas 

California , 

Oolor.itlii   

(jonuertlnit  , 

Dakota , 

Uelawaiit 

DiHtrict  of  Cnlnmliia. 
I'Miirlda 


6,070,754  $8,727 


Qia 


Idaho  

Illinois 

ludtana    

Indian  territory 
Iowa 


170,  017 
3,  92J,  400 
1,748,06" 

^2lj.  I  lU 

.'■>2!>,6,39 

422,948 

177,306  : 

26,902 

609,  046 

5, 910, 045 

99,910 

5,  200, 101 

7,059,874 


724,  572 
5, 095, 821 

7.  693,  731 
l,0;i8,  783 
2,371,532 
3,  028,  300 

7.51,311 

80, 706 

1.230,412 

8,  279,  245 
38l>,  68G 

14,136,662 
13,  334,  729 


4,090,049  I      14,611,280 


ivansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine  (a) 

Mar^'laud 

Massircbu8rtls(a) 

Micliigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana  

Nebraska 

Nevada 

Now  Hr.rapsltire.. 

New.Tersey 

New  Mexico 

Ni'W  York   


Cords. 


2,00.5,4.19  I 

7,994,813  I 

1,944,858 

1,215,881  i 

1,1.52,919 

880,041 

7,  838,  904 

l,6i;9,  .568 

8, 090, 758 

4,016,373 

119,947 

908,188 

l.':5,276 

667,719 

642,  .'■>98 

160,946 

11,290,975 


Value. 


»7, 328, 72.1 

13, 313, 220 

4,607,415 

4,078,1.17 

3, 170,  941 

4,  613,  26.1 

13, 197,  240 

5,873,421 

7,14.5,116 

8,  633, 465 

460,  018 

3,  859,  843 

972,  712 

1,  964, 009 

2,  787,  216 
1,061,360 

37,  509,  364 


ti  Ineliiilinu  ii  .tni:ill  amount  imported  fnim  Caniida. 
(•ON.sr.Ml>TION  <IK  CIIARCOAT.. 


States  and  Territories. 


North  Oarolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina.. 

Tennt  sseo 

Texas , 

Utah  

Vermont 

Virginia 

Wnsliington  — 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Cords. 


434, 
101, 
482, 
.161, 
154, 
670, 
084, 
883, 
171, 
782, 
416, 
184, 
241, 
206, 
40, 


600 
.543  I 
254  ' 
992  i 
95.1  • 
950  ; 
811  '• 
852  ; 
023  I 
338 
112  i 
226 
069  : 
126  i 
213  I 


Tefal 140,537,439 


Valne. 

$9, 019,  S69 
10, 492,  .574 

1,  2.54,  511 
1.5,  067,  051 

706,  Oil 
11,805,997 
10,674,722 
10,177,311 

418,289 

2,  509, 1B» 
10.  404, 134 

490,904 

3,  374,  701 
11,863,739 

224,818 

306, 950, 040 


l)i>iii<''<lic  iind  niaiinriH  tuii^;:  vuipuscH.  T.ushcls. 

In  tbe  t«ent.\  bir,;c«l  riti.a  4, 319, 104 

In  the  niauMlarlure  of  iron 69,  .5^2,  0!I1 

In  tbe  pix>duction  of  precious  metals 07,687 

Total 1  74,008,972 


Vftluc. 


».521.310 

4,726,111 

29,  306 

6,276,738 


.9"! 

w 

i  . 

490 


l^HE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  Sl^ATES. 


11 


a  ' 


The  forests  of  the  United  States,  in  spit«  of  the  great  and  increasing  drains  made  ujjon  them,  are  «;upablo  of 
yielding  annually  for  many  years  longer  a  larger  amount  of  material  than  has  yet  been  drawn  from  them,  even 
with  our  present  reckless  methods  of  forest  management.  The  great  i)ine  forest  of  the  north  has  already,  it  is  true, 
safi'ered  fatal  inroads.  The  ]>ine  which  once  covered  New  England  and  New  York  has  already  disapjteared. 
Pennsylvania  is  nearly  stripped  of  her  i)ine,  which  once  ajjpeared  inexhaustible.  The  great  northwestern  pineries 
are  not  yet  exhausted,  and  with  newly-introduced  methods,  by  which  logs  once  supposed  inaccessible  are  now 
profitably  brought  to  the  mills,  they  may  be  expected  to  increase  the  volume  of  their  annual  i)roduct  for  a  few 
years  longer  in  rcsimnse  to  the  growing  demands  of  the  great  agricultural  population  fast  covering  the  treeless 
midcontinental  plateau.  The  area  of  pine  forest,  however,  remaining  in  the  great  pine-producing  states  of 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  is  dangerously  small  in  i)roportion  to  the  country's  consumption  of  white 
pine  lumber,  and  the  entire  exhaustion  of  these  forests  in  a  comparatively  short  time  is  certain.  The  wide  areas 
now  covered  in  New  England  by  a  vigorous  second  growth  of  white  i»ine,  although  insignificant  in  extent  and 
productiveness  in  comparison  with  the  forests  it  rejdaces,  must  not  be  overlooked  in  considering  the  i)ine  supply  of 
the  country.  These  new  forests,  yielding  already  between  two  and  three  hundred  million  feet  of  lumber  annually, 
are  <!apable  of  great  future  development. 

The  i)ine  belt  of  the  south  Atlantic  region  still  contains  immense  quantities  of  timber  uncqualed  for  all 
IHirposes  of  construction,  although  unsuited  to  take  the  place  of  the  white  pine  of  the  north.  The  southern  pine 
forests,  fvlthough  stripped  from  the  banks  of  streams  flowing  into  the  Atlantic,  are  ])ractically  untonched  in  the 
Gnlf  states,  especially  in  those  bordering  the  Mississippi  river.  .These  forests  contain  sufiicient  material  to  long 
supply  all  possible  demands  which  can  be  made  uj»on  them. 

The  hard-wood  forests  of  the  Mississip])i  basin  are  still,  in  certain  regions  at  least,  important,  although  the 
best  walnut,  ash,  (ilierry,  and  yellow  jtoplar  have  t»een  largely  culled.  Two  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber, 
however,  remain,  upon  which  comparatively  slight  inroads  have  yet  been  made.  The  most  important  of  these 
forests  covers  the  region  occupied  by  the  southern  Alleghany  IMountain  system,  embracing  southwestern  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  western  North  and  Mouth  Carolina,  and  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Here  oak  unequaled  in 
quality  abounds.  Walnut  is  still  not  rare,  although  not  found  in  any  very  large  continuous  bodies,  and  cherry, 
yellow  ])oplar,  and  other  woods  of  commercial  importance  are  common.  The  second  great  body  of  hard  wood,  largely 
oak,  is  found  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  extending  from  central  Missouri  to  western  Louisiana.  The  forests  of 
Michigan,  especially  those  of  the  jiorthern  peninsula,  still  abound  in  considerable  bodies  of  hard  wood,  principally 
maple.  Throughout  the  i-emainder  of  the  Atlantic  region  the  hard-wood  forests,  although  oftein  covering  considerable 
areas,  have  everywhere  lost  their  best  timber,  and  are  either  entirely  insuflicient  to  supply  the  local  demand  of  the 
present  population,  or  must  soon  become  so. 

In  the  Pacific  region  the  great  forests  of  fir  which  extend  along  the  coast  region  of  Washington  territory  and 
Oregon  are  stiM  practically  intact.  Fire  and  the  ax  ha  ve  scarcely  made  a  perceptible  impression  upon  this  magnificent 
accumulation  of  timber.  Great  forests  of  pine  still  cover  the  California  sierras  through  nearly  their  entire  extent; 
the  redwood  forest  of  the  coast,  however,  once,  all  lliings  considered,  the  most  imjiortant  and  valuable  body  of 
timber  in  the  United  States,  has  already  suffered  seriously,  and  many  of  its  best  and  most  accessible  trees  have 
been  removed.  This  forest  still  contains  a  large  amount  of  timber,  although  its  extent  and  productive  capacity  has 
been  generally  exaggerated.  The  demand  for  redwood,  the  only  real  substitute  for  white  pine  produced  in  the 
forests  of  the  United  States,  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  even  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  the  commercial 
importance  of  this  forest  must  soon  disappear. 

The  pine  forests  which  cover  the  western  slopes  of  the  northern  Kocky  mountains  and  those  occiipying  the 
high  plateau  and  inaccessible  mountain  ranges  of  central  Arizona  and  southwestern  New  Mexico  have  not  yet 
suffered  serious  damage  at  the  hands  of  man.  The  remaining  forests  of  the  Pacific  region,  of  little  beyond  local 
importance,  are  fast  disappearing.  The  area  of  these  interior  forests  is  diminished  every  year  by  fire  and  by  the 
demands  of  a  careless  and  inditt'erent  population  ;  and  their  complete  ext«^rmination  is  probably  inevitable. 

The  forest  wealth  of  the  country  is  still  undoubtodly  enormous.  Great  as  it  is,  however,  it  is  not  inexhaustible,, 
and  the  forests  of  the  United  States,  in  spite  of  ilieir  extent,  variety,  and  richness,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the 
climatic  conditions  of  a  large  portion  of  tlie  (tonntry  arc  jjcculiarly  favorable  to  the  development  of  forest  growth, 
cannot  always  continue  productive  if  the  simplest  laws  of  nature  governing  their  growth  are  totally  disregarded. 

The  judicious  cutting  of  a  forest  in  a  climate  like  tliiit  of  the  Atlantic  or  Pacific  Coast  regions  entails  no  serious 
or  permanent  loss.  A  crop  ready  for  the  harvest  is  gathered  for  the  benefit  of  the  community;  trees  which  have 
reached  their  prime  are  cut  instead  of  being  allowed  to  j)orisli  naturally,  and  others  take  their  place.  The 
permanence  of  the  forest  in  regions  better  suited  for  tl'.e  growth  of  trees  than  for  general  agriculture  may  thu"  be 
insured.  Two  causes,  however,  are  constantly  at  work  destroying  the  permanenceof  the  forests  of  the  country 
and  threatening  their  total  extorminiition  as  sources  of  national  prosperity — fire  and  browsing  animals  indict 
greater  permanent  injury  upon  the  forests  of  the  country  than  the  ax,  recklessly  asd  wastefuUy  as  it  is  generally  used 
against  them. 


ro  CH])iibIo  of 
n  them,  even 
'1y,  it  is  true, 
<li8ai)j»eai'ed. 
tern  pineiieM 
ble  are  how 
•ct  for  a  i'vw 

the  treeless 
Iff  states  of 
on  of  white 
3  wide  areas 

extent  and 
le  supply  of 
Jr  annually, 

lied  lor  all 
ithern  pine 
died  in  the 
lial  to  long 

thoujuh  the 
od  timber, 
t  of  these 
»  Virginia, 
equaled  in 
id  cherry, 
)d,  largely 
forests  of 
rincipally 
isiderable 
lid  of  the 

itory  and 
ignificent 
e  extent; 
5  body  of 
ees  have 
acity  has 
d  in  the 
amercial 


Viag  the 
not  yet 
'nd  local 
i  by  the 

lustible,. 
that  the 
growth, 
garded. 
serions 
3h  have 
;.    The 
thu«  be 
onntrv 
intlict 
lyused 


2 


I.'Kl.'-i   \".\U-:\;  V  i)H'    i'HK   irri'KRloK 


i' 


aim  .___„WO 


.!utnir.[Ii*-ntvCuJiU' 


•  <(>   Mi^lM. 


W'l 


r 


(, 


WStt  i, 

B  ^nl,  1  i 

^B   HkI^J  I  1      ' 

'ffilf'^ 

^m]t  1 

;   *i|  I  ■     !          ' 

[  ti^  I 

'  W'\    '^ 

f  *•' 

*        «!■ 

r'       ' 

?        i 

i 

'     i 

I 

ti 

t 

1; 

t  'in 

f  ii 

?!l 

h; 

Wii 

Li. 

fu 

;          ^-iS^rf 

'n 

•  W, ''  1 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


FOREST  FIBES. 


491 


The  extent  of  tlie  loss  which  the  country  sustains  every  year  from  injury  to  woodlands  by  fire  is  enormous. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  obtain,  by  means  of  circulars  of  inquiry  addressed  to  enumerators  of  the  census  and 
other  persons  living  in  every  town  of  the  United  States,  some  estimate  of  the  actual  destruction  of  forest  material 
in  this  way.  More  than  30,000  of  these  circulars  were  sent  out.  The  information  obtained,  often  vague  and 
unaati!»factory,  after  a  most  critical  examination,  in  which  all  doubtful  or  contradictory  returns  were  entirely 
thrown  out,  is  presented  in  the  following  table  and  accompanying  map.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  estimates 
based  upon  information  obtained  in  this  manner  are  liable  to  very  considerable  error,  and  due  allowance  must 
therefore  be  made  for  inaccurate  or  incomplete  returns.  Many  towns,  and  even  counties,  in  vhich  forest  fires  are 
known  to  have  occurred  during  the  year  1880,  made  no  returns  whatever,  and  the  returns  of  other  counties  were 
excluded.  It  is  therefore  fair,  perhaps,  to  as.sume  that  the  following  table,  inaccurate  and  unsatisfactory  as  it 
no  doubt  is  in  manj  respects,  at  least  does  not  exaggerate  the  auiiual  loss  inflicted  upon  the  country  by  forest 
fires: 

TABLE  OF  FOREST  FIRES  OCCURRING  DURING  THE  CENSUS  YEAR. 


.. 

Areas 

bnmed,  in 

acres. 

Value  of 
property  de- 
stroyed. 

CAUBXS  or  riBB. 

StatcR  mi  Territories. 

i 

ri 

1.5 

1 

a 

1 

5 

i 

> 

o 

H 

a 
1 

i 

i 

G 

i 

■3 

i 

9 

t 

S 
S 

! 

1 

C 

1 

i 

3 

i 

to  S 

i 

3 
•J 

1 

1 

1 

ThoUniteil  Stotes 

10,274,089 
660,160 

$25,402,250 

197 

1,152 

508 

628 

72 

35 

262 

12 

9 

32 

66 

10 

2 

2 

3 

3 

121,225  j      at 

16 

4 

20 

8 

Alaska 



A  rizoiia 

10,240 
858, 115 
356, 815 

113, 820 

r,6, 000 

250,470 
■140, 750 

935,  ,100 



3 

2 

2 

27    

0' 

1 
1 

20 
23 

7 

1 

Califoruifi  

28 
10 

6 
1 

.  4 

6 

Colomdo 

2 

2 

DAkotn 

.::;....::::.."": ' 

4 
...... 



6 

2 
6 

2 

1 
2 

DelnwArc 

3,305 

15,675 

District  ot  Colambia 

Florida 

105, 320 
706, 351 
21,000 
48,691 
00,427 

1,000 
11,017 

7,080 

566,047 

64,410 

3.5, 230 

41, 076 

13,  809 

238, 271 

2.50,  805 

222,  800 

788,  040 

88,020 

69,000 
167,620 
202, 000 

45, 775 
130, 335 

11 

21 

2 
15 

2 

2 
16 

3 
27 
23 

■ 
3 

t 

Georgia 

1 

Idaho 

2 

19 

6 

niinuis 



20 
52 

"jo" 

12 

1 

4 

Indiana 

Indltin  territory 

45,470 

14,700 

2.17, 635 

6,800 

123,315 

37, 425 

102, 202 

08.5, 085 

1.39.-.,  110 

78,505 

294,  8li6 

1, 12.S,000 

26 

6 

1 
12 



16 
S3 
48 
IS 

1 
1« 

1 

8 

83 
2 

20 
U 
37 
50 
14 

17 
20 

1 

7 
6 

Xanaas 

a 



1 

10 

1           i 

Kentucky 

2 

12 

27 

51 
2 

39 
31 
40 
161 
40 

8 
14 

1 

.         .. 

1 

Maine 

8 

6 
8 

■    r 

1 

i 

MasKiK'luHcttn  

10 
3 

a 

1 

Mlclii};»n    

1 
8 

1 

Minni'iint;!    

0 

1 
10 

1 

.. 



MIhhoui'I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

XfViiil.t 

8.710 

,'.,  0,->4 

71,074 

0I,0.'I4 

140. 401 

S»,  102 

74,  lU 
ins,  320 
088,738 

19,000 

<i:i,«lo 

2.')2,  210 

142.  07; 

1,  210,  "«S 

3.57,  980 

797,  170 

,'.0:i,  8.V) 

3,  043,  723 

8 

fl 

6 

3 

23 

34 

67 
13 
17 

1 

8 

1 

7 

j           7 

,         " 

1          " 

1        115 

94 

1 
7 

120 

IS- 
28 
1 
43 
11 

27 

1 

1 

NlW  .IlMKl'V   

e 

a 

3 

Kew  Vdi-k 

Knrlli  Caml'liin    

10 

4 
3 



25 

11 

4 

102 

33 

Ohio 



OTi*Kiin 

4 

Rhndt^  Inland 

1 

Soplli  riirullnn 

431.730 

291,  225 

2.! 

17 

1 

2S 

3 

1 



1 

Vf^^^W-' 


'■■:■     i 


m- 


.1 


492 


THE  FORESTS  OE  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

TABLK  OF  lOKEST  KIKES  OCCURKINQ  DURING  THE  CENSUS  VEAK— Continued. 


Aicns 
bu'"cil,  ill 

OS.1, 430 

!J0O,350 

42,865 

3,041  1 

272,  310 

37,010 
470, 775 
400,  208 

8.1,780  ; 

1 

Viiliio  of 

ItnipiTt.v  <io- 

BtroyiMl. 

*:>,  2.'i4,  OSO 

273, 000 

1,042,800 

48,460 

320, 044 

713,200 

15.->,  280 

725,  CIO 

»,  25!-.,  000 

CAUtlEH  OF  FIBK 

SUt4M  and  Torritorics. 

r 

Clearing  land. 

i 
> 

i 

1 

c 

n 

i 

J 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 
1 

u 
S 

i. 

3 

a 

1 

i 

11 

Q   (B 

11 

1 

g 

1 

U 

10 
19 

19 
3 

c 

14 

7 

3 

I 

2 

14 

10 

4 

4 

3 

t 

0 
20 

10 

to 

22 
58 

s 

13 

7 
18 

2 
12 

8 
13 
15 

1 

1 

VirtclniA 

AViiHhinftton 

AVtHt  Virgiuia 

2 
6 
8 

1 

8 

Wyoming  

3 

1 

The  liup;ost  nmnlu'r  of  these  tiros  of  any  one  chiss  was  tracod  to  fanners  clearing  land  and  allowing  their 
bni.sh  (ires  to  escape  into  the  forest.  The  carelessness  of  hnntera  in  leaving  fires  to  burn  in  abandoned  cauii)s,  next 
to  farmers,  was  the  cause  of  the  greatest  injury.  The  railroads  were  responsible,  too,  for  serious  damage  to  the 
forest  from  fires  set  by  sparks  from  locomotives,  while  the  intentional  burning  of  herbage  in  the  forest  to  improve 
l>astHrage  often  caused  serious  destruction  of  timber. 

Only  tlie  value  of  the  material  actually  destroyed  by  fire  is  included  in  these  estimates.  The  loss  of  timber  by 
tire,  great  as  it  is,  is  insignificant  in  comparison  with  the  dain.age  inliicted  upon  the  soil  itself,  or  with  the  iuflueuco 
of  fire  upon  subsequent  forest  growth.  If  a  forest  is  destroyed  by  fire  all  trees,  old  and  young,  giants  ready  for  the 
ax,  an<l  germinating  seedlings — the  embryo  forests  of  succeeding  centuries — are  swept  away,  Uudergrowth  essential 
to  jn'otect  the  early  growth  of  trees,  the  roots  of  perennial  herbage,  and  the  seeds  of  all  plants  are  consumed.  The 
fertility,  or  rather  the  ability  of  the  burned  soil  to  produce  again  spontaneously  a  similar  crop  of  trees  to  the  on« 
destroyed,  is  lost,  and  the  subsequent  recovering  of  burned  land  with  the  species  of  the  original  forest  is  only 
accomidished,  if  accomplished  at  all,  through  the  restoration  of  fertility  following  the  slow  growth  and  decay  of 
uiany  generations  of  less  valuable  plants.  A  nortliern  pine  and  spruce  forest  when  destroyed  by  fire  is  succeeded 
by  a  growth  of  brambles,  in  time  replaced  by  dwarf  birch,  poplar,  and  bird  cherries,  of  no  euonomic  value;  scrub  oaks 
and  various  hard  woods  follow  these,  ami  pine  rarely  reappears  exceiit  upon  land  long  mellowed  in  the  various 
operations  of  agriculture. 

In  the  south  xVtlautit;  region  a  gradual  change  iu  the  composition  of  the  i)iue  forests  is  steadily  going  on  under 
the  intluencfc  of  lire.  Less  valuable  species  now  occupy  the  ground  once  covered  with  forests  of  the  long-levivcd 
pine,  through  which  annual  fires  have  been  allowed  to  run  to  improve  the  scanty  i»asturage  they  aftbrd.  Stockmen 
have  been  benefited  at  the  expeii.se  of  the  iiermanency  of  the  forest.  Tire,  too,  changes  the  composition  of  the 
broad  leaved  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region,  although  its  influence  is  here  less  marked  than  upon  forests  of  conifers, 
which,  unlike  deciduous  trees,  rarely  grow  from  stump  shoots,  and  must  deiK'iid  entirely  uiix)n  the  germination 
of  seeds  .''or  their  reproduction.  Still,  in  regions  continually  burned  over  during  a  long  i)erio(l  of  time  and  then 
covered  again  with  forests,  as  is  the  case  in  some  portions  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  valuable  species,  like  the 
white  oak  and  the  yellow  poplar,  are  rare  or  entirely  wanting  in  the  new  forest  growth. 

The  forests  of  the  north  Pacific  coast  offer  an  exception  to  the  law,  otherwise  general,  for  this  continent  at  least, 
that  a  change  of  forest  crop  follows  a  forest  fire.  The  fir  forests  of  western  Washington  territory  and  Oreg»)n 
when  destroyed  hy  fire  are  qnit-kly  replaced  by  a  vigorous  growth  of  the  same  species,  and  the  fires  which  have 
consumed  great  bodies  of  the  California  redwooil  have  not  in-evented  the  reproduction  of  this  sjiecies  by  seeds  and 
shoots.  In  the  interior  raeifie  region  forests  destroyed  by  lire  either  do  not  reproduce  themselves,  or  when,  under 
excei>tionally  favorable  climatic  conditions,  a  growth  of  trees  recovers  the  burned  suiface,  pojtlars  and  scrub  jtinea 
replace  the  more  valup.ble  species  of  the  original  forest. 

The  damage  inflicted  upon  the  iwrmanency  of  the  forests  of  the  country  by  browsing  animals  is  only  surjiassed 
by  the  injury  which  they  receive  from  tire. 

The  custom  of  turning  domestic  animals  into  the  forest  to  i)ick  up  u  scanty  and  precarious  living,  common  in 
all  parts  of  the  country,  is  universal  in  the  southern  and  central  portions  of  the  Atlantic  reg-'  >!i  and  in  California. 
Sheep,  cattle,  and  horises  devour  immense  (piantities  of  seedling  trees,  the  future  forests  of  the  country.  They  bark 
the  trunks  and  destroy  the  vigor  and  often  the  life  of  larger  trees.  Hogs  root  up  young  pines  nnd  other  i>Iants  to 
feed  upon  their  succulent  roots,  and  devour  the  edible  fruit  of  many  trees.  Jn  this  way  not  only  is  the  permanence 
of  the  forest  endangered,  but  in  the  case  of  (iecidiious  fon'sts  their  composition  is  often  seriously  afteeted.  Species 
with  thin-shelled  edible  .seeds,  pines,  white  oaks,  chestnuts,  and  beeches,  are  unable  to  hold  their  own  against  species 
with  bitter  or  iinpalutuble  fruit,  on  account  of  the  excessive  destruction  of  their  seeds  by  lioga  and  other  unimuU. 


u 
a         I 


)ilSS(>(I 

loii  ill 
oruiii. 
bark 
lite)  tu 
lU'iice 
|)i>cie8 
[)ecicK 
iinuU. 


!■ 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


4\)'S 


In  tlio  central  portions  of  the  Atlantic  region  tiio  general  replacement  of  the  swcct-fniited  valuable  wliitc  oalis  in 
the  young  forest  growth  by  the  les.s  valuable  bitter-fruited  black  oaks  is  noticeable,  and  seriously  endangers  the 
future  value  of  1  ho  forests  of  this  wiiole  region.  Tiie  damage  inflicted  ujion  the  California  mountain  forests  by  sheep 
is  iiiunense;  tliey  threaten  the  complete  extermination  of  these  noble  forests,  and  with  them  the  entire  agricultural 
resources  of  the  state. 

The  pasturage  of  the  forest  is  not  only  enormously  exitensive  in  the  destruction  of  young  plants  and  seeds, 
but  tMs  habit  induce?  the  burning  over  every  year  of  great  tracts  of  woodland,  which  would  otherwise  be  permitted 
to  grow  up  naturally,  in  order  to  hasten  the  early  growth  of  spring  herbages  Such  linvs,  esjjecially  in  the  open 
pine  forests  of  the  south,  do  not  necessarily  consume  the  old  trees.  All  undergrowtli  and  seedlings  are  swept 
away,  however,  and  not  infrequently  fires  tlius  started  destroy  valuable  bodies  of  timber.  This  is  especially  true* 
also,  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  Pacilic  region. 

The  railroads  of  the  country,  using  in  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  their  permanent  ways  vast  quantities 
of  timber,  inflict  far  greater  injury  upon  tne  forests  than  is  represented  by  the  consumption  of  material.  Railway 
ties,  except  in  Califcn-nia,  are  almost  invariably  cut  from  vigorous  young  trees  from  10  to  12  inches  in  diameter  f 
that  is,  from  trees  which  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago  escaped  destruction  by  fire  or  browsing  animals,  and  which,  if 
allowed  to  grow,  would  at  the  end  of  fifty  or  one  hundred  years  longer  nffonl  immense  quantities  of  valuable  timber. 
The  railroatls  of  the  United  States,  old  and  new,  consume  every  year  not  far  from  <)(),00(),()(K)  ties  ;  the  quantity  of 
lumber  iu  G(>,OUU,000  ties  is  comparatively  not  very  great,  and  would  hardly  be  missed  from  our  forests;  but  the 
destruction  of  30,000,000  vigorous,  healthy  young  trees,  supposing  that  an  average  of  two  ties  is  cut  from  each  tree,  is 
a  serious  drain  upon  the  forest  wealth  of  the  country  and  should  cause  grave  apprehensions  for  the  future,  especially 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  every  part  of  the  country  there  are  now  growing  fewer  .seedling  trees  of  species  valuable 
for  railway  ties  than  when  the  trees  now  cut  for  this  purpose  first  started. 

The  ct)ndition  of  the  forests  of  Maine  is  interesting.  They  show  that  forest  preservation  is  perfectly  practicable, 
in  iha  Atlantic  region  at  least,  when  the  importance  of  the  forest  to  the  community  is  paramount.  The  prosperity 
of  this  state,  born  of  the  broa«l  forests  of  pine  and  spruce  which  once  covered  it  almost  uninterruptedly,  was 
threatened  by  the  prospective  exhaustion  of  these  forests,  in  danger  of  extermination  by  fire  and  the  ill-regulated 
operations  of  the  lumbermen.  The  very  existence  of  the  state  depended  upon  the  maintenance  of  the  forest.  The 
treat  forests  of  pine  could  not  be  restored,  but  the  preservation  of  the  few  remnants  of  these  forests  was  not 
impossible.  Fires  do  not  consume  forests  upon  which  a  whole  community  is  dependent  for  support,  and  methods 
for  securing  rhe  continuance  of  such  forests  are  .soon  found  and  readily  put  into  execution.  The  forests  of  Maine, 
ohce  considered  practically  exhausted,  still  yield  largely  and  continuously,  and  the  i»ubli(!  sentiment  which  has 
made  possible  their  protection  is  the  one  hopeful  symptom  in  the  whole  country  that  a  change  of  feeling  iu  regard 
to  forest  jn-operty  is  gradually  taking  i)lace.  The  experience  of  Maine  shows  that  where  climatic  conditions  are 
favorable  to  fore.*'t  growth  the  remnants  of  the  original  forest  can  be  prest-cved  and  new  forests  <!reated  as  soon  as 
tlie  eutil•l^  community  finds  forest  preservation  really  essential  to  its  material  prosperity. 

The  jiroduction  of  lumber  is  not,  however,  the  only  function  of  forests;  and  the  future  extent  and  condition  of 
tho.se  of  I  lie  United  States  cannot,  in  every  ease,  be  safely  regulated  by  the  general  law  whi(!ii  governs  the  volume 
of  other  <'rops  by  the  demand  for  them.  Forests  jterform  other  and  more  important  duties  in  protecting  the  surface 
of  the  ground  and  in  regulating  and  maintaining  the  How  of  rivers.  In  iiiouiitainous  regions  they  are  essential  to 
prevent  destru(;(ive  torrents,  and  mountaiin  cannot  be  stripped  of  their  forest  covering  without  entailing  serious 
dangers  ui)on  tiie  whole  community.  Such  mountain  forests  exist  in  the  Unite<l  States.  In  northern  Vermont  and 
New  Hampshire  they  guard  the  upper  waters  of  the  Connecticut  and  the  IMeirimac;  in  New  York  they  insure 
the  coiiNtant  How  of  the  Hudson.  Such  forests  still  cover  the  upjier  slopt-s  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  and 
diminiHli  the  dangtu-  of  <lestructive  Iht.ods  in  the  valleys  ol'  the  Sus(piehaiiiia  and  the  Ohio.  iMucsts  still  cover  the 
npper  water-sheds  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Columbia,  the  Platte  and  the  Hio  Ciande,  and  jtreserve  the  Caliioriiia 
valleys  from  burial  under  the  tlvOris  of  the  sierras.  The  great  mountain  forests  of  the  t!ountiy  still  exist,  often 
almost  in  Iheir  original  <!ondition.  Their  inaccessibility  has  ju'eserved  them;  it  cannot  i)r«'serv(f  them,  however 
much  longer.  Inroads  have  already  been  made  into  these  forests;  t!ie  ax,  tire,  and  the  destructive  agency  of 
browsing  animals  are  now  everywhere  inv.iding  them.  Their  destructi.)n  docs  not  mean  a  los,-,  of  material  alone, 
which  sooner  or  later  can  be  rephmed  (rom  other  parts  of  the  country;  it  inciins  the  ruin  of  great  rivers  for 
navigation  and  irrigation,  the  d«>struction  of  cities  located  along  their  banks,  and  th(>  siioliation  of  broad  areas  of 
the  richest  agricultural  land.  The.se  mountain  fon'sts  ouee  destroyed  can  only  be  renewed  slowly  :md  at  enormous 
cost,  and  the  diingers,  iictnal  and  prospective,  which  threaten  them  now  offer  the  only  real  (^ause  lor  general  alarm 
to  be  found  in  the  i)resent  condition  of  the  tbrests  of  the  United  States.  Other  forests  maybe  swept  away  and  the 
country  will  «'xpeiienee  noJhing  more  .serious  than  a  loss  of  mat<'rial,  which  can  be  juodticed  again  if  the  i)rice  of 
lumber  wr.irants  the  cultivation  of  frees  as  a  commeicial  enterprise;  but  if  the  forests  which  (-ontrol  the  How  of  the 
jrreat  rivers  of  the  country  perish,  the  whole  community  will  sutler  ividesjiread  calamity  which  no  precautions  taken 
after  the  mischief  has  been  done  can  avert  or  future  expenditure  prevent. 


■"Wf^Wi^WWy^^W^ 


m 


i'F' 


I' 


1'*^  ■'. ' 


51* 


494 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NORTH    ATLANTIC   DIVISION. 


MAINE. 


The  forests  of  the  Northeru  Piue  Belt  orce  extended  over  the  state  of  Maine.  Pine  and  spruce,  with  which 
were  mingled  maple,  birch,  and  other  deciduous  trees,  covered  the  entire  state,  with  the  exception  of  the  immediate 
coast  region  between  the  Kennebec  uud  the  Penobscot  rivers,  a  region  of  hard- wood  forest;  hemlock  was  common. 

The  original  pine  and  spruce  forests  of  the  state  have  been  practically  <lestroyed.  Pine  has  been  cut  in  every 
town.ship,  and  the  largest  spruce  everywhere  culled,  except  from  the  inaccessible  region  about  the  headwaters 
of  the  AUaguash  river.  Scattered  bodies  of  the  original  pine,  often  of  considoiable  extent  and  generally  connected 
with  farms,  exist  in  the  southern,  and  especially  in  the  southeastern,  counties,  and  line  hemlock  of  large  size  is 
still  an  important  element  of  the  forest  in  the  central  and  southern  i)ortion8  of  the  region  west  of  the  Penobscot 
river.  Birch,  maple,  and  oak,  too  heavy  for  transport  by  raft,  are  still  common,  except  in  the  neighborhood  of 
manufacturing  centers  and  t>e  lires  of  railroad.  Hard- wood  timber  i.s  particularly  flue  and  abundant  through"  the 
central  ])ortion  of  the  state;  farther  north  the  forest  is  more  generally  composed  of  coniferous  trees. 

Tlie  lumber  business  of  southern  and  central  Maine  attained  its  greatest  importance  as  early  as  1850.  In  that 
J  «^ar  spruce  was  for  the  first  time  driven  down  the  Kennebec  with  pine,  and  the  proportion  of  spruce  to  pine  has 
since  steadily  increased,  until,  in  the  season  of  1879-'8(>,  only  20  per  cent,  of  the  lumber  cut  on  that  river  was  pine. 
The  lowest  point  of  productive  capacity  cf  the  forests  of  Maine  has  probably  been  passed.  Tlie  reckless  disregard 
of  forest  property  which  characterized  the  early  lumbering  operations  of  the  state  has  been  replaced  by  sensible 
methods  for  preserving  and  perpetuating  the  forest.  Thi3  change  in  public  sentiment  in  regard  to  the  forests  has 
followed  naturally  the  exhaustion  of  the  forest  wealth  of  the  state.  As  this  disappeared  the  importance  of  preserving 
some  part,  at  least,  of  the  tree  covering,  the  source  ci  the  state's  greatest  prosperity,  forced  itself  upon  i)ublic 
attention ;  for  unless  the  forests  could  bo  perpetuated,  the  state  must  lose  forever  all  commercial  and  industrial 
importance.  It  has  followed  that  the  forests  of  Maine,  as  compared  with  those  in  other  i)arts  of  the  country,  are 
now  managed  sensibly  and  economically.  They  are  protected  from  fire  principally  through  the  force  of  public 
sentiment,  and  only  trees  above  a  certain  size  are  allowed  to  be  cut  by  loggers  buying  stumpage  from  the  owners  of 
land.  In  the  southern  counties  the  young  piue  now  springing  up  freely  on  abandoned  faruiing  lands  is  carefully 
protected,  and  large  areas  are  planted  with  pine  lu  regions  where  the  natural  growth  has  not  covered  the  soil.  The 
coniferous  forests,  under  the  present  management,  may  be  cut  over  once  in  every  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  producing 
at  each  cutting  a  crop  of  logs  equivalent  to  1,000  fleet  of  lumber  to  the  acre,  of  which  from  6  to  7  per  cent,  i.s  ])iue, 
the  rest  si»ruce. 

Forest  fires,  which  formerly  inflicted  every  year  serious  damage  upon  the  forests  of  the  state,  are  now  of 
comparatively  rare  occurrence.  During  the  census  year  only  35,230  acn  s  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by 
(ire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $123,315.  These  fires  were  set  by  farmer  i  in  clearing  land,  by  careless  huntens,  and 
by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

Tlie  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  ])ine  anJ  spruce  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  18S0,  were  iirepared 
by  Mr.  Cyrus  A.  Packard,  of  Augusta,  land  agent  of  the  state.  They  were  made  up  from  the  results  of  actual 
surveys,  and  have  been  reviewed  by  a  large  number  of  experts  most  familiar  with  the  condition  of  the  forests  ia 
<liflerent  parts  of  the  state: 


Iloiiln  of— 

Pino  (Pinut  Strobut).  Spriire  (Picta nigra). 

F6et,  board  meagure.     Feel,  buard  mensure. 
-.\  000,  000                    1,400,  000, 1'OO 

1 00, 000, 000   j          1 ,  000,  (ion,  000 

J*rnobHrot  rivor  uutl  tribntnriei* 

Kinnebpc  river  uiid  tributaries 

Androncopffln  river  anil  tri}iutiiri>>(i                      .                 .     ... 

r.o,ooo,ooo   '          1,000,000,000 

50,  000,  too                      .'>00,  000,  000 

Siilnf  f'loix,  MiicliiaH.  N'urnij.Miijrus,  uud  Uuion  river*  and  other  Rmnll  ntreoma  .. 
Tutul 

200,  000,  000     1                   Jl.ll,  O.rtI,  (.00 
473,000,000                 ^000,«OU,VOO    1 

1.18,823,000    !                301,0'.H),000 

Cot  for  thn  oenaue  year  endiug  Muy  31, 1880 

,  with  which 
e  immediate 
rsis  common, 
cut  in  every 
headwaters 
y  connected 
large  size  is 
e  Penobscot 
iborhood  of 
through  the 

50.  lu  that 
to  2)ine  has 
ir  was  pine. 
s  disregard 
by  sensible 
forests  has 
'  preserving 
pon  ]>ublic 

industrial 
ountry,  are 
3  )f  public 
e  owners  of 
s  carefully 

soil.  The 
producing 
Qt.  is  j)iue, 

re  now  of 
itroycd  by 
ntens,  and 

prepared 
1  of  actual 
forests  ia 


3 


w 


LTEPAFTMn^NT   l:F  THE  INTF.Hl  l.'R 


■71 .  t, 

&4 


un 


'1     If 


r>,'A:N:     ■JrA'liAUi-'.:ii!RK  \'K!:MOtJT   MA3oA:'H;!j!. 


! 
s  i 

Wit  il 


lilj  ^ 


1*1. 

'i 


I     'rt^ 


.  ?  "ill 
f  ■ 


ii  < 


.-tV 


I  ^ 


\i 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


495 


Quantities  of  logs  cut  in  Aroostook  couuty  are  driven  down  the  Saint  John  river  and  manufucture»'  in  New 
Brunswick.  During  the  season  of  1879-'80  tliero  were  handled  in  this  way  70,000,000  feet  of  sjjrucc,  4,500,000  feet  of 
pine,  2,800,000  feet  of  cedar,  1,500,000  feet  of  squared  pine  timber,  1,000,000  feet  of  squared  birch  timber,  110,000 
feet  of  squared  larch  timber.  Of  this  70  per  cent,  of  the  spruce  and  80  per  cent,  of  the  pine  were  returned  to  the 
United  States  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  the  whole  of  the  cedar  in  the  form  of  shingles. 

Important  industries  dependent  for  material  upon  a  supply  of  hard  wood  have  long  Oourished  in  the  state. 
Large  quantities  of  cooperage  stock,  woodenware,  handles,  spools,  bobbins,  etc.,  are  manufactured,  and  more 
recently  the  production  of  wood  i)ulp  and  excelsior,  principally  from  poplar  and  other  soft  woods,  has  assumed 
important  proportions.  Manufacturers  from  nearly  every  i)art  of  the  state  report  a  deterioration  and  scarcity  of 
the  best  timber,  especially  oak,  which  is  now  largely  imported  from  Canada  or  replaced  by  southern  hard  pine. 
Birch,  however,  is  still  abundant,  and  is  largely  exported  in  the  form  of  spool  and  bobbin  stock.  The  manufacture 
of  potasii,  once  an  important  industry  of  the  state,  has  been  abandoned  as  unprofitable.  Several  establishments 
engaged  iu  the  manufacture  of  tanning  extracts  from  hemlock  bark  are  located  in  the  state,  and  the  numerous 
tauneries  upon  the  Penobscot  river  consume  large  quantities  of  the  same  material.  The  demand  for  hemlock 
lumber  is  now  good,  and  the  logs,  after  being  stripped  of  their  bark,  are  manufiujtured  into  lumber  and  not  allowed, 
as  iu  other  parts  of  the  country,  to  rot  upon  the  ground.  A  recently-established  industry  is  the  maiuifacture  of 
kegs,  barrels,  and  woodenware  from  pulp  made  from  chips,  brush,  and  other  waste  material  of  the  forest.  Partial 
estimates  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  product  of  5,449,200,  valued  at  $75,612.  During  the  year  1879  153,334 
pounds  of  maple  sugar  were  produced  in  the  state. 

ANDEOSCoaGm  cotTNTY. — Onc-lialf  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  second  growth ;  it 
contains,  hqwover,  considerable  bodies  of  Hue  ftrstgrowtli  white  pine.  Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  '."eport 
loak  exhausted,  other  hard  woods  scarce  and  of  inferior  quality,  and  that  no  second-growth  timber  is  of  suflQcient 
size  for  use.    A  large  amount  of  excelsior  is  manufactured,  princij)aily  from  poplar. 

AuoosTOOK  COUNTY. — Nine-tcnths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forests,  the  clearings  being  confined 
to  the  neighborhoods  of  the  rare  settlements  along  the  river  bottoms.  Logs  cut  in  this  county  are  largely  rafted 
down  the  Saint  John  river,  and  little  lumber  in  proportion  to  the  cut  is  manufactured  within  its  limits.  The 
production  of  cooperage  stock  and  other  articles  requiring  hard  wood  in  their  manufacture  is  rapidly  increasing, 
and  with  abundant  material  such  industries  seem  destined  to  great  development. 

Cumberland  county. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  of  second  growth. 
Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  general  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  material,  especially  hard  woods, 
now  nearly  exhausted.    Spruce  and  poplar  in  large  quantities  are  manufactured  into  wood  pulp. 

Franklin  county. — Three-fourths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  confined  to 
the  northern  portion.     Staves,  hoop-poles,  handles,  and  excelsior  are  manufactured  in  large  quantities. 

Hancock  county, — Seven-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  composed,  toward 
the  coast,  of  second  growth  white  pine.  The  northern  portions  contain  fine  bodies  of  large  hemlock.  Manufacturers 
of  cooperage  stock  report  deterioration  of  material;  ash  especially  has  become  scarce. 

Kknnkbec  county. — Four-tenths  of  this  couuty  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely  second  growth. 
Merchantable  spruce  and  ])ine  have  been  everywhere  removed.  Considerable  areas  are  again  covered  with  pine,  and 
the  wooded  area  is  increasing.  Next  to  Penobscot  this  is  the  most  important  lumber  manufacturing  county  in  the 
state.  Numerous  mills  located  on  the  Kennebec  river  saw  logs  driven  from  its  upper  waters  and  from  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  county.  Large  quantities  of  poplar  and  spruce  are  consumed  annually  in  the  manufacture  of  woo<l 
pulp,  excelsior,  handles,  etc.  The  supply  of  hard  wood  is  small  aiul  of  inferior  quality.  The  poplar  now  used  is 
nearly  all  second  growth. 

Knox  county — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  generally  of  second  growth.  Heavy 
timber,  however,  still  exists  in  the  towns  of  Washington,  Appleton,  and  Union.  White  pine  is  scarce,  and  great 
deterioration  in  timber  of  all  kinds  is  reported.  Scarcity  iu  the  near  future  is  apprehended  by  manufacturers.  A 
large  amount  of  cord- wood  is  consumed  annually  in  burning  lime. 

Lincoln  county. — About  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  nearly  all  second  growth. 

OxroRD  COUNTY. — From  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  this  coiuity  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  The  northern 
portion  still  contains  large  areas  of  original  forest,  although  pine  and  spruce  have  been  culled  everywhere.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  county  there  are  considerable  bodies  of  second-growth  white  pine,  and  the  wooded  area  is 
increasing.  Cooperage  stock,  handles,  and  wood  pulp  are  largely  manufactured.  Manufacturers  report  that 
timber  of  all  kinds  has  deteriorated  in  quality  and  become  scarce,  with  the  exception  of  oak,  which  is  still  abuudant 
and  of  good  quality. 

Penobscot  county. — Nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Tho  merchantable  pine 
and  si)ruce  have  been  removed  from  the  southern  jwrtiou  and  everywhere  culled.  In  the  northern  tosvnships 
hemlock  is  still  abuudant  and  of  fine  quality.  Penobscot  is  the  great  lumber  manufacttiring  county  of  the  state, 
I'angor,  onc3  the  inijcipal  market  in  the  United  States  for  pine  lumber,  being  still  the  most  important  saw-mill 
center.  Sjiruce  and  not  pine,  however,  except  in  insignificant  (juantities,  is  now  manufactured  upon  the  Peuobscot. 
Manufacturers  using  hard  woods  report  an  abundant  supply  of  excellent  material. 


■--^iF-?-^?- 


^TT'ri--^':v-ji^,-  : 


".-  TCf .',  i7r»™^T>r yv;  4T^' 


49(5 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I '5' 


Piscataquis  county. — From  eight  to  niiie-tcntlis  of  tliis  county  ia  reported  covered  with  forests,  the  soiilhorn 
portion  only  bein^jr  c'csired  of  the  original  tree  growth. 

Saoadaiioc  county. — Onc-hulf  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  second  growtli. 
Consideriiblo  second-growth  white  jtine  is  now  growing  up  upon  abandoned  farm  lauds,  and  the  wooded  area  of 
the  county  is  increasing.  Mannfacturers  rejwrt  all  timber  of  Kufficient  size  for  use  scarce  and  of  inferior  quality, 
and  apprehend  early  exhanstion  of  hard  woods  suitable  for  mechanical  purposes. 

SoMKKSKT  COUNTY. — Five-sixtlis  of  this  county  is  rei)orted  covered  with  woods,  the  southern  portion  «mly 
being  cleared  of  its  forests  of  spruce  and  pine.  Excelsior,  handles,  woodenware,  etc.,  are  largely  manufactured. 
Hard-wood  tind)er  of  all  sorts  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality,  with  the  exception  of  black  ash,  now  scarce 
and  in  great  demand. 

Wai>do  county. — From  one-quarter  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  generally  of 
second  growth.  The  wooded  area  is  now  gradually  increasing  by  the  growth  of  white  pine  on  abandoned  farming 
lands.     MaiHifacturers  re])ort  a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  timber  of  all  kinds  of  sufflcient  size  for  use. 

Washington  county. — From  eight-  to  nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  In  the 
southern  portion  considerable  areas  contain  scattered  bodies  of  large  ])iue,  and  through  the  center  of  the  county 
are  large  tracts  of  first-growth  hemlock  forests.    No  future  scarcity  of  lumber  is  apprehended. 

York  county. — From  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods ;  it  contains  large 
quantities  of  scattered  pine.  Second-growth  pine  is  spreading  on  abandoned  agricultural  land,  and  the  forest  area 
is  increasing.  Wood  pulj),  cooperage  stock,  and  handles  are  largely  manufactured.  Timber  of  all  sorts  is  reported 
OS  depreciating  in  both  quality  and  quantity.    No  immediate  scarcity,  however,  is  apprehended. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

The  forests  of  New  Hampshire  were  originally  composed  of  a  belt  of  spruce,  mixed  with  maple,  birch,  and 
other  hardwood  trees,  occnpying  all  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  extending  southward  through  the  central 
portion ;  the  southetistern  part  of  the  state  and  the  region  bordering  the  Connecticut  river  were  covered  with 
forests  of  white  pine,  through  which  considerable  bodies  of  hard  wood  were  scattered.  The  original  white-pine 
forests  of  New  Hampshire  are  practically  exhausted,  although  in  the  northern  counties  of  the  state  there  still 
remain  a  few  scattered  bodies  remote  from  streams  and  of  snail  size;  once  of  great  extent  and  importance,  these 
forests  have  disapj)eared  before  the  ax  of  the  settler  and  lumoerman,  or  have  been  wasted  by  forest  fires.  Large 
areas,  however,  once  covered  with  forests  of  i>ine,  have  grown  up  again,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
with  this  tree.  No  estimate  of  the  amount  of  this  second-growth  pine  standing  in  the  state  has  been  possible;  it 
furnished  during  the  census  year  a  cut  of  99,400,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure.  The  remaining  forests  of  the 
Btate,  considered  as  a  sounre  of  lumber  supply,  are  composed  of  spruce,  more  or  less  mixed  with  hard  woods,  of 
which  the  sugar  maple  and  the  birch  are  the  most  valuable.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  largo  areas  of  the 
original  spruce  forest  remain,  although  these  bodies  of  timber  are  now  only  found  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
streams. 

Fires,  which  at  different  times  have  destroyed  vast  areas  of  forest,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
are  now  less  fre(iuent  and  destructive.  During  the  year  1880  but  5,954  acres  were  reported  stripped  of  their  tree 
covering  by  fires.  Of  such  fires  twelve  were  set  by  sparks  from  locomotives,  seven  by  the  escape  into  the  forest  of 
fires  originally  set  in  clearing  laud  for  agricultural  purposes,  six  by  sportsmen,  one  through  malice^  and  one  by  the 
careless  use  of  tobacco. 

The  basis  of  the  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  merchantable  black  spruce  {Picea  nigra)  lumber  standing* 
May  31, 1880,  in  Carroll, Coos,  and  Grafton  counties,  where  alone  the  spruce  forests  of  the  state  are  now  of  commercial 
import  11  lurc,  was  furnished  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Crawford,  of  Boston,  and  verified  by  the  testimony  of  other  experts: 

BLACK  SPRUCE  (Picca  nigra). 


Comities. 

Foit,  board 
mcamiro. 

60,  COO,  cuo 

1,000,000,000 

450,  000,  000 

Cirroll  ...              .                 .                   

Coos 

Grafton 

Tetat 

1,  510,  000,  000 
153, 175,  000 

Ciit  for  llm  opnRns  year  fiidini;  May  31,  1P80  (inilnding  26,CC0,Cfl0 
fool.  Hiiwoti  on  the  Coiiiioelicnt  rivoi,  in  MaKHnrtuiKctts). 

It  is  ronghly  estimatetl  that  the  spruce  forests  of  the  state  contain  over  33,750,000  cords  of  hard  wood  and 
165,000,000  feet  of  hemlock. 


the  soiitlicrn 

jond  grow  til. 
oded  iiroa  of 
erior  quality, 

portion  only 
anufactnrcd. 
I,  now  scarce 

generally  of 
>ued  farming 

ids.  In  the 
if  the  county 

intains  large 
ic  forest  area 
ts  is  reported 


e,  birch,  and 

li  the  central 

30vered  witli 

il  white-pine 

e  there  still 

ptance,  these 

[ires.    Large 

of  the  state, 

possible;  it 

rests  of  the 

d  woods,  of 

Teas  of  the 

stance  from 

if  the  state, 

if  their  tree 

|he  forest  of 

one  by  the 

it  standing 
commercial 
t)erts : 


Iwoud  and 


DEPARTMENT    C^  TH!-;  I^'KRICR 


TKMTH  -e:n:iVZ  OF  "'KK  tNlI'F.r.  r.TATES 


BS     3t>        16     Ml        D       U 


11 


St? 


yi 


'f  . 


-■■S'm^iiiiiiWtn'^-^'^^^'*-''- 


IV, 


i  I 


I  .11 


'■L.II 


t\ 


if 


Ulil 


it 


ilii 


departm;-:nt  op  the  intkh;or 


TENTH  CENSUS  OF  THF  HNITKr,'  .•'TMSf 


Si  air 


i5       it>        16        lu         !> 


NITHr;  ■■TA'I  SR, 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


497 


Partial  returns  of  the  boop-ijole  iudiistiy  give  a  production  dui-iug  the  census  year  of  4,225,000,  vahied  at 
^29,280.  I7ew  Hampshire  is  fourth  auioug  the  states  in  the  iniportatico  of  its  maple-sugar  product.  During  the 
year  1879  it  produced  2,731,945  pounds. 

Belknap  county. — From  one-third  to  three-eighths  of  this  county  is  rei)orted  covered  with  woods. 

Cauroll  county. — Five-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  In  the  northern  portion 
there  are  still  large  areas  covered  with  an  original  growth  of  spruce.  Large  quantities  of  charcoal  are  nutnufactnred 
in  this  county,  and  the  usual  method  cf  lumbering  adopted  here  and  very  generally  in  northern  New 
Hampshire  is  first  to  cut  the  spruce  largo  enough  for  saw -logs,  taking  all  trees  C  inches  in  diameter  25  feet  from 
the  ground,  and  then  cut  for  charcoal  all  the  remaining  growth,  hard  wood  and  soft,  even  the  young  spruce.  As 
the  land  cleared  is  of  little  value  for  agricultural  purposes,  it  is  allowed  to  grow  up  again  with  wood.  Deciduous 
trees  come  up  at  first,  and  these  are  sometimes,  but  not  always,  followed  by  spruce.  It  is  necessary  to  exercise 
gieat  care  in  order  to  prevent  the  newly-cleared  tracts  from  suflering  from  fire,  as  the  material  lor  charcoal,  cut 
into  cord-wood,  is  often  left  on  the  grouml  until  the  second  season.  Mr.  C.  G.  I'ringle,  who  studied  the  forests  of 
this  region,  furnishes  the  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Carroll  county : 

"  The  forests  on  the  mountain  sides  between  Crawford's  and  Bartlett  are  composed  principally  of  the  yellow 
and  paper  birch,  the  sugar  maple,  the  red  maple,  poplars,  the  black  spruce,  and  the  balsani  fir.  About  Bartlett 
scattering  specimens  of  white  pine  make  their  appearance.  In  the  more  level  part  of  North  Conway  the  red  and 
the  pitch  i>iue  and  the  hemlock  become  common,  while  on  the  more  sterile,  sandy  plains  farther  down  the  Saco 
these  Junes  with  the  wliite  birch  constitute  the  principal  arborescent  growth. 

"The  tract  known  as  Hart's  location,  lying  partly  in  the  White  Mountain  notch,  includes  10,000  acres,  2,000  of 
which  bear  15,000  feet  per  acre  of  spruce  and  hemlock — rather  more  of  liemlock  than  of  spruce;  10,000  acres  in  this 
tract  will  cut  25  cords  of  hard  wood  per  acre.  The  town  of  Bartlett,  partly  cleared,  still  has  40,000  acres  of 
woodland,  which  will  yield  an  average  of  5,000  feet  per  acre  of  spruce  and  hemlock  and  15  cords  of  hard  wood. 
Sargent's  grant  covers  mount  Crawford,  Stair  mountain^  and  a  part  of  mount  Washington.  On  this  tract  are  15,000 
acres  of  timber-land,  carrying  20,000  feet  per  acre,  chiefly  spruce.  The  Thompson  and  Meserve  purchase  comprises 
portions  of  mounts  Washington,  Jeftersou,  and  Madison,  and  covers  12,000  acres.  Two  thousand  acres  of  this  will 
yield  30,000  feet  of  spruce  and  hendock  per  acre  in  nearly  equal  proportions.  The  remaining  10,000  acres  will  cut  25 
cords  of  hanl  wood  per  acre.  The  Bean  purchase  lies  north  of  the  town  of  Jackson,  and  covers  40,000  acres.  It  is 
occupied  by  a  dense  forest,  amounting  to  20,000  feet  of  spruce  and  hemlock  and  20  cords  of  hard  wood  per  acre. 
Originally  there  was  considerable  pine  on  the  streams  and  sides  of  the  mountains  in  this  vicinity,  i)articularly  ou 
mount  Kearsarge,  but  now  there  is  little  left.  Twelve  and  twenty-five  years  ago  much  of  the  town  of  Bartlett  was 
burned  over,  and  a  different  growth  has  come  up — white  birch,  poplar,  bird  cherry,  etc." 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock,  excelsior,  and  an  average  of  1,000  cords  of  shoo  pegs  (from  birch  and 
maple)  are  annually  made  in  this  county.  Consideraljle  damage  to  oak  and  poplar  caused  by  the  ravages  of  the 
army- worm  [?J  are  reported.  The  natural  increase  of  timber  is  said,  however,  nearly  to  equal  the  present  consumption 
by  local  industries,  and  scarcity  is  not  apprehended. 

CiiEsniBE  COUNTY. — About  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods. 

Coos  COUNTY. — Nine-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forests.  The  following  is  extracted  fixim 
Mr.  Pringle's  notes  ui)on  the  forests  of  this  county : 

"Everything  east  of  the  Cojiuecticut  lakes  aiul  about  the  upper  portions  of  Indiau  i  t'erry  streams  is 
original  forest.  Such  also  is  the  condition  of  the  Cihnanton,  Atkinson,  and  Dartmouth  College  grants  and  the 
towns  of  Dixville,  Odell,  and  Kilkenny.  All  the  eastern  portions  of  Clarksville,  Stewartstown,  Colebrook, 
Columbia,  and  Stratford  are  forest,  and  nearly  all  of  Wentworth's  location,  Millstield,  Errol,  Dummer,  Cambridge, 
and  Success.  In  these  forests  the  spruce  will  cut  5,000  feet  and  the  hard  wood  about  50  cords  per  acre.  There 
is  considerable  hemlock,  but  even  less  pine  than  in  Essex  county,  Vermont.  Not  much  of  the  region  has  been 
burned  over,  and  spruce  comes  into  the  soil  again  but  slowly  after  clearings  and  fires. 

"In  the  township  of  Kilkenny,  in  the  n.ountains  east  of  Lancaster,  there  are  10,000  acres  of  forest  still  untouched, 
though  a  branch  railroad  from  Lancaster  into  this  Ibrest  has  been  surveyed,  and  may  be  constructed  in  a  few  years, 
for  the  purpose  of  bringing  tlie  lumber  down  to  the  mills  at  Lancaster.  Lowe  and  Burbank's  grant  is  a  wilderness, 
three-fourths  well  timbered  and  the  renuiintler  a  mountain  ridge  of  nearly  bare  rock.  Bean's  purchase  is  nearly 
iimccessible  aiul  but  little  lumbered.  Stark,  on  the  upjter  Ammonoosuc,  is  badly  cut  over,  only  about  one-quarter 
remaining  in  virgin  forest.  About  one-half  of  Berlin  is  uncut ;  also  the  northern  half  of  Bandolpli,  the  south  half 
of  Gorliam,  and  the  south  quarter  of  Shelburne.  Considerable  land  in  Success  was  burned  over  some  years  ago,  as 
well  as  some  in  Stark  and  in  the  eastern  jmrt  of  Berlin,  but  fires  have  not  lately  been  very  destructive  in  the  New 
Ilanqishire  forests." 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock,  handles,  wood  pulp,  shoe  pegs,  etc.,  is  nmnufactured  in  this  county. 
Abundant  nmtcrial,  with  the  exception  of  ash,  is  reported. 

Grafton  county. — Ouo-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  confined  to  the  northern 
and  central  portions.    Shoe  pegs,  cooperage  stock,  wood  pulp,  and  excelsior  are  largely  manufactured.    The  amount 
of  material  is  considered  abundant  for  the  present  consumption. 
32  FOB 


498 


THE  FORESTS  OB^  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I    I 


i 


i; 


UiLLSBOBOuan  COUNTY. — Oiic-lialf  of  tliia  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  second  growtli.  A\ 
largo  amount  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  is  manufactured.  No  deterioration  in  the  quality  of  uuitcrial  is 
reported,  although  at  the  present  rate  of  consunipliou  it  must  soon  become  exhausted. 

MiniRisiAOK  COUNTY. — One-half  of  tins  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Cooperage  stock,  handles, 
and  excelsior  are  largely  manufa«!tured.    A  sliglit  deterioration  in  the  quality  of  material  is  reported. 

RoCKiNCriiAM  COUNTY. — From  onoquarter  to  five-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woodn,  mostly 
second  growtli. 

Strafford  cottnty. — Four-tenths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  second  growth. 
Iloop-po'.es,  eoopen-vge  stock,  etc.,  are  hirgely  manufactured.  Wood  of  all  sorts  is  reported  scarce  and  rapidly 
inereiising  in  value. 

VFilMONT. 

The  forests  of  Vermont,  as  compared  with  those  of  New  Hampshire  and  !Maiiie,  are  varied  in  composition. 
About  tlie  shores  of  liike  Chiimitlain  several  western  trees  (irst  aiipear,  and  tliroughont  the  state  the  forest  is  more 
generally  composed  of  deciduous  tluiii  coniferous  species.  Forests  of  spruce,  however,  sjiread  over  tlie  high 
ridges  of  tlie  (ireen  mountains,  tiieir  foot-iiills  being  covered  with  hardwood  trees  and  little  pine  or  hemlock 
oecnriing  in  llie  valh'ys.  .\  fon'st  of  white  pine  once  stn  tched  along  tlie  banks  of  the  Coiiiiectieiit,  and  great 
bodies  of  this  tree  occurred  in  tlie  iioiiliwesteni  jiart  of  tlie  state,  adjncent  to  lake  Cliiiniplain.  The  original  wliite- 
pine  forests  of  the  state  are  now  in'iictieiiily  exhansted.  TJiey  are  represented  by  a  small  amount  of  secoiul-growtli 
pine  only,  wliieh  fnrnislied  <lnriiig  the  census  year  a  cut  of  (!,."')(>r»,0()()  feel  of  lunilier,  board  measure. 

Tlie  forests  of  Vermont  now  sutler  comparatively  little  iVom  tire,  although  at  ditl'erent  periods  during  the  last 
tifty  years  very  serious  (ires  have  laid  waste  great  areas  of  forest  in  the  (Ireen  Minintain  region.  During  the  year 
1880  ,'{,941  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  lire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $18,UiO.  Of  such  tires  ten 
escaped  from  farms  into  the  fon'st,  live  were  set  by  locomotives,  two  were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  hunters, 
and  one  to  malice. 

Large  amounts  of  cooperage  stock,  woodenware,  fnrniture,  paper  luili),  excelsior,  veneers,  etc.,  are  manufactured 
throughout  the  state.  ^Material  for  these  industiies  is  fast  disappearing,  and  a  great  deterioration  in  quality, 
especially  of  oak,  ash,  and  chestnut,  is  rejiorted  by  inanufacturers. 

Vermont  surpasses  all  other  states  in  the  mamilacture  of  maple  sugar.  During  the  year  1870  11,201,077 
pounds  were  pro<lnced  in  the  state. 

The  following  estimate  of  tlie  siiruce  stan«ling  in  the  state  ilay  ."11, 1880,  has  been  prepared  froM  Mr.  Pringle's 
report,  and  is  basetl  upon  the  statements  of  numerous  timber-land  owners  and  experts  in  different  parts  of  the  state: 

IJLACK  SPRUCE  ( /'i.cfl  nigra). 


Rpgiona. 


Orc«n  Honntain  rangn 

Valley  of  tlir  Connecticut  river. 


TflUI  . 


Cnt  for  tlip  cennna  yr»r  Ptiiliiiu  May  ,11.  IMO  rxcludinf;  16,191,000 
feet  iuijioi'tcil  from  llanadii). 


Fret,  bonrd 
nicaHiire. 


ildO.OOO.OOO 
375,000,000 

755,000,000 


ion,  ora,  000 


Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-polo  industry  give  a  productitm  during  the  census  j'ear  of  only  43,000,  valued  at 
♦470. 

Addison  county. — About  one-third  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods.  Spruce  and  ash  are  scarce 
and  rapidly  tlisappearing.    Oak  of  suflicient  size  for  the  manufactnrt.^  of  cooperage  stock  is  exhausted. 

UknninCiTon  county. — Two-thirilsoflhiscountyisreportedcoveredwitiiwoods.  Manufacturers  of  woodenwa.o 
and  cooperage  stock  eont>ider  the  prosjiects  tor  future  local  suiqily  favorable. 

Calkdoma  county. — I'rom  onc-thinl  to  three-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly 
c^nlinetl  to  the  northern  and  western  portions. 

CiiiTTKNDKN  county.— About  ouc-fiftli  of  this  couiity  is  reported  as  woodland.  The  following  extracts  ai-e 
made  from  Mr.  I'liiigle's  note  upon  the  forests  of  Vermont: 

"Except  on  the  summits  of  a  few  of  the  high(>r  jieaks  of  the  (ir'»en  mountains,  where  black  spruce  and  balsam 
fir  grow  to  the  cxclnsion  of  other  tre<>s,  the  arboreal  growth  is  composed  of  a  large  number  of  species.  In  the 
vnlh\vs  antl  on  the  foot-hills,  and  even  on  the  slojies  of  the  higher  mountains  in  their  lower  portions,  hemlocks 
mingle  with  sjiruee,  beech,  maple,  and  birch  (yellow  birch  chiefly,  for  there  is  little  white  birch  seen  in  northern 
Vermont ) ;  basswood,  butternut,  the  ashes,  red  oaks,  etc.,  are  confined  to  the  lower  elevations  and  are  less  abundant 
than  the  trees  first  mentioned.  Between  the  isolated  ])atches  of  spruce  and  fir  about  the  summits  of  the  mountains 
antl  the  region  where  hemlock  is  found,  rock  maple,  yellow  birch,  and  black  spruce  are  the  predominating  species. 


y 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


499 


"  To  estimate  tlie  area  of  valnnble  orifvinal  forest  still  standing  in  the  Orecu  monntaius  is  not  an  easy  task. 
The  belt  extends  from  the  Cauaita  line  to  Massachusetts,  and  even  into  that  state.  Tlie  outlines  of  this  belt  are 
made  very  irregular  by  the  cleared  and  settled  valleys  which  rr.n  up  among  the  mountains,  and  by  reason  of  forest 
clearings,  so  that  its  widtii  is  constantly  varying  as  we  proceed  from  one  end  to  the  other. 

"The  woodlands  of  the  plateau,  some  10  miles  broatl  and  elevated  from  tiOO  to  300  feet  above  lake  Ohami>luin, 
lying  betwc  n  the  foot-hills  of  the  Green  mountains  and  the  lower  plain  beside  the  'ake,  occupy,  for  the  most  part, 
rocky  hills,  and  are  comj)osed  prin<iipally  of  sugar  maple,  beciili,  br.sswood,  white  ash,  black  bircli,  and  red  oak. 
Certain  limestone  hills  offer  a  favorable  situation  for  the  butternut,  the  ironwood,  the  slippery  elm,  and  the  bitter 
hickory.  The  swamps  and  other  lowlands  yield  the  red  iraple,  the  black  ash,  the  white  elm,  and  the  black  willow. 
The  latter,  especially  along  streams,  is  associated  with  uldei.i  and  the  siieepberry.  The  <;()lder,  sphagnous  swumpa 
are  covered  with  a  growth,  more  or  less  dense,  of  yellow  cedar,  bhick  spruce,  balsam,  ami  lar"Ii ;  soiiietimes  in  the 
higher  portions  the  white  pine  mingles  with  these,  scattered  or  in  groves.  When  grown  in  such  soil  this  wood  is  liable 
to  be  extremely  hard  and  brittle,  Vhe  poplars  occupy  hillsides  and  ridges  where  tins  soil  is  a  light,  cold,  saiuly  loam ; 
with  them  the  binl  cherry  is  iierpetually  associated.  The  black  clieriy  is  scattered  in  a  diversity  of  soils.  White 
oak  and  hickory  attain  their  best  development  on  clayey  soil  or  glades  of  slight  elevation  ;  on  the  red  sand-rock  hills 
they  are  smaller.  Certain  slopes  of  cold  cliiy  are  still  here  heavily  wooded  with  hemlock,  while  warm  clay  lands  are 
the  favored  site  of  the  burr  oak.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  lake  and  its  trib^tari(^s  low,  wet  shores  are  scattered  over 
with  the  swamp  white  oak  and  the  burr  oak.  The  chestnut  oak  is  common  on  the  thin,  poor  soil  of  the  red  sand-rock 
hills,  ranging  through  the  valley  from  the  lake  as  fsu'  back  in  sonm  places  as  the  foot-hills  of  the  Green  mountains. 
The  red  j)ine  appears  on  i  he  sandy  shores  of  lake  Champlain,  and  extends  far  up  the  Winooski  river.  The  moister 
and  more  fertile  i)ortions  of  the  sandy  plain  are  still  occupied  to  some  extent  by  white  i)ine,  the  poorer  portions 
by  pitch  pine.  The  white  birch  occurs  on  co'd,  wet,  sandy  soil  near  the  lake;  and  in  the  mountains  the  black 
sjjruce  becomes  the  most  common  tree;  with  it  in  stronger  soil  are  associate*!  the  yellow  birch  and  the  sugar  maple. 

'•  Buriinnton. — This  place  is  believed  to  rank  as  third,  or  next  to  Albany,  among  the  Uunber  markets  of  the 
United  States.  Alore  lumber  may  enter  some  ports,  as  Oswego  and  Tonawanda,  for  transshipment,  but  all  lumber 
brought  to  this  market  is  stored  ami  sold  here.  The  kiial  is  (rlii««tly  white  pine  brought  up  the  lake  from  Canada, 
a  little  ef  it  being  cut  in  Michigan  (perhaps  one-tenth);  all  the  rest  is  of  Canadian  growth.  A  few  of  the  lumber 
companies  here  own  lands  of  limited  extent  among  the  (Jreen  mountains,  from  which  they  obtain  spruce  for 
clapboards,  etc.  The  general  direction  which  the  lumber  sent  from  here  takes  is  to  the  older  portions  of  New 
England,  Massaehubetts,  Khode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  considerable  pine  being  sent  even  to  Maine,  which  once 
supplied  to  commerce  so  much  of  this  material.  Much  lumber  is  dres8e«l  here  and  sent  to  Boston  for  shipment  to 
foreign  countries.  The  business  still  enjoys  the  highest  prosperity,  and  during  the  census  year,  under  the  stimulus 
of  general  commercial  prosperity,  it  was  especially  active.  As  yet  no  lack  in  the  supply  is  felt,  the  loggers  only 
having  to  go  farther  back  in  the  Canadian  forests  than  formerly  to  obtain  timber  enough  to  meet  the  demand.  The 
proportion  of  lumber  worked  up  here  is  small,  there  being  merely  a  few  factories  producing  doors,  sash,  blinds, 
packing  boxea,  etc." 

Essex  county. — Five-sixths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest.  The  following  is  extracted  from 
Mr.  Pringle's  report : 

"  Four-fifths  of  that  part  of  the  county  of  Essex  lying  north  of  Guildhall  and  ^^ictory  is  still  in  virgin  forest, 
which  will  yield  r»,0()0  feet  of  spruce  per  a<  le.  The  towns  of  lewis  and  Averill  are  entirely  nidumbered,  and 
so  is  Avery's  Gore.  Colton  is  mostly  covered  with  forest,  and  so  is  Ferdinand.  Timber-lands  compose  about 
two  thirds  of  Granby  and  East  Haven,  and  (tover  the  back  parts  of  the  river  towns  and  those  crossed  by  the 
Grand  Trunk  railroad.  South  of  Guildhall  and  Victory  the  towns  of  Concord  and  Lunenburg  are  mostly  cleared 
and  settled.  The  proporticm  of  hemlock  in  these  forests  is  not  large ;  there  is  considerable  yellow  cedar  an<l  a 
large  amount  of  nniple,  birch,  and  beech — probably  50  cords  per  acre.  There  is  but  little  j)ine  in  all  this  region, 
principally  eontlned  to  the  township  of  Lewis;  elsewhere  only  occasional  pine  trees  occur." 

FuANKLiN  CODNTV. — Froui  one  fourth  to  three  tenths  nf  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest,  mostly 
confined  to  the  hills  in  the  northeastern  and  northern  portions.  In  the  village  of  Montgomery  a  large  establishment 
for  the  nnmufacture  of  butter  tubs  is  h)cated,  and  at  liast  llitjhford  birch  is  largely  nmnuf;'ctured  into  turned  ware. 

Grand  Islk  county. — About  a  quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods. 

Lamoille  county. — About  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  very  generully 
listributed  over  its  entire  surface. 

Orangk  county. — One  quarter  of  thia  county  is  re|»ort,etl  covereil  with  forest. 

Oklkans  county. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reporte«l  coven-d  with  woods.  The  following  is  extracted  from 
Mr.  Pringle's  notes : 

"At  Newi)ort,  situated  at  the  staithern  exiremity  of  lake  Memphreuiagog,  are  .several  mills  for  cutting 
veneering  from  birch.  The  produ(;*  of  these  mills  is  closely  packed  in  boxes,  so  that  it  cannot  warp,  and  sent  to 
the  nninufactories  near  the  large  cities,  to  be  use<l  for  «!hair  bottoms  and  other  purposes.  Southward  from  Newport, 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Ilarlon  and  IJIack  rivers,  which  tlow  northward  into  lake  Memphremagog,  and  of  the 
Passunipsic  river,  which  runs  southward  and  joins  the  Couuectiuut,  are  almost  continuous  swamps  of  yellow 


£00 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


?  .  * 


]U 


I:  r* 


h     i 


Uedar,  black  spruo<^,  and  larcli,  from  wLich  tlie  cedar  timber  is  now  being  largely  drawn  to  be  sawed  into  shingles. 
At  Barton  the  hard  woods  are  largely  cnt  into  material  for  furniture,  which  is  shipped  toward  the  sea-board  before 
being  put  top^^ther. 

"The  valley  of  the  Clyde  river  from  Newport  to  Island  Pond  is  cleared  for  tLj  most  part  and  improved  for 
farms.  The  usual  species  of  the  northern  forest  occupy  the  summits  of  the  low  hills  on  either  side  of  the  valley. 
Eastward  from  Island  Pond,  dowu  the  Neipegan  river  to  the  Connecticut  by  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad, 
we  pass  through  the  wild  region  from  which  the  lumbermen  have  only  taken  some  of  the  spruce  and  pine.  Here, 
beginning  2  or  3  miles  back  from  the  railroad,  or  in  some  places  much  nearer  to  it,  a  virgin  and  unbroken  forest 
stretches  over  the  slopes  and  summits  of  the  hills  for  mauj'  miles  to  the  northward  and  southward ;  black  spruce, 
yellow  birch,  sugar  maple,  and  beech  are  its  chief  component  species.  In  a  few  places,  where  the  soil  is  sandy, 
white  pine  occurs  in  straggling  groves  or  isolated  specimens,  and  the  swamps,  as  well  as  those  of  all  of  northern 
Vermont,  are  occui)ied  by  the  black  spruce,  yellow  cedar,  and  by  a  few  scattering  ])ines.  The  pine  being  the  kind 
of  lumber  first  secured,  is  seldom  found  now  in  these  Vermont  swamps.  The  cedars  are  now  cut  and  manufactured 
into  shingles,  fence  posts,  railway  ties,  etc.,  for  which  purposes  the  lasting  quality  of  the  wood  makes  it  eminently 
suited.  There  is  little  hemlock  in  northeastern  Vermont,  and  it  is  believed  to  indicate  poor  soil  wherever  it  occurs. 
The  soil  of  this  entire  region  presents  a  marked  contrast  to  that  of  northern  New  York,  being  fertile  and  in  other 
respects  well  adapted  to  agriculture.  On  this  account  land  once  lumbered  over  is  generally  occupied  by  the  farmer 
and  not  allowed  to  come  up  again  to  forest,  except  in  the  more  hilly  iiortions." 

Staves,  tubs,  ])ails,  buckets,  and  hoops  are  largely  manufactured  from  spruce,  cedar,  and  ash.  The  quality  of 
the  material  used  is  said  to  have  deteriorated,  and  manufacturers  report  that  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption  it 
will  soon  be  consumed. 

KuTLAND  COUNTY. — Four-tcnths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  principally  in  the  eastern 
portion.  Elm,  formerly  largely  used  in  manufacture  of  tubs,  etc.,  is  reported  exhausted,  and  basswood  has  become 
scarce. 

Washington  county. — One-third  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  princijially  situated  in  belts 
along  its  eastern  and  western  borders.    The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report : 

"Reaching  IMontpelier  from  V.i  west  we  have  left  behind  the  Green  Mountain  gneiss  and  entered  a  granitic 
formation.  Here  is  an  extensive  burned  region;  the  fire,  in  consuming  the  forest  and  vegetable  mold  upon  the 
surface  of  the  land,  has  exi)osed  granite  bowlders  thickly  embedded  in  the  soil.  To  replace  th\:  forest  growth  thus 
removed  there  is  only  an  occasional  little  spruce  or  balsam  to  be  found  among  the  thickets  of  bird  cherry.  The 
hilltoj)  and  hillside  forests  east  of  Montpelier  show  hemlocks  everywhere  mingled  with  sugar  maples,  yellow  birches, 
and  spruce ;  farther  cast  the  spruce  and  birch  predominate.  Approaching  the  Connecticut  river,  hemlocks  and 
maples  again  appear  and  second-growth  white  pine  and  i)aper  birches  take  the  place  of  the  other  species." 

"Windham  county. — Threo-eighths  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  mostly  confined  to  ridges 
of  the  Green  mountains.    Ash  and  white  pine  are  rejiorted  very  scarce. 

AYiNDSOR  COUNTY. — From  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  tliis  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  quite  generally 
distributed  over  the  hills.  Tubs,  barrels,  kegs,  and  buckets  of  white  and  red  oak,  white  pine,  spruce,  and  ash  are 
manufactured.  Oak  is  reported  by  manufacturers  to  be  already  practically  exhausted,  spruce  to  be  fast  disappearing, 
and  ash  very  scarce  and  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  IIHODE  ISLAND,  AND  CONNECTICDT. 

The  original  forest  which  once  covered  these  states  has  disappeared  a.id  be*n  replaced  by  a  second,  and 
sometimes  by  a  third  and  fourth  growth  of  the  trees  of  the  Northern  I'inc  Belt.  The  area  covered  by  tree  growth 
in  these  states  is  slowly  increasing,  although,  with  the  exception  of  the  young  forests  of  white  pine,  the  productive 
cai)a('ity  of  llieir  woodlands  is,  in  view  of  the  heavy  demands  continually  made  unon  them,  especially  by  the 
railroads,  rapidly  diminishing.  Abandoned  farming  land,  if  protected  from  fire  ai  d  browsing  animals,  is  now 
very  generally,  excei)t  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast,  soon  covered  with  a  vij;orous  growth  of  white  pine. 
The  fact  is  important,  for  this  new  growth  of  pine  promises  to  give  in  the  future  more  than  local  importance  to  the 
forests  of  this  region. 

These  states  sustain  a  considerable  annual  loss  from  forest  fires.  In  Massachusetts  during  the  year  1880 
13,SyS)  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $1()U,2G-'.  Of  these  fires  fifty-two  were  set 
by  locomotives,  forty  by  fires  started  on  farms  and  escaping  to  the  forest,  thirty  seven  by  hunters,  nineteen  by  the 
cureless  use  of  tobacco,  eight  through  malice,  and  three  by  et.relessness  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal.  No  returns 
in  regard  to  Ibrest  fires  in  Ithode  Island  and  Connecticut  have  been  received,  but  it  is  believed  that  in  i)roportion 
to  their  forest  area  such  fires  are  not  less  destructive  in  these  states  than  in  Massachusetts.  Numerous  important 
industries  using  hard  wood  have  been  driven  from  these  states  or  forced  to  obtain  their  material  from  beyond 
their  lim'ls.  On  the  other  hand,  industries  like  the  manufacture  of  certain  sorts  of  woodenw.^re,  using  second- 
growth  pine,  are  rapidly  increasing  in  volume.  The  principal  forests  now  found  in  these  states  are  situated  in 
Berkshire,  Uampdeu,  and  Worcester  counties,  Massachusetts. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


501 


Bebkshibe  county,  Massaohuskits. — From  one-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with 
woods,  largely  second  growth.  The  high  ridges  of  the  hills  are  still  covered  with  forests  of  black  spruce,  their 
slopes  and  intervening  valleys  with  hard  woods  or  hemlock,  now  often  replaced  by  a  growth  of  young  white  pine. 
Cooperage  stock,  baskets,  and  wood  pulp  are  largely  manufactured.  Spruce  is  reported  to  have  deteriorated  in 
quality ;  manufacturers  consider  the  supply  of  material,  however,  abundant  for  all  present  local  demands. 

Franklin  county,  Massachusetts. — One-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely 
second-growth  white  pine. 

WoKCESTEK  COUNTY,  MASSACHUSETTS. — Ouehalf  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woods,  largely 
second- growth  white  piue.  Winchendon,  the  most  important  point  in  the  United  States  for  the  manufacture  of 
woodenware,  small  cooperage,  etc.,  is  supplied  with  material  from  the  j'oung  piue  forests  of  this  and  the  neighboring 
counties.  Timber  is  reported  to  have  deteriorated.  The  supply  of  pine  is  not  equal  to  the  demand,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  value. 

In  Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts,  numerous  experiments  in  forest  planting  have  been  made.  In  South 
Orleans  and  neighboring  towns  fully  10,000  acres  of  sandy,  barren  soil  have  been  successfully  and  profitably  planted 
with  pitch  pine.  Similar  plantations  haM'  been  made  upon  the  island  of  Nantucket;  and  many  large  groves  of 
white  pine  planted  many  years  ago  in  Bristol  and  riymouth  counties  demonstrate  the  entire  practicability  of  forest 
culture  in  this  whole  region. 

The  only  important  lumber  manufacturing  establishments  found  in  these  states  are  situated  upon  the  Connecticut 
river,  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  They  are  entirely  supplied  with  material  from  the  forests  of  northern 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont.  Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  during  the  census  year 
in  Massachusetts  of  11,507,000,  valued  at  $95,009;  in  Connecticut,  of  191,000,  valued  at  $9,000. 


ited  in  belts 


NEW  YORK. 

That  portion  of  the  state  north  of  the  forty -third  degree  of  latitude,  including  within  its  limits  the  elevated 
Adirondack  region,  was  once  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  maple,  birch,  bass  wood,  and  other  northern  deciduous 
trees,  through  which  were  scattered  spruce  and  piue.  The  low  hills  bordering  the  Hudson  and  extending  along 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  state  west  of  that  river  were  covered  with  the  coniferous  species  of  the  Northern  Pino 
Belt.  Over  the  remainder  of  the  state  the  broad-leaved  forests  of  th  j  Mississippi  basin  spread  almost  uninterruptedly, 
except  where  an  occasional  sandy  plain  or  high  elevation  favored  the  growth  of  pines.  The  original  forest  still 
covers  large  areas  in  the  northern  counties,  and  protects  the  hills  through  which  the  Delaware  river  forces  its  way 
in  crossing  the  southern  part  of  the  statt;.  With  these  exceptions,  however,  the  forests  of  New  York  are  now 
almost  exclusively  of  second  growth. 

The  forests  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  north,  have  at  diftereut  times  suffered  great  damage  from  lire.  During 
the  census  year  149,491  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $1,210,785.  Of  these 
fires  thirty-seven  were  set  by  farmers  clearing  land  for  agricultural  purposes  and  allowing  them  to  escape  to  the 
forest,  forty-three  were  set  by  locomotives,  and  twenty-two  by  the  carelessness  of  sportann'n. 

With  the  exception  of  the  spruce  of  the  Adirondack  region,  the  forests  of  the  state  are  no  longer  important 
as  a  source  of  general  lumber  sui)ply  ;  and  many  industries  depending  upon  hard  woods  have  in  late  years  decreased 
in  importance,  owing  to  the  want  of  sufficient  material,  or  have  been  forced  to  obtain  their  supply  of  timber  from 
the  west.  White  oak,  largely  consumed  by  the  railroads,  has  become  scarce,  and  has  advanced  at  least  50  per 
cent,  in  value  during  the  last  twelve  years.  Elm,  ash,  hickory,  and  other  woods  are  i-eported  scarce  in  all  j)arts  of 
the  state.  Partial  returns  of  the  hoop-pole  industry  give  a  production  «luring  the  census  year  of  10,948,258, 
valued  at  $155,764. 

New  York  is  only  surpassed  by  Vermont  in  the  amount  of  maple  sugar  produced  by  its  forests.  During  the 
year  1879  10,69.'5,619  pounds  were  manufactured  in  the  state. 

The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report  upon  the  forests  of  northern  New  York : 

"  One  who  enters  northeastern  New  York  at  Port  Kent,  and  takes  stage  by  way  of  Keesoville  to  th*-!  Saranac 
lakes,  finds  himself,  as  long  aa  his  route  rans  up  the  An  Sable  river,  which  is  as  far  as  the  An  Sable  forks,  passing 
through  a  region  which  gives  evidence  of  having  been  formerly  covered  with  pine.  The  white,  the  red,  and  the 
pitch  pine  are  all  represented  here.  The  pitch  pine  is  confined  chietly  to  the  sterile  sandy  plains  between  the  Au 
Sable  and  the  Saranac  ri»-ers.  The  red  pine  mingles  with  this  species,  and  grows  on  the  rooky  hills  of  the  region 
ami  on  the  river  cliffs,  while  the  abundance  of  white  pine  in  nearly  nil  situations  must  have  made  this  quarter  of 
the  state,  like  the  region  of  Vermont  lying  opposite,  a  valuable  pinery  in  former  times.  But  fifty  or  seventy-five 
years  have  passed  since  tiie  pine  of  the  Champlain  valley  was  harvested  and  shipped  to  England  by  way  of  the 
Saint  Lawrence. 

"  In  the  valleys  of  the  Au  Sable  and  the  Saranac  rivers  white  pines  spring  up  numerously  whenever  permitted 
to  do  so,  and  I  am  told  that  farmers,  realizing  that  nmeh  of  their  soil  is  not  suitable  for  profitable  agriculture,  are 
seriously  considering  whether  it  be  not  to  their  highest  advantiige  to  surrender  much  of  their  land  to  timber  growing, 
and  encourage  the  growth  of  the  more  valuable  species,  such  as  white  piue,  white  oak,  etc.    Of  nou-couifcrous  trees 


502 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


-fKt 


f'  V. 


l!  ' 


^ 

i 

t 

j<j 

i 

1 

X 

\  i 

M 


the  white,  red,  and  black  oaks  are  coospicaous  among  the  pines,  and  in  the  colder  and  wetter  sands  the  white  birch 
is  common.  But  through  all  this  region  the  trees  are  all  of  second  growth,  and  lumber  for  building  purposes  is 
largely  imported. 

"  The  forest  on  th  upper  waters  of  the  Au  Sable  and  of  the  divide  between  this  river  and  the  Saranac  is 
principally  devoted  to  supplying  fuel  to  numerous  iron  furnaces.  Tlie  best  butt  logs  only  of  spruce  are  sorted  out 
and  sent  to  the  saw-mills  as  the  forests  are  mowed  down  ;  the  hemlock  bark  is  removed  for  the  tanneries,  but 
everything  else,  young  pine,  spruce,  and  poplar,  fall  clean  witb  maple  and  birch.  Hero  and  there,  even  far  up  on 
the  hillsides,  are  seen  the  charcoal  kilns, and  around  and  about  them,  quite  to  the  ci'est  of  the  foothills  of  the 
Adirondacks,  the  woods  are  cut  down  in  great  swaths  to  feed  them.  Lands  once  cut  over  are  left  to  grow  up  to 
timber  again,  though  fires  originating  in  the  dead  brushwood  aiul  consuming  the  sun-dried  vegetable  mold  on  the 
surface  of  the  soil  generally  interfere  with  any  now  growth  of  trees. 

"  Little  Tupper  lake  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  Adirondack  wilderness,  and  is  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
most  valuable  t  luibor  hinds  to  be  found  in  all  this  region.  The  woods  about  the  lake  have  never  heard  the  lumberman's 
ax.  The  stream  which  connects  it  with  Tupper  lake,  by  way  of  Round  ])ond,  is  not  adapted  to  driving,  and  before 
lumber  could  bo  brought  down  it  would  be  necessary  to  clear  out  the  stream  by  blasting  away  much  rock  and  building 
a  dam  with  Hood  gates  at  the  foot  of  Hound  pond.  The  shores  of  this  beautiful  lake  present  a  marked  contrast  to 
those  of  any  I  liave  as  yet  visited.  On  other  shores  and  river  banks  I  had  seen  scattering  pines,  baton  all  the  points 
and  bluffs  of  this  lake  throughout  its  entire  circuit,  and  even  following  the  ravines  far  back  in  the  hills,  are  great 
groves  and  belts  of  white  i>ine  with  straight  and  clean  shafts  towering  high  above  all  other  trees,  unless  is  excepted 
the  red  pine,  of  which  a  tew  si)ocinions  are  mliiglod  with  them  on  the  gravelly  banks  of  the  lake,  vying  with  the 
white  pines  in  height  and  beauty  of  trunk.  At  certain  i)laces  on  the  shores  of  this  lake,  and  particularly  along 
the  slngyish  streams  connecting  it  with  lloiuid  pond  below,  are  considerable  swamps  occupied  chiefly  by  larch. 
It  is  ))k'asiiig  to  observe  and  to  learn  from  guides  lliat  tills  lake  region  of  the  Adirondack  woods  has  suffered  but 
little  fVoni  forest  fires.  It  is  only  limited  areas  here  and  there  on  the  shores  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  or  along  the 
rivers  that  have  been  devastated  by  fires  originally  started  in  hunters'  camps.  Seldom  do  these  fires  spread  far 
back  Jroin  the  water,  a  fact  which  is  to  be  attributed,  it  is  believed,  to  the  wet  and  mossy  condition  of  these  woods; 
yet,  when  they  have  been  hinibered,  as  is  the  case  lower  down  the  Ilacket  river,  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
trees  have  been  removed  so  as  to  expose  the  brushwood,  etc.,  to  the  drying  influences  of  the  sun,  much  the  usual 
liability  to  lire  exists  here. 

"  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  2,500  square  miles  fairly  represent  the  area  of  the  virgin  forests  of  the  Adirondack 
wilderness.  This  area  will  average  3,000  feet  of  spruce  (board  measure)  per  acre,  or  about  five  bi  iion  feet  in  the 
aggregate.  The  auiount  of  hemlock,  variously  estinnited  from  300  to  10,000  feet  per  acre,  will  cut  at  least  2,000 
feet  per  aero,  or  o,000,000,00«)  foot  in  the  aggregate,  or  i>  s  equivalent ;  when  the  bark  alone  is  considered,  3,000,000 
cords  of  bark.  The  pine  hardly,  if  at  all,  exceeds  200  t'ct  per  acre,  or  320,000,000  feet  in  all.  The  hard  wood 
growing  over  this  entire  region  will  fairly  average  40  cords  per  aero,  or  04,000,000  cords. 

"Glons  Falls  is  the  great  sawing  center  for  the  lumber  cut  upon  the  upper  Iludson.  This  business  here  has 
passed  the  juaiit  of  niaxiiiiuin  prosperity  and  begun  to  decline  ;  not  that  there  was  any  necessity  for  a  diminution 
of  the  yearly  crop  of  logs  from  this  field,  if  the  forest  could  be  i)rotected  from  devastating  fires.  The  lumbeiman 
leaves  standing,  as  tar  as  possible,  the  spruce  trees  too  small  for  the  ax,  and  these,  the  overshadowing  growth  being 
removed,  grow  with  incroased  vigor,  so  that  good  crops  of  timber  could  be  harvested  from  the  soil  ev^ry  thirty  or 
forty  J  ears,  were  it  not  that  over  at  least  one-half  of  the  area  lumbered  fire  follows  the  ax,  burning  deep  into  the 
woody  soil  and  inducing  an  entire  change  of  tree  covering.  Poplars,  birches,  and  bird  cherries,  if  anything,  succeed 
the  s|trnces  and  firs.  From  this  cause  alone  the  lumboring  industry  of  the  region  must  dwindle.  A  large  area  utterly 
unadaptod  to  agriculture  is  being  made  desolate  and  nearly  valueless,  and  its  streams,  the  feeders  of  the  water 
privileges  and  canals  below,  become  every  year  more  and  more  slender  and  fitful.  These  fires  are  largely  set  by 
reckless  sportsmen  and  hunters,  with  whom  this  region  peculiarly  abounds  in  summer.  They  are  careless  in  their 
smoking;  they  neglect  to  watch  and  properly  extinguish  the  fires  lighted  for  camp  and  cooking  ])urpo8es,  and 
eometinu's  they  even  delight  to  set  fire  to  the  dry  brushwood  of  lumbered  land  in  lawless  sport.  Again,  to  some 
extent,  a  class  of  petty  jiioneers  follow  the  lumberman,  obtaining  for  a  trifling  sum  a  title  to  a  little  land,  or,  squatting 
without  rights,  sot  fire  to  the  dry  brushwood  loft  by  the  lumberers,  and  allow  the  fire  to  spread  at  will,  devastating 
thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  property  for  the  mere  convenience  of  saving  themselves  the  trouble  of  burning 
boundary  strips  around  their  fields,  which  might  not  cost  them  labor  to  the  amount  of  $10.  The  laws  of  Xew  York 
in  resi»oct  to  the  sotting  of  forest  fires  are  totally  inadeqmito  to  jirotoct  the  IVn-ests.  The  opinion  prevails  in  the 
forest  region  of  northern  New  York  that  a  growth  of  trees  removed  is  foUowed  by  a  similar  growth,  the  result  of 
young  seedling  trees  loft  in  the  soil,  except  in  the  ease  of  jtine.  '  Pine  once  cleared  off"  is  never  renewed,'  was  the 
in\arlal»le  remark.  This  of  course  ))iesumes  that  fire  is  kojjt  out  of  the  cleaiing,  for  after  a  fire  has  consumed 
the  brushwood  and  much  of  the  'duff' or  vegetable  mold,  and  with  this  all  the  young  seedling  trees,  and  even 
the  soods  of  trees  that  may  be  in  the  soil,  an  entirely  different  growth  from  the  hemlock  and  spruce  springs  up. 
Esispborry  bushes  are  the  first  to  appear,  the  seecls  of  which  are  dropped  by  birds  flying  over  the  clearing.  Bird 
cherries  generally  appear  among  the  first  trees,  the  seeds  being  dropped  everywhere  in  a  new  country  by  birds;  ^ 


■5 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


503 


poplars  and  small  willows  also  appear  early  in  a  burned  district,  their  downy  seeds  being  widely  distributed  by  the 
wind.  It  is  only  through  the  agency  of  the  wind  that  the  seeds  of  birches  and  conifers  can  be  disseminated,  and 
spruces  and  hemlocks  must  needs  appear,  if  they  return  at  all,  as  tardy  stragglers. 

"  Not  many  miles  above  Glens  Falls  the  Hudson  flows  out  from  among  the  lowest  outposts  of  the  Adiroudacks 
and  winds  through  a  plain  which  reaches  from  near  Troy  to  the  vicinity  of  the  southern  ends  of  lakes  George  and 
Ohaiuplain.  The  soil  of  this  plain  is  sand  deposited  by  the  waters  of  former  periods.  The  bills  which  bound  this 
l)laiii  on  the  northwest  are  piles  of  sand,  gravel,  and  bowlders,  evidently  the  moraines  of  a  glacier  which  once  flowed 
through  the  course  of  the  Hudson.  All  this  region,  from  Troy  to  Luzerne,  among  the  foot-hills  of  the  Adirondacks, 
must  formerly  have  been  covered  with  pine ;  among  the  hills  and  near  the  streams  white  pine,  and  in  the  more  sterile 
central  portions  of  the  plain,  red  and  pitch  pine.  Today  there  exists  of  these  species  scarcely  more  than  a  scanty 
and  scattered  second  growth. 

"Thirty  or  forty  years  ago  it  was  thought  that  all  the  accessible  spruce  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Hudson  had  beeu 
harvested,  but  there  is  to-day  nearly  as  much  sawed  at  Glens  Falls  as  there  was  at  that  time.  At  that  time  nearly 
all  the  timber  standing  near  this  river  and  its  larger  tributaries  had  been  cut.  Such  as  stood  5  or  10  miles  back 
from  these  streams  and  all  that  was  growing  in  the  valleys  of  the  smaller  streams,  or  higher  up  the  mountain  slopes, 
would  not  pay  the  cost  of  hauling  to  the  larger  streams ;  but  it  is  this  timber  which  now  furnishes  the  i)resent 
supply.  Logs  are  now  driven  out  of  streams  which  were  then  thought  incapable  of  being  driven.  By  damming 
streams  so  small  that  they  may  almost  dry  up  in  midsummer,  throwing  the  logs  into  their  courses  during  the  winter, 
either  above  or  below  the  dams,  and  in  s[)riiig-time,  when  the  dams  are  pouring  with  the  floods  resulting  from  the 
melting  of  deep  mountain  snows,  tipping  the  planks  of  the  dams  and  letting  loose  the  torrents,  tlie  logs  from  remote 
places  are  got  out  to  the  large  rivers  where  they  can  be  driven.  All  the  rivers  of  this  region,  however,  are  steep 
and  rocky.  The  logs  come  down  with  their  ends  badly  battered,  and  often  with  gravel  and  fragments  of  rock 
driven  into  the  ends  in  a  manner  to  injure  tlie  saws.  They  must,  therefore,  be 'butted'  before  being  sawed} 
that  is,  a  thin  section  is  cut  from  each  end,  and  on  this  account  the  logs  are  cut  in  the  woods  4  inches  or,  for  the 
worst  streams,  G  or  more  inches  longer  than  the  standard  length.  The  standard  length  for  all  logs  brought  down 
the  Hudson  is  13  feet.  The  character  of  these  streams  is  such  that  long  logs,  for  spars  or  other  purposes,  cannot 
safely  be  driven  through  them.  Such  sticks  are  certain  to  get  fastened  among  rocks  and  cause  bad  jams.  As 
already  stated,  the  lumber  business  upon  the  upper  Hudson  is  well  advanced  in  its  decline,  and  a  score  of  years 
hence  it  must  become  insignificant  under  the  practices  now  pursued,  and  the  future  of  this  valley  gives  little 
promise  of  prosperity ;  the  soil  is  inferior  in  quality  and  not  adapted  to  agriculture,  while  the  timber,  once  the  chief 
source  of  its  prosperity,  is  nearly  exhausted. 

"  As  a  lumber  market  Albany  ranks  second  in  the  United  States,  or  next  to  Chicago.  White  pine  is  the  variety 
of  lumber  most  largely  handled  here,  and  two-thirds  of  it  comes  from  Michigan  by  way  of  the  Erie  canal,  the 
remaining  one-third  coming  from  Canada  through  lake  Champlain,  the  white  pine  contributed  by  New  York  being 
an  inappreciable  quantity.  Most  of  the  lumber  firms  here  are  merely  commission  dealers,  although  in  two  large 
mills  considerable  lumber  is  dressed  before  being  shipped.  The  region  supplied  by  this  market  includes  the  banks 
of  the  Hudson,  New  York  city.  New  Jersey,  and  the  shores  of  Long  Island  sound.  A  little  reaches  Philadelphia, 
and  much  is  shi])ped  to  foreign  ports  from  the  city  of  New  York.  A  great  deal  of  the  lumber  handled  by  Albany 
dealers,  however,  does  not  go  to  Albany  at  all,  but,  sold  by  runners,  is  sent  direct  by  railroad  from  the  Michigan 
mills  to  points  south  of  New  York.    The  lumber  trade  here  is  still  in  full  prosperity. 

"  Leaving  the  beautiful  Mohawk  valley  at  Home,  the  traveler  by  the  Home  and  Watertown  railroad  soon  notes 
a  less  improved  region,  and  one,  indeed,  less  capable  of  improvement.  For  a  long  time  the  road  stretches  over  a 
sandy  plain  ;  in  the  higher  portions  of  this  plain,  not  far  from  Rome,  the  red  and  pitch  pines  are  seen,  and  in  the 
wetter  places  hemlocks  and  black  spruces  appear,  with  white  birch,  black  ash,  etc.  On  the  higher,  undulating 
lands,  20  or  30  miles  north  of  Rome,  white  pine  and  hemlock  seem  once  to  have  been  the  most  abundant  species  of 
the  forest ;  they  now  exist  only  in  broken  and  scatterea  ranks,  although  numerous  stumps  give  evidence  of  a  former 
heavy  growth  of  these  two  species.  Northward  from  Albion  the  country  gradually  rises,  hard  wood  becoming 
more  and  more  common  until  on  the  limestone  banks  of  the  Black  river  at  Watertown  the  patches  of  woodland 
are  mainly  composed  of  birch  and  maple.  Yet  the  soil  continues  sandy,  and  at  a  little  distance  from  the  river  is 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  pine,  and  I  can  readily  believe  that  all  this  sandy  tract  east  of  lake  Ontario  was 
originally  covered  with  a  heavy  growth,  principally  of  pine  and  hemlock.  The  pine  was  long  since  harvested,  and 
now  the  mills  and  tanneries  are  consuming  the  hemlock.  On  each  of  the  small  streams  that  flow  into  lake  Ontario 
are  established  saw-mills  which  cut  quantities  of  hemlock  yearly.  Little,  however,  is  sawed  at  Watertown, 
although  a  limited  amount  of  logs  is  driven  down  to  Dexter  at  the  mouth  of  the  Black  river,  and  there  sawed; 
yet  once  the  neighborhood  of  Watertown  and  Dexter  was  a  great  center  for  the  production  of  pine  lumber.  This 
region  (chiefly  its  swamps)  still  yields  a  little  black  spruce.  The  lumber  sawed  along  the  Rome  and  Watertown 
railroad  at  Williamstown,  Richmond,  etc.,  is  mostly  sent  southward  to  Syracuse  and  other  ])laces  to  meet  the 
demiind  there  for  coarse  lumber.    The  lumber  yards  at  Watertown  are  mostly  filled  with  Canadian  pine. 

"Carthage,  in  Jefferson  county,  was  once  an  important  lumber  center.  The  'Long  falls'  of  the  Black  river 
furnished  unlimited  water  power.    Immense  quantities  of  pine  and  hemlock  lined  the  banks  of  the  river  and  covered 


ii;i 


504 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


is'  '!    ' 
m  li'i  * 


if ' 


il    i 


%': 


.   Ml; 


the  plains  of  tho  vicinity ;  northward  lay  a  heavy  pinery.  Canal-boats  laden  with  himber  were  towed  through  the 
river  to  Lyon*H  falla  and  thonce  by  canal  to  Utica.  Now  the  pine  is  nearly  all  gone  from  thia  region,  tho  saw-uiills 
are  rotting  down  and  only  a  little  heudook  is  sawed  hero. 

"  That  portion  of  tlio  »tnU)  which  lies  along  the  Saint  Lawrence  river  as  far  oast  as  the  vicinity  of  Malone,  and 
extending  some  25  miles  back  from  the  river,  seldom  exceeds  250  feet  above  the  sea-level  and  is,  for  the  most 
part,  clayey  loam,  tlat  an«l  mcII  lulapted  to  agricultnr(\  This  tract  is  now  pretty  well  settled.  Proceeding  to 
tlie  soutlieastwnnl  and  rising  to  an  altitude  of  250  feet  a  wide  region  of  sandy  soil  is  entered,  cold,  damp,  and 
unfit  for  agricultural  purposes.  This  is  the  region  of  foi-est  lying  northwestward  of  the  mountains  in  the  southern 
)H)rtions  of  Saint  Lawrence  and  Franklin  counties,  an«l  has  not  yet  been  badly  encroached  upon  by  the  ax  and 
&iv.  Tho  dostrudion  of  this  forest  would  be  a  |>ul>lic  calamity,  so  useless  is  the  soil  for  any  other  purpose  than 
the  i)n)du«'tion  of  timber,  and  so  harmful  to  the  settled  country  below  wouhl  be  the  conse(pu»nces  resulting  from 
clearing  it.  This  forest  is,  no  «loubt,  capable  of  yicl«ling,  peri)ctually,  an  annual  crop  double  that  now  drawn  from 
it.  This  estimate,  of  course,  is  based  upon  the  su|»po8ilion  that  tires  are  prevented.  Itut  this  side  of  the  forest  is 
less  invatle«l  by  lires  tlian  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  tires  do  not  burn  so  deeply  into  the  soil  nor  consumo 
so  nuu'ii  ol'  the  vegetable  matter  ;  they  arc,  et)use»nu'utly,  less  fatal  to  the  continuance  of  timber  growth. 

•'At  Canton,  in  Saint  Lawrence  eoniily,  and  in  its  vicinity  as  Ihr  down  as  Itnck's  bridge,  below  Morley,  is 
sawed  all  the  lumber  cnt  on  the  (irass  river.  From  this  point  the  hunber  is  shipped  principally  to  Massachusetts 
and  (\>nuet'ti«'ut  by  rail,  both  via  Rome  and  via  Plattsburgh  and  House's  Point. 

"Colonel  t\>lt»)n,  of  Norwood  upon  the  Kaeket  river,  c.\plaine«l  to  me  at  length  the  nu'lhods  employed  by  him 
in  the  lumber  business,  and,  as  nearly  the  same  melhods  ar^^  pursued  throughout  this  region,  I  give  his  account. 
Several  weeks  of  tlu>  sununer  he  devotes  to  exploriiig  the  lands  of  his  (■om|)any,  to  decide  from  what  tract  the  stock 
of  lofis  lor  the  following  year  shall  be  drawn.  In  the  settlements  near  the  nnirgin  of  the  forest  are  men  whoso 
business  it  is  to  cut  and  haul  onto  tin?  iee  of  the  river  during  winter  the  tind)cr  desired  by  the  hunber  companies. 
Contracts  are  made  with  these  nu'u  to  harvest  the  timber  above  a  certain  diameter  on  certain  spc(!itied  tracts  belonging 
to  the  company.  The  eontra<'torsgo  to  their  respective  lields  of  labor  as  soon  as  the  snow  is  ofsnthcicnt  depth,  taking 
into  the  wihmIs  a  force  of  men,  horses,  and  supplies,  and  bnihling  i'umps  in  the  vicinity  of  their  work.  When  a 
full  stock  of  logs  is  placed  on  the  river,  and  the  s])ring  Hoods  break  up  the  ice  and  set  the  logs  going,  other  contracts 
iue  made  with  the  saiiu*  or  other  nuMi  to  drive  the  logs  into  the  booms  of  the  dillcrcnt  mills  at  a  stipulated  jnico 
per  log.  If,  as  is  usually  the  ease,  logs  »)f  several  ditVerent  companies  are  on  tho  same  river,  all  are  driven  down 
in  coiiunou.  and  the  tirive  is  called  a  Minion  drive'.  Arrived  at  the  ui)permost  boom — tbrmed  by  chaining  together 
logs  tloating  on  ''^e  surface  of  the  water  and  hehl  in  jthu'c  by  occasional  piers,  strong  but  rude  structures  of  logs 
ttlUnl  in  with  rocks,  located  above  the  tirst  sawing  station — the  logs  belonging  to  these  mills  are  sorted  out  and 
turiu'd  into  the  dilVercnt  booms,  while  those  belonging  Ih>1i)w  arc  sent  on  their  way  down  the  chaiuicl.  Oiu'e  within 
the  boom  of  the  mills  to  which  they  belong,  they  an*  again  assort e«l;  the  pine,  liendock,  and  the  spnuHi  are  separated, 
and  the  ditferent  grades  are  lloated  into  sej)anite  booms  or  pockets  which  lead  down  to  tlie<littercnt  mills  or  saws 
which  are  to  cnt  up  each  separate  class.  At  the  mills  inclined  planes  lead  down  to  tho  water  from  each  gang 
of  saws,  up  which,  chains  being  attached  to  the  logs,  they  are  drawn  by  the  machinery  into  the  mill.  After 
sawing,  the  sorting  of  the  lundu'r  into  ditlerent  grades  is  complete«l  with  care.  The  boards  are  run  through 
planing-mills  w  hich  smooth  both  sides,  then  through  other  machines  which  tongue  and  groove  their  edges,  and  finally 
fine  saws  neatly  trim  their  ends.  This  dressing  of  the  hunber  at  the  mills  makes  a  saving  in  freight  when  it  is 
shipped,  besides  greatly  facilitating  sales.  Colonel  Colton  invitctl  me  to  accompany  him  20  or  'M  miles  up  tho 
river  to  see  the  'drive'  which  was  just  coming  out  of  the  woods.  The  highway  by  which  we  drove  led  near  tho 
river,  and  we  could  see  the  logs  everywhere  coming  down,  a<lvancing  endwise  with  the  current.  In  nnujy  places 
of  still  water  the  cntiiv  breadth  of  the  river  for  stnne  distance  was  closely  covered  with  thcnj.  These  were  not  so 
small  as  those  usually  seen  in  the  Maine  rivers,  but  were  from  full-grown  trees  of  the  original  forest — spruce  from 
1  foot  to  2  feet  in  diameter.  With  the  spruce  logs  were  a  few  hemlocks,  usually  of  larger  size;  a  few  pine  logs, 
sometimes  2  or  i$  feet  in  diameter,  tloatcd  with  the  others.  As  the  water  was  lowering,  stranded  logs  were  seeu 
everywhere  along  the  shore.  They  covered  gravel  banks  and  bars  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  and  were  piled  in 
disorder  on  the  rocks  of  the  rapids,  or,  pushing  over  the  waterfalls,  stood  on  end  in  the  midst  of  the  white,  pouring 
torrent. 

"A  few  liiiles  above  I'otsilam  we  entered  upon  a  samly  soil;  the  farms  appeared  less  productive  and  the  farm 
buildings  and  fences  gave  evidence  of  less  thrift.  As  we  a«lvanccd  toward  Colton,  a  region  near  tho  borders  of 
the  3'orest  some  twenty  years  settled,  less  and  less  prosperity  amcng  the  settlers  was  manifest.  The  tilled  lields 
apitearcd  iuca[table  of  yielding  even  passably  gtuul  crops;  some  of  them  could  do  no  more  than  give  a  snu\ll  (nop 
of  rye  onee  in  three  years.  The  grass  lands  were  red  with  sorrel,  which  comes  up  everywhere  over  this  region  as 
soon  as  the  t'oiest  is  cleared  antl  the  ground  biuiied  over.  The  sandy  soil  is  cold  and  sour,  in  some  places  so  light 
as  to  be  blown  about  by  the  wind.  Above  South  Colton  we  drove  over  sandy  plains  utterly  incapable  of  sustaining 
the  meager  population,  which  ekes  out  a  wretched  existence  by  means  of  fishing  and  lumbering.  My  companion 
affirmed  that  settlements  had  been  pushed  farther  into  the  forest  than  they  can  be  maintained,  and  that  they  must 
in  most  places  be  abandoned  and  the  laud  given  up  to  forest  again.    All  along  our  way  the  woodlands  were 


l-^iA   ', 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


505 


atraggling  and  sadly  ravaged  by  the  ax,  Are,  and  wind.  The  apruce  and  pine  bud  been  called  out  and  :  jt  of  the 
hemlock  had  been  cut  down  and  barked.  Ilalfburnud  stunipg  and  logH  and  gaunt  and  blackened  trunkH  "*>^* 
standing  diuflgured  the  landscape  on  every  sido. 

"The  species  of  trees  obMcrved  embraced  all  thostt  common  in  northern  woodlands.  In  one  locality  black 
cherry  was  remarkably  abundant.  Formerly  the  saw-millH  of  Colton  cut  pine,  aH  there  was  a  larger  pr«>portion 
of  this  luml>er  upon  the  Racket  than  is  usually  found  in  northern  New  York;  now  they  do  little  buHUCHs  in  any 
lumber. 

"As  we  passed  up  along  the  river  T  saw  small  s<iiuidH  of  'drivtMs'  stationed  in  a  few  places  where  the  character 
of  the  river  was  such  that  it  was  liable  tu  become  obstructed  with  logs.  JSy  iiNHisting  tiat  logs  to  |tass  sucli  ])laccs 
great  Jams  are  prevented.  The  nuiiu  body  of  the  uu'u,  however,  worked  at  the  rear  of  the  drive,  scrambling  over 
the  disordered  piles  of  logs  which  ac«;umulate  u[ton  the  shore  or  lodge  against  the  rocks  in  the  mitlst  of  tlu;  current. 
With  their  caut-hooks  the  nu>n  pry  and  roll  the  logs  into  tlic  current,  Hpr.nging  about  on  the  pile  us  the  logs  roll 
from  under  their  feet.  Not  unlieqiuMitly  logs  are  left  by  tlui  Mubsidiug  wuters  among  tlu»  nxiks  at  some  distance 
from  the  nuiin  channel  of  the  river.  Files  of  nuMi  on  eacli  sid*^  tlien  sei/.e  them  witli  their  cunt  hooks  iiud,  spiawliing 
through  the  shallow  water,  bring  them  by  main  force  into  llie  channel.  ISoiiietimes  logs  become  iiiHteiied  among 
the  rocks  wlu're  the  current  is  so  swift  that  they  cannot  be  reached  by  a  l)oat  t»r  in  any  otiier  way.  Then  hooks 
attached  tt»  ropes  are  thrown  out  from  the  shore;  the  logs  are  grappled  and  thus  hauled  olV  into  tlie  current.  The 
drivers  work  Huu«lays  and  we(Oi  (lays,  fair  weatlu^r  or  foul;  llieir  oc<;u|>ation  is  full  of  peril,  and  men  an;  lost  <;very 
year.  Huch  are  usually,  as  a  driver  assured  nu',  'men  wiio  do  not  know  wliere  it  is  safe  to  go.'  Hut  sometimes 
the  most  careful  men  becouu;  mixed  with  the  rolling  logs  or  seized  by  the  current  «tf  lh»i  waterfalls  ami  art!  swept  away. 

"Franklin  county  contains  !H(r),'J7!>  acres,  and  Ml/tiH)  acres  are  still  believed  to  be  tind)ered.  The  timltercd 
portion  lies  in  the  south  end  of  tlu^  county,  and  because  it  is  not  waten^d  tlirough  much  of  its  area  by  sln^ams  of 
suflicieut  size  for  driving  out.  the  logs,  miuth  of  tin;  tind)er  is  ina<;cessil)le,  or  rather,  the  prices  of  lumber  do  not 
yet  warrant  hauling  the  U>gs  long  distaix-es.  The  country  across  the  line  of  the  O^^densburg  an<l  Lake  (Jliamplain 
railroad  appears  exhausted  of  its  spruce  and  hemlottk.  Home  tracts  of  hard  wood  are  still  slaiiding,  but  the  ])opIars, 
whose  young  growth  often  con(;eals  the  stumps  an<l  ])rostrate  trunks  of  dead  liendocks,  really  seem  in  nniny  places 
the  most  common  species.  Hut  little  timber  land  remains  in  (Clinton  county  and,  until  tlie  iireseiit  season,  lumbering 
on  the  Haranac  ha«l  been  Cor  several  years  nearly  suspended.  This  year,  however,  a  company  was  (tutting  a  few 
milli(ni  feet  of  luud)er  drawn  from  the  woods  of  Essex  and  Franklin  counties.  Tint  lundier  of  the  east«;rn  sitle  of 
the  Adinuuhusk  wilderness  mostly  comes  out  by  the  way  of  tli<!  Haranac  and  the  Hudson  rivers.  The  mountain 
sides  about  lake  (Jeorge  are  being  denuded  of  their  spruce,  which  is  sawed  in  the  vicinity  of  Ticoiuleroga,  and  In^re, 
as  elsewhere,  tires  follow  the  ax  in  their  usual  fashion." 

The  forests  of  the  Adirondack  region  have  sull'ered  severe  h»ss  at  dillerent  times,  particularly  in  1H7.S,  by 
the  sudden  death  of  great  blocks  of  black  spruce.  Mr.  I'ringle  carefully  studied  the  extent  of  this  destruction 
and  the  causes  which  produced  it.  In  regard  to  these,  great  diversity  of  opinion  exists  among  woodsmen  and 
others  familiar  with  the  Adiroialack  tbrests.  It  has  been  gei:eially  supposed  that  the  trees  were  killed  by  an 
unusually  severe  suuuner  «lrought,  or  by  the  attacks  of  a  boring  insect  working  uiwler  the  bark ;  but  the  tt'stimony 
gathered  by  Mr.  I'ringle  points  to  other  causes  of  destruction.  The  spruce  occupies  dry  nu)untain  slopes  and 
ridges  aiul  deep  wet  swamps  never  greatly  atl'ected  by  drought.  It  is  noticed  that  as  many  trees  liave  died  in 
the  swamps  as  uptui  the  dry  slopes.  It  is  eviden*^!y  not  drought,  then,  which  has  causinl  them  to  perisli.  The 
opinion,  too,  is  lirndy  held  by  the  most  intelligent  observers  that  insects  do  not  attack  the  trees  until  they  are 
dead  or  nearly  dead,  and  are  never  found  in  vigorous  living  si)eci;nens. 

The  black  spruce  is  not  a  long-lived  tree,  and  this  dying  out  may  indicate  that  tlic  old  trees  of  this  forest,  probably 
all  of  nearly  the  sanu)  age,  hud  so  nearly  reached  the  limits  of  their  natural  existence  as  t(»  be  unable  to  withstand 
some  unusual  or  severe  climatic  state,  such  as  a  period  of  intense  winter  cold  or  late  si)ring  frost.  The  following 
extracts  from  Mr.  Pringle's  report  will  indicate  the  opinions  of  those  best  able  perhaps  to  form  an  opinion  upon 
this  subject : 

"  Mr.  Mark  Moody,  residing  at  the  foot  of  Tapper  lake,  a  hunter  an<l  woodsman  who  has  passed  his  life  in  the 
forest,  testitles  as  follows :  'The  spruce  died  fearlully  in  his  vicinity  about  two  years  ago ;  he  tried  to  learn  the  cause. 
Sixteen  years  ago  the  spruce  had  d'ed  out  nuich  in  the  same  way  as  it  has  been  doing  lately.  It  is  the  oidev  trees 
which  die.  They  seem  to  die  by  crops,  successively.  Under  the  large  trees  were  always  springing  up  small  trees 
to  take  the  places  of  thoM  that  perish.  Tliere  seems  to  be  a  narrower  limit  to  the  life  of  the  spruce  than  to  that 
«)f  any  other  species.  Other  trees  <lo  not  die  in  the  same  manner,  by  cn)ps.  The  sjirutre  <loes  not  seem  to  enjoy  the 
same  green  old  age,  \ou^  drawn  out,  as  other  trees  do,  but  when  it  has  reache<l  its  full  growth  seems  to  relinquish 
its  vitality  without  any  apparent  or  suflicieut  cause,  and  before  giving  evidence  of  decay  or  any  diminution  of 
vigor.' 

"Mr.  Wardner,  of  Bloomingdale,  Essex  county,  an  old  hunter,  woodsman,  and  guide,  testified  asfollows:  'The 
spruce  timber  on  this  side  of  the  forest  has  failed  clear  through  to  its  northern  borders,  in  the  same  manner  and 
during  the  same  seasons  as  in  other  portions  of  the  region.'  Mr.  Wardner  Urst  noticed  the  leaves  falling  and 
covering  the  ground  in  1878;  the  destruction  ^as  coutinued  through  1870,  but  during  the  past  seasou  he  had  met 


506 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


M 


P 


\vitb  very  few  trees  that  were  dyiug.  Spruce  timber  had  perished  in  this  manuer  before,  aud  he  pointed  oat  a 
broad  valley  in  which  most  of  the  trees  were  dead  and  falling  when  he  came  into  this  region,  twenty-five  years 
before.  He  had  carefully  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  cause;  was  positive  that  insects  either  under  the  bark  or 
upon  the  Ieave.4  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  death  of  the  spruce  trees,  and  he  is  sure  that  it  is  not  due  to  drought, 
as  he  hns  seen  the  greatest  destruction  on  tbe  northern  slopes.  No  active  destructive  agent  being  apparent,  he 
inclines  to  the  opinion  that  the  spruce  trees  die  because  they  have  reached  the  limit  of  their  life,  and  that  it  is 
some  peculiarity  of  the  winter  rather  than  the  summer  that  turns  the  scale  against  them;  for  this  reason  they 
perish  in  quantities,  sometimes  in  sections.  He  has  counted  the  rings  of  many  trees,  and  considers  100  to  150  years 
the  average  lifetime  of  the  spruce." 

Whatever  has  caused  the  destruction  of  these  forests,  the  damage  thus  occasioued,  both  in  the  loss  of  valuable 
timber  and  in  the  increased  danger  of  forest  (ires  from  tlie  presence  of  such  a  body  of  dead  wood  is  enormous.  It 
is  believed  by  Mr.  Pringle  that  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  fully-grown  spruce  timber  left  in  the  Adirondack 
region  is  dead. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

The  original  forests  of  New  Jersey  have  disappeared,  except  from  some  of  the  highest  and  most  inaccesdible 
ridges  situated  in  the  northwestern  jiart  of  the  state,  and  tliese,  with  the  increased  demands  of  the  railroads 
for  ties  and  other  material,  are  now  fast  losing  their  forest  covering.  The  forests  of  New  Jersey  are  insufficient  to 
supply  the  wants  of  the  population  of  the  state,  and  nearly  all  the  lumber  it  consumes  is  brought  from  beyond  its 
limits.  The  forests  of  pitch  pine,  which  once  covered  large  areas  in  the  southern  counties,  have  now  generally 
been  replaced  by  a  stunted  growth  of  oaks  aud  other  broad-leaved  trees. 

The  forests  of  New  Jersey,  especially  those  on  the  dry  sandy  soil  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  have  long 
suiiercd  fr(»ni  destructive  fires.  During  the  census  year  71,074  a«res  of  forest  were  reported  destrojed  by  firs, 
causing  a  loss  of  $252,240.  Of  these  fires  twenty-eight  were  set  by  locomotives,  seven  through  malice,  seven  by 
fires  sot  on  farms  escaping  to  the  forest,  and  six  each  by  the  carelessness  of  hunters  and  charcoal-burners. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  and  other  industries  using  bard  woods  have  been  largely  abandoned, 
owing  to  the  decrease  of  the  local  supply  of  timber. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania  once  possessed  vast  forests  of  white  pine  and  hemlock  stretching  over  both  flanks  oi  the 
Alleghany  mountains  and  extending  from  the  northern  boundaries  of  the  state  to  its  southern  limits.  East  and 
west  of  the  Alleghany  region  the  whole  country  was  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  broad-leaved  trees  mixed 
with  hemlocks  and  occasional  groves  of  pines.  Merchantable  pine  has  now  almost  disappeared  from  the  state, 
and  the  forests  of  hard  wood  have  been  either  replaced  by  a  second  growth  or  have  been  so  generally  culled  of 
their  best  trees  that  comi)aratively  little  valuable  banlwood  timber  now  remains.  Large  and  valuable  growths  of 
hemlock,  however,  are  still  standing  in  northwestern  Pennsylvania.  From  all  parts  of  the  state  manufacturers 
using  hard  wood  report  great  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  material,  and  Pennsylvania,  which  during  the  census 
year  was  only  surpassed  by  Michigan  in  the  value  of  its  forest  crop,  must  soon  lose,  with  its  rapidly  disappearing 
forests,  its  position  as  one  of  the  great  lumber-producing  states. 

TLe  following  estimates  of  merchantable  pine  aud  hemlock  standing  in  Pennsylvania  May  31,  1880,  have  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam.  They  are  based  upon  the  reports  of  a  large  number  of  timber-laud  owners  and 
experts  familiar  with  the  forests  of  the  state: 

WHITE  PINE  (Pintu  Strobua). 


KegLouH. 

Feet,  board 
moasuro. 

Alleghnny  rivpr  and  tributarlt'8 

600,000,000 
1, 300, 000, 000 

Total 

1,800,000,000 

Estimated  nmoant  cut  for  the  censns  year  ending  May  31, 1880 

380, 000,  000 

HEMLOCK  (Tsuga  Canadensis). 


Estimated  amount  of  hcmlook  standing  May  31, 1880 1  4,800,000,000 


Estimated  arannnt  cat  for  the  census  year,  exclusive  of  trees  cut  for  { 
their  bark  alone. 


SCO,  000, 000 


Of  lumber  of  all  kinds  1,848,304,000  feet,  including  288,501,000  shingles  and  183,740,000  laths,  were  manufactured 
in  the  state  during  the  census  year ;  the  nature  of  the  returns,  however,  prevents  anything  beyond  an  estimate, 
based  upon  extended  correspondence,  of  the  amount  of  pine  and  hemlock  sawed. 


ointed  oat  a 
ty-flve  years 
'  the  bark  or 
to  drought, 
tpparent,  he 
id  that  it  is 
reason  they 
to  150  years 

I  of  valuable 
ormous.  It 
Adirondack 


iuaccebdible 
le  railroads 
sufficient  to 
I  beyond  its 
w  generally 

t,  have  long 
.ycd  by  fire, 
e,  seven  by 
!rs. 
abandoned, 


[iks  ol  the 
East  and 
ecs  mixed 
the  state, 
culled  of 
growths  of 
ufacturers 
the  census 
lappearing 

have  been 
vuers  and 


factored 
istimate, 


M' 


fi' 


!      ^  1 


-'4      J 


,    '    ^   P, 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


507 


NiitiieroiiH  liodit'H  of  piiio  ton  Hiimll  to  Ixt  {ii(1i«ntc(l  on  tho  iniip,  of  no  grffnt  noniint^'ttial  importunco  and  not 
IncliuUul  in  thomu'NthnatrH,  Htill  nMniiin  Hciittcrrd  over  tlio  roKio"  oriKimilly  oirrnitiiMl  by  pino  foroHt. 

Th»  fort'HtH  of  IVnnNvlviiniii,  «<Hp«><!iiilly  tliroii){li  Ww  mountain  i-vKionH)  Inivtt  lont;  NnllVrod  from  di  Htrnntivt^  Itrnii. 
DnriiiKtlu^  (hmihuh  year  ((Sr),7.'(H  acrcHof  f(n-<mt  \\^'V^^  reported  deHtroyed  by  lire,  with  a  Iohh  of  (.'l,(M.'(,723.  Of  tliuHO 
flreH  a  birge  proportion  were  traced  to  loeoinotiveH  and  tlie  em;ape  of  (IreH  from  fariUH  to  tlie  I'oreNt. 

Tlie  foreHtHof  PenoHyivania  prodiired  <birin;;  tlie  year  1H7t>  li,H(t((,()l()  ponndH  of  mapl««  mi^^ar. 

Tlie  followiiit;  extriielH  are  made  from  Mr.  l'riiit;le'H  re|)ort  upon  tlie  ])rinei|:al  liimberpnidnein^r  regionH  of 
tlie  Htate : 

"Originally  the  broiid  pine  beU  of  nortliern  I'ennHylvania,  (KTiipyiii^  the  region  drained  by  the  nnmerouH 
BtreaniH  eonHtitntiiif^the  headwateiH  of  the  HiiNipieliaiina,  exteiid«'d  from  MiiN<|iieliaiiiia  eoiinty,  in  the  nortlM-antern 
corner  of  the  Htate,  we.stward  throiiKh  Kradford  ami  Tiopi(;oniitieH  to  Pottereoniity,  !iithiMif;h  MiiHctoiinty  never  had 
aH  much  pine  iih  the  otlieiH,  and  theiute  HoiitliweNtwanl  over  ('ameroii,  l'lll<,  an<l  ('leartleld  eonntieH.  Tlie  heavicHt 
growth  of  pine  in  all  tliiH  refjion  waH  on  I'ine  creek,  in  the  HontliwcHt  )>art  of  'I'iofra  eoiinty.  Now  there  Ih  but 
little  pine  left  in  HiiHtinehanna  and  llradford  coiintieH,  tlicHe  count i(>H  beitiK  thicUIy  Mettled  ;  and  in  Tio^'a  eoiinty, 
from  which  one  tiriii  alone  Imih  cut  four  billion  feel,  there  now  remain  Htandin^  but  liitle  over  one  billion  feet.  The 
greatcNt  ]>art  of  the  pine  now  Htandin^  in  the  I'eniiHylvania  forcNtH  In  on  tin*  upper  wateiH  of  the  West  llraneh  of 
the  HiiNipiehaiimi,  in  <!ameroii,  i<>IU,  and  Olearfleld  eonntieH.  In  Home  of  the  coiiiitieH  adjoining  theNc,  iih  MeKean, 
there  wiih  oiiee,  and  ntill  may  be,  a  little  pine  timber. 

''Active  liinilH^riii)r  o|>eralioiiH  on  the  Went  liranch  of  the  HiiHiinehanna  were  be(;tin  in  1850,  when  tiie  lioom 
of  the  HiiHipielianna  ISooin  (!ompi  ly  was  conHtnicted  at  WillianiHport.  At  tliiH  plaiMi  the  RieiiteHt  part  of  the 
lumber  on  the  West  llraneh  in  Hawed.  At  Lock  Haven,  Uf)  milcH  above,  on  the  name  river,  advantajje  wan  tuken  of 
tint  ieeder-dam  of  a  eaiial  to  t'oiiHtniet  another  boom,  and  a  few  com  pan  ien  operating  in  lumber  urit  now  loi;ated 
tiiere,  aitolit  one  tenth  iih  much  lumber  beiii;;  Hawed  an  iH  handleil  at  WilliiimHpCMt.  Home  of  the  compaiiieH, 
liowever,  are  removing  from  Lock  Haven  to  the  larger  center  of  WillianiNport.  Ilelow  VViliiaiiiHport  no  Iojjm  '"'" 
striven,  but  a  little  timber  m]iiared  by  the  ax  in  Hie  wooiIh  and  left  at  full  leiifrtli  in  made  into  iiiftH  and  taken 
down  the  main  Susipiehanna.  Home  of  thin  in  nawed  in  the  towiiH  on  the  river,  ami  the  n;mainder  Ih  taken  to  the 
large  inarketH  to  nnpply  the  «bunaiid  for  Hipiarcd  timber  for  Hhip-biiilding,  eti;. 

"  WillianiHport  in  Hitiiated  on  the  north  or  left  bank  of  the  Went  Mrancli  of  the  HiiHcpiehaniia,  and  for  1!  or  .'t 
niilcH  along  the  river  Hide  are  ranged  the  millHiiiid  lumber  yiirdn  of  the  thirtyfoitr  lumber  companieH  operating  here. 
We  vinited  a  large  numbi^r  of  niillH  and  found  niiutli  tlii^  Haiiie  metliodH  «^m|iloyed  in  all.  The  logH  are  (liHt  nlit  up 
by  gang  hiiwh;  then  eiuOi  board  or  plank  is  put  through  an  edgc^r,  where  two  cinailar  hiiwh  cut  a  Htri|i  from  each 
Hide  to  give  the  board  ii  Hipiare  and  Htraight  edge;  the  boardn  are  then  aHsort«Ml  into  two  or  more  gradcH,  loaded 
on  triickH,  and  moved  over  tramwayH  whitjli  ramify  through  the  Iiimber-yardH  adja<!ent  to  each  mill.  The  fragmentH 
of  boardn  and  better  portioim  of  the  cdgingH  are  made  into  fence  |>icket.>t  and  other  jiortioiiH  into  latliH,  and  the 
fragmentH  and  ntripn  which  will  not  even  make  laths  are  <;arrie(l  to  one  nide  and  added  to  a  burning  pile  The 
fragmentH  tliiiH  burned  (rather  than  thrown  into  the  river)  coiiHtitiite  the  only  wante,  for  the  Hawdust  Hiipplies  the 
on^incH  with  fuel.  This  Iwing  cut  cliielly  from  heart-wood  makes  better  an«l  more  canity  haiidliMl  fuel  than  the  sap- 
wood  strips.     I'Jven  these  are,  however,  often  cut  and  juit  up  into  biindlcH  of  kindling  wood  for  liity  use. 

"  III  the  woods  the  treen  are  nawed  into  logs  113,  10,  or  IS  feet  in  length,  as  can  be  done  to  the  bcKt  advantage 
and  the  least  waste  of  timber. 

"The  West  Hrancli  of  the  HuHquehnnna  inust  be  an  except ionally  fine  river  to  drive,  Judging  from  the 
comjiaratively  iinbattered  condition  of  the  lof;H  Hcen  about  the  millH.  Tlie  Hmaller  stieams  in  the  woods  are 
furnished  with  tlood-daniH,  and  from  these  extend  throughout  the  timber  belt  numerous  narrow-gauge  railroadn, 
tramwayn,  and  slidcH  for  bringing  down  the  logs.  Little  hauling  is  done  u|ion  wagons  or  Kleds,  the  ground  in  the 
woods  being  too  rough,  it  is  said,  for  hauling  logs  with  teams.  It  is  jirobable  tliat  snow  does  not  till  up  tlio 
deprcHsiouH  and  Hinootli  the  Hurfuces  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  northern  woodn, 

"The  lumbermen  of  thin  place  at  first  were  content  to  send  their  liimlxT  to  market  in  the  Himplest  shajte,  but 
of  late,  as  the  supply  ditniiiishes  more  and  more,  mills  and  hIiojih  are  being  built  for  the  manufacture  of  doorH, 
Bashes,  blinds,  ]>ackiiig-boxes,  furniture,  etc.  Soino  companies  have  so  exhausted  their  itiiie  lands  that  they  can  in 
future  <uily  carry  on  business  in  this  way,  buying  the  rough  timber  from  their  neighbors.  As  the  pine  lands  of  one 
flrin  after  another  are  exhausted  the  pine  remaining  comes  to  be  held  by  a  very  few  parties,  who  know  its  value. 
Not  all  of  tlu'se  are  operators,  but,  living  at  a  distanc(>,  sell  stumjiage  to  manufacturers. 

"The  following  table,  giving  the  amounts  of  lumber  raftxul  out  of  the  Huscpieiianna  boom  at  Williamsport 
Hince  the  record  has  been  kept,  may  be  of  interest  as  showing  something  of  the  rise  and  decline  of  the  lumber 
business  at  this  important  center.  The  greatest  prosperity  or  fullest  develoiunent  of  tlu^  business  was  attained, 
as  will  be  seen,  in  IHT.'J.  After  that  year,  with  the  steady  decrease  of  the  sui)ply  of  ])ine  and  the  consequent 
increa.se  of  expense  in  securing  logs,  the  annual  stock  steadily  diminished  until  bSTT.  Dining  the  past  three  years 
the  increasing  demand  for  lumber  has  stimulated  the  operators  to  greater  activity,  but  more  than  to  this  cause  the 
jecent  gain  in  the  yearly  stocks  is  duo  to  the  siibstitution  of  hemlock  for  pine,  the  ratio  of  hemlock  to  pine 


'smTW^B^^SSL^in 


^r^^liiTfr.-'^.y 


I 


:t|i' 


508 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


being  at  present  as  1  to  4,  although  the  average  for  the  last  seven  years  is  but  as  1  to  10.  As  the  supply  of  pine 
timber  is  exhausted,  hemlock  will  be  more  and  more  bandied  until  it  will  become  the  most  important  timber  of  this 
region.    The  summary  is  mnfl^  for  the  last  eight  years  only: 


Years. 


I 


1862. 
isr,". 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
li-71. 
1872., 
1873., 
1874. 


Xtunbcr  logs. 


106, 953 

405, 175 

511,540 

370, 392 

615,  373 

833,  3S8 

853, 603 

1,080,511 

1,099,777 

C43,  IL'9 

1,484,103 

1,  562.  4C0 

D89,  ii86 


Feet,  !)oar<l 
measure. 


37, 853, 621 

7C,  4<S,  820 

96,  i-0:>,  681 

72,421,468 

lis,  831,  494 

163,196,511 

165,  338,  380 

223,  060,  305 

2ii.\  180,  973 

116,001,181 

2!I7,  IS".,  652 

318,342,712 

180,  734, 382 


Tears. 


Niuuber  logs. 


lect,  board 
mcasnre. 


1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1S80  (toXoveinbcr21). 


187J  to  18S0  (eight  years)  . . . 

Locs   rinininiii)!   in  river  ' 
November2I,  1880  


1,096,897 
715, 087 
589, 827 
017,  652 

1, 040  278 
713, 768 

7.393.455 


210, 746,  056 
134,  306, 203 
106,  944,  257 
112,009,602 
190,  549,  111 
128,  558, 050 


Deduct  bt'inloi'k 

AVilliimisport  iiiiie,lS73-1660 


1,382,342,272 

25, 000, 000 

1, 407, 342, 272 

140,  734,  227 

1,  260,  608,  045 


"  It  is  proper  to  add  that  the  variatious  in  the  yearly  stock  of  logs  shown  above  are  in  some  measure  due  to  a 
greater  or  loss  liroportion  of  each  annual  cut  being  !_ft  behind  in  the  woods  or  in  the  streams,  from  varying  supplies 
of  water  or  from  other  peculiarities  of  the  season. 

"  The  lumber  manufactured  at  Lock  Haven  and  Williamt  port  is  shipped  by  railroad  and  canal  to  Baltimore  and 
Philadelphia  and  to  iiitorinediate  cities  and  stations. 

"  I  found  it  more  difficult  to  obtain  information  of  the  extent  and  limits  of  the  hemlock  woods  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  of  the  amount  of  the  standing  timber  and  the  annual  crop  of  hemlock,  than  I  did  to  get  the  same  facts  respecting 
the  piae.  Lumbermen  agree  that  there  Avas  originally  far  more  hemlock  in  this  state  than  pine,  and  they  speak  of 
it  now  as  inexhaustible,  which  is  not  strictly  true,  for  it  is  doubtful  if  it  holds  out  to  supply  the  increasing  drain 
iiunk'  upon  it  by  tanneries  and  sawmills  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  to  come.  Large  quantities  of  hemlock 
have  bof  n  wasted.  Much  that  grew  intermingled  with  the  pine  has  died  after  the  pine  has  been  removed,  partly 
from  exposure  to  fuller  sunlight  and  summer  drought,  and  partly  to  forest  fires  induced  by  and  following  Inmber 
operations.  In  the  early  days  of  the  tanning  industry  of  this  region,  when  hemlock  lumber  was  esteemed  of  little 
value,  iuid  vhene\er  of  late  years  the  'uiaber  trade  has  been  so  dull  as  to  ofler  no  inducement  to  send  to  market 
the  trunks  of  the  trees  iV-I'.ed  for  their  bark,  large  quantities  of  these  have  been  left  in  the  woods  to  decay.  Now, 
however,  with  a  good  marlcot  for  hemlock  luuibcr,  tanning  companies  owning  hemlock  lands,  or  the  contractors  who 
fnriiish  the  tanneries  with  bark,  buying  for  this  purjiosc  stumpage  from  the  proprietors  of  the  timber-lands,  often 
own  saw-mills  i  i  the  timber  region,  and  cut  and  .ship  this  luml)cr  to  market  by  railroad. 

"  Inasmuch  as  hemloc!',  besides  mingling  more  or  less  with  pine  throughout  the  pine  belt,  seems  to  have  formed 
a  border  entirely  around  the  pine,  the  extent  of  the  hemlock  woods,  as  well  as  the  tiuantity  of  hemlock  timber,  has 
always  been  much  greater  than  of  pine,  beginning  in  Wayne  county,  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the 
state,  the  original  hemlock  forest  extended  westward  through  the  northern  tier  of  counties  as  far  as  Warren 
county,  in  the  vicinity  of  lake  Erie.  Thence  its  bounds  may  be  traced  southward  through  Forest,  Clarion,  and 
Jefferson,  and  thence  eastward  through  Clearliehl,  Center,  Clinton,  Lycoming,  and  Sullivan  counties.  Now  tho 
northeastern  counties  are  for  the  most  part  cleared,  and  not  only  have  the  outskirts  of  these  woods  been  cut  ofi 
on  all  sides,  but  their  continuity  has  been  comjiletely  broken  up  throughout  its  w  hole  extent  by  countless  clearings 
and  settlements.  Yet,  however  much  the  hemlock  forest  has  sutleied,  it  possesses  to  day  greater  value  than  did  all 
the  pine  standing  in  1850.  (^uite  neglected  a  few  years  ago,  hemlock  is  appreciating  rapidly  in  value  and  importance, 
and  ere  many  years  shall  have  passed  it  will  be  almost  the  only  kind  of  lumber  known  in  the  Williamsport  market. 
The  best  grades  of  hemlock  bring  as  high  a  price  as  scrub  pine,  the  product  of  the  shorter  and  more  knotty  trees 
grown  on  high  laud.  Although  as  a  rule  Pennsylvania  hemlock  is  of  suiieiior  quality,  much  of  it  being  nearly  as 
good  as  spruce,  yet  here,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  considerable  variation  in  quality  is  noticed.  Lumbermen  classify 
hemlock  into  two  kinds,  red  and  white,  according  to  the  character  of  the  wood,  but  the  more  intelligent  among 
them  attribute  the  diflerence  to  soil  and  situation.  White  hemlock,  being  sounder,  firmer,  and  straighter  grained, 
constitutes  the  highest  grade,  lied  hemlock  is  more  brittle,  more  inclined  to  splinter,  and  liable  to  be  found  more 
or  less  decayed  when  the  trees  have  gained  full  si/e.  In  this  conditicm  trees  are  said  to  be  'shaky'.  Such  timber  is 
generally  foui..l  on  bottom  land.s,  while  the  hemlock  of  high  hillsides  is  apt  to  be  short  and  scrubby.  The  ([uality 
of  the  hemlock  seems  to  deteriorate  west  from  the  center  of  the  slate.  The  Pine  Creel  hemlock  is  considered  better 
than  that  of  tne  Sinnamahoning,  and  this  better  than  that  on  the  Alleghany.  Seldom  more  than  two  good  logs  cau 
be  obtained  from  a  trunk,  the  third  and  fourth  log.s  being  generally  inferiiu-  and  knotty;  8,000  feet  per  acre  is  hero 
considered  a  good  yield  of  hemlock,  and  10,000  feet  a  large  yield. 

"  From  William,  jiort  to  Lock  Ilaven  tho  valley  of  I  he  We.s1  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  is  usually  less  than  a 
mile  in  width,  being  bounded  by  abrupt  and  rocky  ridges  a  few  hundred  feet  in  height.    At  Lock  Haven  we 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


509 


altiuiore  aud 


aseeuded  tbe  ridge  on  the  sonth  side  of  the  river,  some  800  feet  in  altitude,  in  order  to  examine  the  moderate  forest 
growth  with  which  it  was  covered.  In  favorable  places  scattering  specimens  of  white  pine  indicated  the  crop  these 
hills  have  yielded  the  lumberman  in  former  years.  Hemlock,  also,  was  scattered  over  the  hillsides,  but  even  as 
late  as  the  present  year  most  of  the  trees  in  this  immediate  neighborhood  had  been  felled  for  their  bark ;  their 
peeled  trunks  lay  strewn  over  the  hillsides,  being  left  to  decay  within  a  mile  or  two  of  the  saw-mills  of  Lock 
Haven.  The  summit  of  the  ridge  afforded  a  good  view  of  the  surrounding  country.  Parallel  ridges  of  a  similar 
altitude,  and  which  appeared  more  heavily  timbered,  lay  back  of  the  one  on  which  wo  stood  ;  between  them  were 
seen  narrow  valleys  occupied  by  farms.  On  the  lorth  or  opposite  side  of  the  river  successive  ridges  rose  higher 
and  higher  as  they  receded  from  the  river,  and  in  the  distance  seemed  to  lose  themselves  in  a  plateau  whose 
altitude  was  equal  to  that  of  the  ground  on  which  we  were  standing.  The  gentle  slopes  and  rounded  summits 
immediately  above  the  river  showed  smooth,  cultivated  fields  interspersed  among  woodlands  of  deciduous  trees. 
The  more  distant  heights  displayed  a  darker  forest  growth  where  hemlock  and  pines  predominated. 

"  From  Lock  Haven  to  Warren,  the  county-seat  of  Warren  county,  even  on  the  hillsides  overlooking  the  river, 
close  to  the  banks  of  which  the  railroad  crept,  but  especially  where  we  were  able  to  look  into  the  deep  runs  coming 
down  to  the  river  by  a  gradual  descent  from  the  table-lands  of  the  divides,  seldom  more  than  a  few  miles  back 
above  tbe  river,  we  saw  much  original  forest  still  standing  and  principally  composed  of  hemlock.  Some  white 
pine  appeared  as  scattering  trees  or  in  groves,  and  some  hard  wood.  The  proportion  of  hard  wood  increased  as 
•we  ascended  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  and  those  of  the  Alleghany  river. 

''On  the  summit  of  this  divide  the  forest  had  a  truly  nortliern  aspect,  except  that  we  mssou  the  spruce,  not 
seen  in  Pennsylvania.  The  dark  foliage  of  the  hemlock  mingled  with  sugar  maples,  beer  ,-.,  ,.,{1  birches.  For 
many  miles  above  Lock  Haven  it  was  a  second  growth  which  occupied  the  hillsides,  n.  tb'i  growth  of  white  oak, 
chestnut,  locust,  etc.,  which  had  followed  the  lumberman  aud  forest  fires.  Considerable  sc  <>i  '^  growth  white  pine 
was  seen  iu  a  few  places,  but  on  this  none  of  the  present  generation  seem  to  set  much  vame,  and  I  have  yet  to 
meet  any  one  in  the  state  who  gives  a  thought  to  encouraging  aud  preserving  such  growth.  To  consume  the  forests 
as  speedily  as  possible,  satisfied  with  what  can  be  realized  from  them  in  the  operation,  appears  to  be  the  spirit 
which  rules  this  region.  Alternating  here  and  there  with  the  original  forest  mentioned  above  were  seen  all  along 
the  railroad  leading  through  this  timber  belt,  but  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  settlements  and  lumbered  districts, 
tracts  which  have  been  ranged  by  fire.  Sometimes  the  fires  had  spread  from  the  clearings  into  unculk'd  timber, 
killing  everything,  large  and  small.  Sometimes  'hemlock  slashes'  had  burned  over  after  the  trees  had  been  cut 
and  '  peeled '.  Always  the  charred  stumps  thickly  dotted  the  ground,  and  the  blackened,  halt-consumed  trunks 
strewn  over  the  soil  in  confusion  gave  to  the  landscape  an  aspect  of  complete  desolation.  Tbe  bird  cherries  and 
poi>lars,  which  in  the  forests  farther  north  soon  cover  and  hide  from  view  siicli  wastes  of  ruin,  are  wanting  here. 

"  I  learned  that  the  best  hemlock  grows  on  the  steep  sides  of  the  deep  runs,  and  that  uiwn  the  summits  of  the 
divides  were  considerable  barrens,  the  soil  of  which  was  sometimes  too  poor  to  support  any  arboreal  growth. 
Farther  to  the  west  the  summits  of  the  dividing  ridges  are  occupied  by  hard  wood  chiefly,  although  hemlocks 
mingle  with  the  beeches  and  maples. 

"Arrived  at  Warren,  we  find  that  we  have  passed  through  the  woods  and  are  in  a  long-settled  and  well- 
improved  country,  and,  judging  from  the  scattered  jiatches  of  woodlands  occupying  the  low  hills  within  vii'w,  the 
region  of  hard-wood  forest  has  been  reached.  The  coniferous  forest  belt  only  extends  into  the  southeastern  quartei' 
of  Warreu  county;  the  northern  and  western  portions,  lying  beyond  the  Alleghany  river,  yield  oak,  chestiuit, 
hickory,  etc.  Originally  there  was  a  little  pine  scattered  over  the  southeastern  portion  of  Warren  county,  but  this 
has  been  mostly  cut,  and  hemlock  remains,  as  it  ever  has  becTi,  the  most  important  timber  in  this  i)art  of  the  county. 
In  Forest  county,  next  south  of  Warren,  pine  is  local,  being  scattered  in  small  quantities  throughout  the  county. 
On  the  highlands  there  is  nuu!li  hard  wood,  beech,  nmple,  and  white  wood  existing  in  belts  between  the  streams. 
This,  however,  may  be  called  a  hendock  county.  In  McKean  county  a  central  table-land  is  covered  principally  by 
a  growth  of  niajtle,  beech,  etc.  In  the  remaining  portions  ot  the  county  the  timber  is  chietly  hemlock.  The  valley 
of  the  Alleghany  river,  in  the  eastern  part  of  McKean  county,  is  mostly  cleared  and  improved,  l^lk  comity  is 
one  of  the  best  counties  for  hemlock.  Through  VAk,  the  southwestern  corner  of  McKean,  and  the  southeastern 
corner  of  Warren  runs  the  IMiiladelphia  and  Erie  railroad.  Along  the  line  of  this  road,  as  it  passes  thiongh  this 
portion  ot  the  timber  belt,  are  located  the  largest  tanneries  of  the  United  States.  These  are  consuming  the  hemhick 
of  this  region  i\t  an  enormous  rate,  and,  in  addition  to  the  vast  amount  of  bark  which  they  consume,  large  (luantities 
are  shipped  out  of  the  region  by  railroad.  The  lirst  important  tanneries  of  Warren  county  were  established  111  or 
15  years  ago,  and  at  the  luesent  rate  of  consuminion  the  hemlock  of  this  county  can  hardly  hold  out  L'O  years 
longer.  The  land,  after  the  forest  has  been  renu)ved,  is  excellent  for  agricultural  purposes  throughout  this  region, 
and  on  all  sides  ))i(meers  are  making  themselves  farms.  These  men  jtrefer  to  begin  in  the  undisturbed  forest  rather 
than  locate  on  the  slashes,  because  they  can  pay  for  their  land  with  the  hemlock  bark  which  it  yields;  and  from  a 
radius  of  i~>  miles  bark  is  drawn  and  sold  at  from  ?t  50  to  $5  a  cord  to  the  tanneries.  On  an  average,  four  trees  yield  a 
cord  «)r  ton  of  bark,  the  cfpiivalent  of  1,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure.  In  Warren  county  from  5,000  to  0,000 
acres  of  hemlock  were  cut  down  in  1880,  and  there  is  no  iiossibility  of  this  growth  being  renewed,  for  every  [\m{  of 
slashed  laud  is  eventually  burned  over,  and  sometimes  the  burnings  are  rei)eated  until  the  soil  is  nearly  ruined  for 
agricultural  ])urpose8.    From  the  dry  ilushes  the  fires  extend  to  a  greater  or  less  distance  through  the  living 


i  I 


510 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1 

\ 

5      ' 

^1 

f'i 

. 

f 

111  'I  : 


I' 


4 


i   \ 


woods,  ruining  not  only  heavy  bodies  of  hemlock,  but  also  destroying  the  belts  of  hard  wood  intermixed  with  tho 
hemlock.  Notwithstanding  stringent  legislation  in  this  state  upon  the  subject  of  forest  fires,  they  seem  inevitable, 
and  especially  so  in  the  slashes.  They  spread  from  the  clearings  constantly  made  throughout  this  timber  belt  by 
the  settlers,  and,  as  the  forest  abounds  in  deer  and  its  streams  are  stocked  with  fish,  hunters  and  fishermen  are 
always  in  the  woods,  and  from  their  camp  fires  spread  many  confiagrations.  Many  fires  here  also  are  set  by  a  tribe 
of  half-civilized  Indians  residing  in  this  region,  to  burn  over  the  huckleberry  fields  in  order  that  the  bushes  may 
renew  themselves  and  yield  fuller  crops ;  or,  where  it  is  so  easy  to  start  a  fire  and  conceal  its  origin,  many  doubtless 
ariise  from  malice. 

"  In  this  region  the  aspen  springs  up  on  land  upon  which  tho  hemlock  has  been  destroyed,  but  thin  tree 
manifestly  does  not  thrive  as  it  does  in  northern  woods.  Yellow  and  black  birch,  bird  cherry,  beech,  maple,  white 
oak,  chestnut,  black  cherry,  etc.,  are  the  trees  which  spring  up  slowly  among  the  briers,  and  cover  burned  land 
with  a  rather  meager  second  growth.  If  a  few  i)iues  have  been  left  on  the  hilltops  they  may  scatter  a  few  seeds  and 
give  rise  to  some  saplings,  but  as  regards  heinlocU,  fires  kill  it  out  clean,  seedlings  and  seed;  and  if  the  'i)eeler8' 
and  the  Hros  happen  to  leave  any  scatterij'if  trees  standing,  those,  being  more  sensitive  to  changed  conditions 
than  pines,  are  seldom  able  long  to  survive  as  seed  bearers.  Tho  bird  cherry  only  thrives  on  cold,  wet  soils 
here.  There  is  another  phase  of  the  slaughter  of  the  hemlock  forest :  As  the  pine  forest  gives  out,  largo  numbers 
of  laborers  turn  to  the  hendock  woods  and  find  employment  as  bark  peelers.  In  the  pine  woods  work  is  mostly 
suspended  when  spring  arrives ;  then  larger  numbers  of  men  come  into  the  hemlock  woods  than  can  find  work  at 
satisfactory  wages,  and  these  sometimes  set  fires  in  the  slashes,  which  spread  into  the  living  woods  and  kill  large 
f,-  'ties  of  hemlock.  To  save  tho  bark  it  must  be  peeled  at  once,  or  before  it  adheres  to  the  wood  and  becomes 
i    ill       by  worms,  and  thus  emplojment  is  given  to  a  larger  force  of  men. 

The  pine  now  remaining  in  Clearfield  county  is  mostly  found  in  the  northern  and  the  southwestern  portions 
of  the  county.  The  eastern  and  southeastern  portions  are  now  principally  cleared  and  improved,  as  the  entire 
county  is  destined  to  be,  the  soil  being  principally  a  strong,  clayey  loam,  excellent  for  farming  purposes.  Already 
four  fifths  of  the  pine  timber  originally  standing  in  the  county  has  been  removed ;  most  of  the  hemlock,  which 
orginally  about  equaled  in  amount  the  pine,  remains.  There  are  no  tanneries  in  this  region,  and  after  the  piue  is 
cut  the  hendock  is  next  harvested,  the  bark  being  saved  and  shipped  to  the  tanneries  below  to  the  amount  of  from 
5,000  to  0,000  cords  annually.  Fires  are  here  sometimes  started  by  hunters  in  order  to  clear  away  the  young  second 
growth,  that  they  may  be  able  better  to  see  the  deer.  One  important  reason  which  hunbermeu  have  for  ])lanting 
their  saw-mills  near  the  woods,  in  preference  to  driving  all  their  logs  to  the  sawing  centers  below,  is  that  they  can 
then  work  into  shingles,  etc.,  many  trees  which,  being  defective  by  reason  of  rotten  spots  or  other  blemishes,  would 
not  be  worth  driving  down  the  river.  Such  trees  are  seen  standing  here  and  there  all  through  the  woods,  having 
been  left  behind  by  the  lumbermen.  Sometimes  persons  buy  this  culled  timber  and  erect  shingle-mills,  etc.,  to 
work  it  up. 

"  With  respect  to  the  maximum  yield  of  pine  per  acre,  it  would  seem  that  10,000  feet  was  a  good  yield  for  tracts 
of  400  or  500  acres  in  extent,  although  smaller  tracts  of  50  acres  and  upward  will  often  cut  25,000  feet  to  the  acre, 
and  even  a  yield  of  100,000  feet  to  the  acre  has  been  reported.  The  rough  nature  of  tho  surface  in  all  this  region 
often  necessitates  the  use  of  slides  to  bring  tho  logs  from  the  forest  to  the  streams.  They  are  constructed  by 
pinning  to  ties  of  hemlock  some  3  feet  iu  length  hemlock  logs  about  a  foot  in  diameter  placed  side  by  side, 
their  inner  sides  above  the  point  of  contact  being  hewn  with  care  to  form  a  broad  V-shaped  trough  along  which  the 
logs  may  be  slid.  Except  where  there  is  considerable  descent  logs  cannot  be  slid  unless  the  weather  is  frosty, 
when  the  slide  can  be  kept  icy  by  means  of  water  sprinkled  over  it  from  time  to  tin)''.  Slides  sometimes  are 
built  for  6  or  8  miles  back  into  the  woods,  usually  following  up  some  run  so  as  to  get  an  even  and  gentle  grade. 
By  this  means  the  greatest  part  of  the  logs  come  down  to  the  streams,  for  sleds  are  not  used  in  this  country.  Most 
of  the  hazard  of  lumbering  dei)ends  upon  the  lumbernnin's  abilitj'  to  slide  his  logs  successfully.  They  cau  be  cut 
at  any  time  in  the  woods,  and  almost  any  year  can  be  driven  to  the  mills  when  once  in  the  water,  but  mild  weather 
interrupts  sliding  and  deej)  snows  imi>edc  *Vx.  'operation;  so  Haxt  in  open  winters  lumbermen  are  sometimes 
compelled  to  do  their  sliding  in  the  night  time,  when  ice  will  Ibrm  on  the  slide.  The  logs,  stripped  t)f  tln^ir  bark,  are 
drawn  singly,  by  horses  with  chains,  from  the  places  where  they  have  fallen  to  the  upper  end  of  the  slide.  When 
a  suflicient  tiumber — from  0  to  40,  according  to  the  grade  and  the  size  of  the  logs— have  been  placed  end  to  end  in 
the  slide,  the  hook  of  a  chain  is  driven  into  the  rear  log  near  its  forward  end,  anil  'orses  are  attached  which  walk 
a  tow-i)ath  formed  on  one  side  of  the  slide,  and  push  ahead  of  them  the  '  trail '  of  logs,  thus  bringing  them  down  to 
the  stream. 

"Only  in  the  late  autumn  and  in  the  winter  is  it  thought  expedient  in  Pennsylvania  to  fell  pine;  if  cut  iu  summer, 
when  the  bark  will  part  from  the  wood,  the  sap-wood  soon  assumes  a  bUickish  a|»i)earance  and  disfigures  the 
lumber.  As  a  rule  hemlock  is  here  cut  and  peeled  in  sutiimer,  at  the  time  when  (tperations  in  pine  are  suspended; 
thus  by  alternating  operations  in  pine  and  hemlock  the  hands  are  kept  employed  throughout  the  whole  year.  In 
cutting  trees  the  several  parts  of  the  work  are  aliotte<l  to  difi'erent  men;  some  merely  fell  tho  trees,  others  measure 
them  oil'  into  suitable  lengths  and  cut  away  the  limbs  as  far  as  the  upper  end  of  tho  last  log  taken,  where  they 
sever  the  top  of  the  tree  from  tho  trunk  by  means  of  the  ax  ;  others  follow  in  pairs  with  cross-cut  saws  and  cut 
tho  trunk  iuto  logs." 


■ 

■     1 

i  ^L 

i{ 

ji 

1 

1 

Mil 

' 

■ 

\ 

f 

■  ; 

: 

I 

' 

1     ; 

11 : 

' 

,1 


H,*' 


1^ 


I, 

^4 

id 

t 

, 

Mi 

Mft 

( 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


511 


SOUTH  ATLANTIC  DIVISION. 


DELAWAKE. 

The  nortberu  portion  of  the  state,  comprising  New  Castle  and  Kent  counties,  was  once  covered  with  the 
deciduous  forests  of  the  Atlantic  plain.  Conifers,  with  the  exception  of  the  red  cedar,  were  "i-are.  In  the  sandy 
soil  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  various  pitch  pines  iiourished,  forming  fully  one-half  of  the  forest  growth. 
These  pine  forests  were  long  ago  consumed  and  are  now  replaced  by  a  second  growth,  generally  composed  of  the  species 
which  originally  occupied  the  ground ;  and  throughout  the  state  the  best  hard-wood  timber  has  been  culled  from 
the  forest.  Large  quantities  of  wheel  and  cooperage  stock  were  formerly  manufactured  in  the  northern  counties; 
but  of  late  jears  these  and  other  industries  using  the  products  of  tiie  forest  have,  for  want  of  material,  generally 
decreased  in  importance.    The  manufacturers  report  a  general  scarcity  of  lii^-.ber. 

During  the  census  year  3,305  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $15,075.  Of 
such  fires  six  were  set  by  locomotives,  six  by  the  careless  burners  of  brush  upon  farms,  and  two  through  malice. 

Keut  county. — About  one-quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  forest.  A  few  small  mills  saw  oak 
from  the  immediate  neighborhood  into  shipstuff  and  car  lumber,  shipping  to  T>'ilmington,  Philadelphia,  and  even 
to  New  York. 

New  Castle  county. — About  one-quarter  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woodland,  mostly  of  second 
growth  and  attached  to  farms.  The  largo  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  located  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Wilmington,  consume  large  amounts  of  willow  wood,  generally  grown  for  the  purpose  upon  farms 
in  their  immediate  vicinity. 

Sussex  county. — One-third  to  one-half  of  this  county  is  reported  covered  with  woodland.  Numerous  small 
mills,  obtaining  their  supply  of  logs  from  the  immediate  neighborhood,  saw  oak  for  shipstufiT. 

MARYLAND. 

The  northwestern  portion  of  the  state,  crossed  by  the  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  system,  was  once  covered  with 
the  forests  of  white  pine,  hemlock,  birch,  and  maple  peculiar  to  this  mountain  region.  The  central  portion  of  the 
state,  extending  from  the  mountains  to  the  shores  of  Chesapeake  bay,  was  covered  with  oaks,  hickories,  gums,  and 
other  deciduous  trees  in  great  variety,  the  eastern  peninsula  largely  with  diilerent  species  of  pitch  pine,  occupying 
sandy  plains,  or  mixed  with  deciduous  trees. 

In  the  mountain  region  considerable  bodies  of  the  original  forest  remain  upon  the  highest  and  most 
inaccessible  slopes ;  in  the  remainder  of  the  state  this,  where  the  land  has  not  been  permanently  cleared  for 
agriculture,  is  now  largely  replaced  by  a  second  growth,  or — the  best  timber  at  least — has  been  everywhere  culled. 

A  large  amount  of  cooperage  stock  was  formerly  manufactured  in  this  state.  This  industry  has,  however, 
greatly  sufifered  from  the  deterioration  and  exhaustion  of  the  local  supjily  of  timber ;  manufacturers  report  the 
best  stock  nearly  exhausted  and  the  substitution  for  oak,  formerly  exclusively  used,  of  elm  and  other  inferior 
woods  now  brought  from  beyond  the  limits  of  the  state. 

During  the  census  year  41,070  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  bj'  forest  fires,  with  a  loss  of  637,425. 
These  fires  were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  hunters,  to  locomotives,  and  largely  to  the  escajjc  from  farms  to  the 
forest  of  fires  set  in  clearing  land.  The  principal  lumber  manufacturing  establishments  using  Maryland  logs  are 
situated  in  Garrett  county ;  these  saw  white  pine,  hendock,  and  oak  to  supply  a  limited  local  demand  and  ship  to 
Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  and  Wheeling;  considerable  oak  timber  is  sent  to  Europe  from  this  county. 
During  the  year  1879  the  northern  counties  produced  170,070  pounds  of  maple  sugar. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

The  original  forest  has  disappeared  fi'om  the  District  of  Columbia  and  has  been  replaced  by  a  second  and 
third  growth  of  oaks,  scrub  pines,  and  other  trees.  The  area  occupied  with  woods  is  probably  slowly  increasing. 
A  single  saw-mill,  situated  in  the  city  of  Washington,  s;vws  logs  grown  beyond  the  limits  of  the  District. 

VIRGINIA. 

The  forests  of  Virginia,  like  those  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  fall  naturally  into  three  divisions,  dependent 
upon  the  elevation  and  soil  of  the  different  parts  of  the  state.    The  mountains  and  ridges  of  its  western  border  are 


ift 


!l 


W'^sf^Wf^ln^?W?^f^^Wf!WF^'W^ 


( 


512 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  pine,  hemlock,  white  oak,  cherry,  yellow  poplar,  and  other  northern  trees;  over 
the  region  extending  east  of  the  nionntains  oaks,  princiiially  black  oaks,  once  formed  the  prevailing  forest  growth; 
through  these  are  now  mingled  long  stretches  of  various  pitch  pines,  occupying  exhausted  and  barren  soil  once 
<levoted  to  agriculture.  The  eastern  counties  are  covered  with  the  forests  of  the  Maritime  Pine  Belt,  generally 
confined  to  the  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  coast  and  extending  inland  to  the  head  of  tide-water  of  the  principal 
streams;  along  the  western  borders  of  this  pine  belt  the  forest  growth  is  nearly  equally  divided  between  the  pines 
and  Ihe  broadlcaved  species. 

Tlie  ii'accessible  mountain  region  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  still  contains  immense  quantities  of  the 
origiiu'l  oiik,  hickory,  walnut,  and  cherry,  the  scanty  poi)ulation  of  these  mountains  liaving  made  but  slight  inroads 
r.pon  the  forests.  I'ailro.^ds  liave  hardly  ])enetrated  them,  wliile  the  streams  which  head  here  are  unsuited  to  carry 
to  market  the  hard  woods  of  which  this  forest  is  largely  composed.  The  most  valuable  hard-wood  forest  remaining 
on  the  continent  exists  in  southwestern  Virginia  and  the  adjacent  counties  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
and  North  Carolina.  From  tlie  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state  the  original  forest  has  almost  entirely 
disai)peared,  and  is  now  reidaeed  by  a  secoiul  growth,  in  which  the  Jersey  pine  and  the  old-iield  pine  are  characteristic 
features,  generally  replacing  more  valuable  species  of  the  original  growth. 

During  the  census  year  272,319  acres  of  woodland  were  rei)orted  ravaged  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $320,944.  Of 
such  fires  the  largest  nund)er  was  traced  to  the  careless  burning  of  brush  upon  farms  aiul  to  locomotives. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  increasing  rapidly  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  and  great  quantities 
of  staves  are  ex])orted  thence  directly  to  Europe,  as  well  as  oak,  yellow  ])oi)]ar,  and  walnut  in  the  log.  The 
manufacture  of  tobacco  cases  from  sycamore  lumber  is  an  important  industry  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lynchburg 
and  otlier  tobacco-distributing  centers.  Considerable  quantities  of  hand-made  shingles  are  produced  in  the 
cypiess  swamps  which  oc<!upy  a  large  i)ortion  of  Norfolk  and  other  eastern  counties.  A  large  amount  of  second- 
growth  pine  {Vitius  Tada)  is  shiiqied  from  the  different  Virginia  jwrts  by  schooner  to  New  York  for  fuel,  and  this 
second  growth  june  furnishes  the  ]irincipal  building  material  used  throughout  the  state.  The  grinding  of  oak  and 
sumach  bark  and  the  manufacture  of  tanning  extracts  are  important  and  profitable  industries  of  the  state. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

The  forests  of  West  Virginia,  with  the  exception  of  the  belt  of  pine  and  spruce  confined  to  the  high  ridges 
of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  are  jnincipally  comi)osed  of  broad  leaved  trees,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the 
white  and  chestnut  oaks,  the  black  waliuit,  the  yellow  poplar,  and  th  e  cherry.  The  white  jnue  and  spruce  forests 
reach  within  the  state  their  southern  limit  as  im])ortant  sources  of  lumber  supply. 

Tlie  forests  have  been  largely  removed  fiom  the  counties  bordering  the  Ohio  river,  and  the  most  valuable  hard- 
wood timber  adjacent  to  the  luicijial  streams,  especially  black  Avalnut,  cherry,  and  yellow  poplar, has  been  culled  in 
nearly  every  jtart  of  the  state.  IJut  sligiit  inroads,  however,  have  yet  been  made  into  the  magnificent  body  of 
hard-wood  timber  covering  the  extreme  southern  counties,  which  still  contain  vast  quantities  of  oak,  cherry,  and 
jiopli.r. 

The  Idack  walnut  found  scattered  everywhere  in  West  Virginia  is  least  plentiful  in  the  northwestern  and  Ohio 
Eiver  counties,  and  most  abundant  along  the  up])er  waters  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Ohio  through  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state.  Yellow  pojdar  is  found  throughout  the  state,  and  is  still  abundant  about  the 
headwaters  of  nearly  all  the  ])rincii>al  streams.  Large  bodies  of  cheriy  are  found  in  Greenbrier,  Nicholas,  Webster, 
and  other  counties  immediately  west  of  the  mountains,  and  a  large  amount  of  hemlock  is  scattered  through  the 
valleys  and  ravines  of  the  nortlieastern  i)art  of  the  state  aiul  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  AUeghanies.  The 
area  stil!  oc(Mi])ied  by  white  i»ine  is  estimated  to  extend  over  310  s(|uare  miles,  an<l  to  contain  about  990,000,000  feet 
of  niercliantable  lumber.  The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  along  the  Kanawha  river  at  Konceverte, 
in  Greenbrier  ci  unty,  at  I'arkersburg,  and  along  the  up[)er  Potomac. 

Partial  retii  ns  of  the  hoop  pole  industry  gave  a  product  during  the  census  year  of  3,549,000,  valued  at  $140,000. 

During  the  census  year  470,775  acres  of  woods  were  reported  (U'stroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $1.'>5,280.  Of 
these  fires  the  largest  luimber  was  traced  to  the  careless  clearing  of  land  for  agricultural  ])urposes,  although  many 
had  their  origin  in  sjjarks  from  locomotives. 

The  maniilacture  of  c()oi>erage  stock  is  fast  increasing  in  imjtortanee,  and  seems  destined,  with  the  exhaustion 
of  the  more  aiicessible  haid  wood  forests  of  the  country,  to  assume  a  much  greater  deve]oi)ment  than  at  present 
Large  quantities  of  black  walnut,  yellow  po]>lar,  and  oak  iu  the  log  are  shipjted  to  northern  markets  and  to  Europe. 

1"he  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  West  Virginia  are  extracted  from  Mr.  Pringle's'reitort : 

"Eute'ing  West  Virginia  at  Keyser  (New  Creek)  by  way  of  Cumberland,  Maryland,  we  find  ourselves  in  one 
of  the  narrow  valleys  lying  among  the  low  abru]»t  ridges  of  the  northern  AUeghanies,  among  which  we  have  been 
traveling  since  we  reached  the  vicinity  of  \Villiamsp(ut,  Pennsylvania.  Coming  south  from  middle  Pennsylvania, 
however,  the  forest  growth  covering  the  long  mountain  chains  within  view  fnmi  the  railroad  becomes  heavier  and 
heavier,  the  evidences  of  fire  ami  ax  largely  disapj)eariiig.  On  the  hills  above  Keyser  fewer  evergreens  api)eared 
than  I  had  previously  seen.     A  few  slopes  were  itrincipally  occupied  by  pine  in  variety,  but  the  mountains  of  this 


!  if"     i 


I 


■  TjN^^^-9i^-:-1^'.   f^,^n^^f^%]V^ "" 


n  trees;  over 
brest  growth; 
rreu  soil  once 
elt,  generally 
tbo  principal 
cen  tlie  pines 

mtitiea  of  the 
slight  inroads 
uited  to  ciirry 
?st  remaining 
y,  Tennessee, 
iiost  ontirely 
characteristic 

^320,944.  Of 
\es. 

sat  quantities 
he  log.  The 
f  Lynchburg 
lucetl  in  the 
lit  of  secoud- 
I'uel,  and  this 
g  of  oak  and 
itate. 


>  high  ridges 
ihich  are  the 
|)rnce  forests 

luable  hard- 

■en  cnlled  in 

nt  body  of 

cherry,  and 

n  and  Ohio 
hrough  the 
t  about  the 
IS,  Webster, 
throngh  the 
mies.  The 
000,000  feet 
touceverte, 

U  $140,000. 

->,2S0.     Of 

Dugh  many 

exhaustion 
at  i)resent 
to  Europe. 

vos  ill  one 
have  been 
iisylvania, 
'avier  and 
ap])eared 
ins  of  this 


ll  ■  f 

Mi   \ 


m 


th ' 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


513 


re^on  were  covered  with  a  growth  of  deciduous  treeH,  white,  black,  red,  Spanish,  and  chcBtnut  oaks,  hickories, 
butternuts,  black  waluuts,  yellow  poplars,  locusts,  elms,  sugar  mnploH,  etc.  At  Piedmont  some  9200,000  have  been 
expended  in  the  construction  of  a  boom  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Potomac.  At  this  i)oiiit,  as  well  us  ut  Swuuton  and 
Deer  Park,  on  the  Maryland  side,  there  are  mills  sawing  chiefly  white  oak,  and  also  considerable  white  pine,  spruce, 
hemlock,  poplar,  white  ash,  etc.  Some  spi  uce  which  had  not  been  seen  or  hoard  of  in  the  timber  belt  of  Pennsylvania 
is  found  20  miles  above  Piedmont.  The  market  for  lumber  manufactured  here  is  chiefly  eastward.  Much  of  the  oak 
is  sent  to  Europe,  partly  in  the  form  of  squared  timber,  partly  cut  0  by  12  inches  and  from  15  to  20  feet  long.  The 
mills  at  Swanton  and  Deer  Park  are  located  on  the  railroad,  and  cut  timber  is  hauled  to  them  from  the  vicinity. 
The  mills  at  Piedmont  are  fed  by  logs  driven  down  the  river  from  the  western  j-.ortions  of  Mineral  and  Grant  counties, 
West  Virginia.  This  lumber  is  chiefly  oak,  spruce,  and  hemlock.  Great  diflicnlty  is  experienced  in  driving  this 
part  of  the  Potomac,  as  it  is  a  swift  and  rocky  stream.  Logs,  especially  oak,  constantly  lodge  on  the  rocks  or 
banks,  and  there  has  been  great  diiUculty  in  maintaining  the  boom  and  dam  at  this  point. 

'*  Rowlesburg,  in  Preston  county,  owes  its  existence  as  a  lumber  depot  to  the  fact  that  the  Cheat  river,  upon 
which  it  is  situattd,  as  it  passes  through  the  Briery  mountains,  for  a  distance  of  25  miles  below  this  point  has  so 
narrow  and  rocky  a  channel  and  so  swift  a  current  that  it  is  not  possible  to  get  the  logs  farther  down  the  stream. 
Above  Rowlesburg  the  Cheat  river  is  a  good  stream  to  drive,  and  any  one  of  its  branches  can  be  driven  from  a 
point  125  miles  above  that  point.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Black  Fo -k,  30  miles  above,  the  timber  is  brought  down 
in  rafts  rather  than  as  separate  logs;  this  is  because  there  is  no  boom  as  yet  at  Rowlesburg  to  stop  the  logs.  There 
are  small  booms  on  Black  and  Shaver's  Forks,  many  miles  above  Rowlesburg.  Scattered  along  the  river  at  some 
distance  above  Rowlesburg  there  arc  a  few  small  mills,  the  product  of  which  is  floated  down  the  stream  on  rafts. 
The  timber  of  Preston  county  between  Rowlesbuig  and  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  oak,  poplar, 
chestnut,  ash,  beech,  j'ellow  beech,  hemlock,  basswood,  and  hickory. 

"The  timber  of  Canaan  valley,  in  Tucker  and  Randolph  counties,  is  largely  hemlock  on  the  lower  lands,  on 
the  higher  situations  and  slopes  sugar  maple  and  beech  ;  and,  as  soon  as  a  suitable  elevation  is  reached,  spruce  is 
mingled  with  black  cherry.  In  other  portions  of  Tucker  county  and  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Cheat  river,  flowing 
out  of  Randolph  county,  the  timber  is  chiefly  oak,  poplar,  ash,  spruce,  cherry,  black  walnut,  white  pine,  etc.  This, 
however,  is  not  a  black-walnut  region,  and  there  are  here  nowhere  more  than  scattered  trees ;  a  careful  search  has 
failed  to  find  any  great  body  of  this  timlier  here.  It  is  estimated  that  2,500,000,000  feet  of  yellow  poplar  are  still 
standing  in  the  valleys  of  the  Cheat  and  its  tributaries. 

"  Shaver's  Fork  is  heavily  timbered  with  spruce.  A  boom  has  been  constructed  at  Grafton,  on  Tygart's  Valley 
river,  a  main  branch  of  the  Monongahela.  It  is  a  rough  stream,  unfavorable  for  lumber  operations,  and  for  a 
distance  only  of  10  miles  above  Grafton  is  smooth  enough  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  rafts.  All  lumber  has,  therefore, 
to  come  down  in  separate  logs,  and  only  such  kinds  as  are  light  enough  to  float  well  can  be  got  down.  For  this 
reason  there  is  very  little  except  poplar  sawed  at  Grafton.  Oak  is  too  heavy  to  be  driven  successfully,  and  as  it 
cannot  be  tied  up  in  rafts  with  poplar,  as  is  done  on  the  Cheat,  the  stores  of  oak  timber  growing  in  the  valleys 
drained  by  this  river  must  wait  the  building  of  a  railroad  to  bring  them  to  market.  The  yellow  poplar  still  standing 
in  this  region  is  estimated  at  300,000,000  feet,  and  on  the  higher  grounds,  especially  about  the  headwaters  of 
streams,  there  are  fine  bodies  of  black  cherry  mixed  with  other  trees. 

"At  Parkersburg  are  located  the  mill  aud  shops  of  the  Parkersburg  Mill  Company,  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Little  Kanawha,  a  short  distance  above  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio.  This  ia  the  only  company  operating 
in  lumber  within  the  city  of  Parkersburg.  It  manufactures  about  6,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually,  mostly  poplar, 
some  oak,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  million  feet  of  beech.  Little  black  walnut  can  now  be  obtained  here,  and 
that  of  inferior  quality.  Rough  lumber  and  manufactured  articles  of  wood  find  a  market  in  nearly  every  direction, 
west,  north,  and  east.  I  was  astonished  and  delighted  to  see  how  closely  the  lumber  was  worked  up  and  the  great 
variety  of  articles  manufactured  from  slabs,  edgings,  culls,  etc.,  which  in  other  mills  are  so  generally  thrown  into 
the  waste  pile.  Broom  handles,  corn-popper  handles,  brush  handles,  brush  heads,  tool  handles  of  many  descriptions, 
and  fly-trap  bottoms  are  but  a  few  of  the  articles  which  are  turned  out  by  millions  from  odd  bits  of  wood,  few  of 
which  are  too  small  to  make  something  or  other  from.  The  company  executes  orders  for  articles  used  in 
manufactories  widei"  distributed  over  the  country  from  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  to  Boston  and  New  York.  Poplar 
is  used  for  broom  handles,  and  beech,  maple,  sycamore,  black  walnut,  cherry,  etc.,  for  smaller  articles.  This  company 
does  not  own  and  operate  timber  lands,  but  buys  its  logs  from  parties  who  deliver  rafts  to  its  mill.  Form^irly 
much  lumber  was  wasted  in  this  region  in  clearing  lands  for  farms,  but  now  proprietors  of  land  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  cut  and  save  their  logs,  which  they  bring  down  in  rafts  themselves  or  sell  to  parties  who  make  a 
business  of  rafting.  Once  out  of  the  small  streams,  the  logs  are  easily  rafted  down  the  Little  Eanawba  during 
favorable  seasons. 

"There  are  no  booms  on  the  Little  Kanawha,  except  temporary  constructions  for  special  purposes,  which  are 
broken  up  by  every  flood.  Several  years  ago  it  was  supposed  that  the  timber  on  this  river  was  nearly  exhausted, 
bat  it  continues  to  come  down  in  undiminished  quantities  to  the  value  of  some  hundred  thousand  dollars  annually, 
in  addition  to  railroad  ties,  staves,  etc.  It  is  only  about  40  miles  up  the  main  river,  and  to  no  great  distance  back 
tiom  the  stream,  that  the  supply  of  oak  is  exhausted.    The  river  is  a  hundred  miles  long,  and  abont  its  upper 

33  Kt'B 


m 


514 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


(Ml 
11 


».( 


Pill 


<t 


iil 


^    I    i 


u  \ 


m 


^i 


Ml 


watoi-B  and  those  of  its  tributaries  the  ouk  is  compuratively  uutouchcd.  Much  of  Wirt  county  and  the  greater  part 
of  lioauc,  Culhouu,  and  Gilmer,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Tiittle  Kanawha,  are  a  vast  virgin  forest  of  oak 
and  po|)lar,  containing  a  good  deal  of  black  walnut  and  sugar  maple  and  some  black  cherry.  Baxter  county  is 
magnificently  timbered,  as  is  Webster,  although  the  timber  here  is  yet  inaccessible. 

"The  Guyandotte  is  a  good  river  for  lumbering  operations.  Kafts  can  come  down  from  u  point  100  miles  from 
its  mouth.  There  are  yet  no  booms  on  this  river,  except  strings  of  logs  occasionally  stretched  across  it  for  temporary 
purposes.  On  its  course  above  Guyandotto  are  four  or  live  mills,  doing  for  the  most  part  a  local  business,  their 
product  for  export  being  only  about  1,000,000  feet  of  sawed  lumber.  The  rafting  of  this  sawed  lumber  is  attended 
with  some  risk  of  loss,  and  therefore  a  much  greater  amount  is  brought  down  in  unsawed  logs  bound  together  in 
rafts,  which  are  taken  down  the  Ohio  and  sold  to  various  mills  along  its  course.  These  rafts  are  usually  made  11 
logs  wide,  and  three  or  four  of  these  courses  are  jdaced  end  to  end.  White  oak  is  made  up  into  rafts  with  a  poplar 
log  in  the  center  of  each  course,  and  thus  the  raft  is  made  light  enough  to  float  easily.  Along  the  Guyandotte,  in  the 
lower  part  of  its  coarse,  the  oak  and  poplar  have  been  cut  for  a  distance  of  from  1  mile  to  2  miles  from  the  stream,  the 
black  walnut  for  sonut  5  miles  back ;  but  nine-tenths  of  the  area  drained  by  this  river  is  still  in  original  forest, 
composed  of  wliite,  chestnut,  and  other  oaks,  poplar,  walnut,  several  hickories,  beech,  sugar  maples,  sycamore,  ash, 
etc.  In  this  region  there  is,  in  the  aggregate,  u  good  deal  of  black  walnut,  but  it  exists  as  scattered  trees  rather 
than  in  groves  or  tracts. 

"  Coal  river  is  ItiO  miles  long,  and  for  30  miles,  or  to  Peytona,  is  navigable  for  barges.  The  valley  of  this  river 
is  covered  with  truly  magniflceut  forests,  in  which  the  trees  of  the  several  sjjecies  composing  them  attain  remarkable 
dimensions.  Po|)ltir  and  white  oak  hero  exist  in  nearly  equal  proportions,  and  together  constitute  about  a  third  of 
tile  timber.  Besides  these  there  is  a  good  deal  of  black  cherry,  lin,  and  locust,  as  well  as  hemlock,  the  latter  not 
bein^'  considered  valuable  in  this  country.  Black  walnut  appears  more  abundant  in  this  region  than  in  any  other 
of  similar  extent  of  which  J  have  yet  heard.  But  little  timber  has  yet  been  removed  from  the  valley  of  this  river, 
and  it  is  chiefly  the  lower  portion  and  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  banks  which  have  been  lumbered. 

"  Tlie  Elk  1  i  ver  empties  into  the  Kanawha  at  Charleston.  About  2  miles  above  its  mouth  are  located  a  boom  and 
several  saw-mills,  and  here  are  also  a  dam  and  lock  which  secure  slack- water  for  some  20  miles.  The  river  is  about 
180  miles  in  length ;  logs  have  been  driven  from  a  point  150  miles  above  its  mouth,  but  its  valley  has  only  beeu 
lumbered  to  any  great  extent  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  main  river,  and  to  a  distance  of  some  110  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Most  of  the  original  growth  of  the  forest  of  the  Elk  basin  still  remains,  and  is  composed  largely  of  white 
oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  and  poplar.  Black  walnut  here,  as  everywhere  else  in  this  state,  is  scattered,  although  it 
is  estimated  that  10,000,000  feet  of  this  lumber  still  remain  in  this  region.  Above  a  certain  altitude  and  about 
the  upper  waters  of  this  river  considerable  black  cherry,  sugar  maple,  and  birch  is  found.  Here  also  beech 
and  bass  wood  abound,  by  the  streams  hemlock  occurs,  and  on  the  mountains  a  little  black  spruce.  About  the 
upper  settlements  on  this  river  miles  of  fence  constructed  with  boards  of  black  cherry  and  farms  fenced  with  black- 
walnut  rails  may  bo  seen.  Formerly  large  numbers  of  coal-boats  and  salt-boats  were  built  upon  the  Elk  river. 
Once,  also,  the  salt-works  of  the  Kanawha  required  vast  numbers  of  barrels ;  these  were  made  of  black  as  well  as 
white  oak;  now  but  five  of  the  sixty  furnaces  once  boiling  brine  in  this  vicinity  are  in  operation,  and  there  is  little 
demand  for  black  oak  for  staves.  The  country  along  the  Kanawha  between  the  Elk  and  the  Gauley  rivers  has  been 
lumbered  for  5  or  G  miles  back  from  the  streams,  and  about  one-foui'th  of  the  timber  has  been  cut  from  the.se  valleys. 
The  Gauley  river  with  its  several  large  tributaries  drains  a  valley  which  covers  nearly  5,000  square  miles;  its  length 
is  about  110  miles,  much  less  than  that  of  the  Elk,  which  is  a  long,  slender  stream,  but  it  occupies  a  much  broader 
valley  and  has  twice  the  volume  of  water  of  the  Elk.  Unlike  the  rivers  just  considered,  which  wear  out  for 
themselves  smooth  channels  through  the  soft  sandstone,  the  Gauley  is  a  rough  stream,  tumbling  rapidly  over  hard 
conglomerate  rock,  its  bed  being  full  of  bowlders  and  ledges.  For  the  first  10  miles  from  its  mouth  the  fall  averages 
4  feet  to  the  mile  ;  above  that  20  feet  to  the  mile,  while  its  upper  waters  are  so  swift  and  rough  as  to  be  unnavigable 
even  for  small  boats.  For  these  reasons  the  Gauley  does  not  admit  of  the  passing  of  rafts,  and  it  is  a  difficult  river 
upon  which  even  to  drive  single  logs.  Its  valley  is  but  little  settled,  except  on  Meadow  river  and  along  its  right 
bank  below  that  stream.  Above  a  point  15  miles  from  its  mouth  no  timber  has  been  touched  except  by  the  few  settlers. 
In  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Gauley  for  15  or  more  miles  the  timber  is  chiefly  oak,  poplar,  walnut,  etc; 
The  Gauley  and  its  large  affluents,  the  Cherry,  Cranberry,  and  Williams  rivers,  all  head  back  in  the  forests  of  black 
spruce,  which  sometimes  take  entire  possession  of  the  mouistain  tops;  a  little  lower,  yet  often  mingled  with  the 
spruce,  hemlocks  and  black  cherry  abound.  On  Cherry  river  the  cherry  trees  so  i)redominatc  over  all  others  as  to 
have  given  their  name  to  the  stream.  Here  are  trees  often  -4  feet  in  diameter.  The  region  intermediate  between 
the  upper  and  the  lower  districts  of  the  Gauley  thus  described  contains  much  beech,  sugar  maple,  and  black 
cherry.  The  white  oak  which  abounds  in  the  lower  basin  of  this  river  disappears  above  an  altitude  of  2,000  feet. 
1  was  informed  that,  although  lumbering  operations  were  but  lately  beguu  on  the  Gauley,  nearly  1,000,000  feet  of 
poplar  were  brought  out  of  the  river  in  1879,  and  that  it  had  yielded  50,000  feet  of  black  walnut  in  1880,  while 
there  were  now  in  the  river  poplar  logs  enough  to  make  3,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  About  one-fourth  of  the  cut  of 
late  years  has  been  sawed  at  mills  near  the  falls :  the  rest  is  rafted  to  Charleston. 


■'?  I  '-f'   , 


i&s 


BSH 


.,, ;,,........ 


le  greater  part 
n  forest  of  oak 
Kter  county  is 

.00  miles  from 
for  temporary 
lusiuess,  their 
iv  is  attended 
•1  to{jf'ther  iu 
lally  made  11 
ivith  a  poplar 
ndotte,  in  the 
le  stream,  the 
igiual  forest, 
camore,  ash, 
trees  rather 

of  this  river 
I  remarkable 
ut  u  third  of 
10  latter  not 
iu  any  other 
f  this  river, 

a  boom  and 

ver  is  about 

,8  only  beeu 

•  miles  from 

ely  of  white 

although  it 
and  about 

also  beech 

About  the 

with  black- 
Elk  river. 

:  as  well  aa 

ere  is  little 

IS  has  been 

(se  valleys, 
its  length 

3h  broader 

ar  out  for 

over  hard 

1  averages 

luivigable 

icult  river 

r  its  right 

^  settlers. 

iluut,  etc; 

s  of  black 
with  the 

lers  as  to 

i  between 

nd  black 

,000  feet. 

K)  feet  of 

80,  while 

le  cut  of 


mssmasBB^, 


I 


■;  k 


-,j.;'j    .r.-r^_ij*»-,ry,ltl 


'^'?^^7'^^mfT^^n^^^l^^*y^ 


n 

If! 

m  I 


f.    of: 

I.. 

i-r 


if'  fif- 

If  |V; 


K-i 


t     . 


-4 


f    ! 


'11. 


r ! 


ii  i 


1!     ,-■ 


[I      I 


:i- .-AnTMKKr  UF  THf   'VrFHlOF 


•       /^ 


\ *         V  '         '    '■  -  •  ■  '•V  / 


"■-I- 


-    ■  — x,—- 


"oV 


i^-^y'  -^f^\. 


iV 


T  C   >»,U  >-  1^ 


"Hi,,.?:.: 


^-         -,'       S-    -''.--     «'  \<  ..      iX-^.'".'".  O'     ■"■■ 


',1    '"'"• 


11  q  ^ 


\  I. 


^  .i  ^' 


^^  <    S  L    1   I.  .,_,  , , 

,p  <.v-  ,.V../..i...T,         '^    ^ 


.  *V '      c  >.  A  V 


p   o  L  iK^\        ;  /  ,  .'  i^?     V      f<^         ■  ■  .'       '     f      V 


N.  r 


i  I, 


!    t— - 


Y 


\ 


^--.  \/'- 


J 


^ 


NOinil    (Ah'OMNA 

.siiiiwixt.  iiii:  iii.>>ii;ii!rTi(i.\  iiK  nil  iim  l■l>|||;.^|s 

vvi  III  sn.ii.'i.  iii-.i-'i;iii;ni  i.  in  ii;i 

l.l  .\illi:i»  IMllSTIIV. 

i-t>Ml  II  I.I)  1   Mil  I.   nil-,  I'll'.i  I    (lu.\  n| 

■'  .s  .-^ AKi   I   Vl  .  .sIM  n.M.   \i,|   N  I 

mill 


,:i.^- 


\\}^>'- 


ttmm&mmmm^^^ 


l"1 


j^^^^i^i^tii^"-'  '*~ 


|p.  .        '\l.  |M< 


! 


II 


I  .lli'slx-r  11   ,    |1*I. 


I '  'i 


ill  li 


H 


^  .«^E 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


515 


■'  The  valley  of  the  New  river  is  only  lumbered  for  from  3  to  5  miles  from  the  stream,  although  the  walnut  has 
been  gathered  10  miles  farther  back.  This  is  a  rough  country  in  which  to  lumber,  since  the  streams  cut  deep  into 
the  earth,  and  New  river  cannot  be  driven. 

"  Konceverto  is  situated  on  the  G  reenbrier  river  at  the  point  where  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  railroad  first 
meets  this  stream  as  it  descends  from  the  AUeg^aany  mountains.  Here  is  the  boom  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
Boom  Company,  and  hero  are  located  three  or  four  lumber  firms  operating  steam-mills.  One  of  these,  the  New 
York  Hoop  Company,  uses  two  million  hoop-poles  per  annum,  chiefly  hickory,  manufacturing  hoops  for  flour 
barrrels,  pork  barrels,  hogsheads,  and  tierces,  besides  strips  for  boxes,  etc.  The  process  of  manufacturing  hoops 
was  explained  to  me  as  Ibllows :  The  poles,  of  assorted  lengths  and  sizes,  are  jtassed  through  machines  which  split 
each  of  them  into  two,  three,  or  four  pieces,  and  these  are  put  through  other  machines  which  plane  flat  the  inner  side 
of  ciicb  strip,  leaving  the  bark  iutacl.     The  hoops  thus  lu  ale  are  tied  into  bundles  and  shipped  to  New  York. 

"  The  Greenbrier  river  rises  in  the  limestone  sinks  in  Randolph  county,  whence  it  flows  southwesterly  through 
the  fertile  limestone  valley  between  the  Alleghany  and  the  Greenbrier  mountains  for  a  distance  of  120  miles, 
emptying  into  the  New  river  at  Uiiiton.  Flowing  through  .such  a  valley  it  is  not  a  rapid  stream,  but  from  a  i)oint 
12  miles  below  Travelers'  liest,  on  its  headwaters,  it  is  line  for  raiting.  Yet  the  stream  needs  some  improvement, 
especially  by  the  closing  up  of  back  channels  into  which  the  logs  are  borne  by  high  water,  to  be  left  in  swamps 
when  the  flood  recedes. 

"  Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  timber  of  the  Greenbrier  river  has  been  removed  as  yet,  and  it  is  estimated 
that  in  its  valley  white  oak,  white  pine,  poplar,  cherry,  hemlock,,  walnut,  and  ash  enough  remain  to  make  1,000,000,000 
feet  of  boards,  and  that  there  are  not  less  than  500,000,(K)0  feet  of  white  pine  in  this  region,  occupying  a 
belt  through  the  center  of  both  Greenbrier  and  Tocahont'.s  counties.  The  eastern  limit  of  the  black  spruce  belt 
on  the  headwaters  of  the  Elk  and  Gauiey  rivers,  the  most  exttn,sivo  and  valuable  in  West  Virginia,  coincides 
with  the  western  limits  of  the  white-pine  belt  lying  in  rocaliontas  county.  Its  south(!rn  line  runs  rorthwesterly 
from  the  south  end  of  Tocahontas  to  near  the  center  of  Nicholas  county.  From  this  point  its  western  line  runs 
northeasterly  ;hrough  the  center  of  Webster  county  to  the  vicinity  of  lluttonville,  in  Ilandolph  county,  the  northern 
enil  of  the  belt  covering  the  upper  waters  of  Shaver's  Fork  of  the  Cheat  river.  Over  this  belt  black  spruce  is  scattered 
more  or  less  densely,  sometimes  occupying  almost  exclusively  the  high  slopes,  particularly  the  northern  slopes 
and  tilt  »uuimils  of  the  mountains. 

"  111  is  believed  that  10,000,000  feel  of  black  walnut,  in  paying  quantities,  could  still  be  gathered  in  this  part 
of  the  state,  and  that  there  would  then  bo  left  an  equal  amount  so  scattered  that  it  could  not  be  profitably  collected 
at  present  prices." 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  forests  of  North  (Carolina  were  once  hardly  surpassed  in  variety  and  importance  by  those  of  any  other 
part  of  the  United  States.  The  coast  region  was  occupied  by  the  conifeious  forests  of  the  southern  Maritime  Pino 
Belt;  the  middle  districts  of  the  state  by  a  forest  of  oaks  aud  other  hard-wood  trees,  through  which  the  old-ficUl 
pine  is  now  rapidly  spreading  over  worn-out  and  abandoned  farming  lauds.  The  high  ridges  and  deep  valleys  of 
the  Appalachian  system  which  culminate  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  are  still  everywhere  covered  with  dense 
forests  of  the  most  valuable  hard- wood  trees  mingled  with  northern  pines  and  hemlocks.  The  inaccessibility  of 
this  mountain  region  has  protected  these  valuable  forests  up  to  the  present  time,  and  few  inroads  have  yet  been 
made  into  their  stores  of  oak,  cherry,  yellow  poplar,  aud  walnut.  The  L.  .d-wood  forests  of  the  middle  districts, 
however,  have  been  largely  removed  or  culled  of  their  finest  timber,  although  the  area  of  woodland  in  this  part  of  the 
state  is  now  increasing.  These  new  forests,  usually  composed  of  inferior  pine,  are  of  little  economic  value,  except  iis  a 
source  of  abundant  fuel  and  as  a  means  of  restoring  fertility  to  the  soil,  preparing  it  to  i)roduce  again  more  valuable 
crops.  A  larger  proportion  of  the  pine  forest  of  the  coast  has  been  destroyed  in  North  Carolina  than  in  the  other 
southern  states.  This  partof  the  state  has  long  been  theseat  of  important  lumbering  operations,  while  the  manufacturo 
of  naval  stores,  once  almost  *'xclusively  contined  to  North  Carolina,  and  always  an  important  industry  here,  has 
seriously  injured  these  forests.  The  original  forests  have  been  practically  removed  from  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  state,  the  great  region  watered  by  the  numerous  streams  flowing  into  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds;  and 
although  some  lumber,  largely  second  gn>\vth  pine  trees  of  poor  (juiility,  is  produced  here,  the  importance  of  these 
forests  is  not  great.  The  merchantable  i)ine,  to.  has  been  removed  from  the  banks  of  the  Ca])e  Fear  and  other 
rivers  flowing  through  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  iind  altli(»ugh  these  streams  still  yield  annually  a  Inrgo 
number  of  logs,  they  are  only  procured  at  a  constantly  increasing  distance  from  their  banks  and  with  a  consequent 
increasing  cost  for  transport. 

Forest  flre.1  inflict  serious  danmge  upon  the  )iine  forests  of  the  south.  During  the  census  year  510,101i  acres 
of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  forest  liies,  with  a  loss  of  |;)57,!t80.  The  largest  number  of  these  lires 
were  traced  to  the  carelessness  of  farmers  in  clearing  land,  to  locomotivew,  hunters,  and  to  malice.   • 

Manufacturers  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock,  industries  which  (Uice  flourished  in  the  eastern  and  central 
portions  of  the  state,  already  sutler  from  the  exhaustion  and  deterioration  ol'  material.  Such  industries,  however, 
are  increasing  in  the  extreme  western  counties,  and  promise  to  attain  there  an  import!'. ut  development. 


»?^ 


PI 


51(5 


THE  FORESTS  OF  Till.  UNITED  STATES. 


If'; 


.  * 


iM:| 


The  following  estimate,  by  counties,  of  the  niercliantablo  i)iue  standing  May  31,  1880,  so\ith  of  tlio  Nettso 
river,  (he  only  part  of  tlio  state  where  it  is  of  eonimercial  iniimrlance,  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Edward  Kidder,  of 
Wilmington.  It  is  based  npon  aotnat  snrveys  and  (l.c  reports  of  u  large  number  of  timber-land  experts  familiar 
with  the  difl'ereut  counties  still  occupied  by  the  forests  of  long-leaved  pnie: 

LONG-LKAVKD  PINE  (/'iiiiw  jxi/iiWnii). 


CoiintlM. 


Illailon   

UiuiiHwtck  .. 

(MlHtllAlU 

Cohiinliiifi ... 
Ciiniliuilttiul  . 

l)ii|ilin 

H«i'ii(<tt 

Jolinatuu 


litoro  . 


Ni'w  UuuoTcr 

Onflow 

Unlirnon 

Sttiii]tnon 

Wiiko 

W«iHi> 


rw>t,  bo«r<l 
nwiMiiro. 


Total  . 


28(1, 
Ml, 
448, 
S8R, 
806, 
-1, 
4)iO. 

m:i. 

504. 
0«, 

ai, 
8r.4. 

002. 
4H, 

40, 


,  000.  000 
0(H),  MMI 
000,  000 
000,  000 
00<),  000 
000,000 
000,  000 
1100,  000 
HW),  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 
000,  000 


S,  22S,  000,  000 

L--  . 

Cut  f.ir  tliorrnf>ii«  VTOrcnilinir  May  31.  iwn,  pjchisl^nif  i      108,411,000 

90,  iimOOll  I'l'l'l  rut  III  lIlIM lllirHIKlllll'I'lll  III  All  I'lllHlI* 

Nliil  pHinlit'o  ■inintlH  itiiil  rIkii^  tlio  r;iiiilir(>  ihmI  Ni>use  ! 
rivi're,  irliii'li  in  l«ii;«>ly  luliluliy  pUio  (/'inuf  Tenia).        | 


:i  i: 


NAVAL  STOKKS. 

Small  tpiantities  of  o.nde  iiirpeiitiiu  were  i)rodncptl  npon  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  between  the  Pamlico 
and  Ciipe  IVar  rivers,  soon  alter  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  country.  It  was  sent  to  (Jreat  Ibitain  or  converted 
into  spirits t)f  ttiipeiitiiie  and  rosin  for  hdiiic  c()i>snni]>tioii.  The  demand  for  f.hii)s' stores  had  greatly  increased 
the  North  (^arolina  pioduclioii  as  early  as  ISIS,  iiltliongii  the  tield  of  operations  wiis  not  extended  sonth  of  tho 
Cape  Fear  river,  nor  iiuire  tliiin  1(10  miles  from  the  coast,  until  lS;i(!.  The  large  demimd  for  spirits  of  turpentino 
created  during  that  ye^r  induced  ntanntacturers  to  test  the  yield  of  trees  on  (he  wejst  wide  of  the  Cape  Fear  river, 
up  to  tliiit  time  coiisidfied  unproductive.  The  result  was  satisfactory,  although  t)verproilnction  and  low  jiriees 
deferred  iiiiti!  ISIO  ilie  development  of  this  region.  Since  lS-10  this  iinlnstry  has  bt>cn  giadually  carried  southward. 
Naval  stores  were  ])rodiiced  in  South  Carolina  in  1S40,  and  in  Cicmgia  two  years  :ter.  Tur|)enline  orchards  wero 
esliihlished  in  Florida  and  Alabama  in  1S,"m,  and  mon>  recently  in  Mississippi  inul  eastern  Louisiana. 

The  naval  stoves  manufactured  in  the  Cniteil  Stiites  are  principally  produced  from  tiie  resinous  exudations  of 
(he  Ion;  leaved  pine  (/'i»i».s'  /)(i/i(.v7»i.s'),  and  in  small  tpiantilies  from  (he  loblolly  jiiiie  ( /'ihh«  '/Wd),  and  the  slash 
pine  (/'i/ii(.t  Cnbtnuis)  o(  the  Florida  coast.  The  trees  selected  lor  "lio.xing"  are  usually  from  112  (o  18  inches  in 
diameti>r,  althoiijih  trtvs  with  trunks  only  8  implies  thiDUgh  ait>  now  s(unelimes  worked.  A  deep  cut  or  "box"  is 
nuide  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  by  a  cut  slanting  downward,  some  7  inches  in  depth,  and  generally  112  inches  above 
tin-  ground,  and  met  b.\  a  sccoml  cut  started  10  inches  above  the  tlist  and  running  down  from  the  bark  to  meet  it. 
In  this  maiiaer  a  segment  is  removed  from  the  trunk  and  a  triangular  trough  Ibrmed  4  inches  deep  and  l  inclies 
wide  lit  th"  top. 

Two  such  boxes,  or  upon  a  largo  trunk  sometimes  fdin.  are  made  (ui  each  tre(>.  A  "crop",  the  unit  of  i)roduetion 
among  large  operators,  cnnsists  of  10,000  such  boxes.  The  boxes  are  cut  early  in  November  with  a  narrow-bladed 
ax  siiecially  manufactured  for  the  purpose,  and  (he  trees  are  wcuked  on  an  average  during  ihir(y(wo  weeks.  As 
soon  as  (he  npper  surface  of  (he  box  ceases  (ii  cxndf  tieely,  it  is  "hacked"  over  and  a  fresli  surface  exjaised,  (ho 
dried  resin  adhering  to  the  cut  having  been  (irst  carefully  removed  with  a  sharp,  narrow,  steel  scrai)er.  The  boxes, 
especially  after  the  first  season,  are  often  hacked  as  often  as  t)iu'e  a  week,  and  are  (hus  grndually  extended 
upward  until  upon  trees  which  have  been  workeil  during  a  number  of  seasons  the  ui>i)er  surface  of  (he  box  is  often 
10  or  IL'  feet  above  the  ground.  For  (he;e  long  boxes  (he  scraper  is  attached  to  a  woo«len  handle,  generally 
loaded  wi'.h  iron  at  the  lower  end  (o  facilitat'.'  (he  operation  of  drawing  down  the  resin.  Once  in  four  weeks,  or 
often  less  frequently,  (he  resin  caught  in  ih.'  nottom  of  (he  box  is  remov«'d  into  a  bucket  with  a  small,  sharp)  <'val 
steel  spade  attached  to  a  .short  wotidei!  handle.  The  juoduct  of  these  "dipi.ing.s",  as  this  operation  is  ca!lo4J,  is 
placed  in  barrels  and  trausported  «<>  the  distillery.  1h<^  first  season  a  turpei, tine  orchard  is  worked  boies  aro 
usually  dipi)ed  eight  times,  yieldi-ig  iin  average  of  300  barrels  of  turpentine  to  the  <Top.    Tho  second  yei  :     ii«' 


'"^  -'r«ass-~  jv.si^iggA  vw.  m  ' 


•rsn/mi* 


_ia£ifyaR.^jB^kiyL«iu-^ 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


517 


number  of  dippiiiRH  is  reduced  to  five,  the  product  fulling  ofl"  to  1/50  barrels,  wliile  for  tlie  lliird  seaHoii  100  biirrels 
are  considered  ii  fair  yield  fVoin  three  dippiiiKS.  To  this  must  be  added  tlie  yield  of  the  "scrapes",  whi(!h  for  the 
first  year  is  estimated,  for  one  crop,  at  from  00  to  70  barrels  of  280  poiuids  each,  and  for  sueceedinK  years  at  100 
barrels. 

Trees  can  be  i)rofltabIy  worke»l  in  North  Carolina  by  experienced  oi)erators  dnrinfj  four  or  (he  years,  or,  upon  a 
small  scale,  in  connection  with  farming  operations  and  by  actual  residents,  several  years  long«u-;  farther  south  tho 
trees  seem  to  possess  less  re«!uperalive  power,  and  in  South  Carolina  four  years  is  niven  as  the  outside  limit  during 
which  an  orchai'd  can  be  proflt;'bly  worke<l,  while  in  (leorgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama  they  are  often  abandoned  at 
the  end  of  the  Kc(!ond  an«l  always  ut  the  «'nd  of  the  third  year.  Twenty  tlvii  men,  in<!lnding  ovtuseers,  wagoners, 
distillers,  coopers,  and  laborers  can  work  fen  crops.  Tlie  average  wages  of  such  a  force  is  #1  a  day  per  man,  so 
that  the  cost  of  labor  necessary  to  work  a  crop  <1uring  the  season  «)f  thirty  two  weeks  is  8IH0. 

The  following  grades  of  turpentine  are  n'<ognized  in  the  tra<le:  "Vir^iii  dii>",  or  "Holt  white  gum  turpentine" — 
the  product  the  tirst  year  the  trees  are  worketl;  "  YeUow  dip"— tl:e  proiluct  of  the  second  and  su«-cee(ling  years,  and 
becoming  darker  colored  and  less  liquid  every  year;  "Scrape"  or  "  Hard  turpentine" — the  product  of  the  scrapings 
of  the  boxes. 

Uosin  is  graded  as  follows:  "W"— Window-glass;  "  N"— Kxtra  pale;  "M"— I'ale;  "K"— Low  pale;  "I"_ 
Good  No.  1  ;  "  I!"— No.  1  ;  "(}"— Low  No.  1;  "F"— (Jood  No.  li;  "  H"— No.  2;  "!)"— (Jood  strain;  "C"— Strain; 
«i  j{''_(;„tumon  strain;  "  A"— liliiek. 

Window  gla.ss  is  the  lightest  gra(h',  an«l  is  <nily  produced  from  the  llrst  dippings  of  "  virgin  "  trees — that  is, 
trees  worked  for  the  lirst  time.  The  resinous  »'xudatiou  betiomes  darker  colored  and  less  volatile,  every  year,  as  tho 
box  grows  older,  and  the  rosin  iinxlueed  In  darker  and  less  valnaltle.  Trees  worked  during  several  years  ]U'o<iucu 
a  very  dark  brown  or  black  rosin.  Spirits  of  turpentine  made  Irom  virgin  trees  is  light  colored,  light  in  weight, 
and  free  from  any  tuste;  the  resinous  nnittt'r  yielded  in  siuHteeding  years  gains  nnne  and  nion^  body,  and  tho 
additional  heat  required  in  di.stilling  it  throws  olf  some  resin  (londiined  with  the  spirits,  prodmiing  in  it  a  strong, 
biting  taste  ami  greater  weight. 

Tar,  prodtuted  by  burning  the  dead  woo<l  and  most  resinous  parts  of  th«'  long-leaved  i)ine  in  covered  kilns,  is 
graded  as  follows:  "  Hope  yellow",  or  Ho|)enuiker8'  tar — the  highest  grade,  produ('ed  with  a  minimum  of  heat  from 
the  most  resinous  i)arts  of  the  wood;  "  Hoany,"  or  "Ship  smearing" — tin*  next  running  of  tin*  kiln;  "lJla(!k"or 
"Thin" — the  lowest  grade,  made  from  inferior  wood,  or  the  last  running  of  the,  kiln,  and  therefore  produced  with 
the  maximum  of  heat. 

The  following  statistics  of  the  i>roduclion  of  inival  stores  during  the  (umisus  year  were  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  II. 
Van  Bokkelen,  of  Wilmington,  Ntnlh  Carolina,  to  wlunn  I  am  indebted  for  much  inlormation  in  regard  to  tho 
methods  used  in  carrying  on  this  industry: 


Stnt««. 


Aliiliania 

Kloi'iilit 

OiMirjitii 

LoiiUliiiia. 

MinHiMHippI 

North  ('firoliiia 
Sontli  CnroUim 

Totol  ... 


Tnrpentlno. 

nosln. 

OttUont. 

ItarrrlH. 

2,  (lll.'i,  000 

ir>H,48a 

1,  o:io,  3.10 

68,281 

3,  lf)l,.'iUO 

277,  ROO 

200,  000 

20,  OUO 

2.'iO,  (100 

20, 000 

6,  2711,  200 

(103,1)07 

4,  &0»,  200 

3X1,  IMO 

17,  B«5,  2B0 

1,  M2, 170 

Eighty  thousand  barrels  of  tar  v"  r«  manufactured  during  the  census  year  iu  North  Carolina,  and  10,000  barrels 
in  the  other  southern  states. 

Tho  total  value  of  this  crop  of  naval  stores  at  centers  of  distribution,  and  of  course  including  freight  from  the 
forest  and  difierent  brokerage  charges,  was  not  far  from  $H,0(l((,()()0.  The  net  profits  of  the  industry,  even  in  the 
case  of  virgin,  trees,  is  very  small,  and  ut  present  prices  is  believed  to  be  unprofitable  except  to  the  most  skillful 
operators.  The  low  juice  of  southern  timber-lands  and  the  facility  with  which  rights  to  operate  tracts  of  forest  for 
turpentine  have  been  hitely  obtainable  in  several  states  have  unnaturally  stimidated  (troduction.  The  result  of 
this  has  been  that  manufacturers,  unable  to  make  a  profit  except  from  virgin  trees,  abandon  their  orchanls  after 
one  or  two  years'  working  and  seek  now  fields  of  operation  ;  the  ratio  of  virgin  forest  to  the  total  area  worked 
over  in  the  production  of  naval  stores  is  therefore  );onshintly  increasing.  It  is  estimated  by  Mr.  Van  Bokkelen 
that  during  tho  years  between  1870  and  188(»  an  average  of  one-tliird  of  the  total  annual  pro<luct  (»f  the  country 
was  obtained  from  virgin  trees,  and  that  in  1880  one-fourth  of  the  crop  was  thus  produced,  necessitating  the  boxing 
in  that  year  of  the  best  trees  upon  000,000  acres  of  forest.  Tho  pro<luction  of  naval  stores  is  curried  on  in  a 
wasteful,  extravagant  manner,  and  the  net  profits  derived  from  tho  business  are  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the 
damage  which  it  infliets  upon  the  forests  of  the  country;  the  injury  is  enormous.    Lumber  made  from  trees 


11 

\  'i  U'' 

'mt 

w 


■  i-fT". 


HT"     ' 

Dp  j 

ff:  ■ 

fiii  'i 

1'!'  'i 

i'  ii«i 

1,  - 1 ., 

v;l     i 

I.I 

■-'■  1     • 

!? 


518 


THE  F0RE3TS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


previonsly  worked  for  tnrpeotine  is  of  inferior  qualitj',  although  it  is  probably  less  injured  than  has  been  generally 
supposed.  Comparatively  few  trees,  however,  once  boxed  are  manufactured  into  lumber.  It  is  estimated  that  20 
per  cent,  of  them,  weakened  by  the  deep  gashes  inflicted  upou  their  trunks,  sooner  or  later  are  blown  down  and 
ruined ;  fires,  too,  every  year  destroy  vast  areas  of  the  turpentine  orchards,  in  spite  of  the  care  taken  by  operators 
to  prevent  their  spread.  It  is  customary  in  the  winter,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fires  which  annually  run  through 
the  forests  of  the  Southern  Pine  Belt  from  spreading  to  the  boxes,  to  "racket"  the  trees;  that  is,  to  remove  all 
combustible  material  for  a  distance  of  3  feet  around  the  base  of  each  boxed  tree.  Fire,  carefully  watched,  has  then 
been  set  to  the  dry  gi-ass  between  the  trees,  in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  accidental  conflagrati<i'is,  and  to  give 
the  box-clioppers  a  firmer  foothold  than  would  be  oft'ered  by  the  dry  and  slippery  p.  le  leaves.  In  jiite  of  these 
precautions,  however,  turpentine  orclianls,  especially  when  abandoned,  are  often  destroyed  by  fire.  Tlie  surface 
of  the  box,  thickly  covered  with  a  most  inflammable  material,  is  easily  ignited,  and  a  fire  once  started  in  this  way 
may  rage  over  thousands  of  acres  before  its  fury  can  be  checked. 

The  manufacture  of  naval  stores,  then,  decreases  the  value  of  the  boxed  tree  for  lumber,  reduces  the  ability  of 
the  tree  to  withstand  the  force  of  gales,  and  enormously  increases  the  danger  to  the  forest  of  total  destruction 
by  fire. 

Wilmington,  the  most  important  distributing  point  for  this  industry  in  the  United  States,  handles  80  per  cent, 
of  all  the  naval  stores  manufactured  iu  North  Carolina.  Previous  to  1870  Swansboro',  Washington,  and  New 
Berne  were  also  large  shipping  points. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

• 

The  forest  covering  of  South  Carolina  resembles  in  its  general  features  that  of  the  states  immediately  north 
and  south  of  it.  The  pine  forest  of  the  coast,  nearly  coinciding  in  area  with  that  of  the  Tertiary  deposits,  covers 
the  eastern  portion  for  a  distance  of  150  miles  from  the  coast.  The  middle  districts  are  occupied  with  hard-wood 
forests,  or  forests  in  which  pines  of  various  species  are  mixed  witli  oaks,  hickories,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  The 
forests  of  the  Alleghanies,  rich  in  species  and  magnificent  in  the  development  of  individual  trees,  spread  over  the 
mountains  and  valleys,  which  occupy  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state.  The  streams  which  flow  through  the 
Coast  Pine  Belt,  often  bordered  by  wide,  deep  swamps,  are  ill-suited  to  lumber  operations,  and  less  serious  inroads 
have  therefore  been  made  into  the  pine  forests  of  South  Carolina  thau  into  those  of  North  Carolina  or  Georsria. 
Tlie  merchantable  pine,  however,  has  been  removed  from  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  from  the  banks 
of  the  Little  Pedee  river,  and  from  along  the  lines  of  railroad. 

The  most  accessible  hard-wood  timber  has  been  cut  from  the  foreats  of  the  middle  districts,  although  vast 
quantities  still  remain  remote  from  railroads  or  protected  in  deep  river  swamps,  inaccessible  except  during  a  few 
months  of  summer.  The  western  counties  still  contain  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber,  yet  undisturbed  except 
to  supi)ly  tbe  wants  of  the  scattered  population  inhabiting  this  almost  inaccessible  montitain  region. 

The  manufacture  of  rough  red  and  white  oak  split  staves  and  lieadiugs  for  the  European  and  West  ludian 
trade,  already  an  important  industry  in  this  state,  is  capable  of  large  development;  rice  tierces  and  resin  barrels 
Jire  also  largely  made  in  the  coast  region  from  pine.  At  Plantersville,  in  Georgetown  couuty,  and  at  other  points 
along  the  coast  quantities  of  hand-made  cypress  shingles  are  manufactured  in  the  swamps. 

During  the  census  year  431,730  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  forest  fires,  with  a  loss  of 
$291,225.  These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  by  the  careless  burning  of  brush  upon  farms,  and  by  sparks 
from  locomi.tivt';i. 


HI!  >■  i 


BURNING  OFF  DEAD  HERBAGE. 

The  pine  belt  of  the  coast,  in  South  Carolina  as  well  as  through  its  entire  extent  from  Virginia  to  Texas,  suffers 
from  fires  set  every  spring  by  grazers  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the  scanty  herbage  growing  among  the  trees 
of  this  open  forest.  These  fires  run  rapidly  over  the  surface  strip)>ed  by  tlie  fires  of  previous  years  of  any 
iu'cuninlation  of  vegetable  material,  witiiout  inflicting  any  immediate  injury  upon  the  old  trees  of  the  forest  unless 
a  turpentine  orchard  is  encountered,  when,  the  resinous  surfiices  of  the  boxes  being  once  fully  ignited,  nothing  can 
save  the  trees  from  total  destruction.  If  the  mature  trees  of  the  forest  are  not  under  normal  couditiouH  trrcatly 
injured,  however,  by  tliis  annnal  burning  of  the  dead  herbage  beneath  them,  the  foivst  itself,  as  a  whole,  sufler* 
enormously  from  this  cause.  Slight  and  shor>  lived  as  those  fires  are,  they  destroy  the  vegetable  mold  ujwn  tb* 
surface  of  tlie  ground,  all  scds  and  seedling  trees,  and 'all  siirubbery  or  undergrowth,  which,  in  protecting  tb* 
germination  of  seeds,  insures  the  continuation  of  the  forest,  'i  iiey  deprive  the  soil  ol  fertility  and  mak**  it  every 
year  less  able  to  support  a  crop  of  trees,  and  in  thus  robbing  the  soil  they  influence  largely  the  coinpusition  of 
succeeding  crops.  Few  ytmng  jiines  are  springing  up  anywhere  in  the  coast  region  to  replace  the  trees  destroyed, 
but  where  seedlings  protected  from  fire  appear  ni)on  land  long  subjected  to  aniuuil  Inmiiug,  they  are  uoually, 
although  not  universally,  of  less  valuable  species,  and  not  the  long  leaved  pine  which  gives  to  this  fort^t  its  principal 
economic  importance.  These  annual  fires  are  slowly  but  surely  destroying  tlif  value  of  the  Southern  I*in«  Belt. 
They  destroy  all  seeds  and  seedling  trees,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  its  power  i"  produce  »gaiu  valuable  specieeu 


■^ 


■■R 


en  generally 
ated  that  20 
n  down  and 
by  operators 
I'un  through 
0  remove  all 
ed, has  then 
and  to  give 
nte  of  these 
T'he  surface 
in  this  way 


10 


itely  north 
lits,  covers 
hard-wood 
rees.  The 
d  over  the 
rough  the 
lis  inroads 
r  Georeria. 
the  banks 


Dugh  vast 
iug  a  few 
ed  except 

it  Indian 
n  barrels 
er  points 


a  loss  of 
y  sparks 


3,  suffers 
he  trees 
of  any 
t  unless 
ling  can 
grfatly 
,  sufters 
pon  th<!' 
iug  tfa# 
t every 
iti(»ii  of 
troyed, 
iwially, 
■incipa! 
R  l?.'It. 

ip«cieR. 


i;  ! 


i 


O 


sfti 


i)i;.\si  i"i  oi   1  oiu.s  IS 

I.".."..;. 


^f 


&f 


I 


•}i 


1'-  w 


■;    ' 

i 

k' 

j;;,: 

1 

^1-  ■ 

B 

'^'-  i 

i 

i 

u 

ViU  I 


'V 


i'  ! 


m  < 


t  ( 


.1-  i 


r'  fc- 


r 


I 


vi      ' 


i  i  ■ 


'   ,       !.l 


if! 


T 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


II.25 


|5o  ^^"   n^ 
■^  Ui2   12.2 

i4lii4 


Sllh 


v. 


r 


i? 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STHIT 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  14SM 

(7|6)  •79-4503 


ira 


'%^ 


^^ 


wm 

1 

' 

m 

i     4 

I 

i'' 

i     .1 

, 

f'' 

■tin 

ft 

,  .  ( 

■■■;  . 

m 

ily 

m  ^ 

; 

ill 

fn 

1^\   F  t- .; 


;.l:  i 


■r  -1 


til 


ip  I' 


r^; 


.;•'  f ! 


■  ;ii" 


ifi 


!      ^ 


J 


„  li: 


.^  .:mm!l 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


519 


■^fi 


1^    J^'-'^^ 


■l 


J 


The  following  estimates  of  the  amonnt  of  long-leaved  pine  standing  in  the  state  were  made  up  from  information 
obtained  from  Mr.  Edward  Kidder,  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  in  regard  to  that  part  of  the  state  north  of  the 
Edisto  river,  and  from  Mr.  W.  G.  Norwood,  of  Blackshear,  Georgia,  for  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  They  are 
based  on  what  is  believed  to  be  less  accurate  information  respecting  the  northern  part  of  the  state  than  has  been 
obtained  in  regard  to  the  piue  forests  of  the  other  states,  and  allowance  should  be  made  for  possible  large  errors. 
The  estimates  are,  however,  probably  largely  below  the  actual  productive  capacity  of  the  pine  forests  of  the  state 
which  may  be  expected  to  exceed  by  25  or  30  per  cent,  the  following  figures : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus palmtrit). 


CoantiM. 


Aiken  

Barnwell.... 
Beaufort.... 
Charlettoo . . 
Cheateraeld 
Clarendon  .. 

Colleton 

Darlington.. 
Fairfield.... 
GeorRetown 
Hampton  .  ■ . 
Horry 


Feet,  board 
meaeare. 


209, 
3«0, 
*9, 
458, 
183, 
332, 
453, 
337, 
7, 
128, 
202, 


000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 
000, 


Conntiea, 


Kershaw 

Lanoaater 

Lexington 

Marion 

Marlborough 

Oraogeburgh 

Richland 

Sumter 

WiUiMnabnrgh 

Total 

Cut  for  the  cenans  year  ending  May  31,  1880. . . 


Feet,  boaid 
meaaore. 


171,000,000 
6,000,000 

76, 000, 000 
326,000,000 
101, 000, 000 
465, 000, 000 

88, 000, 000 
380,000,000 
636,000,000 


5, 316, 000, 000 


124, 402, 000 


The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  Georgetown,  Charleston,  and  various  points  in  Hampton  and 
Barnwell  counties,  where  suiall  railroad  mills  are  located.  Charleston  and  Georgetown  are  the  distributing  centers 
for  naval  stores  manufactured  in  the  state. 

GEORGIA. 

The  northern  counties  of  Greorgia  are  covered  with  the  forests  of  the  Alleghany  Mountain  region,  here  and  in 
northern  Alabama  reaching  the  southern  limits  of  their  distribution  and  considerably  reduced  iu  the  number  of 
species  composing  them,  the  pines,  firs,  beeches,  and  other  northern  trees  being  generally  replaced  by  the  broad- 
leaved  species  -  f  the  Mississippi  basin.  From  the  base  of  the  mountains  forests  of  oak  mixed  with  pines  extend 
Southward,  occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  state  and  mingling  with  the  trees  of  the  Maritime  Piue  Belt  along 
its  northern  limits.  In  the  southern  and  coast  counties  gr'^at  areas  of  swamps  are  still  covered  with  forests  of 
cypress,  protected  by  their  inaccessibility  from  the  attacks  of  the  lumberman. 

The  merchantable  pine  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  principal  streams  and  along  the  lines  of  railroad  has 
been  removed,  and  serious  damage  has  been  inflicted  upon  the  pine  forests  of  the  state  by  the  reckless  manufacture 
of  naval  stores.  Vast  areas  covered  with  pine,  however,  still  remain,  while  the  hard-wood  forests  of  the  central 
and  northern  portions  of  the  state  contain  a  large  quantity  of  the  most  valuable  hard  woods. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock  is  still  in  its  infancy,  and  this  and  other  industries  requiring  an  abundant 
and  cheap  supply  of  hard  wood  seem  destined  soon  to  reach  an  enormous  development  in  the  upper  districts  of 
Georgia  and  the  other  states  of  the  south  Atlantic  division. 

During  the  census  year  705,351  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $107,020. 
The  greatest  number  of  these  fires  was  traced  to  carelessness  in  clearing  land,  to  sparks  from  locomotives,  and 
to  hunters. 

Tlie  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  standing  in  the  state  of  Georgia  May  31,  1880, 
were  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Norwood,  of  Blackshear,  in  that  state,  a  timber  viewer  and  expert  of  liigli  standing. 
He  obtained  his  results  by  dividing  the  whole  pine  belt  into  irregular  regions  over  which  the  average  cut  per  acre 
ctmld  be  obtained,  allowance  being  made  for  clearings,  farms,  areas  of  culled  forests,  streams,  swamps,  etc.  The 
area  in  each  of  these  regions,  by  counties,  was  measured  ni)on  a  large-scale  map  and  the  standing  timiier  computed. 
These  estimates  include  merchantable  pine  still  standing  on  land  partly  cut  over,  or  which  has  been  worked  in  the 
mannCacture  of  tui'iKMitine.  The  hoxed  areas  include  nearly  all  the  regions  from  whicli  any  pine  lias  been  removed, 
and  extend  beyond  them  in  all  direcitions  into  the  uncut  forests  and  along  rivers  and  railroads. 

Similar  methods,  practically,  were  adopted  in  prei)aring  the  estimates  of  the  amount  of  piue  standing  in  Florida 
and  the  other  Gnlf  states.  The  results  tlins  obtained  are  not,  of  course,  strictly  accurate,  and  are  not  sui)|)osed 
to  be  so.  The  estimates  are  intended  to  show  the  average  ]»rodnctive  capacity  of  the  i)iiie  forests  over  large  areas, 
ai'd  to  indicate  generally  in  what  |)art  of  the  state  the  priiuiipal  bodies  of  piiu'  still  occur.  LilH'ral  allowance  has 
been  made  in  computing  areas  of  swamp  and  cleared  land,  and  it  will  probably  bo  safe  to  add  10  per  cent,  to 
these  estimates  of  the  pine  standing  iu  any  of  the  southern  states. 


]X 


1  ■ 

'^',1  'I 

i 


sis 


I 


II. 


•5  111 


520 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


i!  I 


LI  >" 


.5   *' iti 


1  1 

i'l 


r 


>■  I 


!! 


,1  I 
1  i; 


The  following  is  an  estimate  of  tbe  amount  of  pine  timber  standing  in  the  state  May  31, 1880 : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinus  palustrU). 


Conn  ties. 

feet,  board 
measure. 

Conntiea. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

Conn  ties. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

543,000,000 
134,000,000 

35, 000, 000 
410,000,000 

38, 000, 000 
281, 000, 000 

60,000,000 
733,000,000 
298,000,000 
117, 000, 000 

82, 000, 000 
246,000,000 

06,000,000 
330,000,000 
578, 000, 000 
339,000,000 

45, 000, 000 
653, 000, 000  ; 
417,000,000 
334, 000, 000 

90,000,000 
299,  OUO,  000 
183,000,000 

6, 000,  000 
950,000,000 

19,000,000 

17, 000,  OOO 

47,000,000 

70,000,000 

21,000,000 

22,000,000 

191,000,000 

488,000,000 

206.000,000 

291, 000, 000 

40,000,000 

1,064,000,000 

128,  000, 000 

236,000,000 

236,000,000 

10, 000, 000 

65,000,000 

52,000,000 

164, 000, 000 

379, 000, 000 

18,000,000 

791,000,000 

35, 000. 000 

2,000,000 

Polk  

38,000,000 
408,000,000 
126,000,000 

21,000,000 

28,000,000 
188,000,000 
191,000,000 

44,000,000 
768,000,000 

63,000,000 
598,000,000 
104,000,000 
311,000,000 

84,000,000 

32,000,000 
18i,  000, 000 

80,000,000 
240,000,000 
160, 000, 000 

48,000,000 
292.000,000 
152,000,000 
612,000,000 

Baker 

Glascock 

Pnlaski 

Baldwin 

Berrien 

Bibb 

Bandolnh 

Hancook 

Haralson       . .  . 

Schley  

HniTiB 

Screven 

Irwin 

Talbot 

Burke 

JefTerBou    

Tattnall 

JonoB 

Telfair 

Terrell 

Clay 

Lee 

Tbonaa 

Clinch   

Liberty 

I^wvdes 

Upson 

UoUuflSe 

Ware 

HcIntoBb 

Miller 

Dooly 

MitcheU     

Webster 

Wilcox 

jjarly 

MontiiomerT 

Wilkinson 

£cbol8        

Muscogee 

Worth 

Total 

ranlding 

16,778,000,000 

Emannel 

Pierce 1        220,000,000  | 

Cnt  for  the  censna  Tear  endiof;  Ma> 
leaved  pine  and  mixed  growth). 

31,  18(0  (exclnding  28,335,000  feet  cnt  in  the  region  of  short- 

272, 743, 000 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  situated  along  the  coast  at  Brunswick,  Darien,  Savannah,  and 
Saint  Mary's.  Logs  sawed  at  these  points  are  now  driven  down  the  various  streams  for  a  considerable  distance  from 
the  coast.  Large  quantities  of  pine  lumber  are  also  manufactured  in  different  mills  located  along  the  lines  of 
railroad  in  Appling,  Polk,  Floyd,  and  other  pine  counties.  Savannah  and  Brunswick  are  the  principal  points  of 
Tistribution  of  the  naval  stores  manufactured  in  the  state. 

FLORIDA. 

The  forests  of  the  Southern  Pine  Belt  cover  the  state  as  far  south  as  cape  Malabar  and  Charlotte  harbor.  The 
long-leaved  pine  is  replaced  along  the  sandy  dunes  and  islands  of  the  coast  by  oaks  (of  which  the  live  oak  is  alone 
of  commercial  importance),  scrub  pines,  and  palmettos,  while  a  deciduous  forest,  largely  of  northern  composition, 
occupies  the  high,  rolling  lands  in  a  large  part  of  Gadsden,  Leon,  Jefferson,  and  Madison  counties.  The  pine 
foists  gradually  decrease  southward  in  density  and  value,  and  south  of  latitude  29°  N.  are  of  little  present 
commercial  value.  Forests  of  pitch  pine  (Pinua  CubenatH),  however,  extend  far  south  of  the  region  occupied  by  the 
more  valuable  long-leaved  pine  bordering  the  coast  and  covering  the  low  ridges  of  the  Everglades.  Great  areas  of 
swamp  occur  every  where  through  northern  and  central  Florida,  covered  with  forests  of  cypress,  red  cedar,  gum,  and 
bordered  with  bays,  magnolias,  and  other  broad-leaved  evergreens ;  while  the  hummocks  or  low  elevations,  covered 
with  rich  soil  and  everywhere  common,  bear  oaks  and  other  deciduous  trees,  often  of  great  size. 

South  of  cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  bay  the  character  of  the  vegetation  changes,  and  the  North  American 
arborescent  species  are  replaced  by  the  semi-tropical  trees  of  the  West  Indies.  These  occupy  a  narrow  strip  along 
the  coast,  caver  the  keys  and  reefs,  and  spread  over  some  of  the  hummocks  of  the  Everglades.  This  semi-tropical 
forest  is  confined  to  the  saliue  shores  of  the  innumerable  bcays  and  creeks  of  the  region,  or  to  the  coral  and  sedimentary 
calcareous  formation  of  the  keys  and  hummocks.  The  species  of  which  it  is  composed  are  here  at  the  northern 
limits  of  their  range;  individual  trees  are  comparatively  small  and  the  forests  of  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Florida  peninsula  are  commercially  unimportant,  although  sufficiently  extensive  and  varied  to  supply  the  scanty 
population  of  this  region  with  lumber,  fuel,  and  material  for  boatbuilding  and  the  manufacture  of  fishing  apparatus. 

The  forests  of  Florida  have  not  suffered  greatly  from  fire.  Much  of  the  state  is  uninhabited  and  unfit  for 
agriculture  or  grazing.  The  danger,  therefore,  of  fires  set  in  clearing  land  for  farms  spreading  to  the  forest  is  less 
than  in  other  parts  of  the  south,  while  the  numerous  streams  and  swamps  everywhere  intersecting  the  pine  forests 
and  the  natural  dryness  of  the  sandy  ridges,  thinly  covered  with  vegetable  mold,  check  the  spread  of  fires 
when  started. 

During  the  census  year  105,320  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  as  burned  over,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$00,900.    The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  set  by  grazers  to  improve  the  pasturage  for  their  stock. 


,|iiiiiniB.!LWJ,W 


DZPAJiTMEI 


IHT£R10R 


•hiliii-.  Ilini  1  (  ,  liilt 


1'|! 


■ 

r 

K 

1? 

H 

it 

■ 

i '  ^'^ 

1  'f  ji 

: 

ii 


'  r  i' 


' 


B'    U 


if't 


f 


!i 


t    ' 


m 

» 

r, 

1  ^- 

THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


521 


The  following  estimates,  by  counties,  of  the  long-leaved  piue  still  standing  in  Florida  east  of  the  Apalachicola 
river  were  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Gartiss,  of  Jacksonville;  those  for  west  f  lorida  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile, 
Alabama : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  {Pinua  paluaMs). 


Countie*. 


Alkcbn* 

Baker 

Bradford 

BrcTard , 

Calhonn 

Clay 

Columbia 

Duval 

Bsvarobla 

Hamilton 

Bi'mando 

Hillsborough 

Cut  for  the  renana  ypar 
and  Rawed  in  western 


Feet,  board 
ueaHure. 


Connttea. 


Holmes... 
Jackson  .. 
Jeffenon  . 
Lsfajelte . 

Levy 

Liberty . . . 
Madison . . 
Manatee.. 
Marion ... 
Kassau  ... 
Orange ... 
Polk 


S2S,000,000 

144, 000, 000 

138,000,000 

03,000,000 

ei,  ooo,  000 

77, 000, 000 

455, 000, 000 

07, 000, 000 

go,  000, 000 

311,000,000 
142,000,000 
]62,'JOO,000 

cnilin,,'  May  31, 1881  (excluding  77,500, 
Florida). 


Feet,  board 
measure. 


Conntiea. 


150, 000, 000 
233, 000, 000 

23, 000,  OOO 
425,000,000 
346, 000, 000 

75, 000, 000 
122, 000, 000 
200,000,000  I 
315,000,000 
104,800,000 

87, 000, 000 
210, 000, 000 
000  feet,  estimated,  grown  in  Alabama 


Putnam 

Saint  John's . 
Santa  Ilosa  . . 

Sumter 

Suwannee . . . 

Taylor 

Volusia 

WakulUk 

Walton 

Washington . 
Total  ... 


Feet,  board 
maoanre. 


121,000,000 

68,000,000 

213,000,000 

ion,  000, 000 

622,000,000 
218.000,000 
59,000,000 
72, 000, 000 
408, 000, 000 
187,000,000 

6,615,000,000 


208,054,000 


In  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  timber  remaining  on  lands  which  have  been  cut  over,  or  of  that  injured 
by  the  manufacture  of  turpentine. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  Peusacola,  Millview,  and  Blackwater,  in  Escambia  and 
Santa  Rosa  counties.  The  logs  sawed  here  and  at  other  points  upon  Pensacola  bay  are  driven  down  the  streams 
from  the  forests  of  Alabama,  the  accessible  pine  in  this  ])art  of  Florida  having  been  long  exhausted.  A  large 
amount  of  pine  lumber  is  also  manufactured  at  Ellaville,  in  Madison  county,  upon  the  upper  Suwannee  river,  and 
at  Jacksonville,  Saint  Mary's,  and  at  various  points  upon  the  lower  Saint  John  i  cr.  Logs  driven  from  the  lower 
Suwannee  river  are  sawed  at  Cedar  Keys,  where  are  situated  the  most  important  mills  in  the  United  States  devoted 
to  the  manufacture  of  red  cedar  into  pencil  stuff. 

Jacksonville,  Saint  Mary's,  and  Fernandina  are  the  largest  centers  of  distribution  for  the  naval  stores 
manufactured  in  the  state. 

The  following  extracts  are  taken  from  Mr.  Curtiss'  report  upon  the  forests  of  Florida : 

"  In  visiting  western  Florida  I  have  had  particularly  in  view  the  examination  of  the  timber  of  a  part  of  the  state 
which  is  unlike  all  others  in  physical  conformation,  and  consequently  in  vegetation.  This  region  differs  but  little 
from  the  country  bordering  the  southern  Alleghanies,  and  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  the  southern  terminus  of 
the  Appalachian  range.  It  commences  about  40  miles  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  extends  northward  between 
the  Chipola  and  Okalokonee  rivers  into  southwestern  Georgia  and  southeastern  Alabama.  North  of  this  there  is 
little  to  connect  it  with  the  southern  mountains  except  the  rugged  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  river.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  hilly,  often  precipitous.  The  soil,  like  that  of  the  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia  and  Carolina, 
abounds  in  red  clay,  and  is  therefore  adapted  to  crops  which  do'not  succeed  in  other  portions  of  Florida.  The 
vegetation  is  extremely  varied  and  interesting,  comprising  most  of  the  plants  of  northeastern  Florida,  a  large 
portion  of  those  found  in  the  Piedmont  country  and  in  the  rich  river  bottoms  of  the  interior,  and  a  considerable 
number  found  only  on  the  limestone  with  which  much  of  this  country  is  underlaid.  In  the  river  bottoms,  which  ara 
inundated  at  seasons,  there  is  found  a  great  variety  of  trees,  some  of  which  attain  a  size  probably  not  equaled 
elsewhere.  In  this  small  portion  of  the  state  of  Florida  is  to  be  found  nearly  every  species  of  tree  growing 
within  the  limits  of  the  state,  except  those  semi  tropical  species  found  on  the  coast  south  of  Cedar  Keys  and  Mosquito 
inlet.  Fully  fifty  American  arborescent  species  here  reach  their  southern  limit.  A  few  species  show  marked 
diminution  in  size,  and  all  northern  species  which  extend  southward  of  this  Chattahoochee  region  here  attain  in 
Florida  their  largest  dimensions. 

"There  are  two  trees  in  this  region  of  particular  interest,  as  they  are  not  known  to  grow  anywhere  else;  these 
are  the  stinking  cedar  (Torreya  taxifolia)  and  the  yew  (Taxus  Floridana).  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the 
Torreya  occurs  also  along  the  Wakulla  river,  and  perhaps  elsewhere  in  the  state,  but  there  is  no  positive  knowledge 
of  its  occurrence  except  along  the  Apalachicola  river,  on  the  limestone  hills  which  border  it  at  intervals  on  the  east 

"The  forests  of  this  region  are  still  almost  intact.  Some  poplar  and  tulip  wood  is  cut  from  the  river  banks 
for  northern  markets,  but  the  valuable  timber  on  these  rich  shores  is  as  yet  almost  untouched.  The  country 
southwest  of  this  region,  though  of  very  little  agricultural  value,  contains  an  immense  quantity  of  the  best  cypress 
timber,  hardly  yet  disturbed  by  the  lumberman. 

"Two  mills  have  recently  been  established  at  Apalnchicola,  one  of  which  saws  nothing  but  cypress  lumber. 
The  product  of  this  mill  is  sent  to  New  Orleans.  As  white-pine  lumber  must  soon  become  scarce,  the  attention  of 
dealers  ought  to  be  directed  to  southern  cypress,  which  will  prove  a  good  substitute  for  it.  Although  there  is 
plenty  of  valuable  pine  in  this  country  the  swamps  render  it  somewhat  inaccessible,  and  the  mills  at  Apalachicola 


ft  i 

;';  1 

■  1    :1 

\  1 

'^y.'-zT^r,- 


•J-'f- 


'!  t 


Vi 


.1i 


I  hi 


lll 


111 


522 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


are  more  easily  supplied  with  logs  rafted  down  the  river  from  Georgia.  Many  hewed  logs  of  large  dimensions  are 
shipped  from  this  point.  The  country  near  Apalachicola  in  surface  and  timber  growth  is  much  like  that  of 
northeastern  Florida,  all  the  good  timber  having  been  cut. 

"PENCIL  OEDAB. 

"The  favorite  variety  of  red  cedar,  of  tall  and  straight  growth,  is  becoming  scarce,  but  there  remains  a  large 
quautitj'  of  quality  snflQciently  good  for  pencils  in  nearly  all  sections  of  the  state  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  capo 
Canaveral  to  the  north  end  of  Charlotte  harbor.  There  is  no  red  cedar  in  southern  Florida,  the  Dixon  mill  at. 
Tampa  having  exhausted  the  supply  within  reach  of  that  place;  but  new  mills  have  been  established  near  "Webster, 
in  Sumter  county,  and  at  the  head  of  Crystal  river,  at  present  the  best  source  of  supply. 

"CYPRESS. 

"The  main  body  of  cypress  in  southern  Florida  is  located  in  the  'Big  Cypress',  a  region  of  which  I  have  beard 
much  from  persons  who  were  in  an  expedition  which  went  through  it  during  the  last  Indian  war.  They  entered  it  at 
the  'Little  Palm  hummock',  18  miles  northeast  of  cape  Bomano.  Traveling  east  about  12  miles  they  came  to  the 
'Big  Palm  hummock',  when  they  turned  and  traveled  nearly  due  north  for  six  days,  averaging  12  miles  a  day. 
Their  guide  then  informed  them  that  the  cypress  extended  12  miles  farther  north;  so  it  would  seem  that  the  main 
body  of  the  'Big  Cypress '  has  a  length  of  about  85  miles  and  a  width,  as  they  think,  of  about  20  miles.  The  cypress 
grows  in  belts  running  north  and  south,  the  main  central  belt  being  about  6  miles  wide  and  consisting  of  largo 
timber.  There  are  narrow  strips  of  cypress  and  pine  alternating  with  prairie,  although  probably  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  region  is  covered  with  cypress.  According  to  these  estimates  there  must  be  at  least  1,000  square  miles 
covered  with  cypress  timber  in  this  region,  which  in  times  of  high  water  could  be  floated  out  by  the  numerous 
creeks  and  inlets  flowing  toward  the  Gulf.  There  are  also  large  quantities  of  heavy  cypress  on  the  swampy  borders 
of  Peace  creek,  the  Hillsborough  river,  the  Withlacoochee,  etc.,  many  trees  squaring  from  2  to  4  feet. 

"The  long-leaved  pine  extends  south  to  Prairie  creek,  in  about  latitude  27°  N.  The  pine  between  Prairie  and 
Peace  creeks,  which  is  sawed  at  the  mill  near  Ogden,  belongs  to  this  species.  Timber  in  this  region  is  quite  shaky, 
and  from  all  reports  it  is  evident  that  the  yellow  pine  in  Manatee,  Orange,  and  Hillsborough  counties  is  quite 
inferior,  being  mostly  of  the  rough-barked,  sappy  variety  called  in  this  region  bastard  pine.  The  long-leaved  pino 
occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  interior  of  the  peninsula  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Charlotte  harbor  to  cape 
Malabar.  At  its  southern  limit  1  saw  trees  which  measured  over  2  feet  in  diameter  and  which  would  furnish  logs 
30  feet  long. 

"Pitch  ])ine  (Pinus  Cubensis)  appears  on  the  west  coast  at  Margo,  10  miles  north  of  cape  Romano,  and  extends 
northward  to  Prairie  and  Fishhead  (jreeks,  being  the  only  pine  of  this  region.  From  Charlotte  harbor  northward 
it  is  confined  to  a  belt  from  10  to  15  miles  wide,  bordering  the  Gulf,  extending  to  Tampa  and  as  far  northward 
as  Pensacola,  being  also  scattered  through  the  interior.  This  tree  seldom  exceeds  2  feet  in  diameter  or  50  feet  in 
height,  and  will  aflford  a  great  quantity  of  framiug  timber,  although  it  will  be  probably  generally  used  in  the 
production  of  naval  stores,  for  which  it  is  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  long-leaved  pine. 

"One  of  the  most  important  facts  in  regard  to  the  pine  forests  of  Florida  is  their  permanence.  Owing  to  the 
sterility  of  soil  and  the  liability  to  inundation  of  most  of  the  state,  it  is  certain  that  but  a  very  small  portion  of 
Florida  will  ever  be  cleared  of  its  forest  covering.'  -  Taking  into  consideration  the  great  area  covered  with  valuable 
pine  forests,  and  the  fact  that  there  will  be  a  continuous  new  growth  if  the  spread  of  forest  fires  can  be  checked, 
only  trees  of  the  largest  size  being  cut,  it  is  evident  that  Florida  will  furnish  a  perpetual  supply  of  the  most 
valuable  pine  lumber." 

The  following  notes  upon  the  pine  forests  of  western  Florida  were  furnished  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of  Mobile, 
Alabama : 

"  The  pine  forests  occupying  the  region  between  the  valley  of  the  Apalachicola  river  and  the  banks  of  the 
Choctawhatchee,  and  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Chipola  to  the  bay  of  Saint  Andrew's,  are  yot  mostly  in  their 
primeval  condition  and  contain  a  vast  body  of  valuable  timber.  The  district  between  the  Choctawhatchee  .and 
the  Perdido  is  the  seat  of  the  oldest  and  most  active  lumbering  industry  of  the  whole  Gulf  coast.  The  numerous 
streams  flowing  through  the  pine  forests  of  eastern  Alabama  to  the  large  bays  upon  the  coast  of  western  Floiida 
make  fully  4,000  square  miles  of  southeastern  Alabama  comparatively  accessible  and  tributary  to  the  region  from 
which  the  lumber  finds  an  outlet  by  way  of  the  bay  of  Pensacola. 

"The  better  class  of  the  somewhat  elevated  and  nndulating  timber-lands  which  surround  Escambia,  Blackwater, 
and  Saint  Mary  de  Galves  bay  were  long  since  stripped  of  their  valuable  timlier.  These  forests  having  been  culled 
time  after  time  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  are  now  completely  exhausted.  The  low,  wet  pine  barrens, 
with  their  soil  of  almost  pure  sand,  which  trend  eastward  along  the  shores  of  Santa  Rosa  sound  and  Choctawhatchee 
bay,  have  never  borne  a  growth  of  pine  snflicieutly  large  to  furnish  more  than  a  small  supply  of  timber  of  very 
inferior  quality.  The  ridges  between  the  Choctawhatchee  river  and  the  Yellow  river  are  also,  for  the  most  part, 
arid,  sandy  wastes,  never  yielding  more  than  a  few  hundred  feet  of  lumber  per  acre. 


L?i* 


f  Hill 


i 


i 


mcnsions  are 
like  that  of 


oains  a  large 
rn  from  cape 
>ixon  mill  af; 
3ar  Webster, 


'  have  heard 
entered  it  at 
came  to  the 
miles  a  day. 
lat  the  main 
The  cypress 
ing  of  large 
birds  of  the 
y[uaro  miles 
3  numerous 
ipy  borders 

Prairie  and 
uite  shaky, 
es  is  quite 
!eaved  pine 
'or  to  cape 
irnish  logs 

3d  extends 
northward 
northward 
50  feet  in 
ed  in  the 

ing  to  the 

portion  of 

valuable 

checked, 

the  most 

f  Mobile, 

£8  of  the 
in  tlieir 
ihee  and 
umerous 
I  Florida 
ion  from 

:!k  water, 
n  culled 
barrens, 
hatchee 
of  very 
St  part, 


ia 


ill' 


f. 


4i 


I?  ■■it  ^  1  '^ 

p  , ; 

|v;|.,;   : 


|'|i! 

h 

'Jfjlii 

1 

i||l ;  ■ 

,Mi^  i 

-I®!?' 

11^ ' 


II 


.  i-i 


i 


^11 


W    i' 


thp:  forests  of  the  united  states. 


523 


"  Tho  well-timbered  portion  of  west  Florida  coinmeiices  with  tlie  sontliern  border  of  Holmes  connty.  This 
region  ia  now,  however,  nearly  oxbnnsted  alonji  water-conrsea  largo  enougli  for  rafting,  while  of  late  years  canals 
and  ditches  dug  into  the  foreat  afford  facilities  for  floating  timber  growing  remote  from  streams  to  the  mills. 
According  to  those  best  informed  regarding  the  amount  of  timber  still  standing  in  this  section,  there  ia  scarcely 
enough  left  between  the  Escambia  and  Clioctawhatch<!e  rivers,  in  western  Florida,  to  keep  the  mills  on  the  coast 
Bupidied  for  another  half-dozen  yei    a,  even  if  the  whole  of  the  pine  standing  could  be  made  available. 

"  The  lumber  bjsiness  of  Perdido  bay  is  entirely  concentrated  at  Millview,  where  three  large  saw-mills  are 
established.  The  production  of  lumber  commenced  here  in  1865,  increasing  rapidly  from  10,000,000  feet,  board 
measure,  in  that  year,  to  three  and  four  times  that  amount.  All  the  lumber  manufactured  upon  Perdido  bay  is 
sent  to  Pensacola  by  a  railroad  constructed  for  the  purpose.  Only  about  400  pieees  of  hewed  timber  are  shipped 
from  Millview,  although  the  railroad  has  carried  an  average  of  37,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually  to  Pensacola, 
the  maximum  annual  yield  of  the  Millview  mills  having  been  45,000,000  feet. 

"  Pensacola  is  the  most  important  port  of  lumber  export  on  the  Gulf  coast.  During  the  year  ending  August 
30,  1879,  403  vessels,  of  a  combined  capacity  of  217,487  tons,  carried  i'rom  the  harbor  of  Pensacola  3,090,469  cubic 
feet  of  hewed  square  timber,  3,769,527  cubic  feet  of  sawed  square  timber,  and  60,000,000  feet  of  sawed  lumber, 
board  measure.    Of  the  squared  timber  foui"  fifths  is  shipped  to  Great  Britain. 

"  The  peninsula  between  the  junction  of  the  Escambia  and  the  bay  of  Saint  Mary  de  Galves  is  low,  and,  along 
the  shore-line,  bordered  with  marshes.  The  timber  needed  to  supply  the  mills  located  upon  the  shores  of  these 
waters  has  during  the  past  forty  years  been  drawn  from  this  region,  and  when  new  forests  have  replaced  the 
original  growth  they  have  beeu  cut  over  and  over  again,  and  still  furnish  a  small  amount  of  timber,  as  the 
turpentine-distiller  has  not  followed  the  log-getter  in  these  regions.  The  supply  of  timber  here,  however,  at  present 
is  too  small  to  be  taken  into  account  in  view  of  the  enormously  increased  demands  of  the  mills.  There  are  three 
large  mills  on  Blackwater  bay  i)roducing  40,000,000  feet  of  lumber  a  year.  Three-fourths  of  this  lumber  is  produced 
in  the  establishment  of  Messrs.  Simpson  &  Co.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater  river,  at  Bagdad,  about  half  a 
mile  below  Milton.  Mills  sawing  square  timber  are  situated  20  or  30  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater  and 
use  mostly  water-power.  The  mill  of  Messrs.  Milligan,  ObafQu  &  Co.,  on  this  river,  20  miles  above  Milton,  sepda 
28,000  pieces  of  square  sawed  timber  to  Pensacola,  averaging  32  cubic  feet  each ;  5,000  such  pieces  are  furnished  by  a 
few  very  small  water-mills  higher  up,  swelling  the  whole  amount  of  square  timber  to  33,000  pieces.  The  last-named 
firm  has  acquired  by  purchase  large  tracts  of  public  land  along  Black  and  Coldwater  rivers.  To  reach  the  timber 
growing  on  their  land  a  canal  20  miles  long,  with  sluices  that  intersect  the  small  tributaries  of  these  streams,  has 
been  dug.  By  means  of  this  canal  a  suflicieut  supi)ly  of  logs  is  secured  to  keep  the  mill  running  through  the  jear. 
The  large  manufacturers  of  Bagdad  have  adopted  a  similar  system,  and  by  these  means,  and  by  the  construction  of 
tramways  tapping  the  more  remote  and  isolated  regions  tributary  to  the  waters  of  Black  and  Yellowwater  rivers 
toward  the  uortheru  part  of  the  state,  the  exhaustion  of  the  timber  lands  through  the  whole  breadth  of  western 
Florida,  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Choctawhatchee  river,  will  certainly  be  accomi)lished  before  the  end  of  the  next 
five  years.  A  sash,  door,  and  blind  factory  located  at  Bagdad  consumes  a  large  amount  of  cypress  lumber.  This 
is  procured  from  the  mills  situated  along  the  shores  of  the  upper  Choctawhatchee  bay,  and  is  grown  along  the  banks 
of  the  Choctawhatchee  river.  The  cypress  lumber  is  exclusivelj'  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sashes,  blinds,  doors, 
moldings,  and  particularly  in  the  construction  of  houses,  of  which  every  year  a  considerable  number  is  shipped 
by  the  way  of  New  Orleans  to  the  treeless  regions  of  western  Louisiana  and  Texas.  This  establishment  manufactures 
a  large  amount  of  fencing,  the  rails  of  cypress,  the  posts  of  red  and  white  cedar,  rounded  and  capped.  This  is 
shipped  to  New  Orleans  and  to  the  settlements  in  southern  Florida.  Of  late  years  it  has  commenced  sawing  pencil- 
boards  of  red  cedar.  The  logs,  of  very  superior  quality,  are  obtained  from  the  hummocks  and  bottom  lands  bordering 
upon  the  Choctawhatchee.  The  lumber  for  this  purpose  must  be  entirely  free  from  knots,  of  even,  close  grain,  the 
woody  fibers  perfectly  straight.  These  logs  are  cut  in  sections  G  inches  in  length,  and  the  carefully-selected  pieces 
sawed  into  slabs  2  inches  broad  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  Fifty  gross  of  these  slabs  are  packed  in  a 
case,  and  the  establishment  produces  about  six  hundred  cases  annually.  These  are  mostly  shipped  to  a  pencil 
factory  in  Jei'sey  City,  a  small  number  going  also  to  Germany. 

"The  saw-mills  situated  on  the  shores  of  Choctawhatchee  bay  extend  from  the  mouth  of  Alaqua  creek  to 
Freeport,  and  westward  to  Point  Washington  ;  the  logs  sawed  at  these  mills  are  for  the  most  part  brought  down 
by  raft  from  the  upper  waters  of  the  Choctawhatchee  and  its  tributaries.  The  lumber  sawed  here  ia  mostly  long- 
leaved  pine,  with  a  small  amount  of  cypress.  The  product  of  these  mills  is  mostly  shipped  to  New  Orleans  in  small 
schooners  carrying  from  15,000  to  20,000  feet  each.  The  capacity  of  the  mills  upon  this  bay  is  in  excess  of  their 
production,  the  difhculty  of  obtaining  logs  causing  moat  of  them  to  remain  shut  during  half  the  year. 

"  The  causes  which  up  to  the  present  time  have  prevented  the  destruction  of  the  pine  forests  about  Saint 
Andrew's  bay,  which  is  traversed  by  one  fine  river  and  bordered  by  another,  nuist  be  traced  to  the  difiiculty  of 
navigating  these  streams  and  to  the  want  of  a  convenient  outlet  to  the  Gulf  at  Apalachicola.  There  are  few  saw- 
mills upon  this  bay,  supplying  only  the  local  demand,  and  even  these  are  furnished  with  logs  floated  down  the 
Chattahoochee  from  beyond  the  confines  of  the  state." 


K!  ' 


624 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


11:1'  1 

.Ml 

55  i  ; 


SOUTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION. 


H 


ALABAMA. 


The  northern  and  nortlieastern  portions  of  Alabnnin,  embracing  the  foot-hills  of  the  sontbern  Alleghany 
monntains  and  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river,  are  covered  with  a  rich  and  varied  forest  growth  of  broad-leaved 
trees,  in  which  oaks,  hickories,  ashes,  walnuts,  and  cherries  abound.  South  of  the  Tennessee  river  the  rolling 
country  is  covered  with  oaks,  through  which  belts  of  short-leaved  pine  occur.  lu  Cherokee  and  Saint  Clair 
counties  isolated  bodies  of  long-leaved  pine  appear,  while  a  narrow  strip  of  the  same  species  stretches  nearly 
across  the  state  between  the  thirty-third  and  thirty-second  degrees  of  north  latitude.  South  of  this  central  belt 
the  country  is  again  covered  with  forests  of  hard  woods,  which  farther  south,  in  the  rolling  pine-hill  region,  are  mixed 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  long-leaved  pine ;  and  this  species  occupies,  or  once  occupied,  almost  exclusively, 
outside  of  the  numerous  river  bottoms,  the  sandy  ]>laiii  extending  along  the  coast  and  reaching  nearly  100  miles 
inland  from  the  shores  of  the  (irulf.  Great  regions  of  swamp  covered  with  heavy  forests  of  cypress  occur  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  region  watered  by  the  lower  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers. 

The  forests  of  northern  Alabama  still  contain  great  bodies  of  hard-wood  timber,  although  the  demands  of  the 
rapidly-increasing  iron  industry  located  here  have  alreat.y  stripped  of  their  tree  covering  many  of  the  low  hills  of 
northeastern  Alabama.  The  best  pine  has  been  gathered  from  Mobile  and  Baldwin  counties,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Mobile  bay,  from  the  lines  of  railroads  and  the  banks  of  streams  heading  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and 
flowing  to  the  Gulf  through  western  Flonaa. 

The  pine  forests  of  southern  Alabama  have  long  suffered  from  the  reckless  manufacture  of  naval  stores. 

Duriug  the  census  year  569,100  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  Are,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$121,223.    Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  were  set  to  improve  grazing,  or  by  careless  farmers  and  hunters. 

The  manufacture  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock,  furniture,  and  other  articles  of  ,vood  is  still  in  its  infancy  iu 
Alabama  and  the  other  Gulf  states.  Such  industries,  iu  view  of  the  magnificent  forests  of  hard  wood  covering 
great  areas  in  this  region  and  the  rapid  exhaustion  of  the  best  material  in  the  north  and  west,  must  in  the  near 
future  be  largely  transferred  to  the  southern  states. 

The  cypress  swamps  adjacent  to  Mobile  bay  yield  a  large  number  of  hand-split  shingles  and  give  employment 
to  many  persons,  principally  blacks. 

The  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  pine  standing  iu  the  state  May  31, 1880,  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Charles 
Mohr,  of  Mobile,  who  carefully  examined  the  whole  pine  region  of  the  Gulf  states : 

LONG-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinu»  palutiriB). 


Regions. 

Feet,  board 
measure. 

4,055,000,000 

2,000,000,000 

10,000,000,000 

1, 750, 000, 000 

900, 000, 000 

180, 000, 000 

18,885,0(0,000 

West  of  Perdido  riTer 

In  the  CoDtraJ  Pine  Belt 

In  the  Walker  County  dietrict 

Total 

Cut  for  the  ceusiiH  year  endinK  May  31, 1880  (inclndinK  77,600,000 
feet,  eatimated,  grovrn  in  Alabama  and  sawed  iu  neatern  Florida). 

245,300,000 

SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  (Pinu$  mitU). 


In  the  Central  Pine  Belt 

1,875,000,000 
432,000,000 

In  the  CooHa  River  basin   

Total 

2,307,000,000 

Cot  for  the  oensns  year  eodin  -  May  31, 1880,  aune  reported. 

^si 


Alleghany 
road-leaved 
the  rolling 
Saint  Clair 
ihes  nenrly 
ientral  belt 
;  are  mixed 
xclusively, 
y  100  miles 
ccur  in  the 

3. 

nds  of  the 

ow  hills  of 

jhborhood 

state  and 

ores. 

:ed  loss  of 

iters. 

ufancy  in 
covering 
the  near 

ployment 

.  Charlea 


% 


;ts 


!•■'■,,( 


r 

R 

r' 

■  ; 

1 

1! 

ill 


ij^i  -ll!  ;! 


THE  FORESTS  OF  rHE  UNITED  STATES. 


525 


In  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  smalii  timber  standing  on  some  1,282,000  acres  which  have  been  cat 
.over,  and  from  which  the  merchantable  pine  has  been  practically  removed,  or  on  600,000  acres  injured  by  the 
manufacture  of  turpentine. 

There  are  fewer  pine  trees  per  acre  in  the  region  of  mixed  growth  than  in  the  pine  belt  proper,  with  which  it 
mingles  on  the  north ;  but  the  individual  trees  being  larger,  the  average  amount  of  standing  pine  per  acre  is 
greater,  although  generally  of  poorer  quality. 

Mobile  is  still  the  principal  center  in  the  state  for  the  manufacture  of  pine  and  cypress  lumber ;  a  large  amount 
of  pine  lumber  is  manufactured  also  along  tbe  line  of  the  railroads  penetrating  the  pine  belt  in  Etowah  county,  and 
considerable  hard  wood  is  sawed  in  counties  bordering  the  Tennessee  river  for  local  use  and  northern  shipment. 
Mobile  is  alsu  the  distributing  point  for  the  uaval  stores  manufactured  in  the  state.    . 

The  folk  wing  noios  upon  the  forests  of  Alabama  are  extracted  from  Dr.  Mohr's  report: 

"THE  MAUITIME  PINE  REGION. 


"West  of  Mobile  the  road  traversed  for  a  distance  of  over  5  miles  the  plain,  or  so-called  'second  bottom', 
composed  of  a  more  or  less  tenacious  or  sandy  yellow  clay.  It  has  an  elevation  above  the  alluvial  of  the  river  of 
15  to  25  feet,  and  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  the  ridges  of  the  stratified  drift,  which  extend  to  within  "  lo  18  miles 
of  the  shore-line.  Near  the  coast  this  plain,  flat  and  devoid  of  drainage,  forms  for  many  miles  the  low,  wet  savannas 
sparsely  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  long-leaved  pines ;  near  the  estuaries  it  is  interspersed  with  tracts 
covered  with  a  black,  light  soil,  rich  in  humus  and  bearing  a  luxuriant  growth  of  broad-leaved  trees  associated 
with  a  fc"  Coni/eree,  and  with  the  wooded  swamps  which  e^^tend  over  the  depressions  about  the  base  of  the  higher 
land,  auu  <llow  the  low,  inundated  banks  of  the  numAi*ous  streams.  The  prevailing  forest  tree  of  this  plain,  now 
much  CHuivated  in  the  vicinity  of  Mobile,  is  the  lonp  leaved  pine.  Situations  offering  a  moister  and  somewhat 
richer  soil  along  thr  Lummocks  and  gentle  acclivities  bordering  the  swamps  and  the  bottoms  of  the  water-courses 
are  occupied  by  the  lOblolly  pine.  With  this  is  often  associated  the  pitch  pine  {Pinus  Cubenais),  which  prefers, 
how^ever,  the  more  or  less  inundated  and  always  wet,  swampy  forest,  where  its  spreading  crown  towers  above 
the  gum  trees  and  while  cedars.  Wherever  in  the  plain  the  long-leaved  pine  has  been  cut  down,  this  pitch  pine 
principally  and  the  loblolly  pine  spring  up  to  replace  it. 

"Many  acrtj  can  be  seen  in  this  region  covered  with  thrifty  seedlinps  of  this  pitch  pine,  and  trees  have  sprung 
up,  to  my  own  knowledge,  since  1805,  which  are  now  from  20  to  25  feet  in  heiglit  with  a  diameter  of  trunk  of 
from  4  to  6  inches;  and  trees  from  50  to  CO  feet  in  height  with  a  circumference  of  from  3  to  4  feet,  forming  quite 
extensive  forests,  may  be  seen  upon  the  shores  of  the  bay  from  which  the  primeval  forest  was  removed  about  fifty 
years  ago. 

"Ascending  the  highlands  of  drift,  with  its  porous  soil  composed  of  irregular  strata  of  white  or  ferruginous 
sands,  gravels,  and  pebbles  interspersed  with  layers  of  clay,  the  home  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  which  here  arrives 
at  perfection  and  forms  the  entire  forest  growth  over  immense  areas,  is  entered.  Upon  this  formation,  after  the 
removal  of  the  original  forest,  either  the  Iong-l»aved  pine  takes  possession  again  of  the  soil  or  is  replaced  by  a 
more  or  less  stunted  growth  of  various  species  of  oak  (Quercus  Catesbceij  cinerea,  nigra,  obtuailob.i,  and  falcata),  the 
mocl'er-nut,  and  a  few  other  small  trees  and  shrubs.  What  the  conditions  are  by  which  such  a  rotation  is 
regulated  is  not  apparent.  It  is  no  doubt  much  influenced  by  the  conflagrations  which  annually  sweep  through 
the  woods  a.id  which  are  particularly  destructive  to  the  young  pines,  but  it  cannot  bo  explained  solely  upon  that 
ground.  I  have,  however,  observed  that  the  more  broken  lauds  with  the  same  sandy  character  of  surface  soil,  but 
with  a  more  argillaceous  subsoil  more  or  less  impervious  to  water,  are  mostly  covered  with  this  second  growth  of 
deciduous  trees,  and  that  the  flat  table-lands  with  either  a  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  are  invariably  covered  again  with 
a  second  growth  of  tbo  long-leaved  pine.  Among  such  young  growths  of  this  species  I  have  never  been  able  to 
discover  a  single  seedling  of  the  other  pines. 

"  Cypress  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river. — The  river  was  extraordinarily  high,  the  lowlands  being  overflowed 
to  a  dopth  of  more  than  10  feet.  The  torrents  which  had  fallen  during  the  past  three  weeks  caused  a  heavier  freshet 
than  any  that  had  been  experienced  since  the  spring  of  1875.  Since  that  year  no  such  opportunity  has  been  offered 
for  getting  heavy  cyjiress  timber  from  the  depths  of  these  swampy  forests.  So  idle  man  was  to  be  found  on  shore ; 
everybody  who  could  swing  an  ax,  paddle  a  boat,  or  pilot  a  log  was  in  the  swamp  engaged  in  felling  and  floating 
cypress  timber.  All  the  mill-hands  worked  in  the  swamps ;  fiek'.s  and  gardens  were  left  untouched,  and  even  clerks 
from  the  stores  were  sent  to  the  swamps  as  overseers. 

"We  soon  entered  the  deep,  dark  fove^t  stocked  with  some  fine  and  large  cypress  trees,  and  came  upon 
two  nr^groes,  each  standing  in  his  little  skiff,  engaged  in  felling  a  tree  of  the  largest  size.  It  was  astonishing 
to  witness  the  steadiness  and  celerity  with  which  they  performed  their  work,  considering  the  instability  of  their 
k'ootholds  in  the  narrow  boats.  Every  stroke  of  the  ax  told  at  the  designated  place,  and  it  took  them  scarcely 
longer  to  cut  a  tree  in  thic  way  than  if  they  had  been  working  upon  solid  ground.  The  top  of  the  tree  when 
felled  is  sawed  off  close  to  the  first  limbs  by  one  man  working  under  Wbter  a  single-handled  crosscut  saw. 
Another,  provided  with  a  long  pole  armed  with  a  sharp  iron  spike,  sdees  the  trunk  and  tows  it,  with  the  aid  of 


526 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1'.! 


IP'' 

'I 


n-i 


l*r 


! ; 


1 

<• 

'l 

4 

r 

, 

1  1 

1 

r     1 

1 

i  ( 

1' 

1 

i    - 

the  slow  curreut,  to  one  of  the  lake-like  sheets  ot  still  water  which,  interspersed  with  streams,  are  so  common 
iu  these  lowlands.  Ilere  the  tr-iuks  are  made  into  rafts  and  can  be  floated  down  the  river  to  the  mills  along  the  • 
banks  below  after  the  subsidence  of  the  flood.  The  greatest  part  of  this  large  timber  is  only  accessible  during  the 
time  of  a  high  stage  of  water,  so  that  the  energies  of  the  whole  population  are  devoted  during  the  times  of  freshets 
to  getting  ont  as  much  of  it  as  possible.  The  large  number  of  logs  harvested  shows  clearly  with  what  activity  the 
destruction  of  these  treasures  of  the  forest  is  being  pushed ;  and  the  reports,  as  of  heavy  thunder,  caused  by  the 
fall  of  the  mighty  trees,  resounding  at  short  intervals  from  nea-r  and  far,  speak  of  its  rapid  progress. 

"  In  1831  Mr.  Vaughn  found  these  cypress  swamps  untouched  by  the  ax.  At  present  their  resources  are  so 
diminished  by  the  inroads  made  ui»ou  them  dur-ng  the  last  twelve  years  that,  with  a  prospect  of  a  rapidly- 
increasiug  demand  for  cypress  lumber  iu  the  near  future,  he  judges  that  they  will  be  completely  exhausted  during 
the  next  ten  years.  This  opinion  is  shared  by  all  mill-owners  here,  who  believe  that  iu  less  than  that  time  their 
business  must  come  to  an  end.  There  is  no  hope  that  the  supply  will  be  continued  by  the  natural  increase  of  young 
trees.  It  is  rare  to  find  small  trees  among  the  large  specimens.  Seedlings  and  saplingt  are  not  found  in  these 
deep,  swampy  forests,  and  only  occur  in  the  openings  and  upou  the  banks  of  water-courses.  The  fact  that  the  almost 
impenetrable  shade,  excluding  the  admission  of  light  and  air  to  a  soil  almost  constantly  drenched  with  water,  is 
unfavorable  to  the  growth  of  a  new  g<>ueratiou  of  the  cypress,  threatens  to  exclude  it  from  localities  where  formerly 
this  tree  attained  its  greatest  perfection.  In  swamps  open  to  the  influences  of  light  and  air,  and  not  liable  to 
p.oiouged  periokls  of  inundation,  a  growth  of  seedlings  and  small  trees,  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  smaller 
tributaries  of  the  larger  streams,  springs  up  The  extremely  slow  growth  of  the  cypress,  however,  during  all  stages 
of  its  existence,  even  if  young  trees  spring  up,  destroys  all  hope  of  an  adequate  supply  of  this  timber  to  meet  the 
wants  of  coming  generations.  Trees  of  small  size  are  as  frequently  cut  as  large  ones.  Saplings  from  4  to  12 
inches  in  diameter  even  are  cut  I'ud  supply  the  farmer,  the  builder,  i'nd  the  mechanic  with  material  for  many  useful 
purposes.  Logs  not  over  30  inches  in  diameter,  however,  are  not  worked  up  in  the  Tensas  mills,  which  o:ily  use 
logs  of  larger  size,  the  sai)lings  being  sent  in  "afts  with  pine  logs  to  the  saw-mills  of  Mobile.  It  is  rare  that  a 
tree  over  3  feet  in  diameter  is  found  iierfectly  sound.  Trees  above  4.  feet  through  are  almost  always  invested  with 
sigus  of  decay.  Xo  timber  seems  to  be  open  to  so  many  defects  as  that  of  the  cypress.  Many  of  the  trees  are '  wind- 
shaken  ' ;  that  is,  portions  of  the  body  of  the  wood  have  separated  iu  the  direction  of  the  concentric  rings,  causing 
annual  splits  which  extend  throughout  a  great  length  of  the  trnuk,  and  if  occurring  repeatedly  in  the  same  stick 
render  it  unfit  for  use.  A  considerable  number  of  the  larger  trees  are  rotten  in  sections.  Logs  cut  fronx  such 
trees  may  api)ear  perfectly  souud  at  both  ends,  but  are  found  hollow  and  rotten  in  the  interior.  The  inspection 
of  cypress  logs  requires  great  experience  and  care  to  protect  the  buyer  from  loss.  But  there  is  one  disease 
which  particularly  affects  this  timber,  the  cause  of  which  is  a  perfect  mystery  to  all  interested  in  the  matter,  (o) 
From  the  center  of  the  tree  outward,  although  never  extending  into  the  sap-wood,  occur  great  numbers  of 
spindle-shaped,  narrow  excavations  with  perfectly  smooth,  rounded  walls  more  or  less  tapering  toward  the  ends, 
parallel  with  the  bundles  of  woody  libers  and  nearly  regularly  disposed  in  the  direction  of  the  annual  rings  of 
growth.  These  cavities  vary  from  one-half  an  inch  or  less  to  a  foot  in  length,  and  are  found  from  a  few  lines  to 
i*n  inch  in  width.  They  are  lllled  with  a  yellowish-brown  powder,  the  result  of  decajed,  woody  substance, 
although  the  walls  of  the  cavities  appear  perfectly  sound  and  unaflected  by  decay.  These  excavations  are  calleu 
'pegs',  and  timber  so  afi'ected  'peggy'  timber.  The  cavities  have  no  communication  with  the  surface  apparently, 
and  remain  always  inclosed  within  the  surrounding  belt  of  sap-wood.  It  is  only  in  the  case  of  very  old  trees  that  the 
larger  cavities  produced  by  the  junction  of  the  pegs  sometimes  reach  openings  produced  by  external  decay  or 
accident.  Undoubtedly  these  pegs  cause  the  large  hollows  so  often  found  in  the  center  of  large-sized  and 
apparently  perfectly  healthy  trees.  Some  of  the  timber  of  medium-sized  specimens  is  honey-combed  with  these 
pegs.  Such  peggy  stuff  is  aseful  for  poles  and  pickets,  which  are  found  not  less  durable  than  if  made  from 
solid  lumber. 

"Two  varieties  of  cypress  timber  are  recognized  according  to  the  color,  firmness,  and  heaviness  of  the  wood, 
and  are  known  as  white  cypress  and  black  cypress;  the  latter  has  darker,  closer  grained,  and  more  resinous  wood 
than  the  former,  and  will  sink  in  water.  Its  weight  makes  impossible  the  transportation  of  black-cypress  logs  by 
floatJJig  under  ordinary  circumstances,  and  the  lumberman,  unable  always  to  recogiiize  these  peculiarities  of  the 
wood  iu  the  standing  tree,  cuto  a  chip  before  felling,  which  thrown  into  the  water  indicates,  by  its  floating  or 
sinking,  whetiier  it  is  black  or  white  cypress.  Trees  of  the  heavy  variety  are  deadened  during  the  months  of  August 
and  Septeuiber  by  cutting  a  deep  ring  through  the  bark,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  second  season  the  timber  is 
found  siidiciently  light  to  float. 

"  The  cypress  region  of  southern  Alabama,  \n  hieh  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  resources  of  its  forest 
wealth,  commences  upon  Mobile  'ivcr,  about  10  or  18  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Mobile  bay,  extending  through 
the  lowlands  upou  both  banks  of  this  river,  in  Baldwin  and  IMobile  counties,  where  itcovers  an  extreme  area  of  from 
75  to  8U  square  miles.    It  extends  northward  to  the  junction  of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers,  covering 


a  This  injury  to  the  cyprcsM  in  cauxcd  by  a  fungoid  plant  not  yet  dorerniinod,  although  widely  distribated  along  the  Gulf  coast.— 


C.  8.  8. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


527 


large  tracts  in  the  delta  between  them,  follows  uorthward  the  course  of  these  streams,  and  covers  the  extensive 
Hwauips  which  border  their  banks  and  the  mouths  of  their  numerous  tributaries.  Upon  the  Alabama  the  cypress 
swamps  extend  to  the  lower  part  of  Clarke  county.  Next  to  the  Mobile  Kiver  region  the  largest  supply  of  cypress 
can  be  drawn  from  the  extensive  bottoms  of  the  Tombigbee,  about  the  mouth  of  Bassett  creek,  near  Jackson. 
Duiii!5j  the  freshet  of  the  present  year  (1880)  a  large  number  of  logs  from  this  vicinity  will  be  sent  to  the  mills  on 
the  Tensas. 

'•  Baldwin  county. — A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  a  pine  forest,  unequaled  in  the  magnificence  of  its  tree  growth, 
and  supposed  at  that  lime  to  contain  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  timber,  covered  Baldwin  county  through  its  whole 
extent.  To-day  this  forest,  from  the  line  of  the  Mobile  and  Montgomery  railroa<l,  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Mobile 
bay,  and  along-  all  the  water-courses  as  far  as  Bonsecours  bay,  upon  the  Gulf,  is  entirely  destroyed,  and  presents  a 
picture  of  ruin  and  utter  desolation  painful  to  behold. 

"  The  production  of  naval  stores  has  beeii  (uirried  on  in  this  region  without  regard  to  any  of  its  future  interests, 
and,  the  forest  being  exhausted,  manufacturers  have  been  driven  to  seek  new  fields  of  operation.  In  the  old 
turpentine  orchards,  long  abandoned,  no  young  trees  have  sprung  up.  Too  far  remote  to  make  it  possible  to  get 
their  timber  to  the  sawmills,  the  large  trees  which  have  sufiicient  strength  to  withstand  the  efl'ects  of  the  barbarous 
process  of  boxing  drag  out  their  i)recariou8  existence  for  years  after  the  smaller  and  weaker  trees  have  been  laid  low, 
and  shade  the  ground  sufiBciently  to  prevent  the  start  of  a  young  growth.  The  wood  of  these  old  boxes,  as  dead  pines 
are  called,  is,  after  the  loss  of  their  vitality,  charged  throughout  with  an  excess  of  resinous  matter,  and  is  in  that 
condition  sold  as  'fat'  or  'light'  wood,  being  greatly  esteemed  as  fuel  for  the  generation  of  steam.  For  this 
purpose  Ihis  final  product  of  the  pine  forest  is  carried  to  the  city  of  Mobile  in  bioad  flatboats,  propelled  by  one  huge 
square  sail,  and  steered  by  a  ponderous  horizontal  beam  serving  as  a  rudder.  In  a  few  years,  however,  this,  the  least 
valuable  and  the  last  product  of  the  pine  forest,  will  have  forevei*  disappeared,  and  with  it  the  last  remnant  of  the 
original  forest  growth  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Occasionally,  under  the  shade  of  the  trees  left  standing,  a  young 
growth  of  pii.e  is  found,  and  on  the  high  and  undulating  table-land  between  Mobile  bay  and  Fish  river,  where  the 
soil  is  light  and  very  porous,  a  low  and  scanty  oak  scrub  has  taken  possession  of  the  ground.  Toward  the  banks  of 
the  water-courses,  however,  where  the  largest  trees  were  first  cut  to  furnish  timber  to  the  mills  once  situated  on  Fish 
river,  thus  early  leaving  the  ground  open  to  atmospheric  influences,  fine  sind  promising  groves  of  long-leaved  pine 
now  often  cover  areas  of  wide  extent.  I  measured  many  trees  in  these  young  second-growth  pine  forests,  grown  up 
within  the  last  twelve  to  twenty-five  years,  standing  from  15  to  30  feet  in  height  with  a  diameter  of  trunk  of  from 
4  to  G  inches,  of  thrifty  growth,  and  rapidly  overcoming  the  small  oak  growth  with  which  it  had  to  contend  for  the 
possession  of  the  soil.  It  is  the  turkey  and  the  upland  willow  oak  alone  which  occur  in  these  thin  soils,  too  poor  to 
support  the  S])anish  and  black  oaks. 

"The  banks  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Fish  river  are  composed  of  marsh  or  white  drift  sand.  The  arid,  sandy 
ground  is  covered  with  a  dwarf  growth  of  live  oak  and  myrtle  live  oak,  observed  here  for  the  first  time,  and  which 
farther  east  formed  by  far  the  largest  part  of  the  oak  scrub  covering  the  shorelines  of  the  large  bays  of  western 
Florida.  Two  or  three  miles  beyond  the  forks  of  Fish  river  a  belt  of  pine  forest  is  reached,  not  yet  destroyed  by 
the  mutilations  of  the  'box-cutter'  nor  bereft  of  its  best  growth  by  the  log-gatherer;  it  covers  the  highlands  and 
declivities  between  Fish  river  and  the  waters  which  find  their  way  into  Perdido  bay.  This  may  be  regarded  as  a 
virgin  forest,  only  slightly  invaded  up  to  the  present  time  along  the  Blackwater  creek,  Hollenger's  creek,  the 
Perdido  river,  and  the  bay  8hor4\  The  mills  situated  on  Perdido  river  and  bay  depend  entirely  for  their  present 
and  future  supply  of  logs  upon  this  forest  of  southern  Baldwin  county,  although  I  learn  that  it  is  expected  to  supply 
them  during  the  next  five  years  only,  even  if  their  production  of  lumber  does  not  increase.  This  forest  extends 
over  six  townships  and  covers  an  area  estimated  at  from  125,000  to  150,000  acres. 


"THE  FORESTS  OP  THK  OHATTAHOOCHEK  IN  EASTERN  ALABAMA,  MIXED  FOREST  GROWTH,  ETC. 

"The  forests  which  once  covered  the  wide  bottom  lands  of  (he  Chattahoochee  in  the  neighborhood  of  Franklin, 
Alabama  (opposite  Fort  Gaines),  are  now  reduced  to  small  patches  of  woodland  confined  to  the  base  if  ranges  of 
low  hills  bordering  the  plain  valley  to  the  southeast.  The  tree  growth  was  found  here  to  difl'er  in  no  way  from 
that  found  lower  down,  except  that  the  short-leaved  pine  (Pinns  mitia)  occurs  more  frequently.  The  crab  apple 
and  the  cockspur  thorn  are  frequent  along  the  borders  of  the  woods,  but  the  pond  pine  {Pinus  nerotina),  which 
might  hove  been  expected  here,  was  not  observed.  In  the  sandy,  wet,  aud  deeply-shaded  bottoms  of  a  sluggish 
stream  winding  along  the  base  of  these  hills  1  found  the  spruce  pine  (Pinua  glahra)  abundantly  associated  with 
the  loblolly  bay,  red  and  sweet  bays,  and  stately  mag.iolias.  The  live  oak  is  not  found  here,  and  it  is  doubtful  if 
it  extends  in  this  part  of  the  Gulf  region  more  than  a  few  miles  north  of  the  thirty-first  degree  of  latitude.  The 
lr>w  hills  do  not  rise  more  than  150  feet  above  the  plain;  in  entering  them  the  second  division  of  the  sylvan 
vegetation  characteristic  of  the  eastern  Gulf  states  is  reached — a  forest  of  mixed  growth,  which  must  be  regarded, 
on  account  of  its  extent  as  well  as  the  variety  of  its  vegetation,  as  one  of  the  important  natural  features  of  the 
region.    I  am  of  opinion  that  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  have  an  equal  representation  in  this  forest  with  the 


:  r       7T 


i^l 


528 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


1! 


conifers.  This  certainly  wnp  the  case  before  the  settlement  of  the  country,  but  as  the  broad-leaved  trees  occui>y 
the  best  land,  the  areas  of  hard-wood  forest  have  been  more  reduced  by  the  demands  of  agriculture  than  have  the 
forests  of  pine. 

"The  distribution  of  the  different  species  of  trees  throughout  this  region  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  soil 
and  the  topogra])hical  features  of  the  country.  In  general  it  can  be  stated  that  the  marls  and  calcareous 
Tertiary  strata  which  form  the  lower  ridges  and  more  or  less  undulating  uplands  and  plains  are  chiefly  occupied 
by  trees  with  deciduous  leaves,  and  by  a  few  yellow  pines.  Here  oaks  pr«'dominate,  and  especially  the  post 
oak  {Querctis  obtusiloba),  which  prefers  the  level  or  gently-swelling  ground  with  a  generous,  warm,  and  open  soil; 
with  it  IS  frequently  found  the  black  oak  {Quercun  tincioria),  the  Spanish  oak  and  black-jack  upon  soils  of  poorer 
quality,  the  last,  particularly,  prefcn-ing  one  of  closer,  more  argillaceous  character  mixed  with  fine  sand.  The 
black-jack  finds  here  its  best  development,  rivaling  often  in  size  the  post  oak ;  it  enters  largely  also  into  the 
undergrowth  of  the  post-oak  woods,  forming  dense  thickets  on  lauds  too  poor  to  sustaiu  a  heavier  tree  growth. 

"The  hickories  are  unimportant  features  in  the  foiests  of  this  region.  In  the  dry  uplands  they  seldom  attain 
more  than  medium  size,  although  in  the  more  shaded  and  richer  situations  the  mocker-nut  and  pig-nut  are  not  rare. 

"The  long-leaved  pine,  on  account  of  the  broad  extent  it  covers,  its  gregarious  habit,  and  the  splendid 
growth  it  attains  here,  must  be  regarded  as  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  this  region.  Confined  to  a  siliceous, 
dry,  and  porous  soil,  it  occupies  the  high  ridges  invariably  covered  with  a  deposit  of  drift,  often  found  widely 
spread  over  the  more  elevated  highlands.  For  this  reason  the  pine  forests  crown  the  hills  and  cover  the  more 
or  less  broken  plateaus.  They  are  found  also  toward  the  southern  boundaries  of  this  region,  where  the  sands 
and  gravels  of  the  drift  of  the  lower  pine  region  encroach  upon  and  mingle  with  the  strata  of  older  formations. 
Under  these  cu'cumstunces  it  is  evident  that  the  line  of  demarkation  between  this  and  the  pine  region  of  the  coast 
is  difficult  to  determine.  The  best  distinction  is  found  in  the  fact  that  in  the  pine  lorests  of  the  lower  pine 
region  the  growth  of  pines  upon  the  uplands  is  never  broken  by  patches  of  oak,  and  that  the  short-leaved  pine 
never  occurs  there.  Another  point  of  distinction  is  found  in  the  nature  of  the  second  growth,  which  springs  up 
after  the  large  pines  have  been  removed.  In  the  pine  woods  in  the  region  of  mixed  tree  growth  the  subsoil,  of 
Tertiary  origin,  seems  more  favorable  to  the  growth  of  oaks  than  to  a  second  growth  of  the  long-leaved  pine.  This 
is  replaced  generally  by  oaks  mixed  with  the  short- leaved  pine  and  various  deciduous  trees.  It  is  safe  to  assert  that 
the  southern  limits  of  this  region  coincide  with  a  line  following  the  northern  boundary  of  the  coast  drifts,  along 
which  the  lower  strata  have  completely  disappeared  be  neath  it. 

"Pike  county. — On  the  broad  ridges  which  form  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Pea  and  Conecuh  rivers, 
upon  a  purely  sandy  soil,  are  found,  within  the  forest  of  long-leaved  pine,  tracts  with  strictly-defined  outlines  from 
a  half  mile  to  several  miles  in  width,  covered  with  a  dense  vegetation  of  small  trees  and  shrubs  peculiar  to  the 
perpetually  moist  and  cool  hummocks  of  the  coast.  The  soil  covered  with  this  growth  presents  no  unuHual  features ; 
it  is  as  poor  and  arid  as  that  covering  the  rest  of  these  heights.  Surrounded  on  all  sides  by  pine  forests,  not  a 
single  pine  tree  is  seen  within  the  limits  of  these  glades,  called  by  the  inhabitants  'pogosines',  an  Indian  name 
the  meaning  of  which  I  was  unable  to  learn. 

"  The  trees  are  of  small  growth,  the  willow  oak,  the  water  oak,  beech,  rc<l  maple,  and  black  gum  rarely  rising  to 
a  height  of  more  than  30  feet  among  the  sourwoods,  junipers,  hornbeams,  hollies,  papaws,  fringe-trees,  red  bays, 
and  other  trees  of  the  coast.  These  glades  verge  upon  deep  ravines  from  which  issue  large  springs,  and  from 
this  fact  I  conclude  that,  below  their  sandy,  porous  soil,  strata  must  exist  perpetually  moistened  by  subterranean 
waters  near  enongh  to  the  surface  to  supply  the  moisture  necessary  to  support  such  a  luxuriant  vegetation. 


I  as: 


"FOEESTS  OF  THE  TENNESSEE  VALLEY. 

"  The  character  of  the  forest  vegetation  changes  upon  the  limestone  formation  of  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee. 
This  new  region  of  tree  growth  extends  from  the  northeastern  confines  of  Alabama  to  a  short  distance  beyond  the 
Mississippi  state  line  with  a  width  of  from  35  tu  40  miles,  and  reaching  beyond  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state. 
Its  prominent  feature  is  the  total  absence  of  pine  and  the  scarcity  of  other  evergreen  trees.  A  few  scattered 
saplings  of  the  loblolly  pine  are  found  on  its  lower  borders,  waifs  strayed  from  their  natural  habitats,  the  lower  part 
of  Morgan  county,  the  true  northern  limit  of  this  species,  in  Alabama  at  least.  The  red  cedar  is  the  only 
evergreen  tree  common  among  the  forest  growth  of  this  limestone  region,  and  the  durability  of  its  wood  combined 
with  its  beauty  places  this  tree  among  the  most  useful  produced  in  this  region.  The  red  cedar  forms  here  almost 
exclusively  the  second  growth  after  the  removal  of  the  original  forest,  covering  everywhere  with  extensive  groves 
the  dry,  rock)'  hillsides  and  flats.  The  timber,  however,  of  this  second  growth  is  only  fit  for  the  most  ordinary 
purposes.  The  trees  branch  low,  and  the  trunks  are  consequently  full  of  knots  and  unfit  for  anything  except  fence 
posts.  The  fertile  portions  of  this  region  have  been  largely  denuded  of  their  forest  growth,  although  more  than 
half  is  still  covered  with  wood,  a  considerable  portion  with  almost  virgin  forest.  This  is  particularly  true  of 
Lauderdale  and  Colbert  counties  and  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  counties  of  Madison  and  Jackson.  The  vaet 
quantities  of  oak,  ash,  walnut,  and  poplar  timber  contained  in  these  counties  can  be  sent  to  northern  markets  as 
soon  as  the  Tennessee  river  has  been  made  navigable  by  the  removal  of  the  obstacles  at  the  Mussel  shoals. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


529 


"The  road  from  Decatur  to  Moulton,  in  Lawrence  county,  leads  through  broad  and  I'wti'e  valley  lands,  broken, 
as  the  mountains  ere  approached,  by  limestone  ridges  jutting  lut  into  the  plain.  The  beautiful  Moulton  valley, 
inclosed  by  the  low  foot-hills  of  the  Sandy  Mountain  range  which  form  its  southern  boundary,  shows  only  along  the 
base  of  the  mountains  a  remnant  of  its  original  tree  covering.  Here  the  water  oiik,  willow  oak,  red  oak,  mulberries, 
elms,  and  ashes  were  the  trees  found  in  the  lower  situations,  and  on  rolling,  Isglier  land  the  white  oak,  the  black 
oak,  iK)8t  oak,  sassafras,  and  dogwood  formed  the  i)revailiiig  forest  growth.  The  lower  flank  of  the  steep  escarpment 
of  the  highlands,  a  terrace  of  limestone  cliifs  mostly  destitute  of  .soil,  bears  a  stunted  tree  growth.  Hero  the  red 
cedar  and  the  U{)land  hickory  abound,  and  where  the  surface  is  less  broken  and  a  deeper  soil  covers  the  rock, 
chestnuts  make  their  appearance  with  white  oaks  and  the  shell  bark  and  moi-ker-nut  hickories.  The  ascent  is  less 
l)recipitoHS  as  the  sandstone  ledges  are  reached,  and  here  the  yellow  jtine  {I'inus  viitis)  and  the  scrub  pino  (Pinns 
t»ojM)  are  prominent  among  the  oak  forests  of  the  mountains.  When  the  ciest  of  this  abrupt  decline  is  passed  the 
oak  forest  is  reached.  It  covers  the  extensive  table-land  between  the  (^oosa  and  the  eastern  tributaries  of  the 
Tombigbee,  and  extends  southward  from  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  to  the  lowlands  eonimencing  below  Tuscaloosa, 
occupying  an  area  of  nearly  6,000  scjuare  miles. 


i  I 


"General  Remakks. 


"The  forests  of  long-leaved  pine  are  principally  contined  to  the  Ibllowin^  limited  regions  east  of  the  Mississippi 
river:  1.  The  Great  Maritime  Pine  region.  2.  The  Central  I'ine  15elt  of  Alabama.  3.  The  Pino  Eegion  of  tho 
Coosa. 

"  Pine  forests  of  more  or  less  extent,  too,  mixed  with  woodlands  composed  of  deciduous-leaved  trees,  occupy 
the  ridges  covered  with  a  porous  siliceous  soil  in  the  region  of  what  I  have  called  the  mixed  tree  growth,  and  which 
upon  its  southern  borders  verges  upon  the  Coast  Pine  Belt.  Upon  the  heights  of  the  low  ranges  of  the  metamoi-phic 
region  of  Alabama  are  also  found  more  or  less  extensive  tracts  of  this  pine,  generally,  however,  of  iuferior  quality 
and  size,  while  .as  far  north  as  the  thirty-fourth  degree  of  latitude  patches  of  thinly-scattered  pine  are  met  on  the 
brows  of  the  mountains,  and,  rarely,  on  the  plateau  of  the  carboniferous  sand. 

"  The  pine  forests  of  Alabama,  from  the  Escambia  to  the  Mi8si8sipi)i  state  Hue,  in  the  counties  of  Monroe, 
Baldwin,  Washington,  Mobile,  and  in  portions  of  Clarke  county,  cover  3,.'500  square  miles.  Of  these  about  1,000 
square  miles  have  already  been  more  or  less  destroyed  in  the  manufacture  of  naval  stores.  Allowing  26  per  cent, 
for  laud  under  cultivation,  or  covered  by  a  forest  of  diflerent  trees,  by  water,  etc.,  there  are  still  1,875  square  miles 
left  of  this  forest  to  supply  the  demands  of  the  future. 

"The  whole  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  lumber  received  at  the  port  of  Mobile  averages  about  60,000,000 
feet,  board  uicasure,  representing  the  product  of  mills  at  t!mt  place  and  along  the  various  railroa<l  lines  leading 
to  it.  The  amount  of  hewed  square  timber  received  is  still  small,  but  the  business  of  exporting  timber  of  this  sort 
promises  to  assume  large  proportions  in  the  near  future. 

"The  riNE  belt  of  central  Alabama. — This  forest  occupies  the  deposits  of  drift  which,  in  a  strip  varying 
from  10  to  30  miles  in  width,  traverse*  the  state  from  east  to  west.  It  is  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  line  connecting 
its  eastern  and  western  limits  that  its  greatest  width  is  found.  This  forest  is  estimated  to  cover  550  square  miles, 
no  allowance  being  made  for  lands  cultivated  or  covered  by  >.ther  trees.  The  timber,  both  in  quality  and  quantity, 
is  unsurpassed  by  that  growing  on  the  best  sections  of  the  lower  pine  region.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  and  its 
export  to  northern  markets  has  only  been  carried  on  in  this  region  to  any  large  extent  during  the  last  three  or  four 
years,  and  it  is  now  rapidly  assuming  large  proportions.  The  most  important  saw-mills  in  this  region  are  situated 
on  the  Hue  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad,  between  Clear  creek  and  Elmore,  Elmore  county,  and  produced 
in  the  aggregate  07,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  board  measure,  during  the  years  1879-'80.  Considerable  lumber  is  also 
produced  along  the  line  of  the  Selnui,  Itome  ami  Dalton  railroad,  in  Chilton  county. 

"Naval  stores  are  not  yet  manufactured  in  this  region. 

"The  pine  region  of  the  Coosa. — A  detached  belt  of  drift  largely  composed  of  coarse  pebbles  stretches 
from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Lookout  Mountain  range  through  the  valley  of  the  Coosa  river,  near  Gadsden,  covering 
nearly  the  whole  of  Cherokee  county,  to  the  Georgia  state  line.  This  forest  is  estinmtcd  to  cover  from  400  to  450  square 
miles,  although  much  of  the  best  timber  nearest  to  the  river  has  already  been  exhausted.  Logs  are  driven  down  the 
Coosa  and  sawed  at  Gadsden.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  at  this  place  has  been  carried  on  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  amounts  to  an  average  of  20,000,000  feet. 


-M\\ 


"NAVAL  STORES. 

"The  manufacture  of  naval  stores  in  the  centinl  Guli'  states  is  almost  entirely  restricted  for  the  present  to  the 

forest  contiguous  to  Slobile  and  to  the  railroad  lines  leading  to  that  i)ort  and  to  the  southern  confines  of  the  pine  belt 

in  Mississippi.     It  is  only  during  the  |»ast  two  seasons  that  turpentine  orchards  have  been  worked  near  Pascagoula, 

Mississipj)!,  Pearl  river,  and  in  eastern  liouisiana  above  Covington.    The  first  turpentine  distilleries  were  established 

o»  the  Gulf  coast  a  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  ('entury  ago,  along  Fish  river  on  the  eastern  and  Dog  river  on  the 

western  shores  of  Mobile  bay.    The  business  soon  assunu'd  such  proportions  as  to  lead  to  the  destruction  of  the 
M  I'oii 


I 


i! 


Hill 


IN 


u 
IP 


??'/? 

ir^ 


530 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


*'- 


!       ) 


1:: 


forests  covering  buudreds  of  square  miles,  particularly  in  Baklwiu  county.  The  production  of  naval  stores  in  this 
county,  as  well  as  in  tbo  lower  part  of  Mobile  county,  has  at  present  nearly  ceased,  on  account  of  tbe  exhaustion  of 
the  forest.  It  is,  however,  now  carried  on  with  the  greatest  activity  on  tbe  line  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad. 
Between  Mobile  station,  in  Mobile  county,  and  Quitman,  Mississippi,  there  art*  at  this  date  not  less  than  thirty-three 
stills  in  operation,  while  along  tbe  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad  there  ba\o  been  during  the  last  five  years  flfty- 
three  stills  established  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  These,  with  few  exceptions,  are  (controlled  by  Mobile  capital, 
their  whole  product  being  handled  from  that  market,  so  that  the  returns  contained  in  the  annual  reports  of  the 
board  of  trade  of  Mobile  fairly  represent  the  whole  production  of  naval  stores  in  this  pine  region. 

"According  to  tlu  statements  contained  in  the  report  for  1880,  the  crops  amounted  in  the  years  1879-'80to  25,409 
barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and  l.'>8,482  barrels  of  rosin.  During  a  period  of  eight  years,  between  1873  and  the 
close  of  the  business  year  of  1880,  100,000  barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and  800,000  barrels  of  rosin  have  been 
l)roduced  in  this  same  district,  (a) 

"  The  increase  in  prices  during  the  last  few  years  for  all  kinds  ef  naval  stores,  and  particularly  the  active  demand 
for  the  best  class  of  rosin,  have  given  an  increased  impetus  to  this  business,  in  consequence  of  which  many  of  the 
older  orchards  have  been  abandoned  and  new  ones  started,  while  the  number  of  new  boxes  cut  during  the  present 
season  is  greater  than  ever  before.  There  are  no  returns  to  '>e  obtained  of  .the  production  prior  to  1875,  but  it  can 
be  safely  assumed  that  up  to  that  year  250  square  miles  of  pine  forest  had  been  boxed.  The  production  since  1875 
must  have  involved  a  further  destruction  of  040,000  acres,  or  1,000  square  miles  of  forest.  With  the  low  i)rice  at 
which  pine  lands  are  held  there  is  not  the  slightest  regard  paid  to  the  utilization  of  their  resources,  and  under 
the  i»resent  system  they  are  rapidly  destroyed,  regardless  of  the  needs  of  the  future  and  with  the  sole  object  of 
obtaining  the  quickest  possible  returns  on  the  capital  invested. 

"It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention  here  the  results  obtained  by  a  practical  manufacturer  by  submitting  the 
refuse  of  sawmills,  that  is,  slabs  and  sawdust,  to  a  process  of  combined  steam  and  dry  distillation,  with  the  view 
of  utilizing  the  volatile  products  of  such  waste.  Ho  obtained  from  one  cord  of  slabs  12  gallons  of  spirits  of 
turpentine,  25  gallons  of  tar,  120  gallons  of  weak  pyroligneous  acid,  and  12  barrels  of  charcoal.  From  one  cord  of 
lightwood  he  obtained  12  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpentine,  62^  gallons  of  tar,  and  60  gallons  of  pyroligneous  acid. 
The  sawdust  obtained  from  sawing  10,000  feet  of  pine  lumber,  subjected  to  distillation  during  one  day,  produced 
22  gallons  of  spirits  of  turpentine."  , 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  forests  of  Mississi^jpi  originally  extended  over  nearly  the  entire  state.  Prairies  of  no  great  area,  situated 
in  the  northern  central  part  of  the  state,  presented  the  only  break  in  its  tree  covering.  The  forest  consisted  of  a 
belt  of  lon{,f  leaved  ])ine,  occupying  the  coast  i)lain  and  reaching  from  the  eastern  confines  of  the  state  to  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  from  the  coast  nearly  to  the  line  of  Vicksburg  and  Meridian.  The 
northeastern  portion  of  this  long-leaved  pine  forest  spread  over  a  high  rolling  country,  and  here  the  pines  were 
mixed  with  various  hard- wood  trees ;  north  of  the  long-leaved  pine  forest  a  long  belt  gradually  narrowing  toward  the 
north  and  occupied  by  a  growth  of  short-leaved  pine  and  of  hard  woods  reached  nearly  to  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  state,  while  south  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  Tishomingo,  Prentiss,  and  Itawamba  counties,  a  considerable  area 
was  covered  with  forests  of  the  short-leaved  pine.  The  remain«ler  of  the  state  was  clothed  with  a  growth  of  hard 
woods,  which  in  the  swamps  of  the  Yazoo  delta  and  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  river  formed  vast  and 
almost  impenetrable  forests,  where  cypresses,  gums,  water  oaks,  ashes,  and  other  trees  which  find  their  home 
in  the  deep,  iiiundateil  swamps  of  the  South  Atlantic  region  attained  noble  dimensions  and  great  value. 

The  pin*  forests  have  been  removed  from  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Pascagoula  and  I'earl  rivers  and 
from  their  i)riiicipul  tributaiies  within  the  southern  tier  of  counties;  the  most  accessible  timber  has  been  cleared 
from  the  Biloxi,  Blind,  Jordan,  Wolf,  and  Tchefuncta  rivers,  flowing  into  Mississippi  sound,  and  from  the  line  of  the 
Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  railroad.  The  long-leaved  jiine  of  Mississipi>i  is,  however,  still  practically 
intact,  and  these  forests  are  (iapable  of  sni)i)lying  an  immense  amount  of  timber  as  soon  as  the  means  of 
transportation  can  be  furnished  ior  it.  A  small  amount  of  pine  has  been  cut  in  the  northeastern  pine  region  from 
along  the  line  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroad. 

The  hard-wood  forests  outside  of  the  bottom  lands  have  been  largely  cleared  from  many  counties  in  i)i'oviding 
for  the  rei|nirenu'nts  of  agriculture.  Such  land  when  abandoned  is  again  covered  in  the  central  part  of  the  state 
with  a  growth  of  old-Held  piiu',  and  in  the  north,  and  especially  in  the  northt  astern  counties,  by  a  vigorous  growth 
of  short-leaved  ]»ine  {PhtuH  mitix),  which  seems  destined  to  become  the  most  important  timber  tree  of  that  region. 
The  forests  which  cover  the  swamps  of  the  state  are  still  almost  intact,  although  the  most  accessible  cypres;,  which 
has  long  been  cut  in  the  Yazoo  delta  and  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  river  to  supply  the  New  Orleans  market,  has 
become  scarce. 

During  the  census  year  222,800  a<;res  of  woodland  were  rei>orted  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  loss  of  $78,500.  Of 
these  fires  the  largest  number  was  set  by  hunters,  and  by  farmers  carelessly  starting  fires  in  clearing  land  or  to 
improve  panturage. 


a  These  figures  differ  somewhat  from  those  prepared  by  Mr.  .Van  Bokkelen.    See  page  493. — C.  S.  S. 


1  stores  iu  this 
exhaustiou  of 
Ohio  railroad, 
in  tbirtytUree 
Ivo  years  fifty- 
mobile  capital, 
reports  of  the 

f9-'80  to  25,409 
[1 1873  and  the 
isiu  have  been 

active  demand 
ih  many  of  the 
ng  the  present 
875,  but  it  can 
tion  since  1875 
le  low  i)rice  at 
ces,  and  under 
I  sole  object  of 

submitting  the 
,  with  the  view 
us  of  spirits  of 
om  one  cord  of 
oligueous  acid. 
.  day,  produced 


t  area,  situated 
i  consisted  of  a 
lie  state  to  the 
^leridiaii.  The 
the  pines  were 
viug  toward  the 
!rn  boundary  of 
nsidcrable  area 
growth  of  hard 
ormed  vast  and 
iud  their  home 
alue. 

•earl  rivers  and 
as  been  cleared 
n  the  line  of  the 
still  practically 
I  the  moans  of 
line  region  from 

ics  iu  pioviding 
)art  of  the  state 
rigorous  growth 
}  of  that  region. 
e  cypres:-,  which 
1H8  market,  has 

1  of  $78,500.  Of 
aring  land  or  to 


•  lii'iii'.'Itfnat  ftlUh 


\p 


i   1 


hS 


V  l<  i 


fltT"---  > 


THE  FORESTS  OF  '11  IE  UNITED  STATES. 


531 


Establishments  for  tbe  manufacture  of  wagons,  wbtM-l  stock,  coopcragi',  etc.,  Lave  been  established  at  different 
times  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  industiies,  however,  which  depend  npon  the  hard-wood  forests  for 
material  are  still  in  their  infancy  in  Mississipiti,  and  are  capable  of  enormous  develoi)ment. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  standing-pine  supply  of  Mississippi,  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by  Dr.  Charles 
Mohr,  who  carefnlly  explored  the  forests  of  the  state : 

LONG-LEAVKD  PINE  {Pinus palusMn). 


Beglons. 


Fi'ot,  board 
measnro. 


In  reKion  weat  ef  Peail  rirer,  tributary  to  tbe  Cblvngo,  Sulut  Lomii,  i      6, 800,  OOO,  000 

anuNuw  OrleauH  railroad. 
East  of  Pearl  rlTor 7,600,000,000 

Begion  of  mixed  growtb,  ozcluaive  of  200,000  acren  injured  b;  the        8, 800, 000, 000 
ninnufactuiuof  turpentine. 

Total 


Cut  for  tlie  ceuBua  year  ending  May  81, 1880. 


18, 200, 000,000 


108,000,000 


SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  {Pinus  mitin). 


In  tbe  uortbenstem  lielt 

In  nortbern  region  -     uiixed  growth . 


1,000,000,000 
5, 175, 000, 000 


Total  . 


0, 775, 000, 000 


Cut  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31, 18Sn. 


7,775,000 


In  this  estimate  no  account  is  made  of  small  timber  standing  on  some  2,912,000  acres  which  have  been  cut 
over,  and  from  which  the  merchantable  pine  has  been  practically  removed. 

The  region  of  mixed  growth,  which  adjoins  the  pine  belt  ui)oii  the  north,  contains  a  smaller  number  of  pine 
trees  per  acre  than  the  pine  belt  proper;  but,  the  individual  trees  being  larger,  the  average  amount  of  standing 
pine  per  acre  is  here  greater,  although  generally  of  poorer  quality,  tlian  nearer  the  coast. 

The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  are  at  the  mouth  of  Pascagoula  river,  in  Jackson  county,  at 
Mississippi  City,  in  Harrison  county,  along  the  lower  Pearl  river,  upon  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and 
New  Orleans  railroatl  in  Lincoln  county,  and  in  the  nortlieastern  counties,  where  are  located  many  small  railroad 
mills,  manufacturing  in  the  aggregate  a  large  amount  of  yellow-pine  lumber  {Pinus  mitis). 

The  pine  forests  of  the, state  have  up  to  the  present  time  suffered  but  little  damage  from  the  manufacture  of 
naval  stores.  Turpentine  orchards,  however,  have  been  recently  established  in  the  vitiinity  of  the  coast,  lu-ar  the 
mouth  of  the  Pasciagoula  river,  and  at  other  points  in  the  coast  counties. 

Tiie  following  remarks  are  extracted  from  Dr.  Charles  Mohr's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Mississippi : 

"The  pine  fokesus  op  southeun  Mississippi. — In  the  vicinity  of  Scranton,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Pascagoula  river,  little  is  left  of  the  original  pine  forest.  The  old  clearings  are  covered  with  fine  loblolly  pine, 
from  40  to  00  feet  high,  upon  rather  close,  dry  soil.  The  pitch  pine  {Pinus  Cubensis)  forms  dense  groves,  witli 
seedling  trees  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height  npon  lands  of  lighter  soil  extending  to  the  sea-shore.  Oaks  are  not 
common.    Fine  groves  of  stately  live  oaks,  however,  line  the  banks  of  the  river  up  to  Moss  Point,  4  miles  distant. 

"The  annual  export  of  lumber  during  the  last  four  or  five  years  has  average<l  45,000,000  feet  from  the  Pascagouhi 
river.  The  largest  percentage  of  this  lumber  is  manufactured  into  boards  and  scantling  for  ordinary  building 
l)urposes,  and  is  shipped  to  Cuba,  the  Windward  islands,  to  Mexico,  Brazil,  and  a  small  part,  in  the  form  of  deals 
2  or  3  inches  in  thickness,  intended  for  shipbuilding,  to  France,  Spain,  Holland,  Belgium,  and  Germany.  Large 
quantities  of  charcoal  burned  upon  the  banks  of  Black  and  Bed  creeks  are  sent  to  New  Orleans  in  small  coasting 
schooners,  which  run  also  from  the  bay  of  Biloxi  and  the  bay  of  Saint  Louis.  At  Moss  Point  eleven  saw-nnlls, 
which  furnish  the  lumber  manufacturetl  upon  it,  are  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  East  Pascagoula  river.  The 
combined  capacity  of  those  mills  amounts  to  220,000  feet  a  day,  although  the  annual  production  during  the  past 
years  has  scarcely  exceeded  40,000,000  feet.  The  timber  manufactured  in  these  mills  comes  from  the  Pascagoula 
and  its  tributaries,  the  Leaf  and  Chickasawha  rivers  and  their  sources,  the  Boguo  Homo,  Tallahala,  Bay,  and 
Okatuma  creeks,  as  far  up  as  the  southern  limits  of  Covington  and  Jones  counties.  A  small  number  of  logs  also. 
comes  from  the  Escatawpa.  The  logs  received  at  these  mills  average  20  inches  in  diameter  and  40  feet  in  length 
Sticks  of  such  average  dimensions  are  only  furnished  from  first-class  timber-lands,  which,  according  to  the  best 
judges,  produce  six  or  seven  trees  of  that  size  to  the  acre.  Only  lands  lining  the  streams  just  mentioned,  in  a 
belt  not  exceedin,^  3  miles  in  width  on  each  bank,  have  been  up  to  this  time  invaded  by  the  log-getter  to  supply 
these  mills. 


Ml 


.<l,.4l 


i-l 


Wfr- 

1> 

f 

i 

i 

■*  P 

1 

1 

Li 

!(• 


'I  . ' 


i  m  i  I"  ■   I 


n 


11 


I . 


:;■.!!  ^ 


532 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


"Tlio  vaHtiu'88  of  tlio  titnluT  roHonrccN  yoi  contiiiiiotl  in  tlio  region  cmlmuuMl  in  Hk>  nor(li«<iii  Inilfol'  lliiiTison 
anil  till'  wlioii'  of  (Iroono  anil  IVir.v,  up  to  tlio  Honllioni  nnillnrs  of  Marion  anil  .loni's  roiintioH,  is  astiinisliin^'.  Ah 
is  tlio  I'aso  in  Alabama,  liowovor,  troos  fnrniHiiing  (Irst  ilass  HjiarH  for  niasfs  art'  dillirult  to  Und;  tlii'.v  liavi'  bi'cn 
nit  b,v  Hpar  limitor.s  in  ovory  part  of  tlio  forost  which  foiiM  bo  rouoliotl  by  toaiiis. 

"  ('ypi'osN  Innibor  is  not  inannfaotiiroil  in  tliiN  i-ogion,  and  tho  loblolly  piiio  fiirniHlioH  so  Hiiiall  a  part  of  tlio 
tiinbor  iiiaiinfaotiin'd  that  it  nood  not  bo  oonsidorod.  In  .lonos  and  Covington  ooiintios,  about  tlio  hoadwators  of 
tho  iippor  tributarios  of  tho  I'asoajioiila,  tho  ooiintiy  is  rolling!;,  inlorsoctod  by  niinioiouH  small,  swift  stioams  and 
riviilots.  This  rogion  is  iiia;<nili('ontly  liniborod,  and  ilovoid  of  tin*  biirron  ridf>os  of  almost  jniro  snnd  so  froipiontly 
found  in  tlio  jiiiio  bolt  of  Alabama. 

"Tho  low,  tial,  inoro  or  loss  wido  pino  lands  boriloriii}>  upon  tho  marslios  of  l!io  I'oast  aro  sparsoly  oovorod  with 
jiino,  wliilo  tho  troos  ^rowiiifj  in  this  wot,  boj^fjy  soil^dovoid  of  ilraina;;o  and  ovorlying  a  subsoil  impoivioiis  to 
wator,  aro  stnntod  and  of  littlo  valuo.  Tho  lowor  pari  of  Ilariison  roniity  is  oovorod  with  tlioso  jiiiio  nioadows, 
wliioh  fact  aooonnts  for  tho  ooniparativoly  small  importaiioo  of  tho  bay  of  Saint  hoiiis  as  a  liiinborprodiioin;;  oontor. 

"At  roarliiiKton,  on  tho  IVail  rivor,  is  ostablishod  tho  hiifjo  sawmill  of  Toitovoiil  &  Favro,  oap.iblo  of. 
prodnoiiifi  l()tMM)>.  foot  of  liimlior  a  day;  at  Loj-toii,  'J  milos  farthor  up  tho  rivor,  aro  two  mills,  and  .'»  milos  above 
thoso,  at  (iainosvillo,  tlioro  is  aiiothor.  Tho  larjjost  jiarl  of  tho  l();;s  sawod  at  tlio.so  mills  is  out  upon  tho  banks  of 
tho  Aboloohitto  orook,  in  llanoook  ooniity,  and  its  tributarios  oxtondinjj;  into  tho  lowor  part  of  Marion  oonnty, 
50  or  (10  milos  distant.  Tho  romainilor  ooiiios  IVdiii  tho  banks  of  tho  Poarl  and  tho  nppor  and  lowor  Littlo  rivors, 
wliioli  omply  into  it  10  milos  abovo  ('olnmbia. 

"Tho  oypross  is  noarly  oxhaustod  from  tho  lowor  IVarl  rivor,  and  tho  20,000  or  .'{0,000  foot  of  this  liimbor  wliioli 
»ro  sawod  annually  at  IVarliiifitoii  aro  dorivod  from  tho  oyi>ross  swamjis  on  tho  nppor  watois  of  tho  J'oarl  and 
Jaokson  rivors,  wlioro  tlioro  is  still  a  hu'tio  amount  nf  this  tiinbor  of  <iood  sizo. 

"The  oastorn  bank  of  tho  IVarl  rivor,  within  tlio  Maritimo  Tiiio  Holt,  is  sparsoly  .sottlod,  and  forosts,  tho 
cspooially  in  llanoook  ooniity  and  tho  iijipor  jiart  of  !Marioii  ooiinty,  aro  nnsiirpassod  in  tho  ipiality  and  quantity  of 
thoir  pino  timbor.  It  is  ostimatod  by  good  jnilgos  that  thoso  forosts  will  yiold  an  avorago  of  'J,000  foot  of  Inmbor, 
board  nioa.snro,  to  tho  aoro.  Up  to  tho  prosoiit  timo  a  strip  of  land  soarooly  .'I  milos  in  width,  ombraoing  tho  banks 
of  tlio  wator-coiirsos,  has  boon  stripped  of  its  timbor  growth,  and  lino  spar  tiinbor  is  yot  to  bo  fonnd  hero  a  fow 
milos  baok  from  all  tho  streams.  Almost  tho  whole  of  these  rioli  timber-lands  supplying  the  mills  on  Pearl  river 
form  a  part  of  the  ])iiblio  domain. 

"  The  almost  unbroken  pine  forests  eovoring  the  upjior  tier  of  eonntios  between  the  IVarl  and  Pascagoulu  rivers, 
toward  the  northorii  oontines  of  the  j)ine  region,  are  still  inaotically  intaot.  The  wealth  of  these  fim-sts  has  as  yot 
found  no  outlet  to  (ho  markets  of  the  world.  Thinly  sottlod,  they  are  still  largely  the  luoporty  of  tho  goveriimont, 
but  in  view  of  the  speodily-inoreasiiig  demand  for  liimbor  and  tho  i)rotUs  deriveil  from  the  Inmbor  business,  such  a 
condition  of  atVairs  must  soon  come  to  an  end.  It  can  bo  safely  a-ssertod  that  by  far  tho  large.«t  part  of  the  timber, 
felled  in  the  Aboloohitto  region  is  taken  from  government  land.  There  can  be  no  question  of  t  his  when  it  is  oonsidered 
how  insigiiifioantly  small  is  the  area  of  land  which  has  been  legally  entered  by  private"  persons  along  that  stream. 
The  iioeessity  of  adoi>tiiig  jiropor  moasiiros  to  i)roti'ot  the  timber  wealth  upon  the  luiblic  domain  from  depredations  of 
8ueh  onormous  extent  forces  itself  ujion  the  most  casual  observer,  while  to  one  who  looks  closer  at  the  conseipiences 
of  the  continuance  of  the  existing  state  of  alVairs  the  urgency  becomes  appallingly  aiqiarent.  The  everincreasing 
consumption  of  timlHT  at  the  mills  upon  IVarl  river,  of  which  one  alone  can  cut  100,000  feet  of  lumber  u  day,  will 
prove  a  powerful  stimulus  to  a  pcojilo  who,  since  the  development  of  the  lumber  business  in  those  regions,  Imvo 
almost  completely  abandoned  their  former  agricultural  and  pastoral  |)ursnits  and  now  deiiond  entirely  for  their 
support  ui)on  cutting  pine  logs,  to  supply  this  enormous  demand  at  the  expense  of  the  public  i)roi)erty.  Already 
plans  have  been  made  to  invade  this  region  by  tramways  and  railroads,  in  order  that  its  timber  may  be  brought  to 
market.  This  is  true,  too,  of  the  n'gion  between  the  Pearl  and  the  Amite  rivers,  down  to  the  mnrshy  lands  of 
cuwtern  Louisiana,  a  region  in  which  the  forests  arc  also  particularly  good. 

"In  the  state  of  Mississippi  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that,  after  deducting  25  per  cent,  for  areas  of  swampy  and 
cleared  land,  ".),(KX)  sqmire  miles  are  still  covertnl  by  forests  of  long-leaved  pine.  The  ])roduction  of  this  region 
during  the  census  year  amounts  to  108,0(M),000  feet;  of  this,  (>0,000,(MM)  finds  its  outlet  at  Pascagoula, 30,000,000  by 
Pearl  river,  6,000,tH)0  by  bay  of  Saint  Louis,  and  PJ,000,000  by  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  railroad 
to  northern  markets. 

"In  the  northern  part  of  Harrison  county  wo  crossed  a  tract  from  which  twelve  years  ago  a  liurricano  swept 
a  belt  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide  of  lUl  tree  growth.  It  is  intenisting  to  note  tho  growth  which  has  since  sprung  up 
among  the  prostrate  charrcd  trunks  of  the  pines  still  found  lying  about  in  largo  numbers.  Black-jack  oaks,  tho 
largest  not  over  12  feet  in  height,  are  mixed  in  almost  equal  numbers  with  stunted,  thin  saplings  of  the  long-leaved 
pine.  These  plainly  exhibit  the  helplessness  of  the  struggle  to  which  these  oftspring  of  the  groat  timber  tree  are 
suVijccted  under  the  induence  of  repeated  conflagrations  wherever  the  oak  scrub  has  sprung  np  and  added  fuel,  in  the 
abundance  of  its  leaves,  to  the  fires  which  annually  sweep  through  these  woo<ls. 

"TuK  KORTOE ASTERN  COUNTIES. — After  crossiug  the  Sucamoochce  river  below  Scooba,  in  Kemper  county,  the 
pines  which  had  covered  the  ridges  near  the  borders  of  Lauderdale  county  disappear;  scarcely  a  stray  sapling 


tup:  forests  of  the  united  states. 


533 


lino  incatlows. 


of  the  loblolly  l»inri  Ih  hcoii  iih  Hcooha  is  rciicli«-<l.  Tli<^  cold,  wet,  cah-arroiiH  Hoil  of  tlio  fliitwoodH  and  prairicH  Ih 
iniHuitcil  lo  tlio  grow  til  of  all  <-onif<TonH  tivoN,  with  tlio  oxcrption  of  tlio  4!,v])n>HH.  Alon^;  tlio  railroad,  as  it,  IravorKOH 
tlir  flat  ]>raiii('  ro^^ion,  tlio  country  Ih  nparscly  wooded;  lar;^'(>  traclH  of  tlic  prairie  lands  have  alwayw  lieen  dcHtitute 
of  trccH,  and  ilui  woodlandN  with  which  they  were  intersperNcd  were  cicarcti  at  the  llrst  Hcttlenieiit  of  the  coiinlry. 
What  reniaiiiN  of  the  original  foiest  ^lowth  is  now  confined  to  localities  tooditlicnll  nrdraina^^e  to  niakeat^ricultiire 
prolltahic,  and  to  the  hanks  of  streams  snl>ie(^t  to  innndation.  More  or  less  extensive  patches  of  woods  are  fonnti 
also  on  the  led;;cswhere  (he  limestone  rock  comes  to  the  snrfa(;(>.  In  the  swampy  land  llie  willow  oak,  the  water  oak, 
the  black  K''"'?  sweet  unm,  while  ash,  and  alontJ  the  ponds  willows  ami  cotlonwoods,  prevail.  Tin-  post  oaks,  white 
oaks,  and  <;ow  oaks  ar«>  mingled  )nor(>  or  less  freel;,'  with  these  trees  in  localities  enjoying  Ix'tlcr  drainage.  Ulackjack 
and  blai^k  oaks,  mixed  with  various  haws,  vibnrinims,  and  persimmons,  occupy  the  rocky  Hals.  No  magnolias  were 
seen  in  this  region.  The  red,  willow,  and  water  oaks,  the  sycamore,  and  the  sweet  ^iim  abound  aloii};  the  str«>amH 
here,  and  are  so  common  as  t(»  <leserve  special  mention,  while  on  tlu*  lolling  uplands  black  oaks,  )iost  oaks,  and 
white  oaks,  with  poplars,  shell-bark  and  |)iK  nnt  hickories,  are  common.  I'^roin  Tupelo  toward  ('oriiilli  the  country 
is  poorly  wooded.  TheasiuMit  is  (;onslant,  reaching;  the  (loint  of  highest  elevation  bet  ween  the  (iiilf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Ohio  river  at  nooneville.  <!orinth  is  sit  na  ted  on  a  wide  pine  plain,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  valley  of  the  Tnscnmbia 
rivi'r  and  east  by  the  ridf^cs  which  mark  the  water  shed  of  the  Tennessee.  The  soil  is  here  a  deep  calcareous  clay, 
very  stifl'  and  heavy,  hard  as  brick  in  warm,  dry  weather,  and  suddenly  becoming  h  bottomlcNs,  si  ilf  niirc  in  seasons 
of  rain.  IJelow  the  valley  of  the  Tnscnmbia  river  the  road  passes  over  low  and  nndnlatini,'  ridjjes,  of  which  the 
higher  and  stc(>pcr  ur<-  yet  covt'ied  with  the  remnants  of  tlut  oUl  oak  forest.  Here  the  Spanish  and  post  oaks 
predominat)^  in  numbers  ;  then  follow  the  black  oak  antl  the  scarlet  oak,  while  the  shell  bark  hickory  and  the  iinarker 
nut  form  but  ii  small  part  of  the  tree  );>'<>^vtli  of  these  uplands.  The  bottoms  of  the  Tns(Mimbia,  altlnnijirh  subject 
to  fre(|nent  overflows,  are  covereil  with  a  |>riineval  foi'cst  not  inferior  in  luxuriance  and  variety  to  that  of  the 
Mississippi  river  bottom  lands.  White-oak  timber  of  the  finest  (jiialily  is  found  here  in  the  (greatest  ahuiidanc(;  and 
perfection.  The  most,  itommon  species  is  the  <!ow  oak  [QucrcuH  Michavdii).  I  found  that  this  river-bf)t.toin  forest 
(contained,  by  actual  c(Minl,  an  averaf^e  of  from  twelve  to  fourteen  trees  <if  this  species,  from  .">()  to  'Mi  inches  in 
diameter,  to  the  acre.  It  is  known  to  the  inhabitants  here  by  the  name  of  cow  oak  or  basket  oak,  bciiiK  easily  split 
into  narrow,  thin  strips.  The  wocal  is  extmsively  used  in  the  manufacture  <tf  bask'is  used  by  the  negroes  in 
cotton-pickinf;;.  These  baskets  arc^  liflht,  and  «>f  eonsiderable  Htrenjjfh  and  durability.  N«!xt.  in  fretpiency  follows 
the  willow  oak,  and  then  the  over-cup  swamp  oak  {(JtinriiH  li/ratii),  and  finally  the  red  oak,  found  especially  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  forest. 

"The  white  ash  is  not  so  fre(piently  seen  here  as  elsfiwherc  in  similar  localities,  and  does  not  seem  to  thrive 
on  these  still",  cohl  soils.  It  is  in  part  re|)laced  by  the  ureen  ash,  which  here  attains  the  size  of  a  lar},'e  tree.  The 
black  {jiim  is  very  common,  and  where  the.  soil  is  least  subjected  to  ov,erfh)W  the  true  white  oak  is  found,  with  lino 
groups  of  beech,  overtowcred  by  larj;e  jKtpIars.  Amontj  tlu^  smaller  triM-s  the  mulberry,  hornbeam,  holly,  and 
abundant  pa|>aws  must  be  menti(Mied. 

"The  pine  hills  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ahiorn  county  are  reached  at  a  distance  of  (!  or  7  miles  In  a  southerly 
direction  from  Corinth,  i'ine  occurs  on  the  dividiuf;  ridges  between  the  waters  of  thi'  Tuscumbia  river  and  Yillow 
creek,  or  toward  the  south  on  those  between  the  Tombi},4>ee  and  the  Tennessee  rivers.  A  short  distance,  west  of 
Glendale  station  the  dretaceous  strata  disappear  under  the  ferru{;inous  sands,  and  mixed  with  a  stunted  (growth  of 
post  oak  and  Spanish  oak,  pines  a|)pear,  formiufi  vast  forests  on  the  crests  of  the  hills.  This  pine  (I'inuH  mills) 
takes  possession  of  all  tlni  old  «'learinf;s  and  fiehls  thrown  out  of  cultivation.  The  rapid  };rowth  of  the  seedlin;,'s, 
which  spontaneously  spiiiifj  up  thickly  after  the  leuioval  of  the  broad  leaved  trees,  leaves  no  chance;  for  the  seedling 
oaks.  It  is  therefore  a  «'ertarnty  that  in  the  fulun*  the  short-leaved  pine  will  be  almost  the  sole  forest  tree  in  this 
part  of  the  state,  outside  of  the  bottom  lands,  and  that  it  will  probably  extend  its  domain  far  beycmd  the  ori{;inal 
limits  of  its  growth. 

"The  aspect  of  these  |)ine  woods  resembles  <!losely  that  of  the  lower  pine  region.  The;  short  leaved  jiine 
rei)laces  hero  the  long-leaved  i»ine  of  the  coast,  tin*  scrubby  l>ost  and  Spanish  oaks  take  the  jiUkm!  of  the  turkey  and 
th«  Hidaiul  willow  oaks,  while  tho  black  Jack  is  common  to  both  these  regions  of  identical  geological  formation. 
The  flora  of  the  two  regions  also  presents  the  same  general  features ;  the  asters,  goldenrods,  sunllowers,  and  various 
leguminous  plants  are  often  the  same  or  belong  to  closely-allied  species.  The  pine  clad  drift  hills  int*'rs]ieised 
between  the  Carboniferous  and  Creta«'eons  regions  are  parts  of  the  northern  interior  drift  belt  which  extends 
throughout  Alabanni.  The  region  of  the  short  leaved  pine  of  northea.'.tern  Mississippi  exJfUids  from  the  southern 
border  of  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river  to  Uw  southern  extremity  of  Itawamba  county,  and  is  on  an  average  10 
miles  in  width,  embracing  an  area  of  nearly  (iOO  square  miles.  Of  this  region,  after  the  deduction  of  the  fertihi 
bottoms  of  the  Tombigbee  and  Yellow  Creek  Vfiiley**?  where  no  pines  are  found,  two-thirds  ('an  be  regarde«l  ;is 
occupied  by  the  pine  forest.  As  th«'  sole  sui)jdy  of  i>ine  lumber  in  the  northern  part  c)f  the  state,  this  region  is  of 
great  importance.  Several  saw-mills,  nom^  of  which  have  an  annual  ca]ia(!ity  of  more  than  3,(MK),00()  feet,  are 
established  t>n  the  railroad  line  at  Clendale,  lUirnsville,  and  tiear  luka ;  portable  saw-mills  are  worked  also  thrcaigh 
this  forest  in  its  whole  extent,  their  product  being  liaided  in  wagons  for  miles  to  the  nearest  station  on  the  Mobile 
aud  Ohio  and  tho  Memphis  and  Charleston  railroads.    The  largest  shipments  are  made  from  l^nrnsvillc  and  Corinth. 


i 


534 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


11:1 


"The  second  growth  of  the  short-loaved  pine,  which  in  already  growing  with  great  rapidity  in  northern 
MlNHiHNJppi  npon  exhausted  fields  thrown  ont  of  cultivation  and  wlierever  the  forest  has  been  cut  from  the 
ridRos.  should  bo  protected  and  fostered  by  the  owners  of  the  soil.  The  care  bestowed  upon  the  natural  seeding 
of  tills  useful  and  valuable  timber  tree,  and  in  assisting  it  to  gain  a  permanent  foothold  on  lands  regarded  as  unfit 
or  uni)rcfitablo  for  agriculture,  of  which  tons  of  thousands  of  acres  are  now  found  in  this  state,  would  lead  to 
ri'sultH  of  great  benoflt  to  the  comiiiunity.  The  people  have  it  in  their  ])ower  to  replenish  tlieir  timber  resources,  fast 
failing  through  the  ever-progressing  destruction  of  the  original  forest,  without  other  outlay  than  simply  assisting 
nature  in  her  efforts  to  recover  from  injuries  sustained  in  the  wholesale  destruction  of  the  forest.  The  restoration 
of  the  forest  over  vast  areas,  now  barren  and  unproductive  wastes,  wonld  add  vastly  to  the  general  welfare  and 
prosperity  tlaongh  the  intliience  such  forests  would  exert  upon  the  climate  and  salubrity  of  the  country,  by  the 
shelter  they  would  otter  to  insei^tivorous  birds  ever  busy  in  the  destruction  of  insects  injurious  to  farm  crops,  and 
by  the  formation  of  ))rote('tive  scn'cns  against  the  cotton-worm,  the  most  destructive  of  all  insects  in  this  part  of 
the  country;  for  it  must  be  admitted  as  an  undispnted  fact  that  the  destruction  caused  by  the  cotton- worm  is  far 
less  npon  the  small  farms  w'.iere  strii»s  of  woodland  divide  the  fields  than  njmn  the  jdantations  in  the  rich  ]miine 
lands  where  large  areas  are  destitute  of  woods.  Such  forests  wonld  serve  as  windbreaks  for  crops  growing  in  field 
and  orchard,  and  as  protection  against  the  washing  away  of  the  light  soil  so  peculiarly  adiipted  to  the  cultivation 
of  the  great  staple  of  the  country,  thus  preventing  the  ruin  of  many  pro<lnctive  fields,  the  debris  from  which, 
carried  away  by  the  rain  and  tloods,  fills  the  rivers  and  their  estuaries,  rendering  navigation  every  year  more 
dangerous. 

"Crntka:-  pink  nii,Ls. — A  hilly  regio-),  the  northern  limit  of  which  is  near  the  center  of  Bentoii  county, 
covered  with  uj  land  oaks  and  sluHt-leaved  i)i:.es,  extends  eastward  to  the  flatwoods  in  a  belt  from  8  to  12  miles  in 
width.  Fiirtlier  south,  in  Calhoun  and  Sainter  counties,  this  pine  region  is  much  wider,  embracing  the  largest  ]>art 
of  these  and  Choctaw  and  the  western  ]»art  of  (Oktibbeha  counties;  from  Kosciusko,  Attala  county,  it  extends  over 
the  whole  of  Winston  and  tlu^  western  j)art  of  Noxubee  counties,  being  merged,  south  of  Neshoba  in  the  western 
part  of  Kenij)er  county,  with  the  region  of  mixed  tree  growth.  This  pine  forest  8ui)plies  a  sufficient  amount  of 
lumber  for  the  local  demand,  and  portable  sawmills  are  found  near  the  large  settlements  from  Kosciusko  to  the 
southern  Ijjnits  of  the  region.  It  forms  a  prominent  feature  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states  by  its  geographical 
position,  and  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  distinct  divisions  which  might  be  designated  as  the  region  of  th(^  central 
pine  hills.  Botanically  this  region  ditters  from  that  of  th?  mixed  tree  growth,  npon  which  it  borders  toward  the 
south,  by  the  njore  e(nial  distribution  of  the  ]nnes  among  the  oaks,  and  i>articularly  by  the  total  absence  of  the 
long-lcavcd  i)ine  and  other  conifers,  with  the  exception  of  the  loblolly  pine  and  of  8(!attered  cyi)res8  along  the  river 
banks,  and  by  the  absence  of  the  great  magnolia  (ilf.  (irandiflora).  The  second  forest  growth  in  the  northern  ])art 
of  this  region  consists  almost  ex<'lusively  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  which  southward  is  associated  with  the  loblolly 
pine.    The  short-leaved  pine  will  in  the  future  be  the  chief  forest  tree  of  this  region. 

"I  have  iiersonally  seen  but  little  of  the  flatwoods  proper,  having  only  tonched  their  southern  limits  in  Kemper 
county.  It  is  a  region  of  close,  cold  soil,  devoid  of  drainage,  and  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  post  oak;  and 
in  its  economic  as])ects  as  a  timber  region,  or  l»otanically,  is  of  little  interest  or  importance. 

"Wkstkkn  Mis.sissiPPi. — Id  Coi)iah  county,  below  the  village  of  Terry,  fifteen  saw-mills  are  in  operation  along 
the  railroad,  obtaining  their  supi)ly  of  logs  from  the  heavily-timbered  hills  in  the  neighborhood.  This  lumber  is 
shipped  by  rail  to  Saint  Louis  and  Chicago.  This  business  has  already  reached  large  proportions  and  is  still 
increasing  rapidly,  the  mills  running  without  intermission  at  their  full  capacity  throughout  the  year. 

"  IJeyond  Crystal  Springs  the  eountry  loses  its  rolling  character ;  the  pine  hills  disappear,  and  a  short  distance 
above  the  northern  boundary  of  Cojnah  county,  near  Terry,  a  different  geological  formation  is  entered,  and  a 
strongly-marked  change  in  the  vegetation  takes  place.  Horizontal  strata  of  loam,  inclosing  layers  of  what  appears 
a  whitish  sand,  stretch  northward  over  a  vast  extent  of  level  country,  and  the  long-leaved  pine  disappears  with 
the  gravels  and  sands  of  the  drift. 

"North  of  ilie  i»ine  region  a  large  amount  of  rich  land  between  the  Pearl  and  Mississippi  rivers  has  been 
brought  unde  Itivation,  especially  along  the  bottoms  of  the  Pearl  river  and  along  the  principal  railway  lines.  At 
Jackson,  on  tl  .  I'earl  river,  little  is  left  of  the  original  tree  growth  which  covered  its  banks.  Still  enough  is  left, 
however,  to  shuw  t!.at  it  was  chiefly  composed  of  sweet  gums,  white  oaks,  elms,  white  ashes,  etc.  The  railroad  from 
Jackson  to  Vicksburg  i>asses  through  a  I'ertile  agricultural  country,  where  only  small  strips  of  forest  remain  between 
the  large  plantations  and  farms.  Pines  are  not  seen  here,  and  the  black  walnut,  originally  so  abundant  among 
the  oak  and  hickory  forests  which  covered  this  region,  must  now  be  regarded  as  entirely  exterminated.  Beyond 
the  Blackwater,  in  the  hilly  region  of  the  bluff  formation,  the  great  magnolia  covers  the  hillsides,  although  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vickslmrg  the  hills  for  miles  around  the  city  are  entirely  stripped  of  their  forests. 

"  Vicksburg  is  the  center  of  a  considerable  lumber  indtistry.  depending  for  its  supply  of  timber  upon  the  cypress 
rafted  down  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  river.  The  first  mill  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  cypress  lumber  was 
established  in  Vicksburg  in  18G5.  Before  that  time  all  the  timber  from  the  Yazoo  valley  was  rafted  down  the 
Mississippi  river,  mostly  to  New  Orleans,  as  is  still  the  case  with  the  greatest  number  of  the  rafts.  A  second  mill 
has  lately  been  built  at  Vicksburg,  and  the  combined  annual  capacity  of  the  two  is  ten  or  twelve  million  feet.    No 


W 


THE  FORESTS  OF  TTTE  UNITED  STATES. 


535 


lits  ill  Kemper 


mniiiifiictnrcd  lutnbor  is  Hliipped  from  Jure  fiirtlHM-  HoutJi  than  Haton  Rouge,  nearly  the  wliole  production  beiiiR 
conHumed  in  the  erection  of  small  dwellings  in  the  MissiHsipj)!  and  Yazoo  bottoms.  The  logs  received  at  these  mills 
average  25  inches  in  diameter,  witli  a  length  of  from  30  to  70  feet. 

"The  hillsides  in  the  neighborhood  of  VicUsburg,  when  thrown  out  of  rnltivation,  are  seen  covered  with  a 
stunted  growth  of  locust,  ("hickasaw  idiiins,  and  other  shrubs.  The  original  forests  of  the  blnft'  hills  consist  of 
extensive  groves  of  stately  magnolias,  stretching  down  the  slojies  and  mixing  with  large  white  oaks,  Spanish  oaks, 
beeches,  and  towering  ])oplars,  covering  the  mossy  ground  of  the  small  valleys  witli  delightful  shade.  Many  of  the 
magnolias  are  from  18  inches  to  iJ  feet  in  diameter.  The  full-grown  trees,  however,  .show  that  they  have  already 
passed  their  prime;  the  npper  limbs  have  begun  to  die,  the  base  of  their  trunks  being  often  rotten  and  hollow. 
Small  specimens  and  sapling  or  seedling  trees  I  (iould  not  find.  The  large  trees  are  cut  down  to  supply  the 
neighboring  city  with  fuel,  and  it  is  inevitable  that  in  a  (!0  .iparativcly  short  time  these  magnolia  groves  will  have 
disa]>peared,  and  that  t\wne  delightfully-shaded  hilis  must  share  the  desolation  which  surrounds  the  town. 

"  Thk  Yazoo  Delta. — Indian  bayou,  one  of  the  small  watercourses  between  Pearl  river,  Deer  creek,  and 
Suntlower  river,  has  a  sluggish  current  even  in  time  of  high  water.  As  is  the  ease  with  all  the  streams  of  the 
Yazoo  delta,  its  banks  are  elevated  often  to  a  height  of  10  or  l.'i  feet  above  the  surface  of  tlu*  water,  thus  affording 
excellent  natural  drainage  for  the  adjacent  country,  which  is  covered  with  a  j'ellow-brown  loam  of  unsurpassed 
fertility.  As  the  land,  however,  recedes  from  the  bank:-;  it  gradually  sinks  down  again  toward  the  level  of  the  bed 
of  the  stream,  and  the  watercourses,  following  the  general  dire(!tioii  of  the  Mississippi  river,  inclose  corresponding 
lines  of  depression  nearly  level  with  the  beds  of  the  streams.  These  troughs  between  the  bayons  and  rivers  arc  one 
of  the  characteristics  features  in  the  topography  of  the  Yazoo  delta.  They  are  of  various  extent,  depth,  and  shajte; 
flat  and  wide,  they  form  tracts  of  dark,  wet  forest  swamp,  more  or  less  dry  in  summer;  or,  narrower  and  dee|)er, 
they  form  swamps  rarely  ever  entirely  free  from  water;  sometimes  they  are  inundated  wooded  niar.shcs  and  cane 
brakes,  or  ponds  and  lagoons  more  or  less  shallow  and  studded  with  the  mighty  trunks  of  the  cypress.  When 
ilicso  depressions  are  of  considerable  depth,  lakes,  presenting  o])en  sheets  of  water  sometimes  miles  in  «'xteiit,  an^ 
formed,  their  iiiarjins,  only,  overgrown  with  the  cypress.  Upon  these  features  depend  the  great  diversity  of  the 
forest  growth  which  yet  covers  the  largest  jiart  of  the  Yazoo  valley.  Along  the  elevated  ridges  fronting  the 
streams  the  white!  oak,  the  willow  oak,  the  shell-bark  and  mocker-nut  hickories,  the  black  walnut  in  great  numbers, 
the  yellow  poplar  and  the  sassafras  large  enough  to  furnish  canoes  of  groat  size,  the  mulberry,  the  Spanish  o.ak, 
the  sweet  and  the  black  gums  are  the  princi|)al  tbre.st  trees,,  witli  an  undergrowth  in  the  openings  of  dogwood, 
various  haws,  (-rab  apples,  wild  grapes,  buckthorns,  etc.  In  the  forests  covering  the  lower  lands,  which  slope  buck 
to  the  swamps  and  reservoirs,  the  cow  oak  takes  the  place  of  the  white  oak,  while  the  over-cup  white  oak  occurs 
everywhere  in  the  more  or  less  saturated  soil.  Here  the  sweet  gum  reaches  its  greatest  size,  and  here  grow  also 
in  great  perfection  the  bitter-nut,  the  elms,  hornbeams,  whit(!  ash,  box-elder,  and  red  maples  of  enormous  size.  The 
honey  locust,  water  oaks,  and  red  and  Si)anish  oaks  are  equally  common.  Here,  among  the  smaller  trees,  the  holly 
attains  its  greatest  development,  with  hornbcans  and  wahoo  elms,  while  papaws,  haws,  and  privets  form  the  mass 
of  the  dense  undergrowth,  which,  interspersed  with  dense  cane-brakes,  covers  the  ground  under  the  large  trees. 

"  The  region  covered  by  these  splendid  forests  of  hard  woods  possesses  a  wealth  of  timber  of  the  most  valuable 
kinds  and  in  surprising  variety.  They  occupy  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  Sunflower  and  the  adjoining  counties 
between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  hills  which  border  upon  the  Yazoo  to  the  east.  Most  of  the  clearings  made 
in  this  region  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  by  the  ])lanters  settled  lower  down,  have  since  been  abandoned  and 
arc  again  densely  covered  with  the  young  growth  of  the  trees  of  which  the  forest  was  originally  composed.  During 
the  last  few  years,  however,  the  country  has  been  entered  again  for  cultivation  by  a  class  of  small  farmers,  who 
from  being  farm  hands  have  now  risen  to  the  position  of  independent  landholders.  It  is  astonishing  to  see  the 
utter  disregard  of  these  settlers  for  the  forest  wealth  of  the  country,  which  in  a  short  time  could  not  fail  to  be  of 
great  commercial  value.  On  the  shores  of  Indian  bayou  may  be  seen  clearings  with  hundreds  of  the  finest 
black  walnuts  among  the  ilctadened  trees,  while  many  of  the  noblest  specimens  of  this  valuable  timber  tree  are 
felled  for  fence  rails  or  trifling  purposes.  The  amount  of  oak  and  hickory  timber  destroyed  here  annually  is 
amazing.  It  is  generally  believed,  however,  that  not  one  acre  in  fifty  over  this  whole  region  of  hard-woo<l  forest 
has  yet  been  stripped  of  its  tree  covering.  Quite  difl'erent  is  the  condition  of  the  cypress  growth  in  the  great  Yazoo 
valhsy.  This  tree,  confined  to  low  and  more  or  less  inundated  bottoms  bordering  on  the  Mississijipi,  the  Lower 
Yazoo,  Big  Suntlower,  and  their  niimeroiis  tributaries,  was  once  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  this  region,  and 
immen.se  quantities  of  ey|)ress  lumber  have  been  fiiiiiished  by  the  lower  parts  of  Issaquena  and  Wusliington  and 
the  western  parts  of  Warren  and  Yazoo  counties.  The  most  valuable  timber  has  now,  however,  disappeared  from 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  low  river  banks  easily  aecessil)le  at  seasons  of  high  water  ilnring  every  winter 
and  Sluing.  Only  groves  standing  remote  from  the  banks  of  the  water  courses,  and  which  are  only  accessilile  to 
the  raftsman  during  exceptioniilly  high  stages  of  water,  now  supply  tins  lumber.  In  the  ujjper  portions  of  the 
valley,  however,  in  the  low  depressions  «lescril)ed  as  extending  between  the  elevated  b.anks  of  the  streams,  more  or 
less  liiiiited  areas  of  undisturbed  cypress  forest  arc  found.  The  shallow  lagoons,  covered  with  water  except  during 
seasons  of  prolonged  drougUt,  and  called  cypress  creeks,  present  in  the  spring  of  the  year  a  strange  sight.  No 
object  meets  the  eye  between  the  immense  trunks  ot  the  mighty  trees,  as  in  these  cypress  groves  no  other  tree  nor 


536 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I 


iil:'ij 


1! 


sbrub  cau  live  iu  the  dark,  shaded,  water-covered  soil. ,  These  reservoirs  of  draiuage,  generally  without  outlet, 
are  called  cj  press  lakes  if  the  water  in  any  part  of  them,  too  deep  to  allow  the  growth  of  trees,  confines  the 
cypress  to  their  more  shallow  borders.  Here  the  cypress  arrives  at  its  greatest  dimensions  and  produces  timber 
of  the  fluest  quality.  These  cypress  lakes  and  cypress  brakes,  remote  from  streaus,  at  no  time  of  the  year 
connected  with  them,  aud  always  surrounded  with  a  mire  of  forest  swamp  impassable  to  wagons,  still  i-etain  their 
best  timber.  Of  late  years,  since  swamp  aud  overflowed  lands  have  become  the  ]>roperty  of  the  state,  planters 
have  added  many  of  these  cypress  tracts  to  their  estates  by  ))urcha8e ;  many  others  ha  »'e  been  acquired  by  companies 
formed  to  construct  artificial  channels  by  which  the  timber  may  be  floated  to  the  nearest  streams.  The  richest 
and  most  extensive  of  these  groves  of  cypress,  already  more  or  less  in  the  hands  of  ci'Mitalists,  are  found  along 
Steele's  bayou,  between  Deer  creek  and  the  Sunflower  river,  in  Washington  county ;  between  that  stream  and 
the  lower  course  of  Bogue  Phalia,  aud  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  Black  creek  above  Greenville  There  is 
also  a  very  large  body  of  cypress  inclosing  the  '  California  brake',  upon  the  Little  Sunflower,  in  the  counties  of 
Bolivar  and  Ooahoma,  extending  through  Tallal'.atchie  county  to  the  Yazoo  river. 

"The  traflic  iu  cypress  biuiber  in  the  Yazoo  region  dates  from  1830.  In  1838  it  was  commenced  upon  the 
Sunflower  river  and  Deer  cieak,  teu  years  after  the  first  settlements  were  established  upon  the  banks  of  these 
streams;  since  that  time  rafts  have  been  sent  regularly  to  New  Orleans,  aud  camps  of  lumbermen  have  been 
established  in  every  direction,  the  forests,  particularly  those  upou  the  public  domains,  being  regarded  as  the 
Uiidisputed  property  and  lawful  prey  of  the  log-getter.  In  consequence  the  cypress  groves  have  been,  if  not  entirely 
destroyed,  largely  culled  of  their  best  timber  wh,.-rever  it  could  be  obtained  without  investment  of  capital,  that  is  by 
simply  floating  the  logs  to  the  streams  at  times  of  freshet  and  overflow. 

"The  cutting  of  these  cypress  forests  is  not  wisely  regulated  under  the  ownership  of  the  slate.  These  lands 
have  been  thrown  into  the  market  at  50  cents  an  acre  with  the  condition  of  settlement.  Beneflcial  as  such  a  law 
might  prove  in  the  disposal  of  lands  iit  ibr  cultivaiion,  it  results,  iu  the  case  of  timber-land  unfit  for  the  plow,  in 
the  reckless  destruction  of  one  of  the  surest  sou'-ces  of  public  revenne.  The  state  thus  sells  for  50  cents  what  on 
its  face  is  worth  to  the  purchaser  lumdreds  of  dollars,  and  which,  when  deprived  of  its  value  and  rendered  forever 
worthless,  will  be  turned  back  to  the  stiite  again. 

"Much  of  the  destruction  of  the  timber  can  be  traced  to  wasteful  methods  practiced  by  the  negroes.  Under 
present  methods  any  one  having  rentetl  a  plantation  will,  for  the  most  trifling  wants,  cuf  down  a  tree,  regardless  of 
size,  and  without  any  ettort  to  preserve  for  future  use  the  parts  not  immediately  wanted,  so  that  the  next  quarter 
of  a  century  will  probably  see  the  entire  destruction  of  the  vast  quantities  of  timber  stored  in  the  whole  of  this 
great  territory." 

LOUISIANA. 

The  const  of  I^ouisiana  is  bordered  by  saline  nuirshes  and  savannas  extending  inland  from  10  to  40  miles,  or  is 
covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of  cypress  occupying  extensive  fresh-water  swamps  peculiar  to  the  region.  In 
Vermillion,  Calcas'  u.  Saint  Martin's,  an«l  Saint  Lundry  parishes  considerable  treelchs  areas,  open  grassy  prairies  in 
the  borders  of  the  forest,  occur.  With  these  excei)tions  Louisiana  wasoriginally  covered  with  a  dense  and  varied  forest 
growth.  The  Maritime  Pine  Belt  covered  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  nearly  to  the  i^mite  river,  or  until  checked 
from  further  western  development  by  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  Mississippi.  Forests  of  i)ine,  too,  occupied  the 
western  part  of  the  *Mate  north  and  south  of  the  Hed  river.  The  pine  flats  of  Calcasieu  were  covered  with  forests 
formed  almost  exclusively  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  which,  farther  north,  mixed  with  oaks  aud  various  hard-wood 
trees,  extends  over  the  high  rolling  country  whii^h  stretches  from  the  Sabine  northeasterly  nearly  to  the  Ouachita 
river.  The  northeastern  part  of  the  state  was  covered,  outside  of  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the  rivers,  with  a 
heavy  forest  of  short- leaved  ])ine  {PinitH  mitiH)  mixed  with  upland  oiiiks,  hickories,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  The 
bottom  lands  and  all  that  part  of  the  state  bordering  the  Mississippi  were  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  trees 
peculiar  to  such  low,  rich  soil  throughout  the  Gulf  region.  The  high  blufis  which  occur  at  difi'ereut  points  along 
the  Mississippi,  the  Atchafalaya,  and  other  streams  flowing  through  the  western  part  of  the  state  were  covered 
with  a  noble  forest  of  evergreen  magnolias  min^vied  with  beeches,  water  oaks,  and  gums. 

The  most  valuable  forests  of  the  state  are  still  almost  intact,  although  the  pine  has  been  cut  from  the  banks  of 
the  I'earl  river  and  some  of  its  tributaries,  ami  from  along  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Saint  Louis,  and  New  Orleans 
railroad,  to  furnish  the  New  Orleans  market  with  luml.er.  Pine  has  also  been  cut  along  the  Sabine  river,  from 
both  forks  of  the  Calcasieu,  along  the  Red  river  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alexandria  and  Shreveport,  and  more 
recently  in  ('atahoula  |)arish,  along  Little  river.  The  river  swamps  and  rolling  hills  in  the  eastern  and  northern 
l)art8  of  the  state  still  contain  vast  bodies  of  valuable  hardwood  forest  yet  untouched  by  the  ax. 

The  forcf^s  of  Louisiana,  uninvaded  as  yet  by  the  mainifacturers  of  naval  stores,  have  not  greatly  sufl'eri'd 
from  forest  fires.  During  the  census  year  only  (i4,410  acres  of  wootllaud  were  reported  as  burned  over  by  fire,  with 
a  loss  of  only  ^(>,800.  These  fires  were  generally  set  to  improve  pasturage,  or  by  careless  hunters  ejimpiiig  in  the 
forest. 

A  small  amount  of  cooperage  stock  is  made  in  New  Orleans  almost  entirely  from  cypress  and  pine,  although 
that  city  has  long  been  an  imporUiut  print  of  export  for  oak  staves  and  headings  brotight  there  from  Arkansas  and 


J  without  outlet, 
ees,  confines  the 
produces  timber 
ime  of  the  year 
still  i-etain  their 
e  state,  piantera 
ed  by  companies 
ns.  Ttie  richest 
are  found  along 
hat  stream  and 
nville  Tliere  is 
the  counties  of 

snced  u{)on  the 
i  banks  of  these 
men  have  been 
egarded  as  the 
n,  if  not  entirely 
ipital,  that  is  by 

e.  These  lands 
il  as  such  a  law 
for  the  plow,  in 
0  cents  what  on 
cndered  ibrever 

egroes.  Under 
»e,  regardless  of 
he  next  quarter 
e  whole  of  this 


0  40  miles,  or  is 
:he  regiC'U.  In 
assy  prairies  in 
nd  varied  forest 
r  until  checked 
3,  occui)ied  th« 
cd  with  forests 
ous  hard-wood 
o  the  Ouachita 
rivers,  with  a 
lus  trees.  The 
'th  of  the  trees 
t  points  along 
a  were  covered 

in  the  banks  of 
;  New  Orleans 
nc  river,  from 
lort,  iiiid  more 
and  northern 

eatly  Hnfi'eri>d 
?r  by  fire,  with 
unipiiig  in  the 


M  I 


tine,  although 
Arkansas  and 


RKif '  .; 

WW    :       11 

:  f 

i 


&'<• 


i-ilt 


1 


til 


•1 ' 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


537 


TenneKseo  by  river.  T]ic  magnificent  liard  woods  common  over  much  of  tlio  state  can  supply  abundant  material  I'ur 
many  important  industries  wliich  already  at  the  north  sufler  fron>  the  exhaustion  and  deterioration  of  the  local 
timber  supjdy. 

The  following  rough  estimates  of  the  amount  of  t  he  long  leaved  and  short-leaved  pine  standing  in  the  state  have 
been  prepared  by  measuring  upon  a  large-scale  map  areas  occupied  by  the  i)ine  forests,  which  coincide  al'nost  exactly 
with  geological  formations.  From  these  areas  the  totals  of  clearings  as  returne<l  by  enumerators  and  all  areas  of 
swamp,  bottom  lands,  and  prairies  are  deducted  to  obtain  the  extent  of  territory  covered  with  pine  forests.  By 
multiplying  this  area  by  the  average  stand  of  timber  per  acre,  obtained  by  luiaicrous  observations  in  diifereut 
parts  of  the  state,  the  following  estimate  of  the  amount  of  merchantable  pine  standing  May  31, 1880,  is  reached: 


Pariaheii. 


Bienville. 
BosHler  .. 


Caddo  

CnlcaHiou 

Caldwell 

Catuhoulii 

Clnlbonie 

D«  Soto 

Eaftt  Ratuu  Kongo. 

East  Feliciana 

Grant 

iTaokHon 

Livingston 

MtireliouHo 

NaU-liitoirlifs , 

Onaubita 

TiipideH 

Bed  Uiver  . 

Sabine..... 

Saint  Helena 

Saint  Lnndry 

Saint  Tiimniany . . . 

Tangipahoa 

fnion 


Longler  ifd  pi  no 
(Pinug  paluHtrU). 


Feel,  board  meature. 
416,C0O,0UO 


4, 210. 000, 00(1 

002,  000. 000 

1,  5,18,  000,  OUO 


Vernon  

Washington 

Webster 

West  Felicinna. 
Winn 


Total . 


Cut  I'or  the  ceusaa  year  ending  May  31,  1880 . . .  | 


Short-leaved  piuo 

{2'inuii  mitiH). 


Ffety  board  measure. 
1,837,000,000 
1,  .174,  (lOU,  000 
1,090,000,000 


108,000,000 

i,rr,4,ooo,ooo 

4!W.  000,  0<IO 

;tiio,  000, 000 


1,  7!)L',  000, 1  00 

10,000,1100 

2,  422,  OOO,  000 


608, 000,  000 

7-.fl.  OHO,  mil) 

.171),  000,  000 
1,308,000,000 
1.637.000,000 


3.  741,  OUO.  000 
1,734,000,000 


2,(162,000,000 
26, 588, 000, 000 


61, 882, 000 


302,  000,  000 
304,  OUO,  000 
1,  023,  00(  000 
1,071,000,000 
157,  O'lO,  000 
8»0.  ono,  000 


1,670,000,000 


707,  OOO,  000 

81H,  OUO,  000 

I.  120.000,000 


643,  000,  000 
1.074.  OOO.  000 


2.  r22,  000, 000 


1,443,000,000 
122,000,000 


21, 625, 000, 000 


22,700,000 


*        \\ 


The  principal  x)oint  of  lumber  manufacture  is  ^aint  Charles,  in  Calcasieu  parish,  on  the  southern  border  of  the 
western  pine  forest.  Lumber  manufactured  here  is  ship|>ed  east  and  west  by  rail,  and  in  small  schooners  to  Mexican 
and  West  Indian  ports.  A  comparati^  '3ly  small  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  at  New  Orleans  from  logs  cut 
in  eastern  Louisiana  and  towed  through  lake  L'ontchartrain  and  the  canals  to  tlie  city,  and  along  the  river  front 
from  logs  rafted  out  of  the  Ked,  Little,  Black,  and  other  streams  of  northern  Louisiana.  New  Orleans,  however,  is 
principally  supplied  with  lumber  sawed  at  Gulf  ports,  in  spite  of  its  position  with  reference  to  the  most  valuable 
hard-pine  forests  upon  the  continent,  its  large  local  demand  for  lumber  a.id  all  saw-mill  refuse,  and  its  facilities  for 
export,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it  must  become  the  most  important  center  of  lumber  manufacture  and 
distribution  in  the  soutii.  SnuiU  (pumtities  of  pine  lumber  have  long  been  manufactured  upon  the  Red  t'wer  near 
Alexandria;  short  leaved  pine  (Pinus  mitis)  is  sawed  at  8hr3veport,  and  in  small  quantities  for  lociil  consumi)tiou  at 
othir  points  in  the  northern  parisiies. 


MOSS  (HNNINO. 

New  Orleans  is  the  center  of  the  "  mo.ss-ginning"  industry  of  the  United  States.  The  "moss"  {Tillnndiiia 
uaneoiden),  a  common  epiphyte,  growing  in  great  (]uiii)tities  u])on  the  cypress,  live  ouk,  and  other  southern  trees, 
is  gathered,  by  men  known  as  "  swampeni",  in  the  swamps  of  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  and  Florida.  The 
moss  when  gathered  is  piled  near  the  swamps  and  allowed  to  rot  during  ten  or  twelve  months.  It  loses  in  this 
process  alxtut  90  percent,  of  its  weight,  and  is  thiui  shipped  to  New  Orleans,  where  it  is  cleaned,  dried,  and  ginned, 
losing  in  this  latter  operation  'Mi  p'>r  cent,  in  weight.    The  prepared  moss  is  used  in  upholstery,  either  alone  or 


> 


538 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


HI/ 


Pi 


'"h 


'AT 


•'  L' 


mixeil  with  linir.  The  product  of  the  New  Orleans  factories  is  principally  ahii)p('(l  to  tlic  western  states,  a 
comparatively  small  amount  being  sent  to  Enrope.  Six  moss  factories  are  located  in  New  Oricans,  and  there  are 
also  small  establishments  at  Plaqnemine  and  at  Morgan  City,  Louisiana,  and  at  Pensacola,  Florida.  New  Orleans 
received  during  the  year  ending  August  31, 1881, 3,500bales  of  rough  moss,  weighing  ](),000,000  pounds,  and  valued 
at  $315,000.  A  considerable  amount,  however,  is  ginned  in  the  country  ati<l  shipiied  direct  to  consumers,  or  is 
l»repared  by  the  consumers  themselves.  Persons  most  familiar  with  the  volume  of  this  industry  estimate  that  the 
value  of  the  prepared  moas  gathered  annually  in  Louisiana,  the  principal  region  of  supply,  is  not  far  from  $550,000. 
The  amount  gathered,  however,  varies  considerably  from  year  to  year.  Moss  can  only  be  i)rofltnbly  collected  at 
times  of  high  floods,  when  the  swamps  are  navigable  to  small  boats,  and  the  moss,  hanging  from  the  branches  of 
the  trees,  can  be  ea>iiy  gathered.  The  wages  earned  by  the  swampers,  too,  are  not  large,  and  the  gathering  of 
moss  is  only  resorted  to  when  more  profitable  employment  upon  farms  cannot  be  obtained. 

The  following  extracts  are  from  notes  of  a  hasty  journej'  made  through  the  forest  region  of  western  Louisiana 
'  »y  Dr.  Charles  Mohr : 

"  For  the  investigation  of  the  important  pine  region  of  western  Louisiana  I  selected  Alexandria  as  my  starting 
point.  Situated  almost  centrally  between  the  forests  of  long-leaved  pine  which  skirt  both  sides  of  the  Red  Kiver 
valley.  Alexandria  is  the  seat  of  the  actual  lumber  trade  and  the  ))oint  where  the  lumber  interests  of  this  great 
timber  region  must  bo  developed  in  the  future.  Little  is  left  of  the  vast  cypress  swamps  which  once  covered  the 
alluvial  lands  on  the  Mississipjji  river  below  the  mouth  of  the  Eed  river  and  the  lower  basin  of  that  stream.  It  is 
only  in  the  most  inaccessble  swamps,  cut  off  from  all  communication  with  the  rivers,  that  patches  of  this  timber 
remain.  The  ever-increasing  demand  for  this  lumber  has  almost  exhausted  the  available  cypress  of  the  Red  River 
country,  and  cypress  is  now  .irawn  from  the  forest  farther  north  bordering  the  Black  and  Ouachita  rivers.  The 
lowlands  along  the  river  front,  subject  to  inundation  and  devoid  of  drainage,  present  in  their  tree  growth  the  same 
features  as  ti>e  low  forests  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Yazoo  valleys.  The  bitter  pecan  flourishes  here  luxuriantly, 
and  with  it  the  white  ash,  the  swamp  over-cup  oak,  the  persimmon,  sycamore,  sassafras,  sweet  gum,  and  cottonwood. 
The  green  ash  is  common,  and  in  better-drained  localities  the  willow,  white,  cow,  and  led  oaks  appear,  with  elms  and 
occasional  pecans.  Twelve  or  15  miles  below  Alexandria  the  first  pines  are  seen  looming  up  in  the  forest;  upon 
a  nearer  approach  they  are  recognized  as  the  loblolly.  A  short  distance  farther  uj)  the  river,  upon  sandy  blulfs 
fronting  tiie  western  shore,  fine  specimens  of  the  short-leaved  pine  are  observed,  associated  with  black  oaks, 
Spanish  oak,  tiie  black-jack,  and  nuuiy  of  the  shrubs  peculiar  to  the  drift  of  the  coast  pine  region  east  of  the 
Mississijypi.  The  wide  bottom  lands  of  the  river  upon  which  Alexandiia  is  situated  extend  west  to  bayou  Bceuf. 
This  district,  unsurpassf  '.  in  fertility  and  regarded  as  the  garden  of  Louisiana,  has  but  little  left  of  the  forest  with 
which  it  was  once  covered.  The  pecan  trees  alone  of  the  original  forest  growth  have  been  spared  from  the  general 
destruction.  Of  these,  fine  specimens  line  the  roadsides  and  dot  the  fields.  The  unsightly  honey  locust  occupies 
the  waste  low  places,  in  company  with  a  second  growth  of  willows,  hackberries,  and  catalpas.  The  shores  of 
bi\,  '  'iiEuf  are  covered  with  a  variety  of  trees.  Cypresses  line  the  brink  of  the  water;  beyond  these,  sycamores, 
bitter  gums,  sweet  and  white  gums,  pecans,  watc*  and  willow  oaks,  red  and  white  elms,  red  maple,  and 
ash  occupy  the  gentle  acclivities,  with  a  dense  undergrowth  of  smaller  trees — the  dogwood,  several  haws,  wahoos, 
catalpas,  Carolina  buckthorn,  southern  prickly  ash,  etc.  Ascending  the  ridge  to  the  nplands  the  deep  alluvial 
soil  is  left  behind,  and  the  light  sandy  loams  of  the  Tertiary  strata  make  their  appearance,  and  with  this  change 
ot  soil  rhe  vegetation  changes  as  suddenly.  Stately  loblolly  pines  rise  above  the  groves  of  post,  black,  and  Spanish 
oaks,  and  where  the  ridge  descends  again  to  what  might  be  called  the  second  bottom  of  bayou  Ba>af,  a  forest  of 
white  oak  is  entered,  which  contains  a  stand  of  timber  seldom  equaled.  On  the  long,  gentle  swells  these  are 
associated  with  fine  Spanish  oaks,  a  few  pig-nuts  and  mocker-nuts,  and  in  the  depressions  with  red  oak,  elms,  ash, 
and  other  trees  found  on  soil  of  good  quality  in  the  same  latitude  east  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

•'The  hills  formed  by  the  sandstone  drift  gravels  rise  suddenly  from  the  plain  covered  with  tie  forest  of 
the  long-leaved  pine,  comparing  favorably  both  in  the  size  and  number  of  the  trees  with  the  best  timber  districts 
in  the  Coast  Pine  Belt  of  the  eastern  Gulf  states.  Trees  under  12  inches  in  diameter  are  rarely  seen,  as  is  the  case 
everywhere  in  these  umlisturbed  primeval  pine  forests.  The  soil  of  this  region  is  closer,  more  retentive  of  moisture, 
and  richer  in  plant-food  than  that  in  the  Maritime  Pine  Region  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  pines  here  are 
therefore  of  more  rapid  growtL  and  below  the  standard  of  qnality  for  which  the  pine  produced  on  the  poor,  siliceous 
ridges  of  lower  Mississippi  and  Alabama  is  so  highly  valued.  The  numerous  streams  which  cut  their  way  through 
these  pine  hills  are  fringed  with  many  of  the  evergreens  peculiar  to  the  eastern  Qulf  const;  and  magnolias,  the 
r«'d  and  white  bay,  wax  myrtles,  willows,  and  the  devilwood  are  common. 

"  The  i)ine  region  west  of  the  Red  River  valley  sjtreads  westward  to  the  Sabine,  forming  i)art  of  the  great  i)ine 
forest  whi'h  extends  far  into  eastern  Texas.  Southward  it  constantly  increases  in  width ,  and  its  lejigth  from 
north  to  south,  where  it  verges  upon  the  lower  maritime  prairies  of  the  Calcasieu,  is  not  less  than  100  miles.  It 
includes  the  whole  of  the  parish  of  Vernon,  the  largest  part  of  Calcasieu,  and  jmrtions  of  thejjarishesof  Natchitoches 
and  Rapides,  covering  an  area  of  about  4,500  s(|uare  miles.  The  northern  poition  of  this  belt  is  one  vast  primeval 
forest.    The  small  inroads  made  by  the  scattered  settlers  and  the  few  small  saw-mills  which  supply  a  small  local 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


539 


tern  Louisiana 


demand  are  too  insipiiiicant  to  be  taken  into  aeconiit.    In  the  soutltern  portion  of  this  forest  the  saw-mills  on  the 
Sabine  river  and  at  Lake  Charles  liave  already  removed  some  timber  from  tlie  banks  of  the  principal  streams. 

"  The  region  of  long-leaved  pine  which  skirt.s  the  eastern  conflues  of  the  Red  llivcr  valley,  and  which  at  its 
Bonthern  extremity  almost  tonehea  the  river  banks,  may  be  ealled  the  central  pine  region  of  west  Louisiana.  The 
village  of  Pineville,  opposite  the  city  of  Alexandria,  is  the  center  of  the  lumber  trade  of  this  region.  The  high, 
undulating  uplands  formed  of  the  Pliocene-Tertiary  strata  which  here  front  the  river  bear  a  growth  of  loblolly  and 
short-leaved  pine  mixed  with  upland  oaks.  A  few  miles  to  the  eastward,  however,  upon  the  hills  covered  with  drift, 
the  forest  of  long-leaved  pine  apjiears.  The  surface  in  this  central  pine  region  is  more  broken,  the  soil  poorer, 
more  porous  and  siliceous  than  west  of  the  Red  River  valley,  and  the  timber  produced  licre  is  of  unsurjiassed 
quality.  An  average  of  ri(»t  less  than  fifteen  trees  to  the  acre,  with  a  diameter  of  over  15  inches  3  feet  from  the 
ground,  grow  here.  The  i)roduction  of  lumber  is  limited  to  saw-mills  situated  7  or  8  miles  from  the  river.  They  have 
been  gradually  removed  from  its  banks  as  the  timber  was  exhausted  on  a  line  7  or  8  miles  in  length  north  and 
south  from  Pineville.  The  production  of  these  mills  amounts  in  the  aggregate  to  40,000  feet  a  day.  The  lumber 
nninufactured  here  supplies  the  jiopnlation  of  the  Red  River  valley  as  far  west  as  Shreveport. 

"  Tlie  rolling  uplands  which  extend  to  the  edge  of  the  river  at  Shreveport  are  covered  with  a  heavy,  cold,  clayey 
soil  almost  impervious  to  water ;  they  bear  an  open  growth  of  oaks,  among  which  the  post  oak  is  the  prevailing 
species,  finding  here  the  conditions  most  favorable  to  its  growth.  The  Spanish  oak,  invariably  called  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river  red  oak,  with  fine  black  jack  makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  tree  growth.  Hickories,  represented 
by  the  pig-nut  and  mocker-nut,  are  not  frequent,  and  are  of  small  size.  The  blirck  oak  is  found  in  localities  with 
somewhi.t  rocky  surfiice  and  loose  subsoil,  while  white  oaks  occur  along  the  base  of  declivities  where  an  accumulation 
of  vegetable  matter  has  been  deposited.  The  undergrowth  in  these  woods  is  scanty,  and  consists  for  the  most  part 
of  seedling  oaks.  Where,  however,  the  forest  has  been  entirely  removed,  the  loblolly  pine  takes  exclusive  possession 
of  the  soil.  These  oak  forests  reach  to  the  northern  confines  of  the  state  and  extend  west  into  Texas.  In  their 
southern  extremity  toward  the  pine  region  the  soil  is  better,  and  the  white  oak  becomes  the  prevailing  forest  tree. 
My  attention  was  directed  to  the  fact  that  since  the  removal  of  the  raft  of  the  Red  river  the  drainage  of  the  upper 
part  of  tVe  valley  has  been  greatly  improved,  and  many  of  the  lakes  and  swrmps  formerly  continually  inundated 
are  now  dry,  svhile  the  swamp  forest  growth,  including  the  cypress,  is  dying,  or  has  already  d >A. 

"Opposite  Shreveport  tlie  valley  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain  from  8  to  10  miles  in  width,  descending 
imperceptibly  »s  it  recedes  from  the  bank  of  the  river.  These  lowlands  are  mere  swamps,  often  deeplj-  overflowed 
by  the  backwater  of  the  river,  which  finds  its  way  through  the  numerous  bayous  and  inlets  which  intersect  this 
plain.  The  forest  growth  covering  these  swamps  i»  of  inferior  size,  ajid  consists  of  but  few  species.  The  cypress 
occupies  the  overflowed  swamps,  but  it  is  always  below  medium  size,  and  I  did  not  notice  a  single  specimen  2  feet 
in  diameter.  The  saline,  gypsum  soil  does  not  seem  suited  to  its  full  development.  The  water  locust  finds  here  its 
favorite  home.  It  is  very  common  in  moist  localities  not  subject  to  constant  inundation.  The  wood  of  tiris  tree  is 
fiii  hard  iind  durable  as  that  of  the  common  honey  locust,  and  is  employed  for  the  same  pur])oses;  that  is,  in  the 
manufacture  ot  stirrups,  blocks,  hubs,  etc.  The  green  ash  is  frequently  seen  here  growing  with  the  wahoo,  hornbeam, 
holly,  and  privet,  aiul  forming  broad  clumps  of  great  luxuriance  beneath  the  larger  trees.  After  passing  Cross 
bayou  the  land  gently  rises,  and,  with  better  drainage,  the  trees  of  the  swamps  disappear  and  are  replaced  by  a 
more  varied  and  valuable  timber  growth.  The  white  ash  and  white  and  red  oaks  are  the  more  common  treos  in  the 
woods  which  skirt  the  base  of  the  ridges  forming  the  east  iru  limits  of  the  valley  of  the  Red  river.  At  this  j)oiut 
they  are  separated  from  the  low  hills  of  the  Pliocene  sandy  loams  by  a  pretty,  clear  stream,  the  Red  Chute,  wliich 
runs  swiftly  over  its  bed  along  the  base  of  the  uplands;  these  form  long,  gentle,  swelling  slopes,  or  spread  out  into 
broad  flats  more  or  less  d-'ficient  of  drainage.  The  ridges  are  all  wooded  with  upland  oaks  and  short-leaved  jtines, 
while  the  loblolly  i»ine,  with  water  and  willow  oaks,  sweet  and  black  gums,  cover  the  depressions  and  damp  Hats. 
The  tree  growth  upon  these  ridges  is  vigorous.  1  have  nowhere  found  the  short-leaved  pino  of  finer  proportions, 
equaling  in  size  and  length  of  clear  trunk  the  long-leaved  species.  This  region  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  with  its 
low,  heavily-timbered  ridg»'s,  is  similar  in  character  of  soil  and  vegetation  to  the  pine  hill  of  central  and  northern 
Mississiitpi,  and  might  be  designated  as  the  region  of  the  pine  hills  of  northern  Louisiana  Between  lake  I}o«lcau 
and  lake  Bibtineau  the  suriace  of  the  country  is  very  often  imperfectly  draine«l,  and  tl.ere  the  loblolly  pine  is 
the  prevailing  tree.  A  few  miles  back  of  Rellevue,  in  Ilossier  parish,  the  level  forest  is  interru])ted  by  a  slrij)  of 
prairie  from  1  mile  to  3  miles  wide,  covered  with  a  cold,  soapy,  gray  soil  imi)ervious  to  water.  On  these  natural 
mead«»ws  no  tree  or  shrub  is  growing,  exciept  a  peculiar  Crntmjnn,  new  to  nie.  (<()  It  is  a  small  tree  or  large  shrub, 
forming  strictlydefined,  impenetrable,  dense  thickets  a  few  rods  or  of  several  a(!res  in  extent.  In  its  arborescent 
form  it  rises  to  a  height  of  frwni  15  to  20  feet,  with  a  more  or  less  bent  trunk  0  or  7  inches  in  diameter,  sjireading  its 
(!rooked  liad)s  at  a  height  of  from  4  to  G  feet  above  the  ground.  The  fruit  is  said  to  be  as  large  as  that  of  the  api)lo 
haw,  sweet  aiul  edible;  it  is  eagerly  eaten  by  swine,  which  fatten  upon  it.  This  tree  is  here  called  by  the  jieople 
'hogs'  haw'. 


a  Cratagv*  brachyacanilia,  Sargent  and  EnKeluiaun. 


540 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


,1  i 


4 


''On  the  decline  wluch  leads  to  the  valley  of  bayou  Dauchitta,  the  flatwoods  give  way  to  a  fine  growth  of 
Spanish  and  post  oaks,  elms,  and  gums.  * 

"The  western  bank  of  the  bayou  is  confronted  by  hills  of  the  post-Tertiary  sands  and  gravels  which  westward 
form  a  successijn  of  steep  ridges  heavily  wooded  with  the  upland  oaks  and  short-leaved  pine.  The  narrow  creek 
boltoms  inclosed  between  these  ridges  are  watered  abundantly  by  springs  ami  clear  streams  shaded  by  white  and  red 
bay,  hollies,  azaleas,  and  kalmias.  The  gre<at  magnolia  is  not  seen  here,  and  the  American  olive  is  missing.  In  these 
gravelly  hills,  extending  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Ouachita  river,  the  short-leaved  pine  is  very  common  and 
the  characteristics  of  the  pine-hill  region  are  prominent.  These  hills  cover  a  large  area  extending  northward  into 
Arkansas,  and  toward  the  south  merging  gradually  into  the  oak  woods  which  border  upon  the  bottoms  of  the 
numerous  tributaries  of  the  lied  river.  This  i>ine-hill  region  is  sparsely  settled,  and,  remote  from  w  iter  and  rail 
communication,  its  original  stores  of  pine  and  hard-wood  timber  have  scarcely  been  touched. 

"An  intimate  knowledge  of  the  forest  growth  in  this  section  was  obtained  by  an  excursion  over  the  hills  to 
bayou  iJauchitta  above  its  entrance  to  lake  Bistineau.  In  the  localities  of  the  best  drainage  in  this  valley  the 
cow  oak  is  very  common,  mixed  with  the  white  and  post  oaks,  while  sweet  gums,  black  gums,  water  and  willow 
oaks,  and  hackberries  occupy  lower  situations.  On  the  immediate  banks  and  in  tiie  sloughs  small  cyi)ress  trees 
are  common,  mixed  with  the  bitter  pecan,  the  hornbeam,  the  water  locust,  and  the  sycamore.  The  loblolly  pine 
takes  possessiim  of  every  opening  in  the  forest,  descending  the  high  hills,  while  numerous  haws  border  the  edges 
of  the  forest.  In  the  bottoms  and  along  the  declivities,  the  Chickasaw  and  the  American  plum  are  found  of  larger 
size  than  farther  east.  Loblollies  and  hickories  with  the  black  and  post  oaks  occupy  the  lower  declivities,  and 
upon  the  heights  the  yellow  pine  mixed  with  upland  oaks  forms  tine  forests." 

TEXAS. 

The  most  important  forests  of  Texas  are  found  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  state,  where  the  Maritime 
Pine  Belt  of  the  soutli  Atlantic  region  extends  to  about  midway  between  the  Trinity  and  the  Brazos  rivers.  A 
forest  of  long  leaved  pine  occupies  most  of  the  territory  between  the  Sabine  and  the  Brazos  south  of  the  thirty-first 
degree  of  nortli  latitiule,  reaching  south  to  within  20  miles  of  tiie  coast  Beyond  the  long-leaved  pine  forests, 
forests  of  the  loblolly  pine,  mixed  with  hard  woods,  stretch  westward  oO  or  CO  miles,  while  north  of  these  two 
regions  a  third  division  of  the  pine  belt,  comi)osed  of  :i  heavy  growth  of  sliort-Ieaved  iiin«'  mingled  with  upland  oaks, 
occupies  the  rolling  ridges  which  extend  northward  to  beyond  the  Bed  river.  The  swamps  which  line  the  larger 
streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf,  especially  within  the  limits  of  the  pine  belt,  still  contain  large  bodies  of  cypress. 
The  quality  of  the  Texas  cypress,  however,  is  inferior  to  that  grown  east  of  the  Mississip})i  river,  and  probably 
one-third  of  the  tim\)cr  growing  in  the  valleys  of  the  Sabine  and  the  Nueces  rivers  is  "pegiry"  or  aft'ected  by  dry  rot. 

West  of  the  ))ino  belt  open  forests  largely  coi:)i)osed  of  post  and  black  jack  oaks  occur,  gradually  decreasing 
in  density,  and  finally,  west  of  the  niiu'ty-seventh  degree  of  longitude,  entirely  disappearing.  Farther  west, 
however,  the  "lower''  and  "upper  cross-timbers",  two  rennukable  bodies  of  timber,  composed  of  small  and  stunted 
specimens  of  these  oaks,  extend  from  the  kndian  territory  far  south  into  the  prairie  ''egion,  occupying  long,  narrow, 
irregular  belts  where  sandy  or  gravelly  alluvial  deposits  overlie  the  limestone  of  the  prairie  region.  A  belt  of 
forest,  largely  composed  of  ])Ost  and  black-jack  oaks,  varying  from  20  to  50  miles  in  width  extends  southwest  of 
the  Trinity  nearly  to  the  "S'ueces  river,  its  eastern  border  following  generally,  at  a  distance  of  from  50  to  00  miles 
inland,  the  trend  of  the  coast.  The  bottom  lands  east  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian  are  lined  with  the  deciduous 
trees  which  occupy  similar  situations  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states.  Near  the  coast  the  bottom  lands  of  the  large 
rivers,  often  several  miles  in  width,  are  covered  with  dense  forests  composed  of  enormous  trees.  Farther  west  the 
bottoms  gradually  narrow,  the  number  of  arborescent  species  covering  them  decreases,  an«l  individual  trees  are 
small  and  stunted. 

West  of  the  Colorado  river  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  are  rejdaced  outside  of  the  bottom  lands  by 
Mexitian  ibrmsof  vegetation  ;  the  hills  are  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  mesquit,  Mexican  persimmon,  various 
acacias,  and  other  snmll  trees  of  little  value  ex<;ept  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

An  imi)ortant  tree  in  the  forest  of  western  Texas  is  the  cedar  covering  the  low  limestone  hills  which  occui)y 
hundreds  of  square  miles  north  and  west  of  the  Colorado  riVer,  in  Travis,  Bastrop,  Hays,  Comal,  and  adjacent 
counties.  West  of  the  one  hundredth  uu>ridian  all  forest  growth  disappears,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered 
cottonwoods,  elms,  and  hacikberries,  confined  to  the  narrow  bottoms,  and  a  shrubby  growth  of  mesquit,  which  covers 
the  plains  of  western  Texas,  furnishing  the  only  fuel  of  the  region.  The  mountain  ranges,  outlying  ridges  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  which  occupy  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state,  are  covered  with  an  open,  stunted  forest  of 
western  i)ine8  and  cedars,  with  which  mingle  the  post  oak,  the  yellow  oak,  and  other  species  of  the  Atlantic  region. 

The  pine  belt  coveritig  the  eastern  counties  of  the  state  is  alone  important  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply. 
Areas  of  river-bottom  land  covered  with  trees  are,  as  compared  with  the  area  of  the  state,  insignificant  in  extent,  and 
these  river  belts  of  forest  are  entirely  insufiicient  to  sujiply  even  the  mere  local  wants  of  the  nearest  settlements. 
The  «)ak  forests,  which  stretch  more  or  less  continuously  between  the  eastern  pine  belt  and  the  treeless  western 
prairies  and  plains,  are,  except  along  their  extreme  eastern  borders,  composed  of  snmll,  stunted  trees,  often  hollow, 
defective,  and  of  little  value  except  for  fuel,  fence  rails,  and  railway  tics.    The  forests  of  the  western  niountains  are 


ne  growth  of 

licb  westward 
narrow  creek 
wbite  and  red 
ing.  In  these 
'  common  and 
urthward  into 
ottcnis  of  the 
V  iter  and  rail 

er  the  hills  to 
his  vaHey  the 
er  and  willow 
cyi)rcs8  trees 
loblolly  pine 
dor  the  edges 
)und  of  larger 
L'clivities,  and 


the  JSIaritime 
!()s  rivers.  A 
he  thirty-first 

pine  forests, 

of  these  two 
I  upland  oaks, 
iue  the  larger 
OS  of  (ry  press, 
luid  probably 
od  by  dry  rot. 
ly  decreasing 

arther  west, 
1  and  stunted 
long,  narrow, 
II.    A  belt  of 

southwest  of 
W  to  tiO  miles 
he  deciduous 

of  the  large 
ther  west  the 
lual  trees  are 

:oni  lands  by 
mon,  various 

ivhich  occujiy 
and  adjacent 
Tew  scattered 
which  covers 
•idges  of  the 
itt'd  forest  of 
lantic  region, 
iiilier  supply. 
I  extent,  and 
settlements, 
less  western 
ifteu  hollow, 
Duutauis  are 


>    'I 


r  r; 


nil 

il 


c  V-  IT  1'  'jf'titap.: 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


541 


/■ 


N* 


.^i 


not  luxuriant,  and  at  the  best  can  only  supply  a  limited  local  demand  with  inferior  lumber.  It  is  probably  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  west  of  the  pine  belt,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  small  amount  of  hard  wood  found  on 
the  bottom  lands  near  the  coast,  the  forests  of  Texas  do  not  contain  a  single  tree  flt  to  manufacture  into  first-class 
lumber.  The  pine  forests,  tlierefore,  of  eastern  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  are  important  factors  in  the  future 
development  of  Texas,  as  well  as  of  the  treeless  northeastern  provinces  of  Mexico,  which  must  draw  their  building 
material  from  these  piuerics.  Tlie  position  of  these  forests,  therefore,  with  reference  to  an  enormous  territory 
destitute  of  timber,  although  adapted  to  agriculture  and  grazing,  and  wliich  must  soon  bo  covered  with  a  considerable 
population  and  a  net-work  of  railroads,  their  richness  of  comi)08ition,  and  the  facility  with  which  they  can  be 
worked,  give  to  them  perhaps  a  gi'cater  prospective  value  than  that  possessed  by  any  body  of  timber  of  similar 
extent  in  the  United  States. 

During  the  census  year  509,359  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  damaged  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$273,990,  Of  these  fires  the  larger  number  was  set  to  Improve  pasturage,  in  clearing  land,  or  through  malice.  These 
returns  do  not  include  the  large  areas  burned  in  western  Texas  by  prairie  fires,  checking  the  growth  of  the  mesquit 
over  a  great  extent  of  territory. 

Small  amounts  of  cooperage  stock  and  woodenware,  principally  for  local  consumption,  are  nitanufactured  in  the 
eastern  counties  from  oak  and  cypress.    Manufacturers  report  an  abundant  supply  of  material. 

The  following  rough  estimates  of  the  amounts  of  the  three  kinds  of  pine  standing  in  the  state  May  31,  1880, 
were  made  by  multiplying  the  average  stand  of  timber  per  acre  by  the  county  areas  occupied  by  the  pine  forests, 
these  being  obtained  by  deducting,  from  total  areas  of  the  county,  estimated  areas  covered  by  clearings,  bottom 
lands,  swamps,  etc. : 


Coantioa. 

Long-leavrd  pine 
(Pinut  paluttrit). 

Sbort-lcaved  pine 
iPiniumitit). 

LobluUv  pino 
(IHnut  Tada). 

Feet,  board  meature. 

Feet,  board  meature. 
336,000,000 

Feet,  board  meature. 
1, 763, 600, 000 
1,190,400,000 

Angolina 

l,340,F0O,O0O 

Bowie   

2,380,800,000 

570,200,000 

2,470,400,000 

2,230,400,000 

448, 000, 000 

598,400,000 

Cum   

585,600,000 

Franklin 

Oriniea 

211,200,000 

627, 200, 000 

1,827,200,000 



Hardin 

1,241,800,000 

narris 

2,  326, 400, 000 
521,600,000 
483,200,000 

Hondorflon  

Honaton 

3,216,000,000 

2,634,400,000 

Jofforson 

288,000,000 

2,147,200,000 

233,600,000 

Libiirtv 

41,600,000 

Madison 

1,187,200,000 

2,  326, 400,  000 

729, 600, 000 
1,555,200,000 

Kacogdocbos 

1,216,000,000 
2,112,000,000 
230,000,000 
1,193,600,000 
2,720,000,000 

35,  500. 000 

33,000,000 

518,400,000 

Orango 

1, 107, 200,  m 

PoIIj 

473,600,000 

Red  Kiver 

272,000,000 
2,492,800,000 

1 

RU8l( 

115,200,000 
1,648,000,000 
1, 625, 600, 000 

Sabine 

San  AnguRUno. .        ....              ..               .... 

1,833,600,000 

Sbelbj 

1,884,800,000 

425,600,000 

2,035,200,000 

806, 000. 000 

Smith 

Titus ..  .                .             

Trinitv 

61,000,000 
2,650,400,000 

1,987,200,000 

Tyler 

1 

Uiwliur 

1,392,000,000 
i                20,  000,  000 

Van  Zaudt 

Wallter 

1,590,400,000 
1               19,000,000 

i 

Waller 

; 

•Wood 

i          1,600,000,000 

Total 

20,508,200,000 

'        26,093,200,000 

j        20,907,100,000 

Amount  cut  for  the  year  ending  May  31, 1880 . . . . 

66, 450, 000 

0140,420,000 

i               61,570,000 

a  Including  30,290,000  shiugles. 


;   'i' 


542 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Ul 


ll'T    ' 


^1 


J'  !   ) 


The  principal  centers  of  lumber  manufucture  in  Texas  are  Orange  and  Beaumont,  on  the  Sabine  and  Nuccea 
rivers,  above  8a]»iuu  pas^..  Long-leu ved  pine  and  cypress  are  sawed  here  and  shipped  east  and  west  by  rail, 
and  in  small  quantities  by  schooner  to  Texan  and  Mexican  ports.  Loblolly  i)ine  is  sawed  at  a  number  of  small 
mills  upon  the  line  of  the  International  and  Great  Northern  railroad  in  the  counties  south  of  the  Trinity  river, 
and  a  largo  amount  of  short-leaved  pine  is  manufactured  in  the  mills  upon  the  line  of  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad  in 
the  northeastern  counties,  Longview,  in  Gregg  county,  being  the  principal  center  of  this  industry.  The  product  of 
these  mills  is  shipped  west  by  rail  to  supply  settlers  upon  the  prairies  of  northern  Texas  with  building  material. 

The  following  extracts  are  derived  from  the  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Texas  made  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  of 
Mobile : 

"  West  of  Marshall,  upon  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad,  the  surface  of  the  land  becomes  more  broken ;  the  soil  is 
lighter,  more  porous,  and  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  short-leaved  pine,  which  soon  becomes  the  prevailing  forest 
tree  in  the  woods  extending  toward  the  west.  Longview,  a  small  town  at  the  junction  of  the  International  and  Great 
Northern  and  Texas  Pacific  railroads,  is  situated  almost  in  the  center  of  the  short-leaved  pine  region,  and  is  the 
seat  of  an  active  lumber  business.  These  forests  of  short-leaved  pine,  more  or  less  interspersed  with  oaks,  extend 
to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  and  southward  with  an  easterly  trend  to  the  confines  of  the  region  of  the 
long-leaved  pine.    The  short-leaved  pine  finds  its  western  limits  near  Mineola. 

At  Palestine,  in  Anderson  county,  the  uplands  are  covered  with  a  loamy,  somewhat  sandy,  soil  underlaid  with 
a  heavy  clay.  Here  a  more  or  less  open  oak  forest  is  common.  The  black  oak  abounds,  with  the  Spanish,  black- 
jack, blue-jack,  and  post  oak,  the  last,  however,  always  the  pi  evading  species.  Next  to  the  post  oak  the  black- 
jack is  the  species  of  widest  distribution  in  Texas,  the  two  species  being  always  found  associated  together  from 
the  northern  confines  of  tha  state  to  the  prairies  of  the  coast,  and  from  the  east  to  the  treeless  regions  of  western 
Texas.  The  bois  d'arc  {Madura  aurantiaca)  is  common  along  the  banks  of  the  watercourses  in  eastern  Texas, 
attaining  a  size  large  enough  to  be  economically  valuable.  It  is  here,  however,  most  probably  adventitious  from 
the  region  in  the  northwest,  where  it  forms  an  almost  uninterrupted  belt  of  woods  from  4  to  10  miles  wide,  extending 
from  a  short  distance  south  of  the  city  of  Dallas  to  the  northern  frontier  of  the  state,  entering  the  Indian  territory 
between  Sherman  and  Paris.  This  tree  attains  a  height  of  from  45  to  50  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  from  1  foot  to  2 
feet,  and  is  of  ureat  value. 

'^  The  timber  growth  immediately  west  of  the  Brazos  is  stunted  and  scanty ;  large  areas  of  grass  land  intervene 
between  the  scrubby  woods  until  all  at  once  ligneous  growth  disappears,  and  the  seemingly  boundless  prairie,  in 
gently  undulating  swells,  expands  before  the  view  on  all  sides.  Near  the  center  of  Milam  county  a  belt  of  open 
post-oak  woods  from  20  to  25  miles  in  width  is  entered.  It  extends  from  Beltou,  in  Bell  county,  southward  to  the 
upper  confines  of  Gonzales  county.  Post  oaks  stand  here  from  20  to  30  feet  apart,  with  black-jacks  and  blue-jacks 
between  them,  the  trees  being  all  of  small  size.  The  soil  of  these  oak  hills  is  of  poor  quality,  sandy,  gravelly, 
and  more  or  less  broken,  arid,  and  devoid  of  vegetable  mold.  Toward  the  southern  limit  of  this  belt,  near  Bastrop; 
a  tract  of  loblolly  pine  is  found  covering  nearly  four  townships,  or  about  90,000  acres.  During  the  last  twelve 
years  all  the  useful  timber  on  this  isolated  tract  has  been  cut  down.  A  second  growth  of  pine,  however,  has 
sprung  up,  and  is  now  growing  vigorously  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  owners  of  the  land,  and  promises  in  a 
short  time  to  afford  a  new  supply  of  timber.  A  belt  of  post  oak  is  found  intersecting  the  prairie  from  the  upper 
part  of  McLennan  county,  near  Waco,  and  extending  to  the  northern  frontier  of  the  state,  where  it  joins  the  cross- 
timbers  of  the  Wichita.  It  is  known  as  the  'lower  cross  timbers'.  This  belt  of  oak  wood  is  nearly  150  miles  long, 
with  its  greatest  width  of  about  20  miles  between  Dallas  and  Fort  Worth.  At  a  distance  of  from  20  to  40  miles 
west  of  the  lower  cross-timbers  another  belt  of  oak  extends  from  Comanche  county  to  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  state,  with  a  long  western  spur  following  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  as  far  as  the  ninety-ninth  meridian.  This  oak 
forest  is  known  as  '  the  cross-timbers '. 

"  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  country  west  of  the  Brazos  river,  c  cept  the  basin  of  the  Colorado,  is  a  poorly-timbered 
region.  The  mesquit  was  first  met  with  on  the  declivities  of  the  prairie,  which  verge  here  upon  the  valley  of  the 
Colorado.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  hard,  finegrained,  tougb,  ueavy,  and  of  great  durabilit}%  In  the  western 
portions  of  the  state,  almost  entirely  destitute  of  other  timber  <;i(  wth,  it  serves,  according  to  its  size,  a  variety  of 
purposes  in  the  economy  of  the  stock  ranch,  and  is  there  invu!)i<ible  for  fencing.  Burning  with  a  clear,  smokeless 
flame  and  possessing  great  heating  powers,  it  is  unsurpassed  as  fuel  by  any  other  Texas  wood.  It  serves,  moreover, 
another  important  purpose  in  furnishing  an  abundance  of  wholesome  and  nutritious  food  to  large  herds  of  cattle, 
at  a  season  of  the  year  when  long-continued  droughts  have  destroyed  the  grass  upoii  the  prairie.  With  the 
increasing  settlement  of  the  treeless-prairie  region  during  the  last  15  or  20  years,  this  tree  has  spread  rapidly  east  and 
north.  Near  San  Antonio  I  saw  extensive  districts,  reported  to  have  been,  a  few  years  ago,  entirely  destitute  of  even 
a  trace"  of  ligneous  growth,  and  which  are  now  covered  with  copses  of  mesquit.  Similar  gi-owths  have  sprung  up 
everywhere  in  the  prairies  of  western  Texas.  The  appearance  of  this  new  growth  may  be  traced  to  the  influence 
of  the  vast  herds  of  stock  which  range  over  the  prairies,  and  which,  in  voiding  the  seeds  of  this  tree,  assist  its 
wider  distribution,  and,  in  keeping  down  the  grass,  diminish  the  quantity  of  combustible  material  which  feeds  the 
prairie  fires,  and  thus  check  and  finally  prevent  the  spread  of  the  frequeiit  conflagrations  which  swept  year  after 
year  over  these  grassy  plains. 


ine  uud  Nueces 
id  west  by  rail, 
lumber  of  small 
e  Triuity  river, 
icific  railroad  in 
The  product  of 
lirg  material, 
tiarles  Mohr,  of 

ken ;  tlio  soil  is 
revttiling  forest 
tonal  and  Great 
ion,  and  is  the 
h  oaks,  extend 
3  region  of  the 

underlaid  with 
Spanish,  black- 
)ak  the  black- 
together  from 
)ns  of  western 
sastern  Texas, 
entitious  from 
ide,  extending 
idian  territory 
om  1  foot  to  2 

and  intervene 
ess  prairie,  in 
I  belt  of  open 
hward  to  the 
nd  blue-jacks 
idy,  gravelly, 
lear  Bastrop; 
B  last  twelve 
however,  has 
[)romises  in  a 
im  the  upper 
ins  the  cross- 
0  miles  long, 
0  to  40  miles 
boundary  of 
u.    This  oak 


rly-timbered 
'alley  of  the 
the  western 
a  variety  of 
r,  smokeless 
s,  moreover. 
Is  of  cattle, 
With  the 
lily  east  and 
tuteof  even 
>  sprung  up 
te  influence 
e,  assist  its 
h  feeds  the 
year  after 


19 


:} 


^am 


II  u 


h. 


1 


i 


■  1 
I  i 


ii 


■■  li 
tii 


.  i; 


.11 


i  « 

■if 


.1 


M 


■'^' 


DF.l'AR'I'MKNT   CF  THE  INTK!',: , 'R 


; 


,'Tf- '--^         ■-»■  ■'-■  ,J-1  '^v-;:      "I    "      ^-''"•^■^       i  ~  ii:\V*:,-' 

'■-     ^'•.''      7"''  'r"  "  ■:   -  i  .^        :       ■-': '"V ' '■     ^ 

I  ■■         ^-     '  .      ,  UOvt'  ,        ■"■'1,      ■,  itlKinLN,  W 


-v-^. 


J  •  * 


jtlFH.  r^  ,*t4.HiT»  '  5  (•  0   t  T 


?^*^?i  "'**'''''  ;^fi;;""^*« 


W.  PHERSON 


i 

- 

"   '   i 

-- 

J 

!^ 

TAN 

'On    ' 

'■'kh- 

*fKt^ 

".1-1 

1 
I 

- 

-'r 

-',N- 

1  - 

•  S 

A?    1 

'■r(\  tK 

)C'. 

■kRC 

h 







, 



V- 

\ 


i)i:\sri-^  oi   loiU'-.s  I  s 

r.i.Mi-rt  I  I) ;  \iii  n  mi  i.iiihi  ruts  •  : 


J 


I      rt..ii'i  ,.  ,,mi  |..'i  .1'- 


'"> 


s  --s 


\ 


^., r        ! 


"^S 


A- 


±._. 


il 

v\ 


[=•*  '(  ! 


■v^^ 


^^^ 


UJ 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


549 


"  West  of  the  Colorado  river  the  pecan^uiit  is  pn  important  product,  forming  one  of  the  staple  articles  of  export. 
Shipments  of  this  nut  irom  San  Antonio  average  annually  1,250,000  pounds,  obtained  from  the  bottom  lauds  of 
the  Nueces,  the  Kio  Frio,  Medina,  and  Bio  Concho.  A  million  pounds,  obtained  irom  the  Colorado,  Guadalupe, 
Bio  Blanco,  Fierderelis,  Sabinal,  Llano,  and  San  Saba  rivers,  are  shipped  from  Austin,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a 
million  more  from  Indiauola,  gathered  on  the  lower  Guadalupe,  San  Antonio,  Colorado,  and  other  streams  flowing 
into  the  Gulf.    The  nuts  are  worth,  on  an  average,  5  cents  a  pound  to  the  gatherer. 

*'  On  the  range  of  low  hills  extending  from  San  Antonio  to  Austin,  which  rise  at  some  points  to  a  height  of 
over  500  feet  above  the  plain,  forming  the  base  of  the  terraces  leading  to  the  table-land  of  northern  Mexico,  the 
woous  are  confined  to  the  barrens  and  the  declivities  bordering  upon  them.  The  open  plains  on  these  table-lands  are 
either  entirely  destitute  of  ligneous  growth,  or,  when  covered  with  deeper  and  more  fertile  soil,  support  low  copses 
of  mesquit.  The  western  juniper  is  observed  here  for  the  first  time.  It  is  a  tree  of  low  growth,  seldom  exceeding 
35  feet  in  heigi;  t,  or  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter.  It  branches  at  a  short  distance  from  the  base,  forming  a 
bro.:d,  round  bead.  The  wood  is  of  a  dingy,  reddish  color,  fine-grained,  bard,  and  heavy,  and  in  density  and 
durability  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  the  red  cedar.  It  is  knotty,  however,  from  near  the  base,  and  furnishes  no  sticks 
sufQciently  long  to  allow  its  use  in  cabinet-making,  and  can  only  be  employed  for  rough  construction,  posts,  palings, 
etc.,  for  which  purposes  it  is  invaluable.  The  home  of  the  western  cedar  is  found  on  the  rugged  highlands  which 
surround  the  channels  of  the  headwaters  of  the  numerous  streams  which  flow  from  the  eastern  declivity  of  these 
hills.  Here  it  forms  open  groves,  with  scarcely  any  other  woody  growth  among  the  somewhat  scattered  trees. 
These  cedar  woods  are  particularly  common  upon  the  brows  of  the  steep  escarpments  from  the  base  of  which  issue 
the  large  springs  which  form  such  a  striking  feature  in  this  part  of  the  state.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  settlements  few 
of  the.  ful'-grown  trees  have  been  left.  The  improvidence  of  the  first  settlers  in  obtaining  their  timber  supplies 
and  the  prairie  fires  which  ran  through  these  cedar  woods  in  former  years  have  caused  the  destruction  of  large  areas 
once  covered  by  this  valuable  tree.  According  to  my  observation,  the  western  cedar  prefers  a  calcareous,  dry  soil. 
Its  range  of  distribution  seems  limited  to  the  hilly  region  bordering  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  Colorado  valley, 
extending  toward  the  south  a  short  distance  below  New  Braunfels.  and  westward  to  the  sources  of  the  Nueces  and 
Guadalupe  rivers.  Well-timbered  trstcts  of  this  tree  are  still  found  west  of  New  Braunfels  as  far  as  Boernc,  in 
Kendall  county,  and  on  the  terraces  of  the  higher  ranges  in  Bandera  and  Kerr  counties." 

INDIAN  TEEBITORY. 

The  forests  of  the  Indian  territory  are  confined  to  its  eastern  portion.  West  of  the  ninety-ninth  meridian  trees 
are  only  found  along  the  narrow  river  bottoms,  the  intervening  ridges  being  bare  of  all  forest  growth.  The  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  the  territory  contains  numerous  extensive  open  prairies,^south  of  which  a  heavy  body  of  forest 
composed  of  hard  woods,  mixed  on  the  high  ridges  with  the  short-leaved  pine,  extends  southward  into  Texas,  with 
a  maximum  width  in  the  Choctaw  nation  of  GO  miles.  In  the  Cherokee  nation  six  considerable  bodies  of  pine, 
varying  from  10  to  30  miles  in  length  and  2  to  4  miles  in  width,  occur  on  Sx)avina  creek,  Illinois  river,  Salina  river. 
Spring  creek,  and  Bowman's  Fork,  tributaries  of  Grand  river.  A  large  body  of  pine  occurs  also  25  miles  west  of 
Beams,  a  station  upon  the  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  railroad.  Smaller  bodies  of  pine  are  found,  too,  cast  of 
Beams,  and  at  Striugtown,  where  lumber  is  manufactured  and  shijjped  southward  by  rail  into  northern  Texas. 

The  bottom  lands  of  all  the  streams  flowing  through  the  eastern  portion  of  the  territory  are  heavily  tinibei'cl 
with  hard  mco  Is,  and  especially  those  of  the  Neosho,  Verdigris,  Arkansas,  and  Canadian  rivers  contain  great  bodies 
of  the  finest  bl  j,ck  walnut  now  growing.  A  particularly  fine  growth  of  this  timber  extends  along  the  Verdigris  river 
for  50  miles  above  Cotteeville. 

West  of  the  region  of  heavy  forest  the  country  is  covered  with  an  open  growth  of  upland  oaks,  among  which 
the  most  itrominent  are  the  post  oak  and  the  black-jack.  These  forests  are  interspersed  with  prairies,  olten  of 
considerable  extent,  which  gradually  occujjy  the  whole  country  outside  the  bottom  lauds.  Farther  west,  between 
the  ninety-seventh  and  ninety  ninth  degrees  of  west  lougitiule,  the  "cross-timber<»"  enter  the  territory  from  the 
south.  They  are  composed,  as  in  Texas,  of  a  stunted  growth  of  post  oak  and  blacicjack,  and  extend  nortiiward 
aci'oys  the  territory  in  straggling  patches  into  southern  Kansas.  The  main  belt  of  the  "cross-timbers",  about  70 
miles  wide  at  the  Texas  boundary,  gradually  becomes  narrower  toward  the  north  and  northwest,  disappearing,  at 
about  longitude  99°  west,  upon  the  ridges  south  of  the  Cimarron  river. 

No  returns  of  the  amount  of  lumber  manufactured  in  the  territory  have  been  received,  nor  other  than  the  most 
general  information  in  regard  to  its  forest  covering. 


ABKANSAS. 

Heavy  forests  cover  the  state  of  Arkansas,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated  prairies  principally  contlned 
to  Praiiie  and  Arkansas  counties,  north  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and  the  western  borders  of  the  state. 
North  of  the  Arkansas  river  tiie  foro.sts  are  mostly  composed  of  the  deciduous  trees  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  through 
which  isolated  belts  occur,  often  of  considerable  extent,  in  whicl^  the  short-leaved  pine,  the  only  si>ecies  found  in 


'If  ' 


III    J 

I 'I 


544 


THE  FOREStS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


northern  Arkansas,  is  niixod  witli  tlic  lianl  woods.  The  soutliwestern  part  of  the  state  south  of  the  Arkansas 
river  and  west  of  the  broad,  level  jdain  of  the  Mississippi  is  covered  ontside  the  river-bottom  lands  with  an  almost 
continuous  forest  of  i)ine,  in  which  the  short-leaved  species  occupies  the  high,  dry  ridges  a.id  the  loblolly  the 
moist  soil  above  the  bottoms.  Great  bodies  of  cypress  cover  the  extensive  swamps  that  stretch  along  the  eastern 
border  of  the  state  or  line  ;he  bottoms  of  the  White,  Arkansas,  Washita,  and  Red  rivers.  The  hard- wood  foresta 
of  the  state  are  hardly  surpassed  in  variety  and  richness,  and  contain  inestimable  bodies  of  the  finest  oak,  walnut, 
hickory,  and  ash  timber.  Black  walnut  of  large  size  is  still  widely  scattered  over  the  state,  and  is  partif'ularly 
abundant  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  and  other  S(mthern  rivers.  The  pine  forests  are  almost  intact.  Settlements 
made  for  agricultural  purposes  have  been  confined  to  bottom  lands,  and  only  during  the  last  few  yesirs  has 
pine  lumber  been  manufactured  in  the  state,  except  to  supply  a  verj'  limited  local  demand.  Recently,  however, 
comparatively  small  quantities  of  lumber  manufactured  at  inimerous  railroad  mills,  principally  established  south  of 
the  Arkansas  river,  have  been  shipped  north  and  south  out  of  the  state. 

The  forests  of  Arkansas  have  received  comi)aratively  little  damage  from  fire.  Pine  generally  succeeds  pino 
even  on  burned  land,  although  upon  certain  gravel  and  clay  soils  the  second  growth  is  largely  composed  of  black 
and  red  oaks,  or,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  the  sweet  gum  replaces  other  trees  on  bottom  lands.  During 
the  census  year  858,115  acres  of  woodhuid  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $259,470. 
The  lai'gest  number  of  th'jse  fires  was  due  to  the  carelessness  of  farmers  in  clearing  land,  or  to  hunters  camping 
in  the  forest. 

Industries  consuming  hard  woods  are  still  in  their  infancy  in  Arkau-sas,  although  doubtless  destined  to  attain 
an  important  development.  Rough  white-oak  staves  are  largely  manufactured  in  the  White  River  country  and  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  for  eastern  and  European  markets. 

A  considerable  trafiic  exists  in  the  southwestern  counties  in  the  wood  of  the  Osage  orange,  used  for  wheel 
stock,  and  more  recently  as  i)avemeut  in  Saint  Louis  and  other  northern  cities. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  short-leaved  pine  standing  in  Arkansas  May  31, 1880,  were  prepared 
by  Professor  F.  L.  Harvey,  of  Fayetteville : 


SHORT-LEAVED  PINE  {Pinua  mitU). 


■  .   ■    :> 


Conntios. 


Feet,  boaid 
meu«ui'c.  i 


Ciiuiitien. 


•ri-> 


il 


Asbley  . . 
Baxt<>r... 
Boone . . . 
Bradley. . 
Calhoun  . 
Canx)ll... 
Clarku... 


Clay 

Columbia  . .. 
Craigbvnd  .. 

Cross 

Dallas 

Dorsiy 

Drew 

Faulkner  . . . 

Fulton 

Garland 

Grant 

Gicene    

Henipstoad  . 
Total. 


1,  655, 
187, 

i;4, 

1, 1 10, 

1,  .IIO, 

1.-.9, 

1,  •2X0, 

3, 

1,  866, 

18, 

M, 

1,  n,')9, 

728, 

482. 

42, 

146, 

1,  805. 

207, 

38, 

1,17fi, 


000,000   1 

oou,  uoo 
otio,  000 
000, 000 

000,  000 
000,  000 
000,000 
OOO,  000 
000,000 
000,000  ! 
000,  000 
000,000 
0(111,  000 
000,000  j 
000,000  I 
000,  000  , 

000,000  ! 

000,000  I 
000,000  I 
000,000  I 


Hot  ''tiring 

lIo\N  ard 

Indepontlenco  . 

Izard 

.rcffcrson 

Jobnsoii 

La  Fayette  .... 

Loc 

Lincoln  

Lillle  Uivcr  ... 

Lojian 

Lounko 

Miidison 

Marion 

Miller 

Monroe 

Montfjomery... 

Nevada 

Nowtun 

Ouachita 


Feet,  board 
measure. 


1,348,000,000 

' ,  2.'>4, 000, 000 

93, 000, 000 

242,  000, 000 

518,  000,  000 

248,  000,  000 

586,  000, 000 

14,  000,  000 

105, 000,  000 

000, 000, 000 

551,  000,  000 

20,  000,  000 

55,  000,  coo 

207,  000,  000 

622,  000,  000 

,  80,  00(1,  000 

2,  •81,000,000 

'.,453,000,000 

767,  000, 000 

1,  384,  000,  000 


Counties. 


Feet,  beard 
measure. 


Perry 

Phillips 

Pike 

Poinsett 

Polk 

Pope 

Pulaski  

Saint  Francis. 

Salino 

Scott 

Searcy 

Sebastian 

Sevier 

.  Sliarp 

.Stone 

T'nion 

Vanllureu 

White 

Yell 


1,023. 

21, 

1, 695, 

45, 

2, 592, 

208, 

008, 

7, 

03S, 

1,  516, 
166, 
213, 
069, 

35, 
179, 

2,  Ml, 
435, 

2't, 
1,306, 


000, 000 
000,  000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 

on,  000 

000,  OOO 
OOO,  000 
000, 000 
000,000 
000,  000 
000,  OOO 
000,  COO 
000,  000 

000,000 

300,000 

000,  oeo 

000,000 
000,000 


Cat  for  the  ceoana  year  ending  May  31, 1880  (including  57,943,000  shingles  and  2,881,000  laths) . 


41,31.5,000,000 


129,  781, 000 


TENNESSEE. 


{■■■  ' 

U 

w. 

I 

«-n* 

-     '- 

-tr   ■  .    ■ 

£'"    " 

Jr-v 

1 

.1  ■■ 

^  1 1   I  ,'■. !»    I 


■! 


The  western  counties  of  Tennessee  are  covered  with  heavy  forests,  similar  in  distribution  and  density  to  those 
which  occupy  the  Yazoo  region  of  western  Mississippi.  The  river  swamps  in  this  part  of  the  state  still  contain  !argo 
bodies  of  cyjjicss,  while  the  hills  are  covered  with  oaks,  hickories,  and  other  hard- wood  trees.  The  central  portion 
of  the  state,  now  largely  cleared  for  cultivation,  was  once  covered  with  forests  of  hard  wood,  remnants  of  which 
are  still  found  upon  rocky  ridges  or  land  unfit  for  agriculture.  Nearly  through  the  center  of  this  middle  district, 
extending  north  and  sovith,  "the  cedar  glades"  occupy  an  ext^'iisive  region  of  Silurian  limestone.  Here  the 
characteristic  growth  consists  of  red  cedar  {Junipirus  Virginiana),  often  forming  stunted  forests  of  considerable 
extent,  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or  is  mixed  with  the  honey  locust,  a  characteristic  species,  also,  of  this 
well-marked  n*gion. 


le  Arkausas 
:h  an  almost 
loblolly  the 
the  eastern 
ivood  forests 
oak,  walnut, 
particularly 
Settlements 
V  years  has 
ly,  however, 
hed  south  of 

icceeds  pine 
sed  of  black 
ds.  During 
of  $259,470. 
era  camping 

ted  to  attain 
intry  and  in 

id  for  wheel 

ere  prepared 


lity  to  those 
)ntain  !argo 
tral  portion 
ts  of  which 
lie  district, 
Here  the 
onsiderablfl 
ilso,  of  this 


ill 


w 

'%' 

' 

if 

V 

iii 

;    5 

ill 
\  i' 

H'; 

\k 

i  ! 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


545 


The  eastern  part  of  the  state,  occnpied  by  the  Gauiberlaud  plateau  and  the  high  ranges  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  mountains,  is  covered  with  a  heavy  forest  of  oak  and  other  hard  woods,  mixed  at  high  elevations  with 
hemlock,  pine,  and  spruce,  and  constituting  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  timber  now  standing  in  the  United  States. 
It  contains,  besides  white  and  cbestnut  oak  of  fine  quality,  much  yellow  poplar,  black  walnut,  and  cherry.  In  f'e 
southeastern  counties,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  river,  the  hard-wood  forests  have  been,  however, 
already  destroyed  over  largo  areas  to  furnish  charcoal  for  the  iron-manufacturing  industry  established  here. 

During  the  census  year  985,430  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  flro,  with  a  loss  of  $5,254,980. 
Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  was  set  in  the  careless  clearing  of  land  for  agriculture  or  to  improve  grazing, 
and  by  hunters,  locomotives,  etc. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Willey,  of  Manchester,  Tennessee,  has  supplied  the  following  statement  in  regard  to  the  effects 
produced  upon  the  forest  growth  by  the  annual  burning  of  dead  herbage  to  improve  pasturage : 

"EFFECT  OF  FIRES  UPtiN  THE  FOEEST. 

"The  practice  of  burning  timber-land,  said  to  have  been  of  Indian  origin,  has  been  continued  by  the  white 
settlers.  The  native  grasses  do  not  die  down  when  killed  by  frost;  they  simply  die  standing,  and  the  young  grass 
in  the  spring  has  to  push  through  the  old  tuft,  which  is  often  6  or  8  inches  high.  The  fires  are  set  in  the  timber 
and  old  fields  to  burn  these  tufts,  that  stock  may  graze  +"  r  or  six  weeks  earlier  than  if  the  old  herbage  had  been 
left  upon  the  ground.  In  the  barrens  and  on  the  Cumberland  plateau  the  timber  is  principally  oak  of  various 
kinds,  which  do  not  shed  their  leaves  at  once  when  killed  by  frost,  or  rot  when  partially  green,  but  remain  dry 
upon  the  trees  and  fall  gradually  during  winter  and  spring.  The  largest  portion,  therefore,  are  on  the  ground  in 
February,  the  time  when  fires  are  set.  The  eflect  of  these  fires  is  to  destroy  all  the  natural  sources  of  fertility,  grass, 
leaves,  and  fallen  timber.  Had  these  been  allowed  to  accumulate,  what  are  now  called  barren  lauds  would  be  the 
most  fertile  in  the  state.  The  practice  kills,  too,  the  young  trees,  so  that  some  of  the  most  valuable  timber  that 
the  land  is  suitable  to  produce  is  unable  to  stand.  The  black-jack,  post  oak,  black  oak,  etc.,  however,  on  account 
of  the  protection  aflbrded  by  their  thick  bark,  are  able  to  gain  some  headway,  and  so  crowd  out  more  valuable 
trees.  The  state  law  makes  it  a  misdemeanor  with  heavy  i)enalty  for  any  one  to  set  fire  to  and  bum  a  neighbor's 
land;  but  the  difiiculty  of  detection  and  conviction  in  such  cases  makes  this  law  non-effective.  These  are  the  causes 
and  ettects  of  forest  fires  in  this  section;  they  never  occur  here  in  summer." 

Considerable  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  is  manufivctured  in  Tennessee,  but,  except  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state,  manufacturers  report  a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  the  best  hard  woods,  especially  white  oak.  In  the 
eastern  counties  the  manufacture  of  oak  staves  and  other  industries  using .  hard  woods  are  capable  of  large 
development. 

The  principal  center  of  lumber  manufacture  in  tlie  state  is  Nashville,  where  several  mills  saw  large  quantities 
of  black  walnut,  poplar,  cherry,  ash,  oak,  etc.,  received  by  raft  from  the  upper  Cumberland  river  in  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky.  The  local  market  takes  about  one-third  of  the  lumber  manufactured  hero,  the  i-emainder  being  sent 
north  and  east  by  rail.  Memphis,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  is  also  an  important  manufacturing  center.  The  mills 
here  are  largely  supplied  by  rafts  from  Jlissouri,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee,  and  saw  largo  quantities  of  cypress,  ash, 
poplar,  hickory,  gum,  and  black  walnut.  Considerable  hardwood  lumber  numufacturod  in  Dyer,  Lincoln,  Obion, 
and  Smith  counties,  and  pine  and  hard-wood  lumber  in  Knox  and  Jeilorson,  largely  from  logs  obtained  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  mills,  is  principally  consumed  locally. 


KENTUCKY. 

The  forests  of  Kentucky  resemble  in  general  features  those  of  Tennessee.  Cyi)res8,  gum,  and  various  water 
oaks  occupy  the  river  swamps  of  the  western  counties.  The  central  region,  now  largely  cleared  and  devoted  to 
agriculture,  was  once  covered  witli  the  oaks,  walnuts,  aiul  hickories  of  the  Atlantic  region,  while  over  the  eastern  and 
southeastern  counties  the  dense  forests  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  extended.  The  eastern  counties  still  contain 
great  bodies  of  the  best  hiid  wood,  especially  black  walinit,  white  oak,  cherry,  and  yellow  poplar,  which  are 
particularly  fine  and  abundant  in  Boll,  Harlan,  and  other  southeastern  counties.  These  forests,  protected  by  the 
falls  of  the  Cumberland  river,  which  have  prevented  the  driving  of  logs  from  its  upper  waters,  and  inaccessible  to 
rail  communication,  are  still  practically  uninjured,  and  probably  unsurpassed  in  the  amount,  quality,  and  value  of 
the  timber  which  they  contain.  The  destructiou  of  forests  to  supply  numerous  iron  furnaces  with  charcoal  has  been 
great  in  the  northeastern  counties,  and  no  small  part  of  this  region  has  already  been  cut  over. 

During  the  census  yea'.-  550,047  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$237,635.  Of  these  fires  by  far  the  largest  luimber  was  traced  to  farmers  carelessly  clearing  land  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

In  Barren,  Edmonson,  and  other  central  counties  extensive  tracts  of  ])rairie  existed  at  the  time  of  the 
earliest  settlement  of  the  state.  The  presence  of  these  i)rairie8  in  the  midst  of  a  heavily-timbered  region  is 
ascribed  to  the  annual  burning  to  which  they  were  subjected  by  the  aborigines.    With  the  disappearance  of  the 

35  FOR 


J" 


:i'^  I'll 


I  ?! 


1,  i> ' ' 


m. 

ii^i> 


i. 


'  ^T? 


546 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Indiuus  trees  sprang  up,  and  this  region  is  now  well  covered  with  a  vigort^us  grovrth  of  bluek  oaiis  of  diftereut 
species.  White  oaks,  however,  are  not  abundant,  and  other  species  common  to  the  region,  such  as  the  walnuts, 
the  yellow  poplar,  and  the  beech,  are  wanting  in  these  young  forests,  indicating  perhaps  the  effect  of  tires  in 
checking  the  subsequent  grov-*h  or  development  of  many  useful  timber  trees. 

PASTURAGE  OP  WOODLANDS. 

The  forests  of  Kentucky,  as  well  as  those  of  all  the  central  and  soutliern  portion  of  the  United  States,  suffer 
severely  froni  the  almost  univei'sal  custom  of  using  woodlands  for  pasturage.  The  evil  resulting  from  this  practice 
is  only  more  apparent  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  because  in  these  states  the  amount  of  live  stock  is  proportionately 
larger  than  in  other  parts  of  the  south,  while  in  the  thickly-settled  iigricultural  sections  of  these  states  tlie 
r:"tio  of  woodland  to  total  area  is  smaller.  The  pasturage  of  woodlonds  necessitates,  or  at  least  induces,  the  annual 
burning  of  the  dead  herbage,  by  which  underbrush,  young  trees,  seedlings,  and  seeds  are  destroyed  and  the 
succession  and  permanence  of  the  forest  endangered.  What  ;^he  fires  spare,  browsing  animals  devour ;  hogs  root 
out  seedlingis,  and  by  selecting  the  sweet  acorns  of  the  white  oak  in  preference  to  the  bitter  fruit  of  the  black  oaks, 
are  gradually  changing  the  composition  of  the  oak  forests.  Comparatively  few  white  oaks  spring  up  in  the  forests 
of  tlie  more  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  central  Atlantic  region,  and  this  chaugis  of  forest  composition  must  be 
ascribed  to  the  preference  of  domestic  animals  for  the  palatable  fruit  of  what,  as  regards  their  timber,  are  the 
n)ost  valuable  species.  The  injury,  too,  inflicted  by  the  constant  stamping  of  animals  and  consequent  2)ackiug  of  the 
land  about  the  stems  of  old  trees  is  very  great,  and  all  reports  speak  of  the  gradual  dying  of  old  trees  left  standing 
in  the  grazing  regions  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

The  spread  of  the  mistletoe  {PhoradendronJIavescens),  consequent  upon  the  removal  of  the  forest  and  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  birds  (the  mistletoe  seems  to  require  a  certain  amount  of  light  and  air  for  its  development;  it 
does  not  flourish  or  increase  rapidly  in  the  dense  forest,  and  cannot  sii.ead  except  by  the  agency  of  birds),  is  a  cause 
of  serious  injury  to  the  forest  of  this  whole  region.  It  slowly  but  surely  destroys  the  trees  upon  which  it  obtains  a 
footliold.  The  black  walnut  especially  suffers  from  tlie  growth  of  this  parasite,  which  seems  destined  to  destroy  tlie 
finest  walnnt  timber  left  standing  in  the  settled  portions  of  the  southern  central  region. 

Large  quantities  of  cooperage  and  wheel  stock  are  iirodneeil  all  over  the  state,  and  manufacturers  generally 
rejwrt  no  scarcity  or  deterioration  of  timber,  with  the  exception  of  white  oiik.  The  principal  centers  of  lumber 
manufacture  are  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  McCrackeu  county,  where  a  large  amount  of  cypress, 
sycamore,  gum,  oak,  walnut,  and  other  lianl  wood  is  nuiuufaetiired  for  the  northern  mo^kot  from  logs  rafted  down 
the  Tennessee  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the  Mississippi;  at  Frankfort,  where  poplar,  oak,  ash,  tvalnut,  pine, 
cherry,  liickory,  and  maple  logs,  rafted  from  the  upper  waters  of  the  Kentucky  river,  are  sawed,  the  lumber  being 
shipped  north  and  east  by  rail;  and  at  Louisville,  where  walnut,  poplar,  and  oak  lumber  is  manufactured  for  local 
consumption.  The  mauufacture  of  pumps  and  water-pipes  from  logs  of  the  Jersey  pine  {Pimts  inopn),  at  one  time 
an  important  industry  at  Louisville,  has,  since  the  gf  eral  introduction  of  city  and  town  water-works,  become 
unremunerative  and  unimportant. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


547 


NORTHERN  CENTRAL  DIVISION. 


OHIO. 

The  forests  of  Ohio  were  orifiiually  c.oinposed  of  deciduous  species,  auioug  which,  in  the  eastern  and  especially 
m  the  northeastern  counties,  w'litt;  pine  and  hemlock  existed  in  isolated  bodies  of  no  great  extent. 

The  original  forest  has  now  been  generally  removed,  except  from  Ottawa,  Miami,  Montgomery,  and  a  few 
other  western  counties,  and  from  swamps  and  other  lands  unfit  for  agriculture  f  everywhere  the  walnut  and  other 
valuable  timbers  have  been  culled,  and  Ohio  must  soon  depend  almost  exclusiv«'ly  for  the  lumber  which  it  consumes 
ui>on  the  northern  pineries  and  the  hard  wood  forests  of  the  south. 

During  the  census  year  74,114  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$797,170.  Of  these  fires  the  largest  number  was  traced  to  carelessness  in  clearing  land,  to  hunters,  sparks  from 
locomotives,  etc. 

The  production  of  cooperage  stock  has  long  been  an  imjiortant  industry  in  the  state;  it  has  ali'eady  sufiered  from 
a  scarcity  and  deterioration  of  white  oak,  for  which  elm,  beech,  maple,  and  poplar  are  now  often  substituted. 
Manufacturers  of  wheel  stock,  furnituie,  woodenware,  etc.,  report  abundant  material  for  present  eonsuMiption. 

Ohio  is  sixth  among  the  states  in  the  volume  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  The  business  is  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  state,  generally  in  the  hands  of  small  manufacturers  operating  portable  mills,  which 
threaten  the  rapid  destruction  of  the  reujuauts  of  iier  forests. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana  was  once  almost  entirely  covered  with  noble  forests  of  deciduous  tiees.  Along  its  western  borders 
these  were  internipted,  however,  by  numerous  small  prairies,  the  extreme  eastern  outposts  of  the  great  treeless 
region  which,  toward  the  north,  extended  over  the  counties  of  IJenton,  Newton,  and  Jasper,  and  over  considerable 
portions  of  Lake,  Porter,  La  Porte,  Pulaski,  White,  Tijipecanoe,  and  Warren  counties.  These  i)rairies  have 
gradually  ileereased  in  area  with  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  those  originally  of  small  extent  are  now  covered 
with  a  vigorous  growth  of  the  forest  trees  of  the  region. 

The  forests  of  Indiana  are  characterized  by  an  almost  entire  absence  of  coniferous  trees.  Stunted  white  and 
gray  pines  occupy  the  sand-dunes  which  border  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Slicliigan,  and  "the  knobs" — low, 
gravelly  hills  of  small  extent,  in  the  southeastern  river  counties — are  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  Jersey 
pine.  Swanii)s  in  the  soutiiwostern  counties  contain  cypress,  which  finds  here  the  northern  limit  of  its  distribution. 
The  broad  bottom  lands  and  low  ridges  of  this  ])art  of  the  state  are  covered  with  a  forest  growth  probal)]y 
unsurpassed  in  the  development  of  individual  trees,  and  rarely  equaled  in  the  richness  of  its  comi)osition. 

The  forests  of  the  state  have  been  largely  removed  in  the  develo])ment  of  its  agriculture.  No  large  bodies 
of  the  original  timber  remain.  The  black  walnut  with  which  the  forests  of  Indiana  once  aboun<U'd  has  been 
everywhere  culled  and  is  now  rare,  while  the  best  yellow  poplar,  oak,  and  other  valuable  timbers  have  been  largely 
consumed. 

During  the  census  year  0O,4li7  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  injured  by  tire,  with  an  estimated  h)ss  of 
$130,335.    These  fires  were  set  by  farmers  carelessly  clearing  laud,  by  hunters,  and  by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  forests  of  Indiana  have  long  supplied  material  for  a  large  manufacture  of  cooperage  stock,  lurniture, 
wagon  stock,  woodenware,  etc.  The  cooperage  and  furniture  manufacturers  already  feel  the  scarcity  and  deterioration 
of  the  highest  grades  of  oak  and  walnut,  and  very  generally  i)redict  the  entire  exhaustion  at  no  very  distant  day  of 
the  forests  of  the  state. 

Indiana  is  fifth  among  the  states  in  the  value  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  Evansvilh',  upon  the 
Ohio  river,  in  Vanderburgh  county,  is  an  important  manufacturing  center  on  account  of  the  capital  invested  there  in 
he  lumber  bu.siness  and  the  amount  of  its  product.  The  business,  however,  as  in  Ohio,  is  generally  in  the  hands 
of  small  manufacturers  operating  ]>ortable  nulls  and  sawing  logs  hauled  to  them  by  farmers.  At  the  ])resent  rate 
of  destruction  the  forests  of  the  state  must  soon  lose  all  commercial  importance. 


'I    I 


hi 
i  1 


I  I 


ILLINOIS. 

The  forests  of  Illinois  were  originally  confined  to  the  southern  j)ortion  of  the  state,  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Illinois,  and  the  southern  third  of  the  delta  formed  by  these  rivers.  The  remainder  of  the  state 
was  covered  by  broad,  rolling  prairies.  Tin-  forest  growth  in  this  i>rairie  region  was  confined  to  tL  narrow  river 
bottoms  and  occasional  open  park  like  groves  of  burr,  scarlet,  red,  black-jack,  or  post  oaks,  known  as  "  oak  openings", 


548 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


'  'I: 


througli  which  the  prairiu  ilr.'',s  swept,  destroying  ull  uudcrgrowtb,  without  doing  great  injury  to  the  full-grown 
trees.  Pi-airle  Area  have  gradually  decreased  in  frequency  and  violence  since  the  settlement  of  the  state,  and 
these  open  groves  are  tiow  tilled  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  young  seedlings  aiid  shoots ;  their  character!  >tic  features 
have  disappeared,  and  the  area  of  the  forest  is  gradually  increasing. 

The  shores  of  lake  Michigan  are  covered  with  a  stunted  growtli  of  white  pine ;  the  dry,  rocky  hillsides  in  the 
western  part  of  Union  county,  one  of  the  southern  counties  of  the  state,  bear  a  few  yellow  pines  (Pinm  mitis),  and 
cypress  is  found  in  the  southern  river  swamps.  With  tliese  exceptions,  of  little  in)portance  commercially,  the 
forests  of  Illinois  are  composed  of  deciduous  species. 

During  the  census  year  only  48,G91  acres  of  woodland  were  rei)orted  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$4i">,775.    These  fires  were  generally  traced  to  hunters,  and  to  farmers  permitting  brush  flres  to  escape  to  the  forest. 

The  production  of  cooperage  stock  was  once  an  important  industry  in  southern  Illinois.  The  business  has 
greatly  diminished,  owing  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  local  supply  of  the  best  hard  woods.  Bass,  gum,  hackberry, 
elm,  sycamore,  and  other  woods  formerly  considei'ed  of  little  value,  are  substituted  for  oak,  and  Illinois  now  receives 
most  of  its  hard  wood  from  Kentifcky,  Tennessee,  and  other  southern  states. 

Illinois  is  eleventh  among  the  states  in  the  volume  of  its  lumber -manufacturing  interests.  It  owes  this  position 
to  the  fact  that  many  large  mills  sawing  pine  logs  rafted  down  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  forests  of  Wisconsin 
are  established  within  its  borders,  and  not  to  the  extent  and  value  of  the  forests  of  the  state.  The  manufacture 
of  Illinois-grown  lumber  is  small  and  totally  inadequate  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  piesent  population  of  the  state. 

Chicago,  owing  to  its  general  commercial  importance  and  its  position  with  reference  to  the  great  pine  forests 
of  the  northwest,  has  become  the  greatest  lumber-distributing  center  in  the  world. 

According  to  the  statistics  gathered  by  tha  Northwestern  Lumberman  of  Cliicago,  and  published  in  that  journal 
January  29,  1881,  there  were  received  in  Chicago  tluring  the  year  1880  1,419,074,000  feet  of  lumber  by  lake  and 
145,563,118  feet  by  rail,  a  total  of  1,505,537,118  feet,  an  increase  of  90,817,127  feet  over  the  total  receipts  of  1879; 
650,922,500  shingles  were  received  during  the  same  year. 

Lumber  was  received  from  the  lake  ports  during  the  year  ISSO,  as  follows  : 


FoiiitH  (if  slitpmcnt. 


v4 


Ahuapeo 

Alpcuii 

Anhlanil 

lliiy  <1»'  XiHjuet. . 

na.vfiild  

Benton  

Blark  Creek  .... 

lilaikniver 

Canada  ports  . . . 

Caneville 

Cedar  Kiver 

Charlevoix 

Cht'ljoy^au 

Clay  Bank 

Copper  Ifnrbov. . 
Crost*  Village  ... 

Depere 

Dueklnke 

Eaianalia 

Ford  Kiver 

Frankfort  

Grand  Haven . . . 

Green  Bay 

Hamlin 

Haneoek 

Holland 

Kewaunee 

L'Anse 

Loland 

Lim-oln 

Ludlngtou 

Lndwig'a  pier  .. 
M«ekina\r  City. 

Mani.stee 

Munitonroc 

Marquette 

MaAonville  


Lumber. 

Feet. 

150,000  i 
4,517,000  ' 
5,200,000 

;i,  070, 000 

080,000 

:i,  87(1, 000 

4.  825,  000  ; 
fi,  858,  000 
755,000  j 
200,  000  i 
17,  383,  COO  ' 
1,  !)41,  000 
33,  250,  000 


Shingles. 


I^umher, 


I'oiuta  uf  shipment 


1,311,000 


100, 000 


050, 000 


70, 000 

233,  000 

2,'.0,  000 

1,340,000 

5,182,000 

17,  85(1,  000 

D,  505,  000 

90, 160,  000 

I,  .577,  CJO 

12,  822,  000 

300.  000 

8.57,  000 

110,000 

9,  430,  000 

970,  WSI 

1,295,000 

103, 7i;(,  000 

125,  000 

275,  000 

165,217,000 

7.  ,000 

2,411,(100 

1,030,000 


1,011,000 

3, 457,  COO 
0,  91.">,  000 

114,  000,  000 
22,  502, 000 
11,  02«,  000 


5,  881, 000 
000 

300, 000 
34, 330,  000 


250,011,000 
300, 000 
622, 000 


Menomiiioe 

Monaatiqite 

Hntikegon 

North  Bay 

Oconto 

Ontonasiiu 

0.s('oda .*. 

Packard's  pier 

Paul's  pier  

Pensaukeo 

I'entwater 

Perry's  pier 

Peshtij;o 

Picrport  

Point  Saint  I*niaee. 

Portage  Lake 

Port  Huron 

Port  Shel  Ion 

Ited  Kiver 

Itogers  City 

Kuginaw  Kiver 

Snint  Joseph 

Saupitnek 

SaultStc.  Mario.... 

Silver  Lake 

South  Haven 

Sturgeon  Bay 

Suaniico 

Traverse 

Whitetish  Bay 

White  Lake 


Total 

Recei]it8  by  rail . 


Grand  total . 


Lamber. 

Feet. 

22.5,110,000 

202,  000 

451,  8.54,  000 

110,000 

11,003,000 

2, 503, 000 

730,  000 

2, 081, 000 

5C0,  000 

0,  «flC,  000 
9,  590,  000 

45,  000 

51,  000,  000 

3,  355,  000 

12,985,000 

7;!5,  000 

344,  000 

180,  000 

200, 000 

1,960,000 

11,926,000 

1,  G62,  000 
4, 014, 000 

522, 000 

2, 185, 000 

3, 650, 000 

11,640,009 

3,065,000 

23,  280,  000 

730,  000 

(16, 603, 000 


Shingles. 


1, 419, 1174, 000 
145, 563, 118  { 


Namher. 
7011, 000 


23,  GOO,  000 


305,  000 
2, 880, 000 


3, 190,  000 
25,  .572,  000 

7, 920, 000 


3, 867,  001 


4, 000, 000 

600, 000 

300, 000 

19,  078,  000 

2,480,000 


24,750,000 

583, 340, 000 
67, 582, 800 


1,665,637,118        650,922,600 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


549 


Lumber  was  received  by  rail  during  the  year  1880,  as  follows : 


Xnmca  of  lines. 


Bnltlinnro  iiml  Ohio  rnilroiul    

Chini^o  itiul  Alton  raitioiut 

CliiciiKii  mill  KuKtciii  llliunmrnilrcmil 

Cliicn;:!!  iiiul  (iraiid  Tiimk  rullway 

('liira;,'n  II ml  MortliwcHtfiii  riiilway 

Chiini^d.  I)iirliii;!toii,  ami  (Jnliiry  inilrond 

CliU'aj;o,  MilwiiuUpc,  ;tii(l  Saiiit  I'aul  railway 

Cliirnco,  lliiiM;  Island,  anil  ratitlc  railway 

llliuoiH  (,'i'ntral  railroad  

Lake  Slioro  nail  Mu'hi;:an  SitiitUern  railway 

Mii'lii^^an  I  'rntral  railroad 

I'ittHlinr^li.Ciuciiiuati,  and  Saiut  f-iiuls  railway. 
Pittflbiirgh,  Fort  Wayiip,  and  (Miifago  railway.. 
\Valia»h,  Saint  I.iinl»,  and  I'ai'itlo  railway 


Linntior. 


Feet. 


ShlDK-KS. 


fi'itmbtr. 


vm,  000 

098,  000 
71)»,  00(1 

.ln«,4l« 
7:;7,  noil 

710,800 

47;i,  000 

l.".!4,  000 
040,  000 

g;io,  000 

708,  000 
4HI,000 
.%7,  000 
610, 000 


70,  000 


80,  000 
41,  Of.',  000 


13, 180,  TiOO 


1,385,000 
f<,  1  K<,  000 


SO,  000 


Total  . 


145,1163, 118 


e7,nS2,8O0 


The  following  account  of  llie  early  lumber  trade  of  Chicago  is  condensed  from  a  paiier  prepared  by  Sir.  George 
W.'notchkiss,  secretary  of  the  Chicago  lumber  exchange,  and  priuted  in  the  Nortlnvcfitcrn  Luniberman  under 
date  of  March  19,  1881 : 

"Colonel  Mann,  residing  at  Calumet,  brought  the  (irst  raft  of  lumber  to  Chicago.  It  was  square  buihling 
timber,  poled  from  the  mouth  of  the  Oalnmet  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  river.  The  value  of  thi.s  raft  was  ffHW. 
and  its  owner  found  considerable  difficulty  in  disposing  of  it.  In  1834  or  1835  Captain  Carver  opened  a  luuiber- 
yard  on  the  river  bank,  near  the  present  site  of  the  State-street  bridge,  and  about  the  same  time  a  man  named 
Harri.soii  owned  a  small  schooner  which  went  to  some  point  across  the  lake  and  brouglit  in  white  wood.  This  little 
vessel  could  not  enter  the  river,  on  account  of  the  bar  across  its  '"outh,  and  her  cargo  was  uidoaded  upon  scows 
and  rafts,  which  were  floated  southward  for  half  a  aile  or  more,  around  tlie  end  of  the  bar,  before  they  conhl  be 
headed  for  the  deep  water  of  tlie  river.  In  1835  or  1830  a  man  named  Rossiter  had  a  small  dock  and  yard  on  the 
river,  between  Clark  and  La  Salle  streets,  and  by  this  time  other  yards  were  started  on  the  river.  About  tlie  year 
1830  a  man  named  Cainmack  had  a  pit-mill  ou  the  north  branch  of  the  river.  His  son  acted  as  pit-man,  the  old 
man  being  the  top  .sawyer.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  ths  first  lumber  used  in  Chicago  was  manufactured  by  this  metliod, 
although  about  the  same  time  a  wind  saw-mill  was  located  not  far  from  the  present  Kinzie-street  bridge,  which  found 
abundant  occnjiation  in  sawing  white-wood  timber,  which  then  grew  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  mixed  with 
elm,  ash,  basswood,  and  a  few  oak  trees.  History  does  not  record,  however,  that  the  market  was  overstocked  by 
the  jiroduet  of  this  mill,  or  that  the  lumber  dealers  of  that  day  hurried  to  issue  a  new  price  list  low  enough  to  crush 
the  aspirations  of  their  dangerous  competitor.  In  fact,  history  is  so  perfectly  silent  upon  the  subject  of  this  sawmill 
that  it  is  probable  its  work  did  not  cut  much  of  a  figure  in  the  lumber  trade  of  that  day,  and  that,  in  fact,  it 
proved  a  veritable  wiudmill,  of  less  caliber  than  the  muocle  of  the  Cammacks,  who  no  doubt  found  greater  profit, 
if  harder  work,  in  driving  their  pit-saw.  Captain  Carver's  lumber-yard  was  on  the  river  bank,  just  west  of  the 
present  State-street  bridge,  having  a  light,  temporary  dock,  ujion  which  the  small  vessels  bringing  lumber  to  the 
river  unloaded.  There  was  at  this  time  (1836  or  1837)  no  other  lumber-yard  in  the  village  ujion  the  river. 
Captain  Carver  afterward  (about  1839)  sold  out  to  George  AV.  Snow,  who  occuiiied  the  same  ground  for  a  number 
of  years. 

"  The  earliest  lumber  of  which  Mr.  Hilliard  has  any  recollection  came  from  Saint  Joseph,  Michigan ;  but  shortly 
after  his  arrival  at  Chicago  a  man  named  Conroe  built  a  mill  at  Manitowoc,  Wisconsin,  and  Jones,  King  &  Co., 
who  were  then  doing  a  hardware  and  general  business,  received  and  handled  his  lumber  as  a  side  issue.  A  small 
pocket  saw-mill,  built  by  a  man  named  Huutoon,  iu  1836,  was  located  on  the  river  bank  not  far  from  the  present 
Chicago-avenue  bridge.  It  was  too  small  to  do  much  work,  but  was  esteemed  a  very  useful  and  really  wouderful 
mill  at  that  time.  The  North  Side  was  pretty  well  timbered  with  elm,  oak,  and  white  wood,  and  from  this  timber 
the  mill  obtained  its  stock.  After  the  streets  were  cut  out  the  wet  nature  of  the  ground  compelled  one  who  would 
visit  this  saw-mill  to  pick  his  way  to  it  by  jumping  from  log  to  log.  It  was  so  far  from  the  village  to  the  mill  that 
it  was  seldom  visited,  except  by  those  who  enjoyed  a  Sunday  walk  and  could  find  no  objecti'.e  point  of  greater 
interest  for  their  stroll.  The  lumber-yard  of  Tuckerman  &  Kigginson  was  located  in  1843  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  near  the  present  northwest  end  of  Clark-street  bridge.  Clark  street  above  Kinzie  street  had  been  cleared 
of  timber,  and  a  clear  view  was  to  be  had  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach  in  a  westtrn  direction,  brc  ;en  only  by  a 
few  scattering  trees  which  had  been  left  as  sentinels  upon  the  plain.  At  this  time  George  W.  Snow  had  a  yard 
on  the  river,  uear  State  street,  and  a  Mr.  Rossiter  had  also  a  yard  between  Newberry  &  Doles'  warehouse,  on  the 
south  branch  of  the  river,  west  of  what  is  now  Clark  street.  Barber  &  Mason  had  a  yard  a  little  farther  west,  near 
Wells  street.    J.  M.  Underwood  and  Sylvester  Lied  each  had  a  yard  ou  the  west  side  of  the  river,  neat  Randolph 


I;' 


J 


w  u 


{ 


II: 


550 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


street.    This  was  in  1844.     Mr.  lliggiiisoii  uhtaiiied  bis  Kupply  of  lunilier  iu  tljose  daj-a  from  Hall  &  Jerome,  of 

Menominee,  Michigan,  Elisha  Bailey,  of  Pcslitigo,  Wisconnin,  and Fisii,  of  Depere.    In  184.')  he  haA  a 

contnuit  for  1,000,000  feet  witli  William  F.  Ferry,  of  Grand  Haven.  Lnmber  came  also  from  Kalamazoo  river, 
Saint  Joseph,  and,  Muskegon.  In  1.S14  ]Mr.  Iligginson  purchased  a  cargo  from  Jlr.  Kose,  of  Muskegon,  and,  as  it 
was  a  beautiful  lot  of  lumber,  running  '.Mi\  \ivv  cent,  ujiper  grades,  ho  wa.s  willing  to  i)ay  a  good  ])rice,  obtaining 
it  at  $5  75  per  thousand  feet.  The  first  cargo  nf  Saginaw  lumber  which  reached  Chicago  was  brought  by  James 
Fraser,  one  of  the  original  propriotons  of  the  plat  of  Bay  City,  who  built  two  mills  at  Kawkawlin,  in  latter  years 
known  as  the  Ballon  mills.  This  was  in  the  year  1847  or  1 848,  and  tl>e  cargo  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention, 
because  it  was  the  first  lot  of  circular-sawed  lumber  that  had  ever  been  seen  by  any  of  the  dealers,  and  because  of 
its  general  (ileanness  of  ni>pearance,  the  attractiveness  of  a  lot  of  circular-sawed  sidings  among  it,  Jid  its  excellent 
quality.  All  these  combined  to  make  the  cargo  a  novelty  in  its  way,  and  it  found  a  sale  at  $8  per  thousand  feet, 
an  extra  good  price  for  those  days.  Average  cargoes  at  this  time  were  quoted  at  $6  60  to  $7  for  mill-run  lumber, 
culls  out,  and  it  did  not  need  a  very  coarse  piece  to  rank  as  a  ciill.  Culls  were  rated  at  half  price.  The  retail 
market  held  common  lumber  at  abont  $8  during  the  summer,  and  $9  was  asked  for  dry  lumber  through  the 
winter.  Common  included  everything  below  first  and  second  clear ;  third  clear,  selects,  picks,  and  finishing  grades 
generally,  being  an  invention  of  a  later  day.  First  clear  sold  at  from  $12  to  $10,  and  second  clear  at  $10  to  $12 ;  clear, 
undressed  flooring  brought  $12,  and  common  flooring  $10.  The  lath  trade  was  mostly  in  what  was  known  as  board 
lath,  although  narrow  lath  arrived  in  small  quantities.  The  trade  of  the  city  in  1843  was  about  12,000,000  feet,  and 
this  was  considered  as  remarkable  as  to  us  were  last  year's  sales  of  1,500,000,000  feet,  or  about  140  times  as  much 
more." 

MICHIGAN. 

Michif.an  once  possessed  a  tree  covering  of  great  density,  richness,  and  variety.  The  hard-wood  forests  of  the 
Ohio  vaP'iy  covered  the  southern  portion  of  the  state,  extending  to  just  north  of  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude. 
North  Oi  this  hard-wood  belt  the  character  of  the  forest  changed ;  the  white  pine  appeared,  occupying  the  drier 
and  more  gravelly  ridges,  and,  gradually  increasing  in  size  and  frequency,  became  the  most  important  element  in 
the  forests  of  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  southern  peninsula.  In  the  northern  peninsula,  especially 
in  the  basin  of  the  Menominee  river,  it  covered  the  sandy  plains  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species.  The 
forests  of  hard  wood,  occupying  low,  rich  soil  between  the  pine-covered  ridges,  were  valuable  in  their  stores  of 
sugar  maple,  birch,  ash,  beech,  oak,  and  other  northci'n  trees,  while  the  swamps  common  in  the  northern  pait  of 
the  state  abounded  in  tamarack  and  yellow  cedar  of  large  size  and  excellent  quality. 

North  of  the  central  portion  of  the  lower  peninsula  large  tracts  of  barren  plains  exist.  One  he  most 
extensive  of  Inese  tracts  occupies  a  conside.able  portion  of  Crawford  county,  covering  an  area  of  sei  undred 

square  m'les.  A  second  barren  region  exists  in  Lake  county,  and  there  are  others  in  Ogemaw  and  Ic.  -./unties ; 
similar  barrens  occur  in  the  northern  2}eninsulii,  the  largest  iu  Schoolcraft  and  Marquette  counties.  The  soil 
covering  these  barrens  is  a  light  sandy  loam,  supporting;  a  stunted  growth  of  gray  pine,  birches,  poplars,  and  scrub 
oak.  These  sandy  plains  owe  their  existence,  perhaps,  to  the  continual  burning  of  the  forest,  prostrated 
possibly,  in  the  first  instance,  by  tornadoes,  and  thus  aflbrding  abundant  material  for  a  fire  hot  enough  to  consume 
the  vegetable  mold  of  the  surface  and  render  the  soil  unfit  to  produce  a  second  growth  of  heavy  timber,  or  in 
many  instances  any  tree  growth  whatever. 

Serious  inroads  have  already  been  made  upon  the  forests  of  Michigan.  The  hard  wood  has  been  generally 
cleared  from  the  southern  counties,  now  largely  occupied  by  ftirms,  and  the  timber  remaining  in  this  part  of  the 
state,  in  small,  scattered  bodies,  can  hardly  suflBce  for  the  wants  of  its  agricultural  population.  The  merchantable 
white  pine  has  been  cut  from  the  banks  of  the  principal  streams  and  the  shores  of  the  lakes,  and  what  now 
remains  is  remote  from  water  transportation  or  scattisred  in  isolated  bodies  of  comparatively  small  extent  The 
hard-wood  forests  of  the  pine  belt,  however,  although  greatly  injured  by  fire  in  parts  of  the  state  from  which  the 
pine  has  been  cut,  and  invaded  along  their  southern  borders  by  agricultural  settlements,  contain,  especially  in  the 
northern  third  of  the  lower  peninsula  and.throngh  the  northern  peninsula,  vast  quantities  of  valuable  timber. 

FOREST  FIRES. 

The  forests  of  Michigan  have  long  sufiered  from  destructive  fires.  These  have  generally  originated  in  the 
neighl»orhood  of  the  loggers'  camps  or  upon  the  farms  of  the  agricultural  pioneer,  while  the  virgin  forest  has 
generally,  although  not  always,  escaped  serious  conflagration.s.  The  timber  prospector  and  the  Iiunter  are 
responsible  for  many  fires  in  the  primeval  pine  forest  of  the  northwest ;  but,  as  a  rule,  fires  follow  sind  do  not 
precede  the  lumberman.  The  reason  is  obvious:  The  logger  in  his  operations  leaves  the  resinous  tops,  branches, 
and  chips  of  the  pine  trees  scattered  far  and  wide;  these  by  the  following  uiidsununer  become  dry  as  tinder,  and 
afford  abundivnt  material  to  feed  a  fire  started  by  a  careless  hunter,  log-cutter,  or  farmer  clearing  lai;d  near  the 
forest.  Such  fires,  which  too  often  follow  the  cutting  of  pine  forests  of  the  northwest,  have  inflicted  incalculable 
injury  upon  the  country.    They  have  destroyed  vast  quantities  of  hard-wood  timber;  they  have  consumed  the  young 


■4^ 


21 


11  &  Jerome,  of 
1845  he  had  a 
ulamavoo  river, 
CRon,  and,  as  it 
»rice,  obtainiag 
•light  by  James 
in  latter  years 
al  of  attention, 
and  because  of 
nd  its  excellent 
'  thousand  feet, 
lill-rnn  lumber, 
ce.    The  retail 
!r  through  the 
inishing  grades 
0  to  $12 ;  clear, 
:nown  as  board 
>0,000  feet,  and 
times  as  much 


1  forests  of  the 
ree  of  latitnde. 
lying  the  drier 
int  element  in 
nla,  especially 
species.  The 
their  stores  of 
rthem  part  of 

e        he  most 
>  undred 

r>.  ^v/unties ; 
lies.  The  soil 
ars,  and  scrub 
St,  prostrated 
^h  to  consume 
timber,  or  in 

leen  generally 
is  part  of  the 
merchantable 
id  what  now 
extent  The 
om  which  the 
ecially  in  the 
le  timber. 


v-eK'*' 


■W, 


nated  in  the 
in  forest  has 
iuinter  are 
V  Jind  do  not 
IS,  branches, 
f  tinder,  and 
Hid  near  the 
iiioalculuble 
L'd  the  young 


II 


[ir 


ft' I 


■:|i  !« 


'r 


-1  *■; 


■fr 


f' 


A  ill; 

'!  i;  ' 


■  (  1 ; 


\m 


DEPARTMENT   uF  ^T'HE   IN7ER10H 


«•  r 


wf  --. 


-f-,- 


l.hilJK.VI) 

t        I'li.li-j  1    '  I.I  p.', 

Mnt 

H     jt'lf.ln  Itn-i    . 

rK:\  ■  -  • 

p  ■  "" i: 


1.  ■■'  t 


I-  ; 


•I  \  ■ 


t     !! 


f\  HI 


■I'll 


I  i 


Julius  I. >•  »ll  .  Ull 


Il       '1 


i        !n 


■ 

t 

'^  -i 


IM 


-'■  v^' 


:tl-      ) 


h.J^  «'v^^ua*4«'^J'^s^ 


sjL  jsiai±,  .i^is  4iV£ic' 


N  ■     ^'! 


»    -  •!    ,  ,rj  u 


''n 


DEFARTMXin  OT  Tlir  IRTHRIOH 


or  -lUK  Iinilh.l'  .-'.TATF:. 


IrirT^.'ti  h  (  »  IiII' 


S.-.il. 


ip^tiim:     nia 


"i-iiiiniiiniiiiii'i"'"iiT"    NiTiBaririBmnMiTr 


n.  timiKj'  .-.TATf::; 


1 

If!     '■ 

'i 

I    it      i'i 

11' 

1 

if, 

•:  'i         ,  ■ 

( 

w  %^ 

i 

, 

1 1 


'i 


S'l 


in 


'^  •'!  ^. 


% 


i    ;| 


iTiT  arn  r'Ti  "ii [ra~i~  '■n"^-~if7r  t'=ia='=™=»" 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


551 


pine  trees  loft  by  tto  logger;  they  have  robbed  the  soil  of  its  fertility,  and  made  it  unfit  to  produce  another 
crop  of  pine  until  the  growth  and  decay  of  generations  of  other  plants  shall  have  restored  its  lost  constituents. 
In  the  dense,  uncuUed  forest,  on  the  other  hand,  fires,  although  often  destructive,  are  less  dangerous  in  the  absence 
of  dead  material  to  feed  the  flames  than  when  the  ground  ivS  strewn  with  dead  branches,  tops,  and  resinous  chips. 

During  the  census  year  only  238,271  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss 
of  8985,985.  Of  the  207  fires  reported,  IGl  were  traced  to  fires  set  in  clearing  hmd  for  agricultural  purposes,  and 
which  escaped  to  the  forests;  59  to  hunters,  13  to  sparlcs  from  locomotives,  3  to  smokers,  while  only  1  was  reportetl 
set  by  Indians. 

The  liard-wood  forests  of  Michigan  have  long  aflbrded  abundant  material  for  large  and  important  industries 
engaged  in  the  production  of  cooperage  stock,  haud'es,  oars,  agricultural  implements,  excelsior,  wood  pulp,  etc. 
Manufacturers,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  now  report,  however,  a  scarcity  and  general  deterioration 
of  stock.  The  best  oak  timber  has  been  everywhere  culled  to  supply  the  wants  of  railroads  or  the  demands  of  th« 
Canadian  market.  Elm,  bass,  and  other  soft  woods,  winch  a  few  years  ago  were  considered  of  little  value,  are  now 
in  great  demand  and  are  fast  disappearing,  except  from  regions  remote  from  railroads.  Much  hard  wootl,  especisilly 
in  the  southern  peninsula,  has  been  destroyed  by  fire,  or,  if  not  destroyed,  rendered  almost  worthless  for 
manufacturing  purposes  by  partial  burning. 

Next  to  Vermont  and  New  York,  Michigan  produces  a  larger  amount  of  maple  sugar  than  any  other  8t»t«. 
During  the  year  1879  3,423,149  pounds  were  manufactured  in  the  state. 


m 


STATISTICS   OF   GKOWINO   TIMBER.     . 

The  following  estimates  of  the  merchantable  timber  standing  in  Michigan  May  31,  1880,  were  prepared  by 
Mr.  H.  0.  Putnam,  of  Bau  Claire,  Wisconsin,  with  the  assistance,  in  the  lower  peninsula  especially,  of  Mr.  G.  W. 
Hotchkiss.  These,  as  well  as  the  estimates  of  the  timber  resources  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  were  obtained 
by  comi)iling  the  results  of  actual  surveys,  and  have  been  further  verified  by  a  large  number  of  persons  familiar 
with  the  forests  in  the  different  regions  of  these  states.  It  must  not,  however,  be  forgotten  that  the  figures  given 
represent  estimates,  and  not  facts.  Statistics  of  the  volume  of  any  growing  crop  are  diflicult  to  obtain  and 
always  liable  to  considerable  error,  and  the  forest,  from  its  very  nature  and  the  extent  over  which  it  is  spread, 
presents  greater  difficulties  to  the  collector  of  statistics  of  productive  capacity  than  the  more  compact  and  mor« 
easily  studied  crops  of  the  field.  The  estinmtes  of  pine  include  all  trees  12  inches  in  diameter  24  feet  from  tha 
ground.  Since  they  were  prepared  the  scarcity  of  white  pine  has  changed  the  methods  of  the  lumberman,  and 
trees  are  now  generally  estimated  and  cut  as  small  as  S  inches  in  diameter  24  feet  from  the  ground.  If  the  amount 
of  standing  pine  had  been  estimated  upon  the  8-inch  basis  it  would  have  added  (roughly)  10  per  cent,  to  Mr.  I'utuam's 
figures.  Small  bodies  of  pine  remote  from  streams  no  doubt  exist  in  different  parts  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota,  in  the  aggregate  of  some  commercial  importance,  which  are  not  included  in  these  estimates.  The 
following  figures,  however,  are  bt  lieved  to  represent  with  as  great  accuracy  as  is  attainable  the  productive  capacity 
of  the  northwestern  pineries.  They  cover  the  eutii-e  region,  and  these  pine  forests  now  contain  no  gieat  body  of 
unexplored  timber,  an  unknown  factor  in  the  country's  lumber  supply: 

WHITE  riNK  (Pinim  Sirobun). 


!  H 


Begiona. 


LOWER  FENIKSULA. 


BnaiiiR  of  strrnniH  flowing  into  Srtginaw  bay,  including  Saginaw  river 
an<l  tributarii'B. 

CiiHint^  of  HtroaiDH  flowing  i.-fo  liilic  Huron 


Foot,  Ijoaril 
mvnsuro. 


7, 000, 000, 000 


8,  000,  000,  000 


Baubis  of  BtreuniH  llowiu','  into  lalio  Micliigiiu j    14, 000, 000, 000 

Total 29,  OOO,  000, 000 


Cut  for  the-  census  viar  pnilini;  Mnv  31,  1K80  (inrluiling  2.nSH,  000,1100 
sliingles  and  428,''l-t:i,000  ImIIis,  but  I'xiluaivo  of  HO.iiDO  000  stavea 
and  il,3:i0,0u0  win  bcndin^is). 

I  ri'Ki;  ric.NiNHUi.A. 

BuHin  of  Jlcnoniini'c  river  and  liibutarieH  (Mar(|urtti'  and  ili  noiui- 
nee  <-ouiitieH), 

Ontona;:ini.  niiu;>.btim,  Kowcenaw,  Baraga,  Miirquctto  (wi«t  and 
north  »,'f  McnoniiiU'e  baitin),and  Mi-nondnio  (eawt  of  Menominee 
basin)  cuiinlieH, 

Sebooleiaft,  Cliipitewn,  MaeUinue,  and  Dt^lta  euuutien 

Total 


Cut  for tlieeeimna  year radlnRMiiv 31, 1680 (liieluding  106,482,000 »bln- 
glCH  and  34,20(1.(10(1  latbH). 


4, 008,  773, 000 

1,000,000,000 
2, 400, 000, 000 

2,  COO,  000, 000 
6,  UOO,  OCO,  000 

328,  438,  000 


m 


m 


■\Ui 


652 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


'if 

i 


An  cstiniat<3il  amount  of  575,500,000  cords  of  bard  wood  is  distributed  over  some  20,000,000  acres  in  the  lower 
peninsula.  Of  this  about  20  per  cent,  is  suitable  for  lumber  and  cooperage  stock.  Tbe  cut  of  bard  wood  for  the 
census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of  103,821,000  staves  and  18,507,000  sets  beadiugs,  and  including 
6,038,000  feet  of  spool  stock),  was  440,944,000  feet.  In  scattered  swamps  tbere  are  standing  some  5,000,000  cords 
of  yellow  cedar  ( Thuya  occidcntalis). 

From  Menominee  and  Delta  counties  the  merchantable  piuc  has  been  almost  entirely  removed.  Baraga  county 
contains  little  pine,  and  Keweenaw  county  a  single  considerable  body  some  30,000  acres  in  extent. 

The  northern  portion  of  Ontonagon  and  Marquette  counties  is  cbicUy  covered  with  hard  wood. 

An  estimated  amount  of  124,500,000  cords  of  hard  wood  is  distributed  ov«  r  some  10,000,000  acres  in  the  upper 
peninsula.  '  The  cut  of  hard  wood  for  the  census  year  ending  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of  fuel  and  railroad  ties), 
was  1,145,000  feet. 

The  southern  counties  of  tbe  upper  peninsula  contain  large  areas  of  swamp,  covered  with  tamarack  and  yellow 
cedar  {Thvya  occidcntalis),  estimated,  in  tlio  aggregate,  at  02,500,000  cords. 

Some  7,000,000,000  feet  of  hemlock  lumber  and  7,000,000  cords  of  bark  still  remain  in  the  state. 

Michigan  is  first  among  the  states  in  the  volume  and  value  of  its  lumber  product.  Its  principal  centers  of 
lumber  manufacture  are  Muskegon,  on  the  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  the  shores  of  Saginaw  bay,  in  Bay  county,  the 
Saginaw  river,  in  Saginaw  county,  Manistee,  and  Menominee,  in  the  upper  peninsula.  The  valley  of  the  Saginaw  was 
long  tbe  seat  of  the  most  important  lumber-manufacturing  operations  in  the  United  States.  Its  supremacy,  however, 
has  departed  with  the  destruction  of  the  splendid  pine  forest  which  covered  its  watershed,  and  the  center  of 
manufacture  has  moved  westward  from  the  shores  of  lake  Huron  across  the  peninsula  to  tbe  waters  flowing  into 
lake  Michigan. 

Lumber  was  first  manufactured  in  the  Saginaw  valley  as  early  as  1832.  Three  years  later  a  second  mill,  with 
an  annual  capacity  of  3,000,000  feet,  was  built  upon  the  Saginaw,  In  1830  the  fl'-st  shipments  of  lumber  were  made 
from  this  mill,  and  from  that  time  forward  great  attention  was  given  to  the  manufacture  of  lumber  lor  shipment. 
The  commercial  panic,  of  1837,  however,  seriously  interfered  with  the  development  of  this  business,  and  it  was 
not  until  1849  that  mills  began  to  multiply.  In  1814  tbere  were  23  mills  upon  the  Saginaw,  with  an  aggregate 
capacity  of  60,000,000  feet.  Ten  years  later  the  number  of  mills  had  increased  to  82,  mauufacturing  425,000,000  feet 
of  lumber,  while  in  1873  there  were  83  mills,  which  produced  that  year  567,000,000  feet.  Since  1870  there  has  been  an 
almost  steady  decrease  in  the  number  of  mills  operating  in  tbe  Saginaw  valley ;  the  number  finishing  their  "cut  out" 
is  fast  increasing,  and  those  destroyed  by  fire  are  not  rebuilt.  But,  although  the  number  of  mills  has  decreased, 
their  production  has  increased,  their  present  capacity  being  estimated  at  923,000,000  feet.  A  large  part  of  the  lumber 
manufactured  upon  the  Saginaw  is  trans[»orted  by  lake  to  Ohio  and  Xew  York  ports,  and  thence  to  tbe  principal 
eastern  markets,  although  a  considerable  amount  is  shipped  by  vessel  to  Chicago  and  Milwaukee,  apd  thenco 
distributed  by  rail  through  the  west.  The  wide  market  open  to  this  lumber  is  due  to  its  excellent  quality.  Twenty 
years  ago  logs  which  would  run  25  per  cent.  "  uppers"  were  considered  common ;  40  per  cent,  was  tbe  rule,  and  as 
high  as  75  per  cent.  "  uppers  "  was  sometimes  obtained.  Logs  were  then  cut  from  the  lower  trunk  of  the  tree  below 
the  tops,  and  only  the  largest  trees  were  selected.  Xow  land  which  has  been  cut  over  three  times  is  f.one  ovor 
again,  and  lumbermen  are  satisfied  if  logs  yield  10  per  cent.  ''  uppers  ". 

Of  late  years  considerable  changes  have  been  introduced  into  Michigan  lumbering  operations  by  railroad 
logging;  by  this  means  mills  are  able  to  obtain  a  constant  supply  of  logs  by  railroads  built  into  the  forest  for  tbe 
purpose,  and  this  supply  can  be  regulated  almost  entirely  by  tbe  demand.  Tbere  are  several  roads  in  difl'erent 
parts  of  tbe  state  doing  this  business,  the  principal  being  tbe  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  and  the  Lake  George  and 
Muskegon  River  railroads.  Tbe  growth  of  this  business  in  tbe  Saginaw  valley  and  at  Muskegon,  Manistee,  and  on 
tbe  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  road  is  shown  by  tbe  following  table  extracted  i'rom  BraiJstreefs  of  Febru.-:ry 
6,  1881 : 


TearB. 

Saginaw  valley. 

Mnskegnn. 

Manistee. 

Flint  nnii  Poro 
Marquette  railroiid. 

1865 

1866 

1867 

200, 000,  000 
209,  000,  000 
429, 207, 808 
448,  000,  .583 
321.  3-0,  063 
623,307,353 
f)21,  700,  027 
645,285,278 
080,070,401 
589, 225, 404 
584,  843,  701 
572, 229, 472 
651,  507, 94,S 
558, 079, 674 
780. 182, 286 
048, 174, 274 

108,606,700 
157, 408,  300 
288,502,200 
213, 002, 000 
267,789,000 
108,802,600 
2!in,  000, 000 
315,000,000 
376,035,037 
224, 571,  527 
309  638,418 

1868        ..    . 

1869 

1870 

121, 221, 395 
142, 309, 817 
155,  550,  720 
179,  820,  243 
182,  218, 383 
108.  09(1  107 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

209,52.5,019                 147,724,241 
312,285,951    !             1.52,221,518 
340  990  055                    178  .549  KRO 

432.431,670 
380,  000,  000 

211,722,030 
211, 071, 000 

14,357,670 
87,485,547 

in  the  lower 
vood  for  tho 
1(1  iucluding 
10,000  cords 

raga  comity 


»  the  upper 
ilroad  ties), 

and  yellow 


1  centers  of 
county,  the 
aginaw  was 
y,  however, 
le  center  of 
lowing  into 

I  mill,  with 
were  made 
r  shipment, 
luid  it  was 
aggregate 
100,000  feet 
las  been  an 
■  "cut  out" 
decreased, 
the  lumber 
3  principal 
ipd  thence 
Twenty 
de,  and  as 
tree  below 
cone  ovor 

y  railroad 
?8t  for  the 
1  difl'ereut 
eorge  and 
?e,  and  on 
Fel)rn.~ry 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


553 


The  following  extracts  are  made  ftom  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Michigan: 

"The  southern  boundary  of  tho  pine  forest  in  Michigan  may  be  represented  by  a  line  drumi  from  Surnia 
westward  across  the  state  nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kalamazoo  river.  Originally  the  pine  foreb>  c.  vered 
the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  state,  and  estimates  made  in  1835  gave  the  amount  of  pine  then  standing  as- 
150,000,000,000  feet.  This  estimate  included  the  northern  peninsula.  The  present  estimate  of  the  pine  standing 
in  the  whole  state,  the  northern  peninsula  also  included,  is  35,0(IO,000,Ot>0  feet.  There  are  now  remaining  no  large 
bodies  of  standing  jiine  in  the  state  which  have  not  been  more  or  less  cut  into,  and  the  timber  adjacent  to  streams 
has  all  been  cut.  Tho  pine  now  remaining  is  scattered  generally  through  the  northern  half  of  the  state,  lying  back 
at  a  distance  of  from  2  to  10  miles  from  streams  large  enough  to  float  the  logs.  The  beat  pine  in  the  state  has  been 
cut.  The  belt  of  pine  which  ran  through  the  center  of  the  state,  extending  north  from  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  original  pine  forest  for  some  75  miles,  contained  the  best  pine  in  the  northwest.  This  pine  was  what  was  called 
by  lumbermen  'cork  pine',  a  soft  white  pine,  large  and  sound,  with  ii.  thick  bark.  Tho  quality  of  the  pine  of  the 
Saginaw  valley  was  particularly  fine,  too ;  that  on  the  west  shore  was  of  smaller  size. 

"The  standing  pine  on  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  estinmted  at  29,(100,000,000  feet,  of  which  there  are 
in  the  Saginaw  valley  about  7,000,000,000  feqt,  including  the  pine  upon  the  Saginaw-,  Au  Sable,  and  Cheboygan 
rivers  and  their  tributaries;  on  tlie  streams  flowing  directly  into  lake  Huron  there  are  some  8,000,000,000  feet 
more;  making  15,000,000,000  feet  upon  the  streams  of  the  east  shore.  On  the  western  shore  of  the  state  there  are 
14,000,000,000  feet,  including  the  pine  upon  the  Kalamazoo,  Black,  Grand,  Muskegon,  White,  Pentwater,  Aux  llec 
Scies,  Boardman,  aud  Pine  rivers.  As  before  stated,  the  quality  of  the  timber  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  is 
better  than  that  upon  the  west  shore;  this  is  smaller  and  partakes  more  of  the  sapling  nature,  while  that  on  the 
east  shore  is  largely  cork  pine.  The  pine  of  the  east  shore  and  Saginaw  valley  is  largely  used  for  finishing  lumber, 
and  should  be  transported  to  the  east;  indeed  all  the  pine  in  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  wanted  at  the 
east,  aud  none  should  be  sent  west.  The  pine  of  the  western  shore  is  suited  for  fencing,  llooriug,  and  dimension 
stnfT,  being  smaller  and  containing  more  knots  aud  sap. 

"The  largest  bodies  of  pine  left  in  the  lower  peninsula  are  in  the  counties  of  Presque  Isle,  Montmoreuci, 
Alpena,  Alcona,  Ogemaw,  Roscommon,  Crawford,  Missaukee,  Wexford,  ]\Ianistee,  Grand  Traverse,  Lake,  Osceola, 
Clare,  Giadwin,  and  Charlevoix.  There  are  bodies  of  pine  also  in  other  counties  from  15,000  to  20,000  acres  in 
extent  which  have  not  yet  been  cut.  The  pine  left  in  the  lower  peninsula  is  generally  scattered  through  hard-wood 
timber,  into  which  the  settlers  are  now  entering,  clearing  the  hard-wood  forests  ami  exposing  the  pine  to  destruction 
by  fire  aud  wintlfiill.  This  destruction  has  largely  increased  with  the  settlement  of  tlie  country,  and  will  incaease 
still  more  unless  stringent  measures  can  be  taken  to  protect  the  pine  forests  from  waste. 

"The  southern  part  of  the  state  outside  the  pine  belt  was  originally  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  hard-wood 
timber;  this  regiou  is  now  largely  settled  and  is  the  farming  region  of  Michigan.  There  is  a  large  amount  of 
hard-wood  timber  of  commercial  value  still  scattered  through  this  farming  country,  particularly  in  its  middle  and 
northern  parts.  Along  the  west  shore  as  far  north  as  the  straits  of  Mackinaw  the  pine  has  been  cut  in  large 
quantities,  but  there  is  still  a  large  amount  of  hard-wood  timber  left  upon  this  area. 

"The  pine  of  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  ^^timated  at  0,000,000,000  feet.  This  includes  the  pine 
from  the  Saint  Mary's  river  westward  to  the  Wisconsin  line  and  the  mouth  of  the  Montreal  river,  and  upon  the 
south  shore  of  lake  Superior.    It  is  divided  as  follows: 

"  1.  On  the  Menominee  river  and  tributaries,  1,000,000,000  feet. 

"  2.  In  the  western  portion  of  the  peninsula,  not  including  the  Menominee  and  tributaries,  but  uicluding  all 
west  of  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway  between  Escanaba  and  Marquette,  2,400,000,000  feet. 

"3.  East  of  the  lino  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway,  2,000,000,000  feet. 

"  The  largest  bodies  of  pine  in  the  northern  peninsula  are  in  the  counties  of  Chipjiewa,  Mackinac,  Schoolcraft, 
Marquette,  Houghton,  and  Ontonagon.  There  is  also  quite  a  large  body  in  Keweenaw  county,  covering  perhaps  ' 
30,000  acres.  Ontonagon  county,  which  extends  along  the  south  shore  of  lake  Superior  for  nearly  100  miles,  for 
35  miles  back  from  the  lake  is  mostly  covered  with  hard-wood  timber,  with  a  little  pine  along  the  streams,  but  not 
in  sufiicient  quantities  to  estimate.  This  is  also  true  of  the  northern  part  of  Baraga  and  Marquette  counties, 
extending  along  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  a  distance  of  125  miles  from  L'Anse  to  Onota,  in  Schoolcraft 
county.  There  are  here  a  few  small  bodies  of  pine  scattered  through  the  hard  wood,  but  it  is  needed  by  the 
settlers,  and  has  no  export  value.  The  quality  of  the  timber  upon  the  Ontonagon  aiul  Presque  Isle  rivers  and  the 
ujiper  Menominee,  growing  among  the  hard  woods  along  the  south  slope  of  the  Penokee  iron  range,  is  similar  to 
that  on  the  western  shore  of  the  lower  peninsula.  This  timber  is,  however,  somewhat  diliicult  of  access.  The 
streams  over  which  it  must  be  driven  (the  Ontonagon  and  Presque  Isle)  are  rough,  broken,  and  require  considerable 
improvement.  The  pine  east  of  the  line  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railway  between  Marquette  aud  Escanaba, 
on  the  east  half  of  the  northern  peninsula,  is  of  poor  quality,  and  may  be  classed  as  'sapling  pine',  with  occasional 
groves  of  what  is  called  'big  sapling'  scattered  through  the  hard  woods. 

"  In  the  upper  ]ieninsula  of  Micliigan,  according  to  the  Lake  Superior  Canal  Company's  reports  of  examination 
and  estimates  of  cord  wood,  there  is  an  average  of  about  eighteen  cords  of  wood  per  acre  over  the  whole  area  ot 
the  peninsula,  of  wiiich  two-thirds  is  hard  wood  and  one-third  soft  wood. 


M 


554 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


i ' 


"In  Menominee  and  Delta  counties,  the  soutliern  part  of  Sclioolcraft  county,  and  the  extreme  southern  part 
of  Marquette  county  are  quite  large  quantities  of  tamarack  and  yellow  cedar.  From  most  of  these  lands  the 
merchantable  pine  has  been  removed,  and  where  the  flres  have  not  destroyed  the  cedar  and  tamarack  the  niilroad 
companies  are  cutting  the  timber  and  shipping  it  to  the  prairies  for  telegraph  poles,  ties,  and  posts.  It  is  stated 
by  the  ownersof  the  lands,  who  long  since  cut  the  pine  from  them,  that  llio  cedar  and  tamiirack  trees  left  upon  the 
land  have  netted  them  more  than  the  original  i)ine  harvested.  What  makes  this  timber  so  valuable  is  its  close 
proximity  to  the  railroads  and  the  ease  witii  whicli  it  can  be  shipped  by  rail  or  over  the  waters  of  Green  bay.  This 
shows  the  necessity  of  preserving  tliis  kind  of  limber  for  future  use,  antl  of  not  abandoning  it  for  taxes,  as  has 
heretofore  been  done,  or  allowing  it  to  bo  destroyed  by  lires  and  windfalls. 

"  There  are  on  the  Menominee  river  some  9,000,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine,  one  of  the  largest  bodies  left  in 
the  northwest.  More  than  half  of  this,  however,  lies  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin.  About  200,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
are  manufactured  annually  upon  the  Menominee.  All  the  mills  upon  the  river  are  located  at  its  mojith,  in  the  towns 
of  Marinette  and  Menomonee,  in  Wisconsin,  and  it  is  considered  next  to  impossible  to  build  more  mills  at  that 
point.  The  river  is  here  narrow,  ancl  the  facilities  for  holding  logs,  shipping  lumber,  dockage,  etc.,  are  quite 
lin)ited  in  jiroportion  to  the  amount  of  timber  left  in  the  region  tributary  to  this  stream ;  and  this  body  of  jiino 
may  therefore  be  considered  to  a  certain  extent  in  reserA'e,  and  likely  to  outlast  many  larger  ones.  There  is 
little  danger  from  fire  on  this  river;  the  pine  which  is  left  grows  upon  the  hard-wood  ridges,  interspersed  with 
broad  areas  of  swamp.'' 

WISCONSIN. 

The  great  prairies  of  the  central  Atlantic  region  once  found  their  northeastern  limits  in  southern  W^iscousiu. 
The  forest  covering  of  all  the  southern  part  of  the  state  was  confined  to  the  bottom  lands  or  open  upland  groves  of 
stunted  oaks  of  no  great  extent  or  of  more  than  local  importance.  The  central  part  of  the  state  was  jovered  with 
a  dense  forest  of  hard  woods,  oaks,  ash,  maple,  cherry,  birch,  and  the  other  trees  of  the  northern  forest,  through 
which,  upon  gravelly  or  sandy  ridges,  great  bodies  of  white  pine  were  scattered.  These  pine  forests  gradually 
change  in  character  and  decrease  in  productiveness  as  they  reach  northward.  Lakes  are  more  common,  and 
swamps  of  tamarack,  cedar,  and  spruce  occupy  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  a  considerable  pro])ortion  of  the 
forest  area.  The  pine  trees  in  these  northern  forests  are  smaller  and  more  scattered  than  those  farther  south, 
although  generally  less  intermixed  with  hard  woods,  and  aflbrding  lunibt.  if  poorer  quality. 

The  forest  area  has  somewhat  increased  in  the  prairie  region  of  the  state  since  its  first  settlement  and  the 
consequent  decrease  of  destructive  prairie  fires.  The  growth  of  trees  has  gradually  spread  from  the  bottom  lands 
of  the  streams  to  the  hills,  and  the  oak  forests  upon  the  uplands  have  gradually  encroached  upon  the  i)rairie,  losing 
their  open,  park-like  character  by  the  appearance  of  a  young  growth  which  Inu  sprung  up  among  the  old  trees. 

The  pine  has  been  destroyed  along  the  entire  southern  borders  of  the  pine  belt,  along  the  banks  of  the 
principal  streams,  and  from  the  lines  of  railroad,  while  the  hard  wood  has  been  often  greatly  injured  or  d«stroyed 
by  fire  in  those  parts.of  the  state  where  pine  has  been  cut.  The  amount  of  pine  still  growing  in  Wisconsin  is 
nevertheless  large,  although  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  best  and  most  easily  accessible  has  already  been 
harveoi.ed.  What  remains  is  generally  remote  from  actual  lines  of  transportation,  and  often,  especially  in  the 
extreme  northern  part  of  the  state,  of  comparatively  poor  quality. 

During  the  census  year  406,298  acres  of  woodland  were  reijorted  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$72.^,010.    The  largest  number  of  these  fires  was  set  by  farmers  in  clearing  land,  or  by  sparks  from  locomot'ves. 

The  manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  general  deterioration  and  scarcity  of  the  best  varieties  of  hard 
woods,  and  the  substitution  of  beech,  elm.  and  other  woods  for  oak. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  timber  standing  in  Wisconsin  May  31,  1S80,  were  prepared  bj'  Mr. 
e.  C.  Putnam : 

WHITE  PINK  (/'i«H».s7)o6««). 


Itiisin 
liitsiii 
liusiii 

l^isiii 

Shore 


KegioDH. 


nf  Suini  Cniix  i-iviT  iiiiil  tribntarifs 

<)t'(,'liiitiii'\vii  liver  and  tiilintaries 

of  lilaik  liver  ami  trilmtariiH 

of  Wi.-*roiihin  rivt  r  and  trihiitarieH 

nf  \\*iiir  river  ami  ti-iltntarioa  

of  Oeonto  river  anil  tribntarieH  

of  I*fH!itiKo  liver  and  triliutariert 

of  Miiionionie  river  and  tiibutaries  (in  WiHennain). 
of  lake  Siipei  ior 


Total 


Cnf   Ml 


iiNiiH  year  en':iii!i  May  .11,  I8S0  (inehidin^'  l.Oi'T.OM.OOO 


tliiugles  anil  o'I^.Uul,(lUO  laliisj. 


Fcot,  boaid 
mrasurc. 


2,  noo.  000, 000 

l.'.,  000,  Oflo'^OOO 

900,  00(1,  000 

10,  000,  000,  {rOO 

000,  000,  000 

,100,  000,  000 

1,!")00,  000,000 

fl,  4(10,  OIM),  000 

;i,  Ci;o,  000, 000 

41,000,00(1,000 
2.  007,  209,  000 


liF.PAK'.MKNT     jK    I'HK   l!rrT><lf;H 


vri     TV'Ti-" 


Houtlieni  part 
lesc  lands  tho 
k  the  niilroiul 
.  It  is  stilted 
I  U'l't  upon  tho 
lie  is  its  close 
en  bay.  This 
tuxes,  as  has 

bodies  left  in 
eet  of  lumber 
I,  in  the  towns 
mills  at  that 
tc.,  are  quite 
body  of  j>ino 
's.  There  is 
rspersed  with 


n  Wisconsin, 
md  groves  of 
jovered  with 
rest,  through 
>ts  gradually 
;ommon,  and 
ortion  of  the 
irther  south, 

lent  and  the 
)ottoni  lands 
raiiie,  losing 
old  trees, 
anks  of  the 
n-  destrojed 
V'isconsiu  is 
heady  been 
ially  in  the 

a  ted  loss  of 
omot'ves. 
ties  of  hard 

ned  by  Mr. 


M 


■:i!' 


i;  IfP 


Tn'K'mT;Iv-.S''r.liU« 


r« — riiT]  ->Wi-WiW 


'^^^m 


■Tf  fw^*^a*i»;;5r^- ~ 


i 


UVuU- 


i      {      jrl 


.* 


W 


!l 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


555 


Of  this  amount  485,552,000  feot  were  inniiu<acinrc«l  along  thf  MiHsisnii)pl  rivpr  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  IVIisHouri 
■HH  fur  sontli  as  Saint  Louis. 

The  wooded  region  in  Crawford,  Richland,  Sauk,  and  Vernon  counties  is  estimated  to  contain  12,000,000  cords 
of  hard  wood  in  addition  to  some  timber  of  commercial  value.  The  cut  for  the  ccnsiiH  year  ending  May  31,  1880 
(exclusive  of  86,545,000  staves  and  7,498,000  sets  of  headings),  was  117,041,tMM)  feet. 

Valuable  oak  timber  exists  in  large  quantities  in  Dunn,  Pierce,  and  Saint  ('roix  counties. 

The  cedar  swamps  scattered  through  the  pine  belt  of  the  state  cover  an  area  of  some  1,305,000  acres,  and  are 
estimated  to  contain  02,800,000  posts,  telegraph  poles,  and  railroad  ties,  in  addition  to  huge  quantities  of  tamarack 
and  spruce. 

Wisconsin  is  the  third  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  The  great  centers  of 
manufacture  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ean  Claire  upon  the  Chippewa  river,  upon  the  Wisconsin  river,  and  upon 
the  shores  of  Green  bay  and  lake  Superior.  Logs  cut  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  supply  also  mills  located  on  the 
Mississippi  river  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Missouri  with  material  equivalent  to  nearly  500,000,000  Icet  of  lumber. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Wisconsin : 

"The  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  coincides  with  a  line  extending  northwesterly  from  near  the  city  of 
Milwaukee  on  lake  Michigan,  to  the  falls  of  Saint  Croix  on  the  Saint  Croix  river,  and  the  western  boundary  of  the 
state.  This  includes  the  heavy  hard-wood  as  well  as  the  pine  forest.  There  is  also,  or  there  has  been,  a  largo 
amount  of  hard-wood  timber  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  south  of  this  line,  but  as  no  large  bodies  of  forest 
of  commercial  value  are  now  standing  there,  it  will  not  be  considered  here.  Large  bwlies  of  hard-wood  timber 
exist  in  Vernon,  Crawford,  Bichland,  and  Sauk  counties,  covering  in  the  aggregate  fully  400,000  acres  and 
containing  at  least  12,000,r00  cords  of  wood.  This  region,  however,  is  already  thickly  settled,  and  the  forests  are 
being  rapidly  cleared  for  agricultural  purposes.  No  estimate  has  ever  been  made  of  the  amount  ot  jiine  timber 
standing  in  Wisconsin  at  the  time  of  its  original  settlement;  at  the  present  time  it  is  estimated  that  41,000,000,000 
feet  of  merchantable  pine  remain  in  the  state,  situated  as  follows,  river  basins  being  taken  as  the  natural  divisions 
of  these  pineries : 

"1.  North  of  the  Saint  Croix  river  and  upon  the  lands  tributary  to  that  stream  there  are  2,5(10,000,000  feet, 
covering  2,000,000  acres. 

"2.  On  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  including  all  the  waters  tributary  to  the  lake  in  the  state  of 
Wisconsin,  extending  from  the  Montreal  river  on  the  IMichigan  line  westward  to  the  western  boundary  of  the 
state,  and  embracing  the  Wisconsin  pine  on  the  Montreal  river  and  upon  the  Bad,  White,  IJois -Bruit'.  TUack,  and 
Left-Hand  rivers,  3,600,000,000  feet,  covering  1,809.000  acres. 

"3.  On  the  Chippewa  river  and  itft  princi|)al  tributaries,  the  Red  Cedar,  West  Branch,  East  lirancli.  Flambeau, 
Jump,  Yellow,  and  Eau  Claire,  covering  an  area  of  some  0,253,000  acres,  with  an  estimated  .stiiinl  of  pine  of 
.15,000,000,000  feet. 

"  4.  In  the  Black  River  basin,  with  an  area  of  1 ,000,000  acres,  containing  an  estimated  stand  of  !)00,000,()00  feet. 

"5.  In  the  Wisconsin  River  basin,  with  an  area  of  4,500,000  acres,  with  an  estimated  stand  ol'  10,000,000  feet. 

"  The  remainder  of  the  state,  lying  east  of  the  east  line  of  tlie  Wisconsin  River  division  and  north  of  the 
aonthern  boundary  of  the  original  forest,  is  divided  by  rivers  as  follows :  (1)  W(»lf  river,  with  600,000,000  feet  of 
pine;  (2)  the  Oconto  river,  with  500,000,000  feet  of  pine;  (3)  the  Peshtigo  river,  with  1,500,000,000  feet;  (4)  the 
Menomonee  in  W^fsconsin,  6,400,000,000:  making  a  total  in  the  division  east  of  the  Wisconsin  of  mnw  7,000,000  acres, 
with  an  estimated  stand  of  9,000,000,000  feet  of  pine.  This  makes  a  grand  total  of  pine  forest  area  in  the  state  of 
nearly  23,000,000  acres,  still  containing  41,000,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine.  This  includes  about  200,000,000  feet 
upon  the  Menomonee  Indian  reservation,  in  the  county  of  Shawano,  where  very  little  pine  has  ever  ocen  cut ; 
100,000,000  feet  on  the  Flambeau  reservation,  and  200,000,000  feet  upon  the  Court  Orcilles  reservation.  There  is 
no  merchantable  pine  standing  on  any  of  the  other  Indian  reservations  in  the  state. 

"  The  quality  of  the  pine  in  the  state  of  Wisconsin  varies  largely  with  the  differences  in  soil.  The  quality  of 
the  pine  growing  mixed  with  hard  woods  upon  the  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  and  bordering  on  the  prairies  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  best  Michigan  pine.  This  is  especially  true  of  timber  cut  on  the  Wolf,  Oconto,  and  Peshtigo 
rivers.  The  timber  originally  on  the  Wolf  and  Oconto  rivers  was  especially  tine.  This  has  been  largely  cut,  although 
there  are  still  some  very  fine  bodies  of  the  best  pine  left  on  the  Oconto  and  the  western  brancli  of  the  Peshtigo  and 
northern  branch  of  the  Wolf  rivers.  The  Black  River  district  contained  also  a  large  amount  of  the  best  upper  quality 
of  pine,  of  which,  however,  more  than  half  has  been  cut.  The  Eau  de  Galle  River  basin,  in  the  counties  of  Pierce, 
Dunn,  and  Saint  Croix,  also  contained  iii  one  time  a  large  amount  of  the  u])per  grade  of  pine,  now,  howover,  all 
removed.  This  grew  among  hard-wood  timber,  on  good  Koil,  which,  when  tlic  timber  is  cut  oil",  is  valuable  for 
farming  purposes.  The  pine  in  this  part  of  the  state  did  not  grow  in  extensive  tracts.  It  was  scattered  through 
the  hard-wood  timber,  from  1  to  10  large  pine  trees  growing  on  an  acre — trees  which  would  scale  from  1,000  to  3,500 
feet  of  lumber  each.    There  are  still  small  bodies  of  this  large  i)ine  left,  but  the  great  bulk  of  it  is  gone. 

"  As  we  go  north  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the  forest  we  enter  a  lighter  soil,  where  cedar  and  tamarack 
swamjis  are  interspersed  between  the  hardwood  ridges.  ]\Iany  of  these  swamps  are  natural  peatbogs,  covered 
with  cedar,  tamarack,  and  si)ruce.    The  tree  growth  upon  them  is  heaviest  near  the  outer  edges,  the  centers 


556 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


m. 


<    ' 


::r  S' 


i. 


■  I' 


often  beiii{j  covered  with  grass  or  cranberry  plauts.  These  swamps,  originally  the  beds  of  lakes,  are  now  tilling  up 
and  becoming  gradually  covered  with  timber.  On  the  Wolf  river  the  timber  was  very  heavy.  Instances  are  known 
of  10,000,000  or  12,000,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  having  been  cut  from  one  section  of  640  acres  in  the  Lower  Wolf 
River  region. 

"In  the  i)inc  f.>rest,  away  from  the  large  bodies  of  mixed  hard  wood  an<l  pine  previouslj'  described,  the  general 
character  of  the  timber  is  about  the  san\e,  varying  somewhat  in  dillerent  localities,  but  still  post<essing  the  same 
general  characteristics  and  qualities.  Where  the  pine  grows  in  large  solid  bodies  there  are  many  young  trees 
mixe<l  with  llie  older,  and  the  timber  is  generally  of  inferior  or  lower  gradt^  This  is  trne  of  pine  growing  about 
the  Iioiul  of  the  Flambeau  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  and  the  IMeuomonee  river  in  AVisconsin.  Large  jiine  cannot  grow 
and  niiitiire  upon  very  poor  soil,  and  where  the  soil  is  ])Oor  the  trees,  after  reaching  a  certain  size  or  age,  decay  and 
.ire  thrown  down  by  wind  or  destroyed  by  lire.  The  white  pine  in  Wisconsin  does  not  mature  except  upon  the  rich 
gravelly  loam  of  the  ridges. 

"The  princii)al  points  of  lumber  manufacture  at  present  in  Wisconsin  are  on  lake  Winnebago,  at  the  cities  of 
OsliUosh  and  JUuasiia,  which  take  largely  the  i)roduct  of  the  Wolf  and  Fox  Iliver  j)ineries;  at  Green  Ba>  and 
Oconto,  wliich  derive  their  logs  i)rincii)ally  from  the  Oconto  river;  at  Peshtigo,  on  the  Peshtigo  river;  at  Marinette, 
en  the  Menoi'ionee  river;  on  the  Wisconsin  river,  at  Grand  llapids,  Stevens  Point,  ilosinee,  Wausau,  and  Jennj-, 
the  terminus  of  the  Wisconsin  Valley  railroad,  and  at  Necedah,  on  the  Yellow  river.  Along  the  Wisconsin  Central 
raihoad,  from  Junction  City  to  Ashland,  ine  mills  of  more  or  less  capacity  at  every  station,  the  most  important  being 
at  «);;ein(i,  Ashland,  ^Nledford,  and  Unity.  Upon  the  iilack  river  the  i)rineii»al  mannfacturing  points  are  La  Crosse 
and  I'lack  Kiver  Falls.  On  the  Chicago,  Saint  Paul,  ."Minneapolis,  and  Omaha  railway,  at  Fairchild,  are  the  large 
mills  of  l'\)ster  &  Co.,  who  are  engaged  in  mainifacturing  the  timbi  r  lying  between  the  lilack  river  and  the  waters  of 
the  ('lii,)pe\va,  included  in  the  Chippewa  estimate.  On  the  Chij)pewa  river  the  largest  manufacturing  establishment 
is  the  r.iissis.sippi  Kiver  Logging  Company,  composed  of  iifteen  of  the  heaviest  concerns  upon  the  Mississippi  river. 
These  tirnis  obtain  their  stock  mostly  froip  the  Chippewa  river,  the  logs  being  driven  down  to  its  mouth  into  what 
is  calletl  the  'lleef  Slough  boom',  where  they  are  separated  and  formed  into  rafts  and  towed  to  the  difl'erent  mills 
bilow.  This  company  cuts  on  the  Chippewa  about  l()il,000,000  feet  a  year.  The  i»rineij)al  manufacturing  points 
on  llie  ('liippewa  deriviiig  their  logs  from  its  basin  are  situated  at  Waubeck,  Dnnnville,  Menomonee,  Meridian,  and 
Eau  Cl:<ire,  where  several  large  and  important  manufacturing  establishments  are- located.  Higher  up  the  river 
the  Hadger  State  Lumber  Company  and  the  (irand  Island  Lnmber  Company  an>  lo(;ated,  ami  at  Cliipj)ewa  Falls, 
the  comity  seat  of  Chippewa  county,  the  Chipi)ewa  Lumber  and  Boom  Comi)any  has  a  large  water-mill,  with  a 
capacity  of  Or»,()0(>,(IOO  feet  a  year,  besides  several  smaller  concerns.  The  railroad  extending  from  Chippewa  Falls 
eastward  throngii  Chijjpewa  a'ltl  Clark  connties  into  Marathon  county,  and  joining  the  Wiseonsin  Central  railroad 
at  Abbot t^sioni,  jjasses  through  a  liard-wood  ctiuiitrv.  Several  (inns  are  already  established  upon  tiiis  line  and 
have  coiiiiiienced  t!>e  manufaetuic  of  staves  and  tlie  production  of  hard-wood  lumber  for  wagons,  etc.,  and  are 
developing  a  large  business.  This  road  runs  through  one  of  thetliiest  bodit's  of  hard  wood  in  the  state,  »M)ntainiug 
large  imounts  of  oak  and  maple  growing  on  a  line  soil  suitable  tor  farming.  The  Ciiippewa  IJiver  eonntiy  now 
contains  the  largest  body  of  white  pine  of  the  best  quality  left  in  the  states  of  Micfhigan,  Wisconsin,  and  ^linnesota. 
It  is,  however,  being  very  ri;pidiy  cut. 

"It  is  found  in  going  north  toward  the  heads  of  the  streams  that  the  timber  stan<ls  more  in  large  groves, 
and  that  there  is  less  hard- wood  timber  ndxed  with  the  i»ine.  When  the  htggers  attack  these  forests  they  cut 
clean  as  they  go,  the  timber  being  of  more  uniform  size  anc'  age,  ami  there  being  less  undergrowth  than  farther 
down  the  streams.  It  is  found,  also,  that  the  pineries  on  the  heads  of  the  streams  do  not  hold  out  as  well  or  yiehl 
as  large  an  anuaint  of  timber  as  those  farther  south,  where  the  forests  border  on  the  luairie  lands  an«l  where  the 
pines  grow  on  better  soil.  This  is  true  both  of  the  Wisconsin  and  of  the  Mi«!higan  i)ineries.  The  poorer  soils  in 
the  northern  i)ortion  of  the  state  do  not  grow  and  mature  the  large  sai»iing  forests  of  pine  fouml  in  the  southern 
l)ortioiisof  the  pine  belt.  So  that,  while  there  is  still  a  large  area  which  has  not  been  cut  and  which  may  api)ear 
inexhaustible,  yet,  owing  to  the  fact  that  tiie  timber  lies  more  in  groves,  and  that  there  are  here  wide  extents  oi 
tamarack  a!id  cedar,  swamps  and  tipen  spaces,  the  gi(»iind  will  be  cut  over  more  rapidly  than  when  th<!  forest  was 
lirst  entered.  This  is  true  of  the  i)ine  standing  upon  all  the  streams  of  northern  Wis<!onsin  in  the  Menomonee 
distriiit — the  W^isconsin,  the  Chippewa,  Saint  Croix — and  on  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Superior.  (Jommencing  at 
Menomonee,  on  the  Chicago,  Saint  Paul,  Minneaixdis,  and  Omaha  railway,  and  running  west  througli  the  .'50  miles 
of '  b'g  wiKxls',  large  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  ha}(l-wood  timber  an«l  of  what  little  scattered  jtine  tlu're  is  left  are 
established  at  Kiiapp,Wilson,  lletsey,  Woodville,  and  P.aldwin  stations.  The  ])rincipal  manufactories  in  the  Saint 
Croix  district  are  at  Hudson,  on  the  Willow  river,  and  at  Stillwater,  in  Minnesota,  which  receives  its  logs  from  the 
Sai.it  Croix,  in  Wisconsin,  and  <vhich,  therefor*',  should  be  treated  as  one  of  the  Wisconsin  jiinery  manufactories. 
At  Somerset,  on  Apple  river,  there  is  one  mill ;  there  is  one  at  Osceola,  upon  the  Saint  Croix,  and  upon  the  N(Uthern 
Wisconsin  railroad,  which  runs  througli  the  Samt  Croix  divisi(ui;  at  Clayton,  Granite  Lake,  and  Shell  Lake  are 
large  mills.  There  are  also  other  mills  ahtng  tiiis  road  on  the  Lake  Siiiierior  shore.  Then^  are  mills  of  smaJl 
capacity  at  Superior  City,  Bayfleld,  and  Ashland  ;  the  latter  receiv<'  their  logs  by  tln^  Wisconsin  Central  railroad 
from  the  ?.ad  lliver  pinery. 


Hli 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


557 


now  tilJiiig  up 
!es  are  kuowii 
»  Lower  Wolf 

1,  the  general 
iiiig  the  same 
'  young  trees 
rowing  about 
cannot  grow 
,'e,  decay  and 
jpon  the  rich 

i  the  cities  of 
een  Ba.\  and 
it  Marinette, 
,  and  .Tennj-, 
ii'sin  Central 
lortant  being 
re  La  Crosse 
tre  tlie  large 
he  waters  of 
<tablishin(!nt 
issi[)|)i  river, 
th  into  what 
li'erent  mills 
iiring  points 
eridian,  and 
up  the  river 
>jH'wa  Falls, 
mill,  with  a 
)pewa  Falls 
rai  raihoad 
"s  line  and 
c, and  are 
eontainiiig 
)nntry  now 
ilinncsota. 

•ge  groves^ 
ts  they  cut 
lan  Carther 
'II  or  yield 
where  tlw. 
rer  soils  in 
a  southern 
ay  appear 
extents  ol 
forest  was 
enonionee 
leneing  at 
I'  .'50  miles 
is  left  are 
the  Haiut 
i  from  the 
[factories. 
Northern 
Lake  are 
I  of  small 
1  railroad 


''On  the  Eau  Claire  river  the  timber  is  small  and  sound,  growing  very  thick  and  long;  there  are  frequent 
instances  where  1,200,000  or  even  1,500,000  feet  of  lumber  have  been  cut  upon  a  40acre  lot.  One  tree  was  cut 
on  Jump  river  some  years  ago  which  scaled  7,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  general  character  of  this  timber,  especially 
upon  the  main  Chippewa  or  West  Bi'auch  and  a  portion  of  the  Flambeau,  is  called  'big  sapling  pine'.  Of  the  true 
cork  i)ine  very  little  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  Wisconsin,  probably  because  the  soil  is  not  strong  enough  to 
permit  its  full  development.  The  general  character  of  the  timber  upon  the  Wisconsin  river  is  very  much  the  same 
as  that  upon  the  main  Chippewa.  There  are  instances  of  very  fine  pine  having  been  cut  in  the  hard-wood  forest 
upon  the  lower  part  of  the  river,  and  some  fine  groves  are  found  even  as  far  north  as  the  Tomahawk  and  East 
Branch.  The  Flambeau  river,  or  East  Branch  of  the  Chippewa,  has  also,  in  ranges  2  and  3  east,  extending  from 
townships  35  to  41  north,  inclusive,  some  excellent  bodies  of  upper-grade  pine. 

"  On  the  Jumj)  river  are  some  fine  bodies  of  pine,  nearly  api)roachuig  in  quality  Michigan  cork  pine  and  running 
hugely  to  '  uppers'.  This  is  true  also  of  the  pine  upon  the  Yellow  river,  where  the  timber  grows  largely  scattered 
among  hard  woods  and  is  of  tine  quality.  One  of  the  finest  bodies  of  pine  in  Wisconsin  is  that  which  belongs  to 
Cornell  university,  lying  in  townships  33  to  38,  ranges  8  and  9,  in  the  highest  part  of  Chippewa  county,  on  the 
divide  between  the  Chii)pewa  and  Ked  Cedar  rivers.  On  this  body  frequent  estimates  of  1,000,000  feet  to  40  acres 
have  been  made.  On  the  Saint  Croix  river  are  many  barren  areas  timbered  with  scrub  ])ine,  patches  of  Norway 
pine,  and  small  black  and  white  oak.  These  barrens  cover  about  700,000  acres  of  the  Saint  Croix  region.  The  soil  is 
sandy,  and  fires  ruu  over  the  country  every  year.  South  of  these  barrens,  in  Poik,  Barren,  Saint  Croix,  Dunn,  and 
Fierce  counties,  is  a  tract  of  very  valuable  hard-wood  land,  upon  which  the  greatest  i)ortion  of  the  timber  is  now 
standing,  although  settlements  are  already  largely  scattered  through  this  region.  This  bo;'y  of  hard  wood  contains 
a  large  amount  of  valuable  white-oak  stave  timber  and  much  timber  suitable  for  genera'  im:  i,,  facturing  purposes. 
It  is  being,  however,  rapidly  destroyed  by  settlers  and  by  the  fires  incident  to  agriculti        •■    '  logging  operations. 

"In  Clark  county,  which  lies  partly  in  the  Chipi)ewa  aiul  i)artly  in  the  Black  Hi  ii  n';^i  »n,  are  large  bodies 
of  hard-wood  timber  as  yet  uncut  and  growing  upon  laud  valuable  for  farming  i)urpose-.,  .'liis  growth  extends  as 
far  north  as  the  nortluvrn  line  of  the  county.  The  same  body  of  timber  extends  east  through  Marathon  and  Wood 
counties,  and  is  particularly  fine  in  the  western  portions;  The  same  body  of  hard-wood  timber  continues  east 
toward  lake  Michigan,  including  the  counties  of  Portage,  AVaui)aca,  Shawano,  Outagamie,  Winnebago,  Brown, 
Kewaunee,  Manitowoc,  Calumet,  Fond  du  Lac,  Sheboygan,  and  Ozaukee.  Large  tracts  in  these  counties  are,  of 
course,  cleared  and  settled  ;  still  they  contain  large  bodies  of  unoccupied  hard- wood  timber,  and  the  oi!i)ortiinities 
for  cheap  farms  are  plenty. 

"  Of  the  forest  region  proper  of  Wisconsin,  fully  •>  per  cent,  is  not  covered  with  timber;  this  includes  swamps, 
lakes,  rivers,  bottoms,  etc.  In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  forest  area,  <  ver  a  region  from  3."»  to  ."iO  miles  in 
width,  th»'  hard  wood  predominates,  only  about  one-fifth  of  the  forest  growth  being  jtine.  North  of  this  hardwood 
region  projter,  perhaps  one-half  of  the  forest  growth  is  pine  and  other  soft  woods  and  the  rest  hard  woods.  I  lenilock 
is  -scattered  through  the  pine  forest  outside  of  the  heavy  hard-wood  areas.  A  careful  estimate  of  the  hemlock  timber 
now  staniling  gives  the  fol!(»wing  results,  the  divisions  agreeing  with  those  used  in  estimating  the  standing  i)ine  : 
On  the  Chippewa  river,  upon  3,000,000  acres,  l.>,r>00,0(iO,0()0  feet  of  hemlock  ;  on  the  Saint  Croix  river,  upon  1,000,000 
acres,  ."lOl^OOtMKX)  feet  of  I  endoek ;  on  the  Black  river,  upon  3.J0,000  acres,  100,000,000  feet  of  hendock;  in  the 
country  east  of  the  Wisconsin  Biver  division,  and  including  the  Wolf,  Oconto,  Peshtigo,  and  Menomonee  rivers 
and  their  tributaries,  upon  3,000,000  acres,  1  ,r»00,000,000  feet. 

"The  total  area  in  the  state  on  which  hemlock  timber  grows  is  about  10,500,000  acres,  containing,  roughly, 
f>,rt( M),000,000  feet.  The  <)uality  of  the  hemlock  tind)er  in  Wisconsin  is  not  so  good  as  that  grown  in  New  York  and 
noitlieru  Peunsylvania,  although  it  is  valuable  for  its  bark,  and  the  tind)er  when  jieeled  can  be  driven  down  with 
the  pine  and  sawed  at  the  mills  into  dimensicm  stuff  for  use  where  coarse  lund)er  is  lecpiired. 

*'lleiu>rally,  therefore,  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  may  be  divided  into  th(!  hard-wood  lands  already  described, 
along  the  southern  borders,  from  which  the  pine  has  been  mostly  cut;  north  of  thif-,  and  extending  northward 
somewhat  indelinitely,  the  mixed  gn)Wth  of  hard  wood  and  i>ine,  growing  ui)on  aoW  adapted  for  agricultural  i)urposea. 
The  open  meadows  in  this  region  are  covered  either  with  grass  or  cranberry  nnirshes,  alike  valuable  to  the  hunber 
and  farming  interests.  .About  the  head  of  the  Flambeau  river  are  large  open  s)iaces  rtinning  into  groves  of  heavy 
pine  timber.  These  o|)en  spaces,  once  lakes  or  swamps,  are  drying  uji  and  the  tind)er  is  gradiudly  spreading  over 
tiiem.  There  are  bodies  of  timber  scatteie<l  through  the  southern  ]>ortions  of  the  state  outside  of  the  original  forest 
area,  but  the  amount  of  this  timber  is  relatively  so  small  tliiil  it  cannot  be  considered  of  comnu-rcial  importance, 
and  hardly  sup[ilies  the  wants  of  the  population  occupying  the  thickly-.settled  southern  counties. 

"Five .thousand  men  are  employed  in  the  jtiiuuies  of  the  Chipi)ewa  river.  They  are  expected  to  cut  during 
the  logging  season  about  000,000,00(t  feet  t)f  logs,  or  an  average  i>er  man  of  over  100,000  feet.  This  rule  is  not 
applicable  to  the  northwestern  pineries  generally^  for  in  Michigan,  as  the  timber  is  now  farther  from  the  streams, 
the  average  cut  ]ter  nuui  is  not  as  great,  aiul  80,000  feet  per  man  woidd  perhaps  be  a  fair  average,  taking  the 
pineries  of  the  whole  northwest. 


1; 

I  'I 
h  'I' 


558 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


"  The  auitual  increase  or  growth  of  timber  is  countcrbahinced  by  the  aiimial  waste  by  wiudiiills  and  the  uatuial 
decay  of  the  ohl  trees.  The  loss  to  the  forest  by  lire  is  an  uulvuown  quantity,  but  it  is  quite  a  large  amount, 
probably  5  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  The  lunibernieu  waste  the  log  which  runs  into  the  to[»  of  the  tree;  this  is 
knotty,  but  usually  souud,  aud  would  nuike  good  merchantable  lumber.  It  is  left  in  the  woods,  however,  because 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  work  in  trimming  the  knots  aud  cutting  oif  the  limbs.  From  an  ordinary-sized  tree  four 
Kj-foot  logs  are  usually  taken,  the  rest  being  left.  Often  this  to])  log  is  L'2  inches  in  diameter  at  the  butt  and  will 
scale  from  100  to  1-0  feet.  Loggers  are  paid  so  much  per  thousand  feet  by  tl;e  lumberman,  and  tlie  amount  they 
receive  is  so  small  that  they  caiuiot  allbrd  to  sj>eii(l  the  time  to  finish  ujt  and  lake  out  the  fifth  or  last  log,  which  is 
th«>refore  left  in  the  woods  and  lost.  Nearly  one-tenth  of  the  timber,  therefore,  is  left  in  the  woods  and  lost.  The 
lires  about  flie  old  choppings,  or  where  lumber  operations  are  going  on,  are  jtrincipally  caused  l»y  the  carelessness 
of  woodsmen  in  Imnting  up  land-lines,  or  of  driving-crews  on  the  river  in  the  si)ring  who  leave  their  lires,  or  by 
explorers  in  tlie  forest  dnriug  the  montli  of  May  or  June  leaving  their  camp  fires  burning.  In  all  the  old  cuttings 
th(>  dried  i)ine  boughs  and  other  timber  left  on  the  grouiul  get  very  dry,  and  fire  once  started  burns  with  great 
rapidity  and  violence. 

'•  As  a  matter  of  fact,  more  than  half  the  area  from  which  pine  forests  have  been  cut  in  the  northwest  is  soouar 
or  later  bui  ned  over.  Tlic  lire  destroys  the  young  trees  aud  changes  the  nature  of  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  that 
the  next  crop  which  conies  up  consists  of  briers  and  poplars,  and  then  hard  woods.  When  pine  is  cut  off"  or  burned 
it  does  not  come  in  again,  and  1  have  never  seen  any  old  clioi»|)ingsof  pine  come  uj)  with  pine  again,  even  when  some 
trees  were  left  and  tjic  ground  had  not  been  burned,  although  where  a  few  large  trees  only  are  removed  from  a 
pine  forest  growing  on  good  soil  the  small  trees  left  standing,  if  prottcted  from  lire,  will  continue  to  grow." 


'       i: 


.AlINXESOTA. 

The  >Jortliern  Pine  Belt  finds  in  Alinnesota  its  extreme  western  limit  in  the  United  States  in  longitude  l>jO30', 
and  its  soiitli western  limit  near  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  latitude.  Along  its  southern  aud  western  borders  a 
narrow  terriloiy  covered  with  an  oi)en  growtii  of  hard  wood  separates  the  forests  of  pine  from  the  jirairie,  which 
occupies  all  the  sontbern  and  western  j)ortioiis  of  the  state. 

The  same  general  features  which  eliaracterize  the  pine  belt  of  Wisconsin  extend  into  Minnesota.  The  i)ine  in 
the  southern  port  ion,  confined  to  gi-avelly  ridges,  is  scattered  through  forests  of  hard  wood.  Farther  north  the 
forest  changes  in  character,  the  i)ine  being  small  aud  of  inferior  quality.  Broad  areas  of  barren  land  covered  with 
stunted  birch,  gray  pine,  and  scrub  oak  occur,  while  the  whole  country  is  thickly  studded  with  lakes  and  with 
tamarack  and  ci-ila r  swamps.  North  of  the  Mississip[)i  liiver  divide  tlu;  country  is  more  open ;  the  forest  is  stunted 
and  of  little  value,  and  iiiiie  is  only  found  in  small,  scattered  clumps  mixed  with  spruce,  tamarack,  and  yellow  cedar. 
The  forest  giosMli  liere  occupies  ])erhai)s  two-thirds  <tf  the  rocky  or  swami)y  surface  of  the  ground.  Its  jn'odm^tive 
capacity  is  no!  larue,  ainf  the  nortlicrn  part  of  the  stale  is  not  adapted  to  lumbering  o]K'rations. 

The  i>iiie  lias  been  removed  from  the  jiriucipal  streams  of  the  state,  and  that  which  remains,  except  in  the 
region  tributary  !<•  I  ike  Superior  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Ked  lake,  is  now  inaccessible  or  of  comparatively  inferior 
<piality.  The  best  Irml  wood  forests  of  the  stale,  as  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  have  sull'ered  seriously  by  lires 
started  in  abandoned  ])ineries,  or  in  clearing  land  for  agriculture. 

During  the  eensiis  year  J-'ilVSO.!  acres  of  woodland  were  rejiortcd  devastated  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$l,;iyr),lli>.     'J'he  lar;;est  number  of  these  lires  was  set  in  clearing  laud  or  by  sparks  from  locomotives. 

The  niiinufactiiie  of  coojierage  stock  to  supply  the  large  fiouringniills  of  the  state  is  an  important  industry. 
Manufactiireis  report  a  growing  scarcity  and  general  di'terioration  of  material.  IJasswood,  elm,  and  ash  are  largely 
used;  oak  is  interior  in  (piality  to  that  grown  farther  cast  and  south. 

The  following  estimates  of  the  amount  of  pine  timber  stamling  in  Minnesota  May  31,  1880,  were  preinued  by 
Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam: 

WIIIIK  PIM:  U'iiihx  .'<lrohm). 

•^  I         lll^a^>Illl'. 

MlsniMipiii  liMTiiiMi  liiliiilariiH 2, !Hiu, OOO, 000 

Kjiliv  lake  luiil  Itainy  I.ako  rlvi'r ;tOO,  0(KJ,  Ool) 

l!i  .1  I.iiKi'  live:  ami  otlu  i  liilpiitaries  cf  Mif  Keil  river nOO,  OOO,  OOil 

Sainl  Limis  !  ivir  and  (ributaiii's ;i,  500,  OoO,  WIO 

Sliori'  of  lalio  Sop.  lim K70, 000, 000  . 

I'iPlal 8, 170,  0U«,  080 

flit  fur  Ihi- ii'iixiiK  y.ar,  Piirlim:  Slay  .■)!.  IHfU  (hirliiilinn  187,830,000  .140,0117,000 

»!iiii;;l.  X  anil  ■'■.■i.u^s.Ollll  liilljK). 


In  the  belt  <>{'  hard  wood  cxteiiiliiig  west  and  south  of  the  pine  region,  and  consisting  of  white,  red,  and  burr 
oak,  sii„'.>r  maple,  j)op!,ir,  etc.,  it  is  estimated  that  .'!,.S10.0(»lJ  acres  of  forest  remain,  capable  of  vielding  an  average 


|i 


iii.i  n^i»aB:t,iigjii  L  !jij.L 


il  the  uutuiiil 
rge  amount, 
tree;  this  is 
iver,  because 
zed  tree  four 
)utt  and  will 
imouut  they 
log,  which  is 
d  lost.  The 
carelessuess 
f  iiies,  or  by 
old  cuttiugs 
i  with  great 

-'st  is  sooner 
und,  so  tiiat 
H'  or  burued 
1  when  some 
lived  troin  » 
ow," 


ude  i>dO  30', 
1  borders  a 
lirie,  which 

Tlie  ])ine  iii 
I'  north  the 
ivcred  with 
^  and  with 
is  stunted 
How  cedar, 
productive 

ept  in  the 
ly  inferior 
ily  by  (ires 

ted  loss  of 

industry, 
re  Iargel.\ 

ej)iued  b> 


und  l»urr 

I  a\('ragt» 


XraiH  i:ENf.Trs  Of  THE  UHnEU  iTATEf 


MAT  OF 

MINNESOTA 

SIIOWI.NC.  rUK  DISTRIBt'TIOX  OF   "" 


i;  rUK  DISTRIBt'TIOX  OF   FOKK.STS,        | 
n  Sl'KClAI.  HEUiKKNCE  TO  THK  >' 

I.r.MllKH  IN1)|-.STHY.  ^^^ 


THY. 

('i>Mi'n.i:i>  I'NnKii  thk  uihkction  »v 
(■  S  S.MHillNT,  SI'Kt'lAr.  AliK.M' 


I '',    I ; 


i'! 


■I 


'■;:* 


w^ 


I'ii 


M 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


559 


of  16  cords  of  wood  to  the  acre,  or  57,600,000  cords.    The  cut  for  the  census  year  endiug  May  31,  1880  (exclusive  of 
7,825,000  staves  aud  547,000  sets  of  headings),  was  30,884,000  feet. 

Minnesota  is  the  eighth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-ujauufacturing  interests.  The  principal  centers 
of  manufacture  are  Minneapolis,  upon  the  Mississippi  river,  the  Saint  Croix  river  in  Washington  county,  the 
Mi88is.sippi  river  in  Anoka  county,  and  Duluth,  near  the  month  of  the  Saint  Louis  river. 

The  following  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Putnam's  report  upon  the  forests  of  Minnesota: 

"The  great  hard  wood  forest  of  Minnesota  lies  to  the  south  aud  west  of  the  i»ine  forest,  extending  north  and 
northwest  from  Freeborn  aud  Mower  counties  on  the  southeast  into  Marshall  county,  and  to  within  50  or  GO  miles  of 
the  boundary-line  between  Canada  and  the  United  States.  This  body  of  Iiard  wood,  wliich  is  some  300  miles  long 
Ijy  about  20  miles  wide,  borders  upon  the  prairie,  and  is  the  extreme  western  body  of  timber  of  any  commercial, 
value  east  of  the  Kocky  mountains.  This  forest  covers  about  3,840,000  acres  of  huid  generally  valuable  for 
agricultural  j/urposes,  besides  its  timber,  which  will  average  about  15  cords  to  the  acre.  The  surface  of  the  la.ul 
is  level  or  geutly  undulating,  well  watered,  particularly  the  so-called  'park  region '  which  lies  iu  Becker,  Otter  Tail, 
Douglas,  Stearns,  and  Todd  counties,  and  in  fact  extends  through  Wright,  Hennepin,  (^arver,  Le  Sueur,  Kice,  and 
Steele  counties. 

"Xorth  and  east  of  this  belt  of  hard  wood  the  piue  forests  conuueuce  at  a  j)oinL  where  the  southern  line  of  the 
Wisconsiu  forest  crosses  the  Saint  Croix  river,  near  Taylor's  Falls.  They  extend  northwesterly  through  the  counties 
of  Chisago,  Isanti,  Mille  Lacs,  Benton,  Morrison,  Todd,  Otter  Tail,  Becker,  l\)lk,  and  Beltrami,  nearly  parallel  to 
the  line  of  the  hard-wood  forest,  and,  crossing  Ifed  Lake  river,  extend  round  to  the  north  of  lied  lake,  and  thence 
easterly,  reaching  the  shore  of  lake  Superior  at  the  Grand  Portage. 

"  The  general  character  of  the  pine  in  Minnesota  is  similar  to  that  of  northern  Wisconsin,  although  it  contains 
more  sapling  i»ine  and  a  smaller  percentage  of  '  uppers.'  It  is  generally  somewhat  scattering  and  in  smaller  groves. 
Large  areas  of  barren  land  within  the  forest  proper  are  covered  with  hireh,  through  which  are  scattered  patches  of 
small  i)ine,  while  large  areas  of  swamp  bear  only  tamiira<-k  and  cedar.  The  piue  of  Minnesota  is  estimated  as 
follows : 

"1.  On  the  portion  tributary  to  the  llainy  lake  and  Uainy  Lake  river,  including  the  Big  Fork,  the  Little  Fork, 
and  the  Vermillion  rivers,  300,000,000  feet.  This  stands  upon  streams  which  flow  northward.  This  pine  will 
naturally  be  sent  to  Manitoba. 

"2.  On  the  northern  shore  of  lake  Superior,  east  of  Duliith,  and  covering  the  waters  tributary  to  lake  Superior, 
of  which  very  little  is  surveyed  and  no  area  is  given,  870,000,000  feet. 

"3.  On  the  waters  of  the  Saint  Louis,  including  the  Clociuet,  White  Face,  and  other  small  streams,  3,500,000,000 
feet. 

"4.  t)ii  Red  Lake  river  and  its  tributaries.  The  great  body  of  pine  in  this  division  is  principally  upon  Red  lake 
and  Red  Lake  river.     It  is  estimated  to  contain  000,000,000  feet,  although  it  is  netirly  all  unsnrveyed. 

"5.  On  the  Mississippi  river  and  tributaries  above  Minneapolis,  2,!)00,000,000  feet. 

"About  one  half  ot  the  pine  has  been  cut  in  Carlton  county;  it  has  all  been  cut  in  Pine  county  with  the 
excepiion  of  that  growing  in  a  few  townshijjs.  It  has  nearly  all  been  cut  iu  Chisago,  Kanabec,  ilorrison,  and 
Crow  W  ing  counties.  A  great  deal  of  jtine,  too,  has  been  cut  in  Cass  county,  while  Todd,  Otter  Tail,  and  Wadena 
have  all  bevn  lait  over.  The  juincipal  bodies  of  i)ine  now  remaining  are  located  in  Cook,  Lake,  Saint  Louis,  Cass, 
Itasca,  and  Beltrami  countit's.  There  were  a  lew  thousand  acres  growing  on  the  Roseau  river,  where  it  runs  into 
northwestern  .AIiniiesota,but  this  has  all  been  cut  by  the  Canadians.  There  is  no  hemlock  or  spruce  in  Minnesota. 
There  are  occasional  ritlges  of  hard  wood  within  the  jiine  fon'st,  as  in  Wis(ronsin  and  ^lichigaii. 

"A  large  portion  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  is  as  yet  unsnrveyed  and  but  little  known,  except  that,  in 
the  region  extending  from  .U)  to  100  ujiles  south  from  the  international  lini',  there  is  little  pine  of  commercial  value. 
It  is  an  (ipen  country,  full  of  bogs,  swai'ijis,  rocks,  and  wide  areas  of  worthless  land;  this  region  extends  from  the 
Arrow  river  cilear  through  to  the  international  line,  south  and  west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  to  the  Vermillion 
lake. 

"Along  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  aiul  north  and  east  of  the  Mille  La<!S  country  are  large  swamps 
covered  with  tamarack  timber  of  commercial  value.  Through  this  country  are  many  marshy  lakes  containing  tioating 
islands,  lands  in  process  of  formation  by  the  accumulation  oC  vegetation.  The  timber  in  this  district  is  growing  and 
increasing,  and  if  tires  can  be  kept  out  of  the  laniaracli  and  cedar  timber  the  small  i)inc  will  grow  rapidly. 

"The  timber  which  grew  on  the  Saint  Cioix  river  in  Minnesota  was  tribntaiy  to  Stillwater,  and  has  all  been 
cut  and  manufactured  there. 

"The  principal  manufactories  of  pnie  on  lUv-  Mississipi)!  liver  are  at  .Minneapolis. 


:3   >1 


I 


a  ;i 


"I'OKKSTS   ON    IM)1A.N    KKSKUVATIONS. 


"Referring  to  the  Red  Lake  Indian  reservation  in  Minnesota,  and  other  Indian  reservations  on  which  the  i)ino 
remains  uncut,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  I,()00,00O.()Uil  feet,  it  may  lu>  said  tlial  they  are  nearly  all  unsnrveyed, 
und  are  generally  covered  with  a  he.ivy  pine  I'oresI,  and  that  liie  lands  are  unlit  lor  agricultural  purposes  and  only 


■ 

■B|{ 

! 

1 J  f 

f 

H 

^■^H 

s  ; 

■ 

|i'     ■ 

^^Hf 

'  :      '  ^  i 

fMBn 

1^!  ^:  1 

a&Bi  ^P 

P|||!     : 

ills* 

f  if  * 

y  f  y-     j 

if  ^ 

I'ltf  ^ 

|\ 

r  ■> 

1', 

'  1     '   „;i  .13 

\     1      '1  iiS  i 

Hli 

) 

■m^  *lr'w 

;    1  .    It     ' 

1      ift  f ' 

1  %      ;      ii 

■  I 

i 

i 

560 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


I 
1 


valuable  for  the  pine  timber  which  grows  upon  them.  These  reservations  should  be  held  as  loufr  as  possible  by  the 
government  as  a  timber  reserve.  They  should  not  be  surveyed  and  subdivided  except  so  far  as  may  be  necessary 
for  their  protection,  and  they  should  not  be  offered  for  sale  until  some  necessity,  now  unforeseen,  arises  for  their 
disposal.  The  1,000,000,000  feet  of  pine  should  be  held  until  the  amount  for  which  it  can  be  sold  is  needed  by  the 
Indians,  or  until  a  price  near  its  value  can  be  obtained  for  it.  By  selling-  the  land  now  the  value  of  the  timber 
cannot  be  realized,  while  the  interest  of  the  settlers  who  may  hereafter  enter  ujion  the  prairies  would  seem  to 
demand  that  some  reservation  of  pine  should  be  made  for  tliem,  if  jjossible.  Tiie  proposition  to  bring  these  lands 
into  market,  subject  to  pre-emption  and  homestead  entry,  is  against  the  interest  of  every  one  except  the  few  worthless 
tramps  and  irresponsible  persons  who  may  seek  to  enter  and  i)rocure  a  title  to  these  lands;  and  even  if  the  land 
was  so  c^  1  to  homestead  and  pre-emption  entry,  the  aim  and  purpose  of  these  laws  could  not  be  carried  out,  for 
no  farm'  will  be  made  nor  homesteads  improved  in  this  Indian  country. 

"The  White  Earth  Indian  reservation  is  largely  covered  with  hard  wood,  there  being  no  pine  upon  more  than 
a  quarter  of  its  area.  The  land  is  desirable  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  may  be  utilized  for  the  settlement  of 
Indiiins,  or  under  the  homestead  and  pre-emption  laws  by  whites,  but  the  pine  lauds  are  unfit  for  cultivation,  and 
the  homesteading  or  pre-enii)ting  of  them  should  not  be  allowed." 

IOWA. 

Iowa  lies  within  tlie  i)rairie  region.  The  broad  bottom  lands  along  the  river  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  state 
once  bore  heavy  forests  of  broad-leaved  trees.  Farther  west  the  tree  growth  was  less  heavy  in  the  narrower 
bottoms.  All  over  the  state,  however,  forests  lined  the  streams  and  often  spread,  especially  in  the  southwestern 
counties,  over  the  uplands.  Since  the  first  settlement  of  the  state  the  forest  area  has  increased  by  the  natural 
spread  of  trees  over  ground  protected  from  lire,  and  by  considerable  j)lantations  of  cottonwood,  maple,  and  other 
trees  of  rajiid  growth  mvide  by  fanners  to  sui)i>]y  fuel  an<l  slielter. 

Tiie  natural  forests  have  been  everywhere  largely  culled  of  their  most  valuables  timber,  and  in  spite  of  their 
increased  acreage  are,  in  their  commercial  aspect,  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination.  jManufacturers  of  cooperage 
stock  and  others  using  Iowa  timber  report  great  scarcity  and  general  det'.'rioration  of  stock. 

During  the  census  year  11,017  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  Are,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$45,470.     These  tires  were  largely  the  result  of  carelessni^ss  in  clearing  land. 

Iowa  is  the  ninth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-nianuiacturing  interests.  It  owes  its  position  to 
numerous  large  mills  situated  along  the  Mississippi  river  entirely  snj)i>lied  with  logs  from  the  i)ineries  of  Wisconsin. 
The  amount  of  Iowa-grown  lumber  manufactured  is  insignilicant. 

iMIS8()lTRl. 

Southern  and  southwesjtern  Missouri  was  originally  covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  hard  woods,  thrimgli  which 
in  the  southern  counties  extensive  areas  of  the  short-leaved  piue  (ritfun  mitis),  covering  gravelly  ridges  and  the  low 
Ozark  hills,  were  common.  The  nortliern  and  western  limits  of  the  true  finest  region  may  be  delined  by  a  line 
entering  the  state  from  the  southwest,  in  the  soutlieiii  i)ait  of  Jaspt'r  county,  and  jiassiug  iiortlieasterly  tlirongh 
Dade,  Cedar,  Saint  Clair,  Henry,  Uenton.  Morgan,  and  Cooi)er  counties,  and  then  northward  to  tlie  borders  of  the 
state.  West  of  this  line  the  timl/cr  is  i.irgely  confined  to  the  broad  bottom  lands,  in  belts  often  2  or  .'5  miles  in 
width.  Farther  west  these  become  narrower  and  less  heavily  timbered.  The  extreme  northwestern  counties, 
Atchison  and  Xodawaj*,  are  almost  destitute  of  timber. 

The  forests  of  southeastern  Missouri  still  contain  great  stores  of  valuable  timber,  although  the  best  trees  liave 
been  cut  in  the  neigliborhood  of  all  settlements,  and  for  a  distance  varying  from  5  to  20  miles  back  from  all  lines 
of  railroad.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  best  white  oak  and  of  black  walnut,  once  common,  but  now  almost 
exterminated  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Manufacturers  of  cooperage  stock  report  a  gi  nving  scarcity  of  material  everywhere,  and  are  now  forced  to 
obtain  oak  from  Arkansas  and  eln;  and  basswood  from  the  rivers  of  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana.  The  further 
development,  however,  of  the  railroad  system  of  soutiiern  Missouri  will  make  available  for  manufacturing  jairposes 
a  large  amount  of  valuable  timber  now  remote  from  trans|»ortation. 

During  the  census  year.  783,04(i  acres  of  woodland  were  re]»orted  destroyed  by  lire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$204,865.  These  tires  were  traced  to  careless  hunters,  to  tires  set  in  clearing  farming  land,  to  sjjarks  from 
locomotives,  etc. 

A  gratifying  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  forest  in  the  parts  of  the  state  tirst  settled  has  followed  the 
enactment  of  a  fence  law  jneventing  the  general  ranging  of  stock  through  the  timber-land.  A  young  growth  has 
sprung  up  among  the  older  trees  and  along  thi'  borders  of  woodlands  protected  from  browsing  animals,  and  these 
young  forests  are  valuable  in  their  ])rospective  yield  and  as  an  indication  of  the  methods  which  must  be  adopted 
to  preserve  and  perpetuate  the  forests  of  the  whole  Atlantic  region. 


sHible  by  the 
be  necessary 
ises  for  tbcir 
3eded  by  the 
f  tlie  timber 
luld  seem  to 
these  lands 
»w  worthless 
1  if  the  land 
ried  out,  for 

u  more  than 
Bttlenient  of 
ivatiou,  and 


»f  the  state 
0  narrower 
uthwesteru 
the  natural 
,  and  other 

it(!  of  their 
cooperage 

ted  loss  of 

[position  to 
Wisconsin. 


iifiii  which 
id  the  low 

by  a  line 
y  throiish 
er.s  ol'  the 
3  miles  in 

count  ios, 


!l'' It'^ 


ij 


rccs  have 
1  iill  lilies 
)w  almost 


fi>rco<l  to 
ic  fuitlicr 
jMirposes 


od  loss  of 
rks  from 


nved  the 

owth  has 

nd  these 

adopted 


ii 


r  'ill' 


M 


!  ! 


UEPAHTMIONT   OK   TUfi;    IHTi:HK)P. 

ij-i .KS~—rr.—-:^    -— — 


irwJiH  OKfJsna  or  vm:  unitkd  ;-7Atfs. 


UiU'lUTA 


iuiiMsr..-.»M'-i'ti. 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


561 


Missouri  is  the  tenth  state  in  the  importance  of  its  lumber-manufacturing  interests.  It  owes  its  position  in 
part  to  large  mills  located  upon  the  Mississippi  river  manufacturing  logs  cut  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin.  A  much 
larger  amount  of  lumber,  however,  in  the  aggregate,  both  pine  and  hard  wood,  is  produced  in  numerous  small 
railroad  mills  located  along  the  line  of  the  Iron  Mountain  and  other  railroads  running  through  the  southern  part 
of  the  state. 

Saint  Louis  is  an  important  center  of  lumber  distribution.  It  receives  a  large  portion  of  the  Wisconsin  pine 
crop  by  raft,  Michigan  iiine  by  rail,  and  southern  pine  and  hard  woods  by  rail  and  river. 


DAKOTA. 

Dakota,  with  the  exception  of  its  river  lands  and  the  small  territory  between  the  north  and  south  forks  of 
the  Cheyenne  river,  is  practically  destitute  of  timber.  Tlie  bottoms  of  the  luincipal  streams  contain  extensive 
groves  of  hard  wood.  As  far  west  as  the  James  river  timber  exists  about  the  shores  of  the  larger  lakes,  and  upon 
the  Low  Turtle  and  Pembina  mountains  of  the  northern  boundary,  occasionally  ascending  the  cotes  or  sides  of  low 
tables  rising  from  the  prairie.  The  Black  hills,  an  extreme  outpost  of  the  Itocky  Mountain  system,  were  once 
heavily  timbered.  The  yellow  pine  of  the  Pacific  region  is  here  mingled  with  the  white  spruce,  the  canoe  birch, 
the  burr  oak,  and  the  elm  of  the  eastern  forests,  while  i)oplars  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions  grow  side  by 
side. 

Much  timber  has  already  been  cut  along  the  eastern  rivers  to  supply  the  wants  of  a  rapidly-increasing 
agricultural  population,  and  Hie  isolated  ])ine  forests  of  the  IJlack  hills,  separated  by  hundreds  of  miles  from 
any  equally  large  or  valuable  body  of  building  timber,  have  already  suttered  serious  inroads.  The  best  and  most 
accessible  pine  has  been  cut  and  manufactured  into  lundier  or  consumed  as  fuel  in  the  silver  mines  and  stamping 
mills  to  which  t'  region  owes  its  population,  and  much  timber  has  been  allowed  to  perish  in  the  tires  which  of 
late  years  have  oiten  swept  tlirough  these  forests. 

The  principal  center  of  lumber  manufacture  is  Deadwood,  in  the  Black  hills,  where  a  comparatively  large 
amount  of  jnne  is  sawed.  In  the  eastern  counties  a  little  oak  and  elia  is  manufactured,  for  the  most  part  in  small 
portable  mills. 

The  following  extracts  are  made  from  Mr.  H.  C  I'utnam's  report  upon  the  eastern  portions  of  the  territory: 

"  Along  the  whole  length  of  tlie  Missouri  river  in  Dakota  there  is  a  belt  of  hard-wood  timber  in  the  bottoms 
in  bodies  of  from  100  to  500  acres  in  extent.  This  timber  sometimes  grows  continuously,  but  more  often  there  are 
open  spaces  between  the  groves.  About  three-fourths  of  the  trees  are  burr  oak,  the  remainder  sycamore,  cottonwood, 
green  ash,  box-elder,  poplar,  willow,  etc.  A  similar  forest  growth  lines  the  banks  of  the  Bed  river  north  of  Fort 
Abercrombie  as  far  as  Fort  Pembina,  near  the  international  line.  Tin's  strip  of  timber  averages  perhaps  forty 
rods  in  width,  and  consists  of  the  same  varieties  of  trees  that  grow  upon  the  Missouri  river. 

"In  the  Pembina  monntains  and  west  of  Fort  Pembina,  on  the  Tongue  and  Pembina  rivers,  there  are  bodies  of 
timber,  generally  of  stunted  growth,  lying  mostly  along  the  sti'eams  or  about  the  Pembina  mountains  in  groves  of  from 
160  to  3,000  acres  in  extent.  Tiiis  timber  is  situated  principally  in  the  two  northern  tiers  of  townships  of  Pembina 
county.  It  has  no  value  except  as  fuel.  The  next  body  of  timber  in  Dakota  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  Devil  lake ; 
it  aggregates  some  25,000  acres,  distributed  as  follows:  At  Wood  lake,  some  20  miles  north  of  Devil  lake,  there 
are  1,000  acres;  on  Graham's  island,  a  pnmiontory  on  the  north  shore  of  Devil  lake,  near  the  northwest  end,  are 
2,500  acres  of  timber;  east  of  this,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  are  two  sroves  of  about  500  acres;  at  Bock 
island,  which  is  really  a  promontory  running  into  the  lake,  are  3,800  acres  of  timber;  around  the  east  and  north 
shores,  and  around  the  whole  southern  shore  of  the  lake,  past  Fort  Totten  to  the  extreme  west  end,  are  some  15,000 
acres  of  forest  adjacent  to  Devil  lake;  at  Stump  lake,  a  lake  some  15  miles  in  diameter  on  the  north  side  of 
Devil  lake,  there  are  1,400  acres  of  timber;  and  commencing  some  10  miles  south  of  Fort  Totten,  and  extending 
down  along  Cheyenne  river  into  township  140,  range  56,  in  Traill,  Foster,  and  Grand  Forks  counties,  are  about 
10,000  acres  of  timber.  The  valley  here  is  only  1  or  2  miles  in  width,  and  the  timber  is  generally  distributed 
through  it.  Probably  seven-eighths  of  all  this  Devil  Lake  timber  is  burr  oak ;  the  remainder  is  sycamore,  green 
ash,  etc.  This  timber  in  many  places  grows  large,  sometimes  30  or  40  feet  to  the  first  limb,  and  is  valuable  for  fuel, 
for  the  construction  of  log  houses,  and  for  general  use  by  settlers  in  the  absence  of  other  and  better  material. 

"  In  the  Turtle  mountains,  in  Bottineau  and  Bolette  counties,  and  extending  into  the  British  possessions,  is 
quite  a  large  tract  of  timber,  principally  oak  of  short,  scrubby  growth,  and  only  valuable  as  fire- wood.  A  body  of 
timber  from  1  mile  to  5  miles  iu  width  extends  for  150  miles  along  the  Mouse  river,  in  the  counties  of  Bottineau, 
McHenry,  Stevens,  and  Renville.  This  timber  is  composed  of  burr  oak,  box-elder,  sycamore,  green  ash,  etc.,  and 
is  suitable  for  flro-wood,  house-building,  and  rough  construction. " 

Mr.  Robert  Douglas,  of  Waukegan,  Illinois,  contributes  the  following  remarks  upon  the  forests  of  the  Black 
Hills  region,  of  which  he  made  a  critical  examination: 

"  From  Fort  Meade  the  stage  road  runs  about  2  miles  along  the  base  of  the  hills,  and  then  follows  up  through 

heavy  timber,  gaining  an  altitude  of  over  1,500  feet  above  the  fort  when  within  2  miles  of  Deadwood ;  thence  down  a 
36  Foit 


662 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


p    ' 


M  1^ 


Bteop  grade  of  about  a  mile  until  the  valley  is  reached,  and  then  up  the  valley  by  an  easy  grade  to  Deadwood.  Five 
days'  driving  through  the  hills  from  the  base  of  the  foot  hills  to  one  of  the  highest  ])eaks  shows  little  variation  in  the 
species  of  forest  trees.  The  yellow  pine  {Pinus ponderom)  is  the  only  tree  of  much  value  in  the  hills,  and  composes 
nineteen  twentieths  of  the  forest,  generally  covering  the  hills  from  base  to  summit.  The  trees  are  lar^'er  and 
stand  closer  together  than  in  Colorado,  and  grow  here,  too,  more  rapidly  than  farther  south,  as  is  shown  by  the 
width  of  the  annual  rings  of  growth  and  the  shoots  u])on  the  standing  trees.  This  is  the  only  tree  used  for  lumber 
at  the  saw-mills,  and  no  other  is  used  in  the  mines.  The  white  spruce  (Picea  alba)  grows  principally  near  the  water- 
courses, and  here  the  largest  trees  of  that  species  are  to  be  found.  It  is  scattered,  however,  through  the  i)ine8  even 
within  50  feet  of  the  summit  of  Terry's  peak.  It  is  condemned  by  both  saw-mill  proprietors  and  miners  as  lacking 
strength  and  being  very  knotty,  which  cannot  be  doubted,  as  it  retains  its  lower  branches  with  wonderful  tenacity, 
oven  when  growing  closely  and  in  dense  shade.  These  two  species  comprise  all  the  Coni/erw  in  the  Black  hills, 
with  the  exception  of  a  prostrate  juniper  and  rare  specimens  of  tiie  red  cedar.  The  burr  oak  is  found  in  the  valleys 
extending  into  the  foot-hills  and  along  the  creeks  for  40  or  50  miles  into  the  plains.  It  is  short,  gnarly,  and 
apparently  of  little  value,  although  exceptional  trees  in  the  valley  are  of  fair  size.  In  the  narrow  valleys  and  along 
watercourses  are  found  the  common  cottonwood,  black  willow,  narrow-leaved  cottonwood,  green  ash,  white  elm, 
box-elder,  irouwood,  canoe  birch,  and  quaking  asi)eii;  in  the  hills  canoe  birch,  mountain  ash,  hazel,  choke  cherry, 
and  juucberry  are  found  growing  side  by  side  with  the  suowberry  and  nmhonia  of  the  Pacitic  region.  The 
little  aspen  and  the  canoe  birch  perform  the  same  service  the  aspen  does  in  Colorado,  and  cover  the  ground  after 
the  timber  is  burned  off,  thus  making  a  shade  in  which  the  pine  seedlings  find  protection  from  sun  and  wind,  and 
finally  repossess  the  hills.  On  the  banks  of  the  numerous  creeks  intersecting  the  'bad  lauds'  and  plains  from  the 
Missouri  river  to  the  Black  hills,  box-elder,  white  elm,  green  ash,  black  willow,  cottonwood,  choke  cherry,  wild 
plum,  and  buflalo-berry  occur,  but  the  canoe  birch  is  not  found  below  the  foot-hills,  where  it  grows  along  the  creeks 
6  or  8  inches  in  diameter,  or  as  a  low  shrub  upon  the  hillsides. 

"The  region  occupied  by  the  Black  Hills  forests  is  SO  miles  in  length  north  and  south,  and  about  30  miles  wide 
from  east  to  west.  Forest  fires  are  not  so  frequent  nor  so  disastrous  as  in  Colorado,  although  the  'big  burning'  of 
1865,  near  Custer's  peak,  is  estimated  to  nave  extended  over  400  square  miles.  The  yellow  i)ine  is  largely  reproducing 
itself  over  the  whole  of  this  area,  the  trees  being  now  3  or  4  feet  high.  As  far  as  my  observation  went,  this  reproduction 
of  the  yellow  pine  over  the  old  'deadenings'  is  almost  universal  through  the  hills,  although  rarely  or  never  seen  in 
Colorado,  and  even  in  northern  Wisconsin  and  the  Michigan  peninsula  scarcely  a  single  young  pine  has  appeared 
in  the  whole  burned  district  of  1S71. 

"The  timber  is  disappearing  rapidly  in  the  vicinitj'  of  Dea-lwood,  Lead  City,  Terryville,  and  Central." 


tf 


NEBKASKA. 

The  forest  growth  of  Nebraska  was  once  coutiit'-d  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  state ;  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the 
Missouri  and  the  lower  Platte  rivers  contained  groves  of  large  oak,  walnut,  ash,  and  box-elder  of  considerable  extent. 
These,  under  favorable  conditions,  spread  to  the  blulis  and  uplands.  Westward  the  tree  growth  gradually  became 
more  scanty  and  stunted,  until,  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian,  only  the  large  streams  were  lined  with  a  few 
small  cottonwoods  and  willows. 

The  best  trees  have  already  been  culled  from  the  scanty  forest  growth  of  the  state,  and  if  the  area  of  natural 
woodland  has  somewhat  increased  along  its  eastern  borders  since  the  settlement  of  the  country  and  the  diminution 
of  prairie  fires,  these  forests  are,  in  their  commercial  asi)ect,  of  little  importance.  Many  small  plantations  of 
cottonwood  and  other  trees  of  rapid  growth  have  been  made  in  connection  with  farms  in  the  eastern  counties,  and 
these  in  some  cases  already  furnish  much-needed  shelter  to  buildings  and  crops,  and  sui»ply  domestic  fuel. 

The  lumber-manufacturing  intcrestsofNebraska  are  not  important.  Mills  at  Omaha,  the  principal  manufacturing 
center,  saw  cottonwood  and  a  little  walnut  and  oak,  hauled  to  them  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  city,  and  small 
portable  mills  at  other  points  along  the  Jlissouri  saw  a  little  cottonv^ood  and  such  logs  as  the  country  tributary  to 
them  can  furnish.    The  product  of  all  the  Nebraska  mills  is  consumed  in  supi)lying  the  local  demand. 


KANSAS. 

The  heavy  forest  of  the  Jlississippi  basin  Just  reaches  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  Kansas,  covering 
nearly  one-third  of  Cherokee  county.  North  of  this,  and  occupying  the  remaiiiing  eastern  border  of  the  state,  a 
prairie  region  varying  in  width  from  30  to  100  miles  is  still  heavily  wooded  with  valuable  timber  along  the  streams, 
the  forest  growth  occasionally  extending  and  covering  areas  of  upland.  West  of  this  region  of  mixed  i)rairie  and 
woodland  the  timber  is  confined  to  the  banks  of  streams.  It  is  often,  east  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian,  of 
considerable  size  and  value,  occurring  in  suflicient  quantity  to  supply  the  most  pressing  wants  of  the  agricultural 
l)opulation  of  this  part  of  the  state.  West  of  the  ninety-seventh  meridian  the  tree  growth  gradually  diminishes  in 
vigor.  Trees  are  here  confined  to  the  innnediate  banks  of  the  large  streams,  and  are  snnill  and  of  little  value.  West 
of  the  ninety-ninth  meridian  a  few  small  stunted  willows  and  cottonwoods,  scattered  at  wide  intervals  along  the 
large  streams,  represent  the  only  forest  growth  of  this  arid  region. 


ood.    Pivo 
ation  in  the 
nl  composes 
Iar;,'er  and 
own  by  the 
for  lumber 
r  tbe  water- 
pines  even 
as  Jacking 
111  tenacity, 
lilack  hills, 
the  valleys 
"arly,  and 
and  along 
white  elm, 
oke  cherry, 
iffion.    The 
ound  after 
wind,  and 
18  from  the 
lierry,  wild 
the  creeks 

milt's  wide 
lurning'  of 
'producing 
iiroductiou 
'er  seen  in 
i  appeared 

1." 


lids  of  the 
lie  extent. 
ly  became 
I'ith  a  few 

f  natural 
iniiiution 
ations  of 
tics,  and 


acturiiig 
id  small 
>utary  to 


covering 
stiito,  a 
troams, 
iiii!  and 
Jiaii,  of 
'iiltiiral 
shes  in 
West 
ng  the 


%    f ,. 


I 


rf*-- 


;fv>-i 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


r)G3 


A  large  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  eastern  counties  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their  forest 
but  much  of  the  best  timber  of  the  state  has  been  cut,  and  Kansas  must  soon  depend,  even  more  than  at 


area 

present,  upon  the  forests  of  Arliansaa  and  Louisiana  for  its  lumber  supply. 

Considerable  plantations  made  in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  counties  by  railroads  and  in  connection  with 
farms  promise  abundant  success.  All  attempts,  however,  to  raise  trees  in  the  arid  central  and  western  parts  of  the 
state  have  resnlted  in  failure. 

During  the  census  year  7,080  acres  of  woodland  wore  reported  destroyed  by  Are,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$14,700.    The  largest  number  of  these  fires  originated  upon  the  prairie. 


^c^irs-^-!S^5"-«1»:^'!l,iVa5^!l*t«Jiiyi!¥»WIJ|M'iJ^ 


.564 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


h. 


I 


WESTERN    DIVISION. 


MONTANA. 


!',  i 


M 


hi 


The  forests  of  Montana  pic  conliueil  to  the  liigb  mountain  liin^os  wliicli  occupy  tbe  western  part  of  tlie  territory 
Tliey  are  dense  anil  inii)ortant  ni)on  the  slqies  of  the  Coiur  d'AlCne  and  otlier  high  ranges.  Farther  east,  along  the 
eastern  sloj)es  of  tht  Eocky  mountains  and  then  outlying  eastern  ranges,  the  l]ig  J>elt,  tlie  Little  IJelt,  the  Crazy, 
the  Snow,  and  the  Dear  mountains,  and  the  ranges  south  of  the  Yellowstone  river,  the  Yellowstone,  Shoshouee, 
and  Big  Ilorn  mountains,  tlie  forests  are  more  open,  stunted,  and  generally  eoniined  to  the  highest  slopes,  the 
borders  of  streams,  or  the  sides  of  eafions.  A  narrow  fringe  of  eottonwood,  green  ash,  and  willow  lines  the  bottoms 
of  tLti  Missouri,  Y'ellowstone,  Tongue,  Rosebud,  Jlilk,  and  of  the  other  large  streams  of  the  territory;  and  a  few 
stunted  pines  and  cedars  are  seattt'red  along  the  river  blutl's  and  the  highest  ridges  of  tlie  Powder  IJiver,  the  Wolf, 
and  other  ranges  in  the  southeastern  jiartof  the  territory.  The  remainder  of  the  teri-itory,  the  eastern,  northern, 
and  southern  portions,  are  destitute  of  timber. 

The  heavy  for'^sts  of  northwestern  i\Iontana,  largely  eomjiosed  of  red  lir,  yellow  piiie,  and  tamarack,  and 
containing  great  bodies  of  white  pine  (Piniis  moiiticoJa)  and  considerable  valuable  sjiruce  {I'Icca  Engdmanni  and 
P.  alha)  constitute,  with  those  covering"  the  adjacent  Jiiountains  of  Idaho,  one  of  the  most  important  bodies  of  timber 
in  the  United  States.  East  and  west  of  this  forest  a  treeless  country,  adai)ted  to  grazing  and  agriculture,  and 
destined  to  support  a  large  jiopulation  which  must  obtain  its  building  material  ai:d  railroad  supplies  from  it,  extends 
over  thousands  of  square  miles.  The  development,  too,  of  the  imiiortant  mining  interests  of  southern  Montana 
and  Idaho  is  dependent  ujion  these  forests,  their  only  valuable  source  of  timber  and  fuel  supply.  These  forests 
guard  the  headwaters  of  two  of  the  great  divers  of  the  coiitiiieut,  and  in  regulating  their  How  make  possible 
through  inigation  the  devotion  to  prolitable  agriculture  of  a  vast  territory  now  an  almost  arid  waste.  The  forests, 
largdy  eouijiosed  of  the  lodge-iicle  jiine  {Pinitu  Murnii/d'id),  which  cover  the  outlying  eastern  ranges  of  the  liocky 
mountains  at  an  elevation  of  from  .~),((t)0  to  10,000  feet  above  the  ocean  level  with  a  dense  growth  of  slender  trees 
oi-  on  jioor  soil  and  in  exi)osed  situations  wii!i  an  open,  scattered  fon  i.  are,  as  sources  of  lumber  supply,  of 
comparatively  little  value.  These  forests,  however,  contain  valuable  supjilies  of  fuel  and  abundant  material  iov 
railway  ties.  They  guard,  too,  the  How  of  numberless  small  streams,  and  their  importance  in  this  conneetion  shouhl 
no)  be  overlooked. 

The  most  imjiortaut  forests,  commercially,  of  the  territory  are  found  along  the  valley  of  Clarke's  Fork  of  the 
Columbia  river,  between  the  Horse  riaiiis  and  the  Idaho  line;  here  the  westwa  white  pine  reaches  its  greatest 
development,  becoming  an  important  i)art  of  the  forest  growth.  The  valleys  of  the  Saint  Ifegis  de  Borgia  and 
Missouhi  rivers  contain  great  bodii's  of  valuable  lir  and  ])ine,  which  spread  also  in  great  luxuriance  over  the 
mountains  east  and  south  of  Flathea  1  lake. 

Fires  destroy  every  year  large  areas  of  the  forest  covering  the  mountains  of  the  western  division.  The  long, 
dry  .summers  ai.d  the  character  of  the  forest,  comiiosed  as  it  is  almost  entirely  of  coniferous  resinous  trees,  favor 
the  .spread  of  forest  lire.s.  They  increase  ra]>idly  in  number  with  the  increase  of  populati(Hi,and  threaten  the  entire 
extermination  of  the  forest.:  of  the  whole  inteiior  Paciiic  region.  During  the  census  year  8S,01'0  acres  of  ibrest 
were  reported  destroyed  by  (ire,  with  a  loss  of  .*!, 1128,000.  These  lires,  few  in  number,  were  traced  for  the  umst 
part  to  caidess  hunters,  ])ros])ectors,  an<l  smokers. 

Little  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  territory.  l»ed  lir  and  .spruce  are  .sawed  at  Missoula  and  iu  the 
neighborhood  of  nearly  all  the  mining  centers  in  the  western  part  of  the  tcritory.  The  product  of  the  Montana 
mills  is  entirely  u.«ed  to  supply  the  local  demand. 

The  following  rejiort  njion  tiie  foi-ests  of  the  northern  Kocky  Mountain  region  was  prepaivd  by  Mr.  Sereno 
AVat.son,  of  Cambridge,  a  siiecial  agent  of  the  Census  Ollice,  in  the  division  of  Forestry: 

'•Tlie  territory  wlio.se  Ibrest  resources  I  attemiited  under  your  instructions  to  examine  includes  an  area  of 
aboni  150,000  square  miles,  extending  from  the  one  hundred  and  thirteentii  meridian  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascade 
mountains  and  from  the  parallel  of  44^4°  to  the  British  Ixmndary;  or,  according  to  i)o1iti(;al  divisions,  the  western 
fifth  of  ]\Io!itana,  the  northern  two  tifths  of  Idaho,  the  eastern  tiiree-lifths  of  ^Vashillgton  territory,  and  tbe 
uortheastern  portion  (or  nearly  one  half )  of  Oregon.  It  comprises  a  central  treele.is  jilateau  of  some  30,000  square 
miles  in  extent,  the  great  'plain  of  the  C«)lumbia',  surro-itided  by  more  or  less  extensively  timbered  mountain 
8yst«mH.    This  travt  is  buuitded  ou  the  east  by  the  broad  monntuin  range  whicit  separates  Montana  from  Idaho,  on 


.^i; 


llio  toriitf)r,v 
■^'j  iiloiiy  the 
It,  I  lie  Crazy, 
yiiuslioiiec, 
t  slopes,  the 
tlie  bottoms 
aiu]  a  feu- 
vr,  the  Wolf, 
I'll,  northern, 

iiaiack,  and 
dmanni  and 
i*'s  of  timber 
culture,  and 
» it,  extends 
in  ^Alontana 
Iicse  foresis 
I<c  jmssible 
The  forests, 
'  the  ]{oeky 
lender  trees 
■  «'il>Iil.v,  of 
iiaterial  for 
tiuii  should 

•'orlv  of  the 
t«  «reate.st 
^oryia  and 
2  over  the 

The  long-, 
rees,  favor 
the  entire 
i  of  forest 
'  the  most 

»1  in  the 
Montana 

r.  Sereno 

I  area  of 
Cascade 
^^  esfern 
and  the 
0  sqnai-o 
lountain 
ilaho,  on 


I      w 


nrr 


ii 


tf    i 


M^  I 


M 

i 

, 

»;  7 


HI! 


.     i 

,      1 

I ' 

^ 

teii 

1 

v< 

I^H 

1 

1^ 

I^H 

Hi 

■  'i 

1 

mMMI 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


535 


the  north  by  the  irregularly-broken  country  which  lies  north  of  the  Spokane  river  and  of  that  portion  of  the 
Columbia  which  has  &  westerly  course  in  the  same  latitude,  and  on  the  west  by  the  (Jascade  range,  while  on  the 
south  the  circuit  is  less  completely  closed  by  the  somewhat  complicated  system  known  as  the  Blue  and  Salmon 
Eiver  mountains. 

"  With  the  exception  of  a  single  county  (Beaver  Head)  in  Montana  this  entire  region  is  drained  by  the  Columbia 
river,  since  the  Rocky  Mountain  divide,  or  the  main  central  divide  between  the  headwaters  of  the  Columbia  and  of 
the  Missonii,  forms  tho  boundary  between  Idaho  and  iNIontaua  only  as  far  north  as  45°  40',  when  it  turns  abruptly 
eastward  for  75  miles  and  then  again  northwestward  to  thi^  British  boundary  in  continuation  of  the  line  of  the 
Wind  Eiver  mountains  of  Wyoming. 

"As  will  be  seen  from  the  detailed  account  which  is  to  follow,  the  general  character  of  the  forest  growth 
throughout  this  region  is  remarkably  uniform,  both  in  the  kinds  of  trees  found  and  in  their  manner  of  distribution. 
The  trees  of  the  most  constant  occurrence  and  tliat  form  the  mass  of  the  forests  generally  are,  first,  the  red  lir 
{Pseudotsnga  DotigUmi)  and  yellow  pine  (Finns  pi  nderona),  gradually  giving  place  at  higher  altitudes  to  Ficea 
Engelmanni  and  Abies  subal2)in(i  or  Fiiuis  Miirruijana ;  while  of  only  somewhat  less  extended  range,  though 
sometimes  more  local  in  their  distribution,  are  the  larch  [Larix  occidentaliH),  cedar  [Thuya  giganiea),  tho  white  pine 
{Pinus  monticola),  the  hemlocks  {Tsuga  Mcrtcnsiana  iuul,  less  frequently,  Tmiga  Fattoniana),  Abies  grandis,  and  the 
baisam  popliirs.  Abies  amabilis  only  is  confined  to  the  Cascade  mountains.  Xo  other  species  occur  of  sufficient 
size  to  be  of  importance  as  timber  trees. 

"In  order  to  indicate  more  particularly  the  extent  aiid  distribution  of  tho  tree  growth,  the  territories  will  bo 
taken  up  in  order  by  counties,  and  an  estimate  given  of  the  area  covered  in  each,  though  necessarily  of  the  actual 
density  of  growth  and  amount  of  available  timber  (varying  from  square  mile  to  square  mile,  and  much  of  it  never 
seen)  no  estimate  can  be  given  of  such  probably  approximate  accuracy  as  to  be  of  any  value  whatever: 

"  3IONTANA. 


"  Beaver  Head  county  (4,i.'30  square  miles). — This  county,  nearly  eciually  divided  by  the  one  hundred  and 
thirteei  til  iiieridiaii,  is  surrounded  on  three  sides,  north,  south,  and  west,  by  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  is  divided 
into  two  portions  by  a  lolty  spur  which  sets  oil'  in  a  northeasterly  direction  from  the  middle  of  the  western  side. 
Tho  valleys  of  Beaver  Head  river  and  Red  Rock  creek  to  the  east  and  south  of  this  spur  are  treeless,  except  that 
the  latter  stream  is  boi'dered  with  a  considerable  growth  of  Populun  tnigvstifolia,  often  CO  feet  high  and  a  foot  or  two 
in  diameter.  The  region  to  the  east  is  scantily  suiipliod  with  timber  of  any  kiiiil,  while  the  northern  flanks  of  the 
llocky  Mountain  range  as  far  as  the  head  of  Horsi^  Plains  creek  are  only  siiariiigly  timbered  on  the  ridges  and  in 
some  of  the  canons,  the  trees  small  and  mainly  red  fir,  with  some  Fiiius  albicaulis,  the  summits  and  exposed  ridges 
wholly  bare. 

"  The  broad  dividing  spur,  which  includes  Bald  mountain  and  several  other  peaks  from  10,000  to  11,000  feet  high, 
is  about  ;U)  miles  in  length  by  L'O  in  breadth.  The  peaks  are  bare  above  0,000  feet,  and  the  western  slojtes  hiive  some 
timber  in  the  upper  ravines  alone.  The  trees  at  7,000  feet  are  mainly  red  fir,  giving  i)lace  above  to  a  small  growth 
of  Finns  Murrmjana  and  P.  albieaidis.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  spur  there  are  deep,  densely-wooded  valleys,  the 
timber  said  to  be  chietly  red  fir,  2Vr(Vf  L'ligclmitnni.iunl  Finns  Mumtiinna.  On  Rattlesnake  creek  in  this  region 
there  is  a  single  saw  mill,  lli  miles  lioui  Bannock  City,  which  supplies  the  town  and  neighboring  mining  camps  with 
lumber.  When  a  better  (piality  is  needed  it  is  brought  across  the  mountains  from  the  Lemhi  River  district  in  Ididio 
by  a  road  <'ro,-;.sing  the  range  at  the  head  of  Horse  Pliiins  creek.  The  fuel  used  in  r>annock  City  is  hauled  some 
12  or  15  mili'fi,  ehielly  from  the  Rocky  mountains.  Beyond  the  hciul  >f  Horse  I'lains  creek  (where  the  liald  Mountain 
spur  commences)  the  range  for  about  40  miles  changes  in  character  greatly,  becoming  higher,  broader,  and  more 
rocky,  witli  ragged,  snow-clad  peaks  from  10,000  to  1L',()00  feet  high,  and  with  high,  rocky  spurs  to  the  cast,  separating 
densely-wooded  valleys  difficult  of  access  and  rarely  visited.  The  forests  here  come  down  to  the  western  e<lge  of 
Big  Hole  valley,  and  are  continuous.  Tlie  trees  are  said  to  be  largely  Finns  Murrayana,  but  there  is  probably  a 
consideral)le  proportion  of  red  fir,  Ficea  Kngclmanni  and  .l/;)V.s'  suhuljiina.  The  range  now  takes  its  turn  to  The  eiist, 
forming  tho  northern  line  of  tho  county,  and  rises  again  into  some  high,  snowy  peaks,  but  is  much  less  densely 
wooded.  Where  the  pass  (grosses  the  range  from  the  Big  Hole  valley  to  the  Bitter  Root,  the  prevalent  tree  is  found 
to  be  Finns  Mnrmyana,  mixed  toward  the  summit  of  the  divide  (at  7,000  feet  altitude)  with  some  red  fir  and  a  sniiiU 
proportion  of  Ficea  Enfjclmanni  and  Finns  albicaulis.  The  treses  are  mostly  young  and  small,  evidentl"  fre(iuently 
overrun  by  fires,  a  dense  new  growth  immediately  in  most  cases  replacing  tho  ohl.  The  trunks  very  rarely  readied 
a  diameter  of  15  or  liO  inches.  The  timbered  areii  of  the  county  may  be  estimated  at  1,000  square  miles.  No  yellow 
pine  was  seen  or  heard  of  within  its  limits. 

"  Deeu  Louoe  county  (<!,500  square  miles). — This  county,  also  nearly  bisected  by  the  one  hundred  and  thirteenth 
meridhi'i.  Is  occniiied  by  si)urs  of  the  llocky  moniitains,  which  form  its  southern  and  eastern  border,  with  ihe 
intervening  open  valleys  of  Deer  Lodge  river,  Flint  creek,  and  Big  Bhickfoot  river.  These  spurs  are  to  a  large 
extent  wholly  bare  of  trees,  only  some  of  tho  ravines  and  ridges  being  covered  by  a  more  or  less  scattered  gi-ow  th 
of  yellow  jiine  and  red  fir  of  moderate  size,  and  the  higher  northern  slopes  by  a  cb-nser  growth  of  Finns  Mnrrayana. 
Forth  of  tho  Big  Blackfoot  tho  timber  is  more  dense,  coming  down  into  the  valley,  and  consisting  principally  of 


lli 


S   r- 


'■.  lu  .iiiwmkPip9pR9!^9np 


II 


¥d 


! 


M.  i 

If  ! 


566 


THE  FORESTS  OF  JHE  UNITED  STATES. 


yellow  piue,  with  some  red  fir  and  larch,  and  at  the  higher  elevatious  (above  5,000  feet)  of  red  fir,  larch,  and  scrub 
pine.  In  the  higher  canons  of  the  mala  range  to  the  south  it  is  probable  that  Abies  subalpina  and  Picca  Engelmanni 
also  occur,  as  I  heard  of  a  soft  tamarack  found  at  Gwendale,  whi<'h  appeared  from  the  description  to  be  the  latter 
species.    Total  timbered  area  of  the  county  is*  estimated  at  2,250  square  miles. 

"  Missoula  county  (21,000  square  miles). — The  Bitter  Hoot  mountain^,  which  separate  this  county  from  Idaho, 
arc  a  direct  continuation  oi  the  Rocky  mountains  north  f"om  the  point  of  divergence  of  that  range  in  latitude  45° 
40'.  While  broadening  out  until  they  cover  a  base  of  100  miles  or  more,  they  rarely  reach  a  height  of  8,000  feet. 
There  is  nothing  alpine  in  the  character  of  their  higher  vegetation,  nor  do  they  anywhere  rise  above  the  limit  of 
forest  growth.  The  summits  are  not  often  very  rugged,  and  though  the  slopes  may  be  steep  they  are  not  generally 
greatly  broken.  For  the  most  part  they  are  well  wooded  ui)on  botli  sides,  with  no  meadows  along  the  streams  and 
little  grass  anywhere  until  the  foot-hills  are  reached,  ("pon  the  .Montana  side  it  is  from  20  to  40  miles  from  the 
base  to  the  summit  of  the  divides,  and  the  Bitter  Koot  valley,  wliich  skirts  their  feet  for  CO  miles,  separates  them 
from  the  low  and  comparatively  bare  spurs  of  the  Kocky  mountains  on  the  east. 

"  lTi)on  crossing  the  main  divide  upon  the  southern  border,  between  the  Big  Ilole  and  the  Bitter  Root  valleys, 
at  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  the  yellow  pine  immediately  ai)]>ears,  of  large  size,  and  with  its  usual  massive  habit, 
and  is  henceforth  the  most  conspicuous  forest  tree  along  tlie  usual  routes  of  travel,  coming  farther  down  into  the 
valleys  than  any  otlier  tree,  and  more  lieqnently  attaining  a  large  size,  probably  I'rom  its  less  liability  to  serious 
injury  froiu  tires.  The  desciMit  t'lom  this  southern  divide  to  the  Bitter  Root  valley  is  well  wi;oded  with  large  trees 
of  the  yellow  pine  and  red  fir  (with  at  Mrst  some  small  Pinus  Munniiana),  which  continue  to  be  the  only  trees 
seen  bonltTing  the  valh'y.  Tliese  mountains  were  crossed  by  me  on  the  IjoIo  trail  up  the  Lolo  creek,  and  by  the 
3hdlan  road,  which  follows  the  Saint  Regis  de  Borgia  river.  In  the  lower  canons  only  yello\'-  pine  and  red  fir  are 
found,  of  the  usual  scattered  growth— the  trees  rarely  nnuih  ovei  !*  feet  in  diameter — with  larch  and  Abies  stibalpina 
coming  down  the  .side  gnlclics,  and  wiiite  pine  in  the  middle  canon.  The  yellow  pine  gradually  gives  jdaceto  Picea 
J-Jiil/elinaiiHi,  Abies  subalpina,  and  A.  (jrantlis,  thougli  none  of  lliese  reach  the  size  which  they  attain  on  tho  Idaho 
.side  (  f  'he  range.  The  large  timber  is  mostly  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  streams,  where  the  larch  and 
white  pine  sometimes  reach  a  diameter  of  ;>  or  4  feet,  but  it  becomes  much  smaller  upon  the  ridges,  ami  in  the  upper 
canons  rarely  is  more  than  a  foot  or  IS  inches  through,  while  the  mountain  slopes  are  usuallj'  much  burned  over 
ami  covered  with  fallen  timber,  hugely  of  Pinus  Murrayumi.  The  largest  and  most  abundant  tree  in  the  upper 
caiions  is  iirobably  the  Pivva  ^.njelmniini.  Small  trees  of  the  Thuya  gigantca  are  also  occasional,  but  nowhere  in 
northern  .Montana  does  it  become  large  enough  to  be  of  iini>ortauce.  The  Thuya  and  Abies  grandis  extend  as  far 
south  as  the  Xez  Perc<5  creek.  I  think  tiiat  no  hemlocks  were  seen  on  the  Jlontana  side  of  the  range,  but  they 
may  occur. 

■'Xorth  if  the  Mullan  road  to  Clarlie's  Fork  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  range  continue  well  wooded.  On  the 
eastern  side  of  the  county  the  low  spur  of  the  Rocky  mountains  lying  to  the  east  of  Bitter  Root  valley  is  to  a  large 
extent  bare,  l)ut  has  some  young  yellow  pine  (known  as  'scrub  piiu>'  or  'blackjack  pine')  and  Pinus  Murrayana. 
Api  ioaciiing  Ilellgate  river  the  timber  lu'comes  mort'  prevalent  in  the  raviiu's;  and  in  the  government  timber 
reservation  near  Missoula,  where  there  is  a  sawmill  run  for  government  purposes,  the  timber  was  found  to  be 
yellow  pine  and  led  fir  (not  large)  and  considerable  larch — line  trees  2  teet  in  diameter  or  more  and  100  feet  high. 
In  Granite  canon,  iu  the  mountains  north  of  Missoula,  where  tliere  is  also  a  sawmill,  the  lower  canon  was  occupied 
by  yellow  pine  aiul  larch,  with  souie  red  Hr  rarely  over  a  foot  through,  and  in  the  np])er  canon  Abies  subalpina  ami 
Pit ea  Eiuielmanni  -.1  \\n)i  \u  iVimnvti'V.  On  the  nnmnlain  siiles  altove  the  canon  the  limber  is,  as  usual,  small  and 
worthless  for  lumber.  In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Flathead  Indian  reservation  a  very  high  and  rugged  vange  of 
mountains  extends  nearly  as  far  north  as  the  lu'ad  of  Flathead  lake,  and  ])arallel  with  the  main  Rocky  Mountain 
range,  which  Inu'c  enteis  the  county  an  1  continues  :'.cross  the  noithern  boinidary.  Both  of  these  ranges  arc 
throughout  densely  wooded,  though  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  mountains  the  tindier  wholly  ceases  a  few 
miles  (S  or  10)  below  the  summit,  giving  place  to  the  open  grazing  region  of  the  upjicr  Jlissouri.  On  crossing  over 
the  lower  eml  ol'  tin*  western  range,  from  llic  liig  Hlackf'oot  to  the  .locko  ri\t'i',  the  timber  was  found  to  be  at  first 
almost  entirely  yellow  pine,  with  red  llr  and  larch  in  the  gulches,  the  yellow  pine  (teasing  toward  the  divide  (at 
5,000  feet  altitude)  and  Pinus  .Uunayana  taking  its  place,  but  reappearing  on  the  northern  side,  with  occasional 
Picea  Kngcliiianui  and  even  small  Thuya  gigantca.  No  white  pine  was  seen.  Tl.e  same  trees  probably  continue 
northward  to  the  boumlary  (the  larch  is  re|)()rted  tiom  about  ;;0  mil(;s  south  of  the  boundary). 

"The  remainder  of  thtt  county,  lying  west  of  the  Flathead  River  valley,  is  wholly  ( ccnpied  by  mountains,  of 
less  altitinle,  but,  so  far  as  is  known,  generally  densely  wooded,  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the  spurs  toward 
the  Flathead  river  and  Clarke's  Fork  and  some  small  prairies  ixirdering  the  streams. 

"The  total  timbered  area  of  the  county  is  estiniated  at  17,000  sipnire  miles." 


i  ' 


WYOiMIN'G. 

The  highest  inouniain  ranges  in  Wyoming  only  are  well  timbered.     The  high  rolling  table  land  which  occupies 
the  central  part  of  the  territory  is  destitute  of  all  tree  growth,  while  the  low  raugea  which  rise  1     .  i    h     I'l./'^au 


mtana 


fch,  and  scrub 
va  JUngelmanni 
a  be  the  latter 

ty  from  Idaho, 
11  latitude  45° 
of  8,000  feet. 
i  the  limit  of 
not  generally 
}  streams  and 
iles  from  the 
na  rates  them 

Koot  valleys, 
assive  habit, 
own  into  the 
ity  to  serious 
Hi  large  trees 
le  only  trees 
,  and  by  the 
1(1  red  fir  are 
lies  subalpina 
)]accto  Picea 
on  (ho  Idaho 
lie  larch  and 
in  the  upper 
bnrnod  over 
in  the  upper 
;  nowhere  in 
xteml  as  far 
gc,  but  they 

ed.    On  the 
is  to  a  large 
Murtayana. 
tiient  timber 
found  to  bo 
)0  feet  high. 
■as  occupied 
'baJpina  and 
,  small  and 
:ed  vaoge  of 
y  Jlountain 
ranges  are 
eases  a  few 
ossiug  over 
a  be  at  first 
1'  divide  (at 
occasional 
iy  continue 

untains,  of 
us  toward 


b  occupies 


^fifi 


;!! 


mm 

fm  Sii'  A 

if  ,| 


^^ 


,r 


m 


'      f      I 


F 

?      j 

I    '; 

4    4 


!;-■  ifi 


m-: 


m 


*  [' 


f'  1 :? 


!:■! 


■  '  .!■•  ■ 


r  1 

1:| 


i'ilj 


■^' 


THK  FORESTS  OF  THK  UNITED  STATES. 


5G7 


o 

< 

a:; 
o 

o 

!'  o 


and  border  it  on  tlie  south  are  eitlier  treeless  or  onlj-  snpport  a  few  stunted  yellow  jjines  or  firs  widely  scattered  or 
forming  suinll,  isolated  patcbes  of  open  forest  upon  the  biybest  slopes  of  tbe  most  sheltered  ravines.  The  most 
important  forests  of  tbe  territory  are  those  in  tbe  northeastern  corner  covering  tbe  western  extension  of  tbe  Black 
hills  of  Dakota,  those  upon  tbe  foot-hills  and  slopes  of  tbe  canons  of  the  Big  Horn  mountains,  and  the  dense 
forests  of  small  lodge  pole  pine  (Pimm  Murrayana)  which  occupy  all  the  northwestern  portion  of  tbe  territory 
studded  by  the  system  of  uiountains  surrounding  the  Yellowstone  park. 

The  most  valuable  timber  of  tbe  Big  Horn  mountains  consists  of  yellow  pine  (Pinua  ponderoaa),  attaining  on  the 
foot-bills  suflicient  size  to  furnish  saw-logs.  Probably  one-third  of  this  timber  on  tbe  east  side  of  the  mountains 
has  already  been  cut  to  supply  mills  located  upon  the  streams  from  Crazy  Woman  creek  to  Tongue  river.  The 
table-land  on  both  sides  of  tbe  range  between  tbe  crests  of  tbe  foot-hills  and  the  base  of  tbe  Snow  range  is  covered 
with  a  belt,  from  8  to  10  miles  in  width,  of  small  white  tir  [Abies  siibaljnna).  The  trees  are  small,  rarely  exceeding  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  They  atl'ord,  however,  useful  material  for  fuel  and  fence  and  telegraph  poles.  This  forest 
has  sutfered  seriously  from  wind  storms  and  lire.  >  heavy  growth  of  cottonwood,  with  which  is  mingled  a  little 
green  ash,  occujjies  the  banks  of  all  the  streams  of  the  Big  Eorn  region,  with  the  exception  of  No- Wood  creek, 
flowing  from  the  western  think. 

Tbe  forests  of  the  Yellowstone  region,  composed  for  tbe  most  part  of  small  lodge  i)olo  pine,  are  conlined  to  tbe 
mountain  slopes  and  high  valleys,  at  an  elevation  of  between  5,000  and  10,000  feet.  These  forests  are  capable  of 
supplying  great  quantities  of  fuel  and  fencing  material.  They  contain,  however,  little  timber  suitable  to  manulacture 
into  lumber. 

Tbe  forests  of  all  this  arid  central  region  suti'er  seriously  from  tiie.  These  increase  with  tbe  settlement  of  the 
country  and  inflict  great  damage  upon  tbe  forest.  In  northwestern  Wyoming,  however,  tbe  forests  of  lodge-pole  pine 
{Pinus  Murrayana)  destroyed  by  tire  reproduce  themselves,  and  the  area  occupied  by  this  species  in  all  tbe  Rocky 
Mountain  region  is  increasing.  This  is  due  no  doubt  to  tbe  fact  that  fire  does  not  destroy  tbe  seeds  of  this  species, 
protected  in  the  cones,  which  remain  closed  upon  the  trees  for  years.  The  beat  of  the  fire  causes  tbe  cones  to  open 
and  shed  their  seeds  upon  tbe  burned  surface  of  tbe  soil,  where  they  germinate  (luickly  and  freely. 

During  the  census  year  83,780  acres  of  woodland  were  rejiorted  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$3,255,000.    These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  trappers,  and  i)r()si)ectors. 

A  little  lumber,  in  addition  to  that  manufactured  in  the  Big  Horn  region,  of  which  no  returns  have  been 
received,  is  sawed  in  tbe  Medicine  Bow  and  other  ranges  in  tbe  southern  part  of  the  territory.  A  large  amount  of 
fire-wood  and  many  railroad  ties  are  cut  in  the  southern  mountains  and  delivered  bj"  chutes  along  the  line  of  the 
D  nion  Pacific  railroad. 

COLORADO. 

Tbe  forests  of  Colorado  are  confined  to  tbe  mountain  lan  ges  and  high  valleys  which  cover  the  western  half  of  tbe 
state;  the  elevated,  rolling  plateau  which  exten<ls  from  tbe  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  to  tbe  eastern  boundary 
of  the  state  is  entirely  destitute  of  tree  growth,  with  the  exception  of  an  occasional  stunted  willow  or  cottonwood 
found  in  the  bottom  lands  of  tbe  large  streams.  Tbe  important  forests  of  the  state  cover  tbe  mountain  slopes 
between  10,000  nnd  12,500  feet  elevation,  and  are  almotst  exclusively  composed  of  sjjrnce  {Picea  Engelmanni),  with 
which  are  mingled  ditl'erent  alpine  pines  of  little  economic,  value.  Below  the  spruce  belt  a  nnu-e  open  forest  of  red 
fir  and  yellow  pine,  occu]»ying  ravines  or  scattered  over  the  lidges,  extends  down  to  the  foot-hills.  These  are 
co\ered  with  an  o])en  growth  in  which  the  nut  ])ine  an<l  the  western  junii)er  are  the  prevailing  trees,  while  the 
borders  of  streams  and  bottoms  of  the  canons  are  oi'cupicd  by  cottonwoods,  willows,  cherries,  oaks,  and  other 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  of  little  economic  inii)ortance.  Large  areas  upon  the  sides  of  the  high  Colorado 
mountains  an;  exclusively  coveicd  wiih  a  dense  growth  of  the  (]uaking  aspen.  This  tree  very  generally  takes 
possession  here  of  ground  froui  which  the  coniferous  forest  lias  been  removed  by  fire,  anti,  as  the  number  of  forest 
fires  is  rapidly  increasing  in  Colorado,  it  .seems  destined  to  become  the  only  widely  distributed  forest  tree  of  this 
region.  The  high  valleys,  or  "i)arks"  as  they  are  here  locally  called,  when  timbered  at  all,  are  covered  with  a  dense 
forest  growth  in  which  the  lodge  pole  pine  (Pinus  Mitrraij(tna),  also  common  at  high  elevations  in  the  si)ruce  forests, 
is  the  prevailing  and  ol'ten  the  only  species,  disputing  with  the  aspen  the  possession  of  the  burned  soil.  The  high 
plateau  of  southwestern  Colorado  is  either  treeless  or  is  thinly  covered  with  an  open  growth  of  small,  stunted 
junii)ers. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  forest  fires  raging  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  is  alarming  in  a  region  where 
the  forest  onc((  destroyed  cannot  easily  reproduce  itself,  and  upon  mouutains  where  forest  coveiing  is  necessary  to 
preser\  e  the  integrity  of  the  channels  and  the  constant  flow  of  numerous  important  streams  essential  to  the 
irrigation  of  wide  areas  of  arid  territory. 

During  the  census  year  11.'{,.S'J0  acres  of  forest  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estunated  loss  of 
$935,50(K    These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  miners,  and  prosi)ectors,  ami  by  Indians  or  whites  through  malice. 

The  forests  of  the  Colorado  foot-hills  aflord  abundant  fuel  and  fencing  material  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
present  population  of  this  part  of  the  state.    Coarse  lund)er,  suitable  for  the  timbering  of  mines  and  railroad 


j 


111: 


!! 


I! 


1 1 


i" 


■feiii 


ri 


§ 


668 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


construction,  is  manufactured  from  the  flr  and  pines  of  the  lower  mountain  slopes,  which  haVe  also  furnished 
immense  quantities  of  fuel  and  railway  ties.  The  timber,  however,  of  this  forest  most  accessible  to  mining  centers 
and  the  lines  of  raih'oads  has  already  been  destroyed,  while  its  productive  capacity  is  everywhere  impaired  by 
wasteful  metliods  of  lumbering  and  destructive  contlagrations.  The  elevated  (spruce  forests,  which  contain  the 
only  great  bodies  of  heavy  timber  fourul  in  the  central  Kocky  JNIountain  region,  have  thus  far,  on  account  of  the 
diflicnlties  of  operating  in  them,  escaped  all  serious  inroads  from  the  ax  of  the  hunbermau.  Small  portable  mills, 
however,  have  been  established  iu  these  forests  to  supply  the  wants  of  some  of  the  most  elevat«'d  mining  centers, 
and  tires  every  year  reduce  their  extent  and  value. 

Colorado  is  jirincipally  supplied  with  lumber  from  Clhicago;  a  sumll  amount  is  nmnufactured,  however,  in  the 
state,  mostly  upon  the  waters  of  tlie  South  Forlv  of  tiie  Platte  river,  in  Jefl'erson  county,  and  in  the  extensive 
pineries  which  cover  the  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Soutli  I'hitte  and  the  Aritaiisas  rivers.  A  little  lumber 
is  also  manufactured  iu  snuill  portable  mills  in  nearly  every  county. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

The  forests  of  New  Mexico  are  confined  to  the  slojtes  and  canons  of  the  high  mountain  ranges.  The  elevated 
phiteau  which  occui)ies  the  whole  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  territory  is  treeless,  with  the  exception  of  occasional 
willows  and  cottonwoods  bordering  the  large  streams,  while  the  high  mesas  of  the  southwest  and  west  are  sometimes 
dotted  with  an  open  growth  of  dwarf  junipers  and  nut  i)ines  of  considerable  local  imi)ortance  as  a  source  of  fuel 
and  fencing  sui)i)ly.  The  high  mountain  ranges  extending  southward  into  the  northern  part  of  the  territory  are 
covered  with  forests  very  simihir  in  composition,  density,  and  distribution  to  tliose  covering  tlie  mountains  of 
Colorado.  Engelmanu's  spruce  is  here  the  important  timber  tree  at  high  elevations;  lower,  open  forests  of  red 
fir  and  yellow  pine  oc«'Ui)y  tlie  sides  of  canons  and  the  lower  mountain  slopes,  and  the  nut  pine  and  juniper  cover 
the  foot  hills  with  an  oj)en,  scattered  growth.  Tlie  detaclied  mountain  ranges  which  spring  from  the  central 
plateau  of  the  territory  arc  less  heavily  timbered  tiian  the  higher  mountains  north  ami  south.  The  yellow  pine  is 
liere  the  most  common  ami  important  tree,  mingled  in  sheltered  canons  and  at  highest  elevations  with  occasional 
red  fiis. 

Tlie  most  important  forests  of  the  territory  cover  the  high  group  of  mountain  ranges  west  of  the  IJio  Grande 
and  south  ol"  the  thirty-fourth  degree  of  latitude — the  San  Francisco,  the  Tulerosa,  Sierra  Ulanca,  Sierra  Diablo, 
Mogolion,  Piiios  Altos,  and  Mimbres.  The  foothills  and  lower  slopes  of  these  mountains,  between  ."»,0()0  and  7,000 
feet  elevation,  ai'c  covered  with  a  heavy  growtli  of  junipers,  nut  pines,  and  ditlerent  evergreen  oaks.  Tlie  banks 
of  streams  are  liere  lined  witli  imnu'iise  cottonwoods,  sycamores,  cherries,  ashes,  and  hackberrics,  wliile  tlie  arroyos 
or  «loi)res.sioiis  in  the  mesas  contain  fine  groves  of  niesquit.  Above  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet  the  yi'liow  jiiiie  apjiears, 
and  mingled  witli  it  on  north  slopes  the  red  tir  and  white  jiine  {Piiitts  rcjicxa):  tlie  elevated  valleys  contain  fine 
groves  of  cottonwood,  box-elder,  ahler,  and  small  oaks,  while  the  most  inaccessible  slopes  of  s(une  of  the  highest 
ranges  are  coveivd  witii  forests  of  cypress  {Ciipnssas  OaadalKpcnsis). 

Tlie  coiiifeniiis  forests  of  tliese  mountains  are  dense  and  valuable,  and,  although  not  yet  accessible  for  liiaibering 
operations  exeeiit  at  a  few  jioiiits,  they  seem  destined  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  future  devehipinent  of 
the  whole  region.  They  can,  if  jiropeily  protected,  siijiiily  with  lumber  iiidelinitely  a  larger  ])opulation  than  will 
l)robal>ly  occupy  this  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  deciduous  trees  of  tliis  entire  southwestern  region,  often  of  considerable  size,  are  generally  hollow,  especially 
the  oaks;  they  are  of  little  value  lor  any  mechanical  purpose,  although  att'oidiiig  abundant  and  excellent  fuel. 

During  the  ceusus  year  (if,(K31:  acres  of  woodland  only  were  reported  »lestroyed  by  lire,  with  an  estimated  loss 
of  ■■>(Ul'.(t7r). 

A  small  amount  of  coarse  lumber,  principally  yellow  piue,  is  manufactured  in  the  territory,  mostly  iu  the 
counties  of  San  ]\Iiguel  and  Santa  Fe.  New  Mexico,  liowever,  like  Colorado,  obtains  most  of  its  lumber  by  rail 
from  Chicago. 


ARIZONA. 

Northern,  western,  and  southwestern  Arizona  are  destitute  of  true  forests.  Kavines  in  the  inesas  of  the  high 
Colorado  plateau  of  northern  Arizona  are  occasionally  covered,  however,  with  stunted  junipers.  Cottonwoods  and 
willows  line  the  banks  of  the  Colorado  river,  and  tli(>  ironwood,  the  palo  verde,  the  mesquit,  the  suwarrow,  and 
other  .Mexican  forms  of  arborescent  vegetation  are  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila  and  the  deserts  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  territory  ;  individual  trees  are,  howtiver,  widely  scattered,  nowhere  forming  forests  in  the  true  meaning 
of  the  word.  The  low  lava  ridges  and  arid  lake  beds  with  which  the  southwestern  part  of  the  territory  is  covered 
are  entirely  destitute  of  tree  growth. 

The  mountain  system  culminating  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau  in  the  San  Francisco  mountains,  and 
extending  southeasterly  through  the  middle  of  the  territory  into  New  Mexico,  is  well  timbered.  The  high  ranges 
whicii  spring  from  this  central  elevated  plateau  bear  heavy  forests  of  yellow  pine  and  red  flr,  the  plateau  itself 


if ' 


as 


I 'I'l  Ai''T'.'K!r:'  uF'i.'ip:  ..t'-  i'k^i- 


furniahed 
lug  centers 
jpaired  by 
^ntuin  the 
In  lit  of  the 
luble  mills, 
|g  centers, 

l^'er,  ill  the 

extensive 

Itlo  lumber 


0  elevated 
ccasional 
omotimes 
•CO  of  fuel 
litory  are 
intaiiis  of 
.st.s  of  red 
per  cover 
e  central 
>\v  pine  is 
K'casioiial 

io  Grande 
a  Diablo, 
and  7,00a 
'lie  banks 
le  ano>/o8 
'appears, 
iitain  flno 
S3  bigliest 

iiiiboiiiig 
imient  of 
ban  will 

specially 
fuel, 
ited  loss 

y  in  the 
'  by  rail 


he  high 
ids  and 
)w,  and 
)Ut]icrn 
leaning 
;overcd 

8,  and 
ranges 
t  itself 


■f— 


H- 


Di'ixsi  TV  or  TORIES  rs 


(HlMlMl.f'DrNDirll  riintUUTTUINOK 

(•,.S.SAK(;K.N"1.  sI'liClAt.  .V.hM 
Si  mIp 


H"' 


too    tTAT      MiLit 


I    hiBW^ 


;i 


:      1 


Mi 


: :! 


NEW  MEXICO 


JaUisHtmftlolith 


^: 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


l!l  1.0 


IM 


I.I      s. 


11.25 


1^ 


2.5 
2.2 

12.0 

Ii4 


/ 


V 


HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WKT  MAIN  STMIT 

WnSTH.N.Y.  14SM 

(71«)I73-4S03 


"^.V^ 


'^ 


) 


<• 

m 


o-A^ 


4^ 


£>l 


^ 


;\ 


>^ 


r<f 


^1  lilii 


km 


i  ! 


•A    i 


^i 


DEPARTMENT    nF    THF    INTKRIOR 


ENTH  ';f.ns;;.'-:  i.:f   ""Ht  i!mtki-j  stai-k 


I 


^! 


;  i  i 


ji:  '■  i  I 


r  !  ! 


\','H 


mm\ 


■  jli. 


¥y  ' 


Dh'NSI  TY  OK  I'OHMS'I'S     H  ^ 


IMMPIl.KD  l-NDKn  THK  lllllKmoK  1>F 

l'..S.S,M(<ii:NT,  Sl-HCIAl.  AtiKNT. 
108.^. 

S.alc    !>('    Sl.ll    MllOB 
O  10         tU        .1(1        iU        50 


Ai-('/,U^A 


.liilitis  MM't)S(  I'liM 


.  THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


5GI> 


MTKl'    STAI-KM 


UW 


.iuiiii<«  rttfii  M  ( .•.iiir 


being  covered,  over  thoasands  of  square  miles,  with  an  open  growth  of  yellow  pine  of  considerable  si^e.  The 
streams  and  bottoms  of  the  high  mountains  are  lined  with  deciduous  trees,  of  which  the  cottonwood,  the  cherry, 
the  ash,  the  a'der,  and  the  walnut  are  the  largest  and  most  important.  The  group  of  short,  detached  mountain 
ranges  which  occupies  with  a  general  north  and  south  trend  the  southeastern  part  of  the  territory  is  covered  with  a 
rich  and  varied  forest  growth.  The  highest  slopes  are  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  in  which,  in  the  Santa  Catalina 
range  at  least,  great  bodies  of  splendid  cypress  (Cupressus  Ouadalupensis)  are  found:  a  little  lower  the  red  fir 
and  white  pine  {Pinus  rejfexa),  different  oaks  and  junipers  with  a  inadrona,  are  scattered  over  the  dry,  gravelly 
slopes  and  ridges  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation.  These  in  turn  are  replaced  below  5,000  feet  with  an  open 
growth  of  small  evergreen  oaks.  The  bottoms  of  the  canons  and  the  borders  of  the  streams  between  1,000  aiul 
8,000  feet  elevation  are  lined  in  these  mountains  with  hackberry,  sycamore,  cottonwood,  willows,  cherries,  and 
ashes.  The  arroyos  in  the  mesas  are  often  covered,  as  in  southern  New  Mexico,  with  noble  groves  of  mesquit,  or  in 
drier  situations  support  a  stunted  growth  of  acacias,  yuccas,  cacti,  and  other  desert  plants. 

The  yellow  pine  is  the  only  tree  of  Arizona  of  great  importance  as  a  source  of  lumber  supply.  Oaks  and 
other  hardwood  trees  are  invariably  defective  and  of  little  value  except  for  fuel.  The  red  tir,  white  pine,  and 
cypress  occur  only  j>t  high  elevations,  and  are  generally  too  scattered  and  too  difficult  of  access  to  make  tlieir 
manufacture  into  lumber  practicable  for  the  present  at  least. 

The  pine  forests  of  central  Arizona  and  southwestern  Xew  Mexico  are  of  great  importance  to  the  development 
of  the  treeless  regions  which  surround  them.  No  other  body  of  timber  of  any  extent  or  value  exists  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  United  States  between  the  pine  belt  of  eastern  Texas  and  the  forests  of  the  Califorijia 
mountains.  These  southern  interior  forests  have  nowhere  yet  greatly  suflered.  Their  inaccessibility  has  i)r()tected 
them,  llailroads,  however,  uow  either  penetrate  this  forest  region,  or  will  soon  do  so,  and  these,  with  the  rapid 
development  of  the  mining  industry  now  going  on  in  the  soutliwest,  threaten  these  forests  with  the  dangers  which 
are  fast  exterminating  those  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

During  the  census  year  10,240  acres  of  woodland  were  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $50,000. 
These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  prospectors,  and  Indians. 

Pine  lumber  is  sawed  in  Pima  and  Pinal  counties,  principally  upon  the  Santa  Oatalina,  Santa  Kita,  and  Ilaacluica 
mountains,  to  supi)Iy  important  mining  centers  in  this  part  of  the  territory.  It  is  also  mawufactured  in  isniall 
quantities  in  portable  mills  near  Indian  reservations  and  other  centers  of  population  throughout  the  forest  region. 
Returns  from  13  mills  onlj",  situated  in  Pima,  Pinal,  Apache,  and  Yavapai  counties,  have  been  received.  Southern 
Arizona  is  now,  in  spite  of  its  tine  lorests  of  pine,  almost  entirely  supplied  by  rail  with  lumber  manufactured  in 
California. 

UTAH, 

The  Uintah  range,  occupying  with  an  east  and  west  trend  the  whole  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  territoiy, 
the  Wahsatch  mountains  and  their  southern  extension,  the  San  Pitch  and  the  Sanpete  ranges,  extending  north 
a:id  south  nearly  through  the  center  of  the  territory,  and  the  mountains  which  bound  on  the  east  the  great 
Colorado  plateau,  bear  at  high  elevations  fir,  spruce,  and  pine  forests  of  considerable  extent.  The  foothills  of 
these  mountains  and  their  high  valleys  are  dotted  with  an  open  growth  of  nnt  pine,  juniper,  ami  mtmntain  mahogany 
(Ccfcocarpus).  The  high  Colorado  plateau  and  the  arid  deserts  of  western  and  southern  Utah  are  treeless,  with  the 
exc«'i)tion  of  a  few  stunted  junipers  and  nut  i>ines  which  struggle  for  existence  upon  some  of  the  low  mountain 
ranges,  and  of  willows  and  cottonwoods  which  line  the  banks  of  the  infre(|uent  and  scanty  streams. 

The  western  tlank  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains  north  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude  has  alieady  been  almost 
denuded  of  its  best  timber  to  supply  the  wants  ^ftlie  agricultural  and  mining  settlements  of  the  Salt  Lake  region, 
and  the  scanty  forests  of  the  territory  have  everywhere^  sull'ered  serious  loss  from  fire  and  wasteful  methods  of 
cutting  tind)er  and  railway  ties  and  of  manufacturing  charcoal. 

During  the  census  year  42,805  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
$1,042,800.     These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  woodcntt<'rs,  careless  hunters,  and  prospectors. 

Small  cpiantities  of  hunber — i»ine,  cottonwood,  and  a  little  spruce — are  nmnufactured  through  the  Wahsatch 
region,  tiie  principal  centers  of  nuinnfaciture  being  Beaver  City  and  Cedar  City,  in  the  south,  the  neighborhood  of 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  Cache  county  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  territory.  Utah  is,  however,  almost  eniiicly 
8U|>plied  with  lumber  from  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  California  sierras  and  from  Chicago.  Small  tanneries  in  Salt 
Lake  City  obtain  a  supply  of  red  fir  and  spruce  bark  from  the  neighboring  mountains. 

The  following  notes  upon  Utah  forests,  made  dining  the  i)roseeution  of  a  special  investigation  into  the  nicat- 
l)rodncing  capacity  of  the  territory,  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  !■].  C.  Hall,  a  special  agent  of  the  Census,  in  the 
division  of  "3Ieat  Proibu^tion  in  the  (J razing  States  and  Territoriis": 

"The  timber  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains,  in  Cache,  Rich,  Morgan,  and  Weber  counties  of  Utah,  hardly  sullices 
for  the  wants  of  tho  settlers.  The  trees  from  which  lumber  is  obtaine.l  are  cedar  and  a  vai-iety  of  white  jiino 
{PinuH  Jlejiilin).  Some  fir  {PseudotxiKja  Doiiglitsii)  is  found,  but  it  is  not  common  north  of  the  latitude  of  Salt  Lake 
City.    This  tree  likewise  furnishes  an  inferior  kind  of  lumber.     In  general,  in  Utah,  north  of  latitude  40°,  tho  west 


I 


m 


mm 


,>■■  1 


570 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


II 


m 

.■1  :  AM  i 
■■'4  i'l^n  I 


11  !*'tSl''; 


,,' 

1 

1 

I  u 

> 

4 

1^ 


iii 


1^ 

i 


base  of  the  Wahsatcli  mountaius  has  been  stripped  of  the  available  timber,  so  that  in  the  accessible  canons, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  settlements,  it  is  laborious  and  expensive  obtaining  posts  and  poles  for  fencing, 
to  say  nothing  of  smooth  planks,  etc.,  for  building.  Cottonwood  and  cccasionally  box-elder  are  found  fringing 
the  river  bottoms  of  the  sections  described. 

"Tlie  Oquinh  mountains,  on  the  east  of  Tooele  county,  and  the  Onaqiii  mountains,  30  miles  west,  contain  cedar 
and  considerable  red  flr,  the  latter  a  tree  which  I  am  told  is  not  frequent  in  the  Wahsatch  range.  The  mining  camps  of 
Salt  Lake  and  Tooele  counties  have  largely  depleted  the  timber  areas  of  these  mountains.  More  timber  is  standing 
on  the  Ouaqui  hills  than  on  the  Oquirrh  range.  From  the  vicinity  of  the  latter  to  Cottonwood  and  Bingham  CaQon 
mining  districts  the  dearth  of  good  fencing  material  is  very  noticeable  throughout  Box  Elder,  Cache,  Kich,  Weber, 
Morgan,  and  Salt  Lake  counties.  Willow  withes,  stone  walls,  cottonwood  poles,  and  sod  walls  flanked  by  ditches 
are  among  the  devices  for  barriers  against  stock  incursion,  all  pointing  to  the  lack  and  costliness  of  lumber. 

"  Lake  range,  west  op  Utah  lake. — This  range  of  low  mountaius  contains  scattered  black  balsam  and  red 
fir.  In  winter  this  range  is  visited  from  the  settlements  of  Utah  valley,  and  the  trees  felled  and  sledded  across  the 
lake  on  the  ice,  to  be  used  by  the  railroad  and  by  farmers.  No  pifion  pine  was  found  in  the  Oquirrh  or  Onaqui 
mountains. 

"The  San  Pitch  mountains,  in  latitude  39°  30',  longitude  111°  52',  contain  sparse  timber — a  so-called  white  pine 
(Pinus  ^fkxilis),  scrubby  cedar,  and  some  other  evergreen  trees — at  a  high  elevation  and  unavailable  as  lumber.  No 
good  clear  planking  suitable  for  building  is  obtained  from  these  cuts. 

"Tlie  low  ranges  west  of  Juab  valley  and  flanking  Dog  valley.  Dry  valley,  and  Ferner  valley,  in  latitude  39° 
30',  longitude  112°,  contain  straggling  cedar  and  some  red  fir  difficult  of  access.  The  timber  of  the  whole  region 
north  of  latitude  39°  and  west  of  the  main  Wahsatch  mountaius  is  meager  and  inadequate  for  the  purposes  of  the 
Mormon  settlers. 

"Fencing  about  Salt  Lake  City  is  of  poor  construction  and  costs  $200  per  mile  of  pine  poles  and  cedar  posts. 
I  saw  some  posts  of  white  balsam  (Abies  concolor)  50  feet  long,  obtained  from  the  canois  of  the  San  Pitch  range, 
used  for  fencing.  At  Springville,  in  Utah  valley,  posts  of  cedar  were  pointed  out  which  were  in  good  condition 
after  fourteen  years  standing.  Were  it  not  for  the  existence  of  the  'no-fence'  law,  which  enables  a  farmer  to 
cultivate  unfenced  ground  and  claim  damages  from  incursions  of  stock,  the  Utah  farmer  would  be  very  badly  oflF,  not 
having  means  to  purchase  fencing  material  in  a  countrj^  so  ill  supplied  with  timber.  The  cedar  which  abounds 
here  affords  a  lasting  supply  of  fire- wood  and  posts,  but  for  poles  or  plank  the  region  depends  largely  upon  imported 
lumber,  especially  for  building  plank,  joists,  etc. 

"  Upon  ranges  flanking  East  and  West  Tintic  valleys,  Juab  county,  in  latitude  39°  50',  longitude  112°  30',  the 
timber  is  not  abundant;  it  consists  of  red  fir  and  black  and  white  balsam,  from  which  rough  lumber  for  the  mining 
camps  of  Mammoth,  Tintic,  and  Silver  City  has  been  extensively  taken.  Cedar  of  the  usual  dwarfed  kind  growls 
abundantly  along  the  upper  slopes  of  the  foothills,  and  is  used  for  braces  and  posts  in  shafts  of  mines. 

"  Sanpete  Valley  ranue  (longitude  111°  30',  latitude  39°  20').— The  Wahsatch  mountains,  on  the  east  of 
Sani)ete  valley,  carry  on  their  si)urs  and  through  the  deep  caiions  facing  the  valley  some  of  the  best  timber  found 
in  Utah.  It  is  largely  used  by  the  Sanpete  settlers.  Yellow  pine,  black  and  white  balsam,  red  flr,  cedar,  and 
poplar  constitute  the  varieties  of  trees  found.  The  yellow  pine,  less  abundant  now  in  accessible  canons,  furnishes, 
it  is  claimed,  a  clear  an«l  firm  lumber,  fit  for  building,  and  not  surpassed  by  any  variety  in  Utah.  The  range  west 
of  the  Sanpete  mountains — i.e,  the  San  Pitch  mountaius  before  spoken  of— carries  on  its  eastern  slopes  and  caiions 
considerable  balsam  of  both  varieties  and  some  red  flr  and  poplar  about  the  headwaters  of  creeks.  Little  yellow 
pine  is  found  on  the  San  Pitch  range;  at  least,  none  is  taken  out  at  present,  although  I  was  told  considerable  had 
already  been  lumbered  from  such  cafions  as  were  penetrable.  Fencing  of  cedar  posts  and  poplar  and  balsam  poles 
is  largely  used  in  the  valley  ;  cedar  posts  and  iiine  plank  are  also  used  in  fencing  meadows  and  fields.  In  no  other 
valley  of  Utah  are  the  ilormons  so  well  supplied,  ajjparently,  with  fair  lumber  of  native  growth.  Except  for  furniture 
and  house  trimmings,  no  imported  wood  is  used  here. 

"Sevier  River  mountains  (latitude  38°  30'  to  39°  10',  longitude  112°).— TheTushar  mountains  and  the  Valley 
range,  on  the  west  of  the  Sevier  valley,  are  supplied  with  meager  timber,  especially  the  Valley  range.  In  no  part 
of  Utah  have  I  noticed  so  few  and  so  limited  areas  inclosed.  Timber  is  said  to  exist  in  inaccessible  places  only 
on  the  Wahsatch  range  to  the  east  of  the  valley.  This  is  true  in  regard  to  the  ranges  west  of  the  Sevier  valley, 
where  the  character  of  the  tree  growth  is  inferior  to  even  the  average  poor  quality  of  Utah  forests.  Black  balsam, 
white  balsam  and  red  flr  grow  in  both  ranges,  but  are  approached  with  great  difficulty.  The  indigenous  scrub 
cedar  prevails  often  in  thick  groves  along  the  foot-hills,  especially  on  the  Valley  and  Tushar  ranges  to  the  west  of 
the  valley.  Several  saw-mills  at  the  mouths  of  caiion  streams  on  the  East  Wahsatch  range  have  for  several  years  ' 
worked  up  all  the  available  lumber,  but  the  prices  asked  for  lumber — from  $35  to  $45  per  1,000  feet — place  fencing 
material  beyond  the  reach  of  the  Sevier  farmer. 

"  All  the  way  up  the  Sevier  valley,  and  along  its  south  and  east  forks,  fencing  is  limited  and  lumber  high,  a 
sure  proof  of  the  inadequate  supply  of  trees  on  accessible  mountains. 

"  Fish  Lake  plateau  and  mountains  (latitude  38°  33',  longitude  111°  50')  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  the 
Iiievailing  timber  of  Utah,  as  do  also  Thousand  Springs  mountains. 


'i . 


, 


i! 


DEPARTMENT   OF  'mE  INTE! 


■OTNTH   CEIISUS    OF   THE    (TNI 'j-:p    SIATKS, 


,  contain  cedar 
iniugciunpsof 
)erisstaiuliiig 
iigliain  Cauon 
,  llicb,  Weber, 
ed  by  ditches 
umber. 

ilsam  and  red 
led  acrosH  the 
•rb  or  Onaqiii 


II  latitude  39° 
whole  region 
irposes  of  the 

1  cedar  posts. 
Pitch  range, 
)od  condition 
i  a  farmer  to 
badly  oflF,  not 
liich  abounds 
pon  imported 

!  1120  30',  the 
or  the  mining 
d  kind  grows 
es. 

•n  the  east  of 
timber  found 
ir,  cedar,  and 
us,  furnishes, 
ic  range  west 
s  and  cafions 
Little  yellow 
jiderable  had 
balsam  i)ole8 
In  no  other 
for  furniture 


in 


b  TAH 


lul'i.sHi.-n'"  ..Mil- 


i 


t    ^ 


H"  5',} 


-il 


(      ; 


§,{ 


\M 


11 


':f'i 


i 


Hi 


J 


iu 


i   . 


i(r 


yi'l 


XENTH  CENSUS    Or  THE   UNITKD   STATES. 


luUllsBiriiHCo.Iilh 


np:vada 


Til 


n  :  ft:' 


NITED    STATEK, 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


571 


JuUiUiRi<<ii;(t'u.1illt 


"The  Aqua.-ius  plateau  is  ^id  by  Sevier  Valley  stockmen  to  bo  abundautly  timbered  with  piue,  balsam,  and 
spruce,  but  Boulder  valley  (latitude  37°  55',  longitude  110°  30')  was  destitute  of  standing  timber,  save  cedar  and 
poplar  on  its  foothill  fringo.  The  country  was  visited  by  fires,  the  Mormons  told  me,  in  1872-'7;{,  which 
destroyed  large  areas  of  the  forests  in  the  region  southeast  of  the  Grass  Valley  country.  The  whole  section  of 
Utah  lying  east  of  the  Sevier  valley  to  the  io  Colorado  is  better  timbered,  but  from  its  rough  and  in)penetrablo 
location  the  timber  is  of  no  a.-ail  to  most  of  the  settlers,  but  only  to  such  as  penetrate  the  high  valleys  of  Grass, 
Boulder,  Potato,  etc.,  lying  adjacent  to  the  timber.  Fencing  on  Grass  and  Eabbit  valleys,  western  Pinto  <!ounty, 
is  cheaper  than  in  Sevier  valley,  but  farmers  and  stockmen  are  so  poor  that  they  are  forced  to  avail  themselves  of 
the  no-fence  law  when  brciikinj;  ground  for  crops. 

"  In  the  Paria  liiver  region  feiicing  is  very  limited  and  lumber  expensive,  as  timber  is  hard  to  get  out  of  the 
mouutain  caiions. 

"  In  the  Kanab  Uiver  region  fencing  at  the  settlements  of  Ujjper  Kanab  and  Lower  Kauab,  Kane  county,  is 
said  to  be  expensive,  as  material  is  dilhcult  to  obtain,  the  canons  leading  to  the  valley  aflbrding  a  meager  supply 
of  cedar  and  black  and  white  balsam,  while  some  red  flr  and  yellow  pine  is  said  to  grow  on  the  Sevier  plateau 
(latitude  37°  30');  this,  however,  seldom  reaches  a  market  in  the  settlements,  owing  to  the  isolated  situation  of 
these  forests. 

"Considerable  scrub  oak  is  found  on  the  slopes  of  the  Oquirrh  and  Onaqui  mountains,  above  referred  to,  in 
Tooele  county,  and  many  cedar  thickets  of  considerable  extent.  In  Tooele  valley  some  fencing  with  cedar  and  panels 
of  balsam  occurs.  Kush  valley  contains  some  bull  feuces  of  trunks  of  cedar,  costing  $1  25  per  rod,  showing  the 
cost  of  even  poor  material. 

"  It  will  be  observed  that  outside  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains  no  building  timber  of  value  has  been  noted  in 
Utah,    The  supply  in  this  range  has  been  largely  consumed  from  the  easily-approached  canons  and  slopes. 

"  In  summing  up  my  observations,  which  were  made  wholly  with  a  view  of  investigating  the  fencing  of  pasture 
areas  and  cost  of  same,  it  may  be  stated  that  Utah  seemed  very  generally  lacking  in  serviceable  material  for  fencing 
or  building.  The  country  settled  for  thirty  years  has  drawn  upon  the  near  supply  of  standing  timber,  so  that  now 
lumber  is  obtained  by  great  exertion  and  expense  in  most  of  the  valley  settlements.  The  labor  and  cost  of  fencing 
caused  Brigham  Young  to  enact  the  no-fence  law,  which  enabled  the  destitute  settlers  to  break  ground,  irrigate, 
and  raise  grain  without  the  provision  of  any  barrier  against  stock  inroads,  the  cattleman  being  held  responsible 
for  the  damages  of  his  herd.    This  law  in  itself  is  a  commentary  on  the  scarcity  of  timber  in  Utah." 

NEVADA. 

The  tree  growth  of  Xevada,  except  in  a  portion  of  Douglas  county,  in  the  exireme  western  part  of  the  state, 
which  the  forests  of  the  California  sierras  just  reach,  is  confined  to  the  low  ridges  of  the  central  and  southern 
part  of  the  state.  The  most  important  of  these— the  Humboldt,  Toiyabe,  Monitor  Creek,  Timpiute,  Hot  Creek, 
Kawich,  and  probably  others — bear  near  their  summits,  in  sheltered  ravines,  scattered  patches  of  stunted  white 
pine  (Pinus  flexilis)  of  suflQcient  size  to  furnish  saw-logs.  The  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  this  region  are 
often  quite  thickly  covered  with  small  nut-pines  and  groves  of  the  mountain  mahogany  (CVrcocarjJws),  here  attaining 
its  greatest  development.  Below  the  nut-pine  low,  stunted  junipera  cover  the  foot-hills,  often  extending,  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state,  across  the  narrow  elevated  valleys  which  separate  the  low  mountain  ranges. 

The  great  development  of  the  mining  interests  of  Nevada  has  already  nearly  exterminated  its  scanty  and 
stunted  forests.  The  white  piue  has  been  cut  in  the  neighborhood  of  mines  from  all  the  mountain  ranges,  and 
the  most  accessible  nut-pine,  juniper,  and  mountain  mahogany  have  been  converted  into  cord- wood  or  made  into 
charcoal.  The  forests  of  Nevada  are  nowhere  reproducing  themselves,  and  a  scarcity  of  fuel,  even  for  domestic 
purposes,  must  soon  be  felt. 

A  considerable  amount  of  lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  neighborhood  of  lake  Tahoe,  in  Douglas  county,  and 
sent  in  tiumes  down  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  sierras  to  supply  Carson  City  and  Virginia  City.  The  lumber- 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  remainder  of  the  state  are  necessarily  small  and  unimportant.  Their  entire 
extermination,  with  the  forests  which  furnish  them  material,  cannot  be  long  delayed. 

During  the  census  year  8,710  acres  of  Avoodland  were  devastated  by  tire,  with  a  loss  of  $19,000.  The  fires 
were  traced  to  hunters  aud  Indians. 

IDAHO. 

The  western  slopes  of  the  Bitter  Boot  and  Coeur  d'Alfene  mountains,  which  form  north  of  latitude  46°  the 
eastern  boundarj'  of  the  territory  of  Idaho,  are  covered  with  dense,  extensive,  and  valuable  forests  of  fir,  i)iue,  and 
larch.  The  ridges  of  the  Kocky  mountains,  which  below  latitude  40°  occupy  the  eastern  border  of  the  territory, 
and  the  extreme  eastern  development  of  the  Blue  mountnins  of  Oregon,  just  entering  it  from  the  west,  are  less 
heavily  timbered  with  a  scattered  growth,  in  which  yellow  piue  and  red  fir  are  still  the  prevailing  trees.  The 
great  central  region  occupied  by  the  Salmon  River  mountains  is  unexplored.  These  mountains  are  more  or  less 
timbered,  but  nothing  is  known  of  the  composition  or  character  of  the  forests  which  cover  them.  Judging, 
however,  from  the  general  elevation  and  climate  of  this  region,  its  forests  cannot  be  very  important,  nor  capable  of 


.m 


l' 


■i  i    Ki.' 


Ill 


572 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


8n]);)l,viiig-  more  tliaii  tliu  local  wants  of  its  milling  ])opulation.  Tlio  groat  pitlins  south  and  southeast  of  th& 
Salmon  It'wvr  mountains,  conipriwing  fully  ono-tliinl  of  tho  territorj',  arc  entirely  destitute  of  tree  covering,  while 
the  Hnake  Kiver  range  and  tho  ranges  of  the  licar  Kiver  country  contain  in  their  more  sheltered  cauous  only  small 
areas  of  ojien,  stunted  forest. 

During  the  census  year  21,000  acres  of  woodland  were  reported  destroyed  by  tire,  with  an  estinuited  loss  of 
$202,0(10.    These  fires  originated  in  tho  carelessness  of  hunters,  prospectors,  Indians,  etc. 

A  small  amount  of  pine  and  iir  lumber  is  manufactured  at  Uois6  City  and  near  other  centers  of  population. 
The  gre.'it  forests  of  cedar,  (Ir,  and  i)ine,  however,  in  the  Ctvur  d'Alene  region  are  still  almost  intact.  These  forests, 
with  jiroper  eare,  are  ca[)ablc  of  furnishing  ind('finit»>ly  the  treeless  agricultural  region  of  eastern  Washington 
territory  and  Oregon  with  an  abundant  sujiply  of  excellent  bmlding  material. 

Tho  following  extracts  are  nnule  from  I^lr.  Sereno  Watson's  report  upon  the  forests  of  the  territory: 

"This  territory  north  of  latitude  44^°  is  occupied  by  the  Kocky  and  the  liitter  Koot  mountains,  forming  its 
eastern  boundary,  with  their  broad,  timbered,  iiiterlaeiug  spurs,  which  terminate  in  tho  high,  mostly  treeless 
platean  which  extends  frtun  near  the  Spokane  river  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  this  parallel  of  latitude.  The 
southern  and  southwestern  portions  were  not  visited  by  nu',  and  the  statements  regauling  them  are  to  some  extent 
conjectural. 

"  Lkmui  county  (5,530  square  miles). — In  tho  extreme  eastern  portion  of  this  county,  where  the  mountains 
are  crossed  by  the  Utah  and  Northern  railroad,  scattered  trees  of  red  fir  are  first  met  at  an  altitude  of  0,000  feet. 
Beaver  canon,  up  which  the  railroad  passes,  is  well  timbered  on  both  sides  nearly  to  its  head  at  G,G00  feet  altitude 
with  red  Iir  only,  but  the  oroad  plateau  at  the  summit  (C,SU!)  *'"et)  is  treeless.  In  tho  lu^^eral  canons  (8  to  10  miles 
long),  coming  out  near  the  mouth  of  Beaver  canon,  there  are  two  saw-mills,  one  of  which  was  visited.  The  timber 
was  here  Ibund  to  be  contined  to  the  south  side  of  the  cahon,  and  consisted  almost  wliolly  of  red  fir  (here  called 
'red  i)ine'),  averaging  from  20  to  22  inches  in  d'lmeter.  Tho  largest  log  seen  measured  32  inches  at  the  butt.  A 
'white  pine'  proved  to  bo  I'icea  Engehnunni,  ami  a  'bird's  eye  pine'  was  Vimia  Murrayana^  both  small,  as  was  also 
tho  balsam  (Abies  sitbaljiina),  which  was  found  some  3  or  4  miles  up  the  canon.    The  yellow  pine  did  not  octur  here. 

"It  is  i)robable  that  the  cafions  westward  along  the  range  are  similarly  timbered  as  far  as  the  Lemli  agency. 
Here  the  character  of  the  range  changes  (as  stated  under  Beaver  Head  county,  Montana),  becoming  higher  aud 
more  rugged,  and  the  rinioi  Murraymm  is  probably  more  abundant,  at  least  at  tho  higher  altitudes.  The  yellow 
pine  also  ai>pears,  but  at  what  point  is  uncertain ;  it  is  certainly  Ibund  at  Gibbonsville,  on  the  North  Fork  of  tho 
Baluiou  river,  and  it  probably  extends  still  farther  southward.  Tho  Salmon  Eiver  mountains,  lying  between  tho 
Lemhi  river  and  Bock  creek,  are  reported  to  be  well  tind)ered.  The  southwestern  i)ortion  of  the  county  I  presume 
to  be  nuich  more  open. 

"The  total  timbered  area  is  estimated  at  from  1,5(10  to  2,000  square  miles. 

"Idaho  county  (10.100  square  miles).— The  high  and  crowded  spurs  of  the  Bitter  Boot  mountains  till  tho 
entire  northeastern  portion  of  this  county,  extending  to  the  line  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Clearwater,  mostly  densely 
wooded  from  base  to  suinniit.  The  foot-hills  and  1>lateaus  between  the  streams  are  more  or  less  covered  with 
scattered  yellow  pine  and  red  fir.  The  valley  of  the  Salmon  river  is  probably  comi)aratively  treeless,  and  the  low 
mountain  range  between  that  river  and  the  Snake  is  scantdy  timbered. 

"Estimated  timber  area,  4,000  square  miles. 

"Wasuinoton  county  (3,000  square  miles). — I  have  but  little  intbrmation  in  regard  to  this  county.  Tho 
southern  portion  has  bet'u  surveyed,  and  is  probably  nearly  treeless.  Tho  rest  appears  to  be  more  mountainous, 
aud  nujy  be  scantily  tiud)ered. 

"Wooded  area  (say)  300  scpuire  miles. 

"Xkk  Perck  county  (3,400  s(|Hare  miles). — ]\laiidy  high  plateau,  at  about  3,000  feet  altitude,  in  tho 
southeast  more  or  less  covered  with  scattered  yellow  pine  and  re«l  fir  of  good  size,  on  the  western  side  nearly 
without  timber  or  with  occasional  yellow  pine.  Toward  the  head  of  Potluck  creek  some  yellow  pine  and  red 
fir  are  found  in  the  valleys,  aiul  in  the  northeast  the  sjjurs  from  the  Eocky  mountains  enter  the  county,  covered 
iu  addition  with  the  larch  and  Thuya  yhjuntcd.  East  of  tho  Indian  reservation  the  county  extends  up  into  tho 
iiiountains  in  the  tbrm  of  a  narrow  gore,  and  is  heavily  timbered.  The  portion  lying  south  of  the  reservation  iu 
the  angle  between  the  Snake  and  Salmon  rivers  is  occupied  by  low  mountains,  mostly  bare. 

"Total  timbered  area  estimated  at  750  s(|uare  miles. 

"  SnosiiONE  COUNTY'  (5,950  sqiuiro  miles). — Wholly  moi.iitainous  and  covered  with  forests,  with  the  exception 
of  some  prairies  and  open  country  near  the  Clearwater  and  lower  portion  of  the  Lolo  Fork. 

"Ininiediately  after  crossing  the  divide  by  the  Lolo  trail  from  Montana,  at  an  altitude  of  0,000  feet,  the  Ibrest 
consisted  of  .4ti<',s'*»/(rt/^jtHrt  and  Pivea  EiKjclinannl,  with  young  A/>(V»  </>•««(/«  and  2's«flfa  il/cr^CJ^s(aHrt,  and  occasional 
larch  and  red  fir,  and  ui)()u  the  (.'reeks  some  small  Thuya  and  Taxus.  The  trail  soon  ascended  the  ridges  and 
followed  then;  for  about  100  miles  at  an  altitude  of  Irom  5,000  to  over  7,000  feet,  doubtless  to  avoid  the  fallen 
timber  which  niade  the  cafions  inii)assable,  though  enough  of  it  was  found  ou  the  route  followed.  The  timber  on 
these  ridges  was  often  small  and  scattered — Abies  suhalpina  and  Ficea  EugeJmanni,  with  Pinua  Murrayana  and  P. 
all)icavlis — or  on  the  damper  northern  slopes  with  larch  and  red  fir,  balsam,  hemlock,  and  sometimes  the  mountaiu 


"""Tfl 


DK''AirrMfc;N'7    CK   THr     IMTTTRIOTi. 


TVNT!!  cr.vr,'':'  ;<r  :;ip'  uTirri::i  r-;-«rr.t. 


itlieast  of  the 
overiiig,  while 
oii8  only  small 

iinated  loss  of 

of  population. 
Tiiese  forests, 
1  Washington 


a,  forming  its 
ostly  treeless 
atitudc.  The 
0  some  extent 


tains  fill  tho 
ostly  densely 
covered  with 
and  the  low 


udo,  in  the 
side  nearly 
ino  and  red 
ity,  covered 
up  into  tho 
servation  in 


/liNSlTY  01  ■  I'OUMS  IS 

ciiMi'ii  i:ii  I'siihii  niK  hiriciTins  nf 
C.S.SAUdlM'.  SI'i:ilAI,  AI.INT 

ni::; 


V 


im 


IDAHO 


.hillitKliitti.SfnJiUt 


{''1  • 


•M   »■ 


I       1 


I     ni  \ 


I- 


■'  i 


I'   I 


ii' 


•t 


#^ 


r?!^I 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


573 


liemlock  ( Tsuga  Pattoniana),  the  trees  larger  (occasionally  2  feet  through,  the  Abies  grandia  being  the  largest).  The 
white  pine  (Pinua  monticola)  also  frequently  occurred.  During  the  last  day  upon  this  ridge  the  trail  was  through 
heavy  timber,  chiefly  of  hemlock  sometimes  3  feet  in  diameter,  with  some  Abies  and  rarely  Pinus  Murrayana  and 
P.  monticola,  the  ridge  even  at  7,000  feet  being  covered  v»  ith  the  same  dense  growth.  Descending  quite  abruptly  from 
the  drier  extrevjity  of  the  spur,  which  was  covered  with  Abies,  Tsuga,  and  Pinus  (Murrayana,  albicaulis,  and 
monticola),  we  passed  through  a  forest  of  heavy  balsam  (Abies  grandis),  with  a  few  larch  and  some  red  fir,  and  at  about 
4,000  feet  came  ui)on  cedar  ( Thuya  gigantea)  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else — the  trees  from  2  to  4  feet  in  diaineter. 
On  the  slreani  banks  at  the  base  were  found  tlie  Thinja^  Pinus  monticola,  Abies  subalpina  and  A.  grandis,  Picea 
Fngelmanni,  and  Tsuga  Merlensiana,  all  growing  together,  with  an  undergrowth  of  maple,  mountain  ash.  Vac- 
ciniitm,  Ccnnothus,  Cratwgvs,  Pachystima,  Priimis,  etc.  With  timber  of  this  character  upon  the  high  ridges  it  is 
evident  tiiat  tliere  must  be  nuich  very  heavy  timber  in  the  cafions. 

"^\fter  crossing  a  low  ridge  covered  with  cedar,  larch,  and  red  fir,  and  following  a  narrow  meadow  fi-equently 
interrupted  by  clumps  of  timbor,  tlie  trail  at  length  came  out  upon  an  open  camass  prairie  25  miles  northeast  of 
Kamai.  From  this  ])oint  the  timber  covering  the  ]>liiteau  is  an  open  growth  of  yellow  pine  and  red  fir,  citen  quite 
liirge,  with  young  trees  ititermixed,  and  some  Picea  Engchnanni  and  the  two  Abies  in  the  wetter  places. 
Considerable  timber  is  cut  nnon  the  Lolo  Fork  and  Clearwater  and  floated  down  to  the  mills  sit  Lewistou.  It  is 
uncertain  how  far  south  along  the  main  range  the  above  large  variety  of  trees  continues.  It  is  probable,  in  m;' 
oi)inion,  tliat  the  Thuya,  Abies  grandis,  Tsuga,  Pinus  monticola,  and  Taxus  do  not  pass  beyond  the  headwaters  of 
the  Clearwater,  or,  at  the  fartliest,  that  some,  of  them  may  reach  the  North  Fork  of  the  Salmon  river,  while  the 
larch  may  ])ossibly  be  found  iu  the  Salmon  Kiver  mountains. 

"At  the  nortlier  extremity  of  the  ctunty,  along  the  TMullan  road,  which  from  the  Coeur  d'Alfine  mission 
follows  up  tlie  canon  r  the  Cojur  d'Aleue  river,  instead  of  following  the  spurs,  a  distance  of  37  miles,  the  swampy 
bottoms  were  fouivd  heavily  timbered  with  Thuya,  red  fir,  Abies  grandis,  and  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  with  some  larch 
and  P/.TK-s'  monticola.  Someof  i.  e  drier  bottoms  had  been  burned  over,  ?nd  were  mostly  covered  with  Pinus 
Murrayana.  Some  Populus  balsamifera  occurs,  3  feet  tlirough,  or  more  (as  .also  on  the  Montana  side).  The  sides  of 
the  ridge  were  also  n3arly  bare.  The  Thuyx,  which  exclusively  occupied  some  of  the  swamps,  attaining  a  large 
size,  ceases  at  the  base  of  the  dividing  ridge,  where  also  ihe  Picea  Engchnanni  and  Abies  SKbalpina  come  in.  The 
range  above  Cceur  t''A!ene  ciuon,  and  bounding  the  county  on  the  north,  is  not  heavily  timbered,  much  of  its  upper 
slopes  l>ein|T;  bare. 

*' Total  timbered  are.i  estimated  at  r;,000  squais  milea. 

"Kootenai  county  (5,530  square  miles). — The  portion  south  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  and  Spokane  rivers 
belongs  mostly  to  the  Cobur  d'Alfine  Indian  reservation,  and  is  timbered,  with  the  exception  of  open  meadows  upon 
the  Coeur  d'Alene  and  Saint  Joseph  rivers  and  upon  Hangman  creek.  The  timber  is  principally  yellow  ])ine  and 
red  fir,  with  some  Pinus  ^furrayana,  and  fine  bodies  of  cedar  (Thuya  gigantea)  near  the  western  borders  of  the  lake. 
North  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river  the  road  from  the  mission  to  the  fort  i)a8ses  through  a  cedar  (  Thuya)  swamp,  with 
many  large  trees,  from  3  to  5  feet  tlirough,  traversing  cafions  filled  with  a  mixed  growth  oi  Abies  subalpina  and 
A.  grandis,  larch,  hemlock,  Picea  Engelinaniti,  and  red  fir.  This  latt  or  growth  continues  for  some  miles  below  t'.ie  fort, 
where  the  valky  opens  out  into  the  broad  t^pokane  i)lain,  which  extends  northeastward  toward  Pend  d'Oreille  lake 
withor.t  trees.  The  mountains  south  of  the  lake  are  low  and  not  heavily  timbered.  The  portion  of  the  county 
north  of  Clarke's  Fork  and  of  Pend  d'Oreille  lalce  has,  so  far  as  I  know,  never  been  explored,  but  is  jirobably 
mountainous  and  for  the  most  part  well  timbered. 

"  Estimated  timber  area  of  the  county,  4,500  square  miles." 


WASIIINGTOX. 


Washington  territory  west  of  the  suiumit  of  the  Cascade  range  is  covered  with  the  heaviest  continuous  belt 
of  ibrest  growth  in  vhe  United  States.  This  forest  extends  over  the  slopes  of  tlie  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges,  and 
occupies  the  entire  drift  plain  surrounding  the  wat  'rs  of  Paget  sound.  Tlie  highest  mountain  peaks  and  the  sand- 
dunes  of  the  coast  are  treeless.  The  narrow  valleys  of  the  ('owlitz  and  Chehalis  rivers  are  dotted  with  small  oaks 
and  other  deciduous  trees,  and  oaks  and  stunted  yellow  pines  occHi)y  with  an  open  growth  the  barren  Steilacooni 
plain  south  of  Piiget  sound;  with  these  exceptions  western  Washington  territory  is  covered  with  a  magnificent 
coiiiferou  « lorest.  The  most  valuable  and  generally  distributed  limber  tiee  of  this  region  is  the  red  or  yellow  fir 
(Pseudotsuga  J)ouglasii),  forming  about  seven-eighths  of  the  Ibrest  growtli.  The  valuable  red  cedar  ( Thuya  gigantt-a) 
and  the  hemlock  (TsUga  Mertensiana),  oilew  coverii;;;  extensive  tracts,  especially  near  the  bise  of  the  Cascade 
mountains,  are  common ;  the  noble  tide-land  spruce  adds  value  and  imiiortance  to  the  forests  bordering  the  coast. 
The  forestk  which  cover  the  upper  ridges  of  the  Cascade  mountains  are  juincipally  composed  of  firs  (Al)ivs  amabilis 
and  A,  nobilis),  spruces  (Picea  Engclmanni),  various  small  jiines,  hemlocks,  etc.  These  elevated  forests,  often  of 
great  beauty,  are  of  little  economic  importance. 

East  of  the  Cascade  mountains  the  forests  are  less  dense,  and  are  confined  to  the  mcuutain  ranges.  The  great 
plains  watered  by  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers  are  entirely  destitute  of  tree  covering. 


L*  11, 


574 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Stevens  countj-,  wliicli  is  broken  and  mountainous,  witli  the  exception  of  the  narrow  valleys  «u(l  occasional 
small  prairies,  is  covered  with  a  heavy,  open  forest  {growth.  Tiie  most  valuable  trees  of  the  forests  of  this  county 
are  the  red  lir,  the  yellow  pine  {Pinus  pondciosa),  the  white  j)ine  (Pinus  monticola),  the  larch  (Larix  occidental  is), 
and  the  red  cedar. 

The  forests  of  Spokane  county  are  confined  to  the  spurs  and  ridges  of  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  county, 
and  consist  of  the  yellow  pine,  red  fir,  and  larch  of  smnll  size  and  inferior  quality. 

The  forests  of  Yakima  county  cover  about  one  half  of  its  area,  beinp  confined  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Cascade  range.  The  forests  covering  the  eastern  slopes  ol  these  mountains  are  only  surjiassed  in  density  and 
value  by  those  extending  over  their  western  flanks.  The  yellow  pine  occupies  the  lowest  slopes  with  an  open 
growth  of  large  trees.  Above  the  pine  the  red  fir  is  the  prevailing  tree.  This  at  a  greater  elevation  is  succeeded 
by  hemlock  and  larch,  with  w^hich  are  mingled  fine  bodies  of  spruce  {Picca  Engclmannt)  and  hemlock,  while  the 
forest  growth  below  the  timber-line  consists  of  firs,  pines,  and  mountain  hemlock. 

Tlie  western  portion  of  Klikitat  county  is  covered  with  heavy  forest  growth,  similar  in  composition  and  density 
to  tliat  of  \akima. 

Walla  Walla  county  is  destitute  of  timber  except  in  the  extreme  southeastern  comer,  where  the  spurs  of  the 
mountains  .ire  thinly  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  yellow  i»ine  and  larch. 

Columbia  county  is  without  forest  except  along  the  ridges  and  summit  of  the  Blue  mountains,  which  are 
covered  with  yellow  pine,  larch,  and,  above  5,000  i'eet  elevation,  with  a  continuous  growth  of  lodge-pole  pine 
(Piiivs  Mitrrayana). 

Wliitman  county  is  destitute  of  forest  except  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner,  where  there  is  a  scattered 
growth  of  small  yellow  pine. 

An  estimate  of  the  actual  amount  of  tunber  standing  in  the  territory  is  not  possible  with  the  existing  knowledge 
of  the  country,  and  none  has  been  attempted.  The  quai...ity  of  merchantable  timber,  however,  standing  in  western 
Washington  territory  is  enormous ;  a  yield  of  200,000  feet  of  lumber  to  the  acre  is  not  at  all  exceptional,  while  over 
fully  20,000  square  miles  a  yield  of  2r),0G0  feet  to  the  acre  might  be  expected ;  such  estimates  certainly  would  not 
exaggerate  the  productive  capacity  of  these  noble  forests. 

The  forests  of  Washington  territory,  especially  in  the  more  thickly  settled  jwrtions  west  of  the  Cascade 
mountains,  have  long  sutfered  from  destructive  fires.  The  injury  inflicted  by  such  fires  is  ])roportionately  less, 
however,  in  the  humid  coast  region  than  east  of  the  mountains,  where  the  dryness  of  the  climate  prevents  the 
reproduction  of  the  forest  once  destroyed.  West  of  the  mountains  young  trees  of  the  species  of  the  original  forest, 
and  especially  the  red  fir,  soon  densely  cover  the  burned  surface  and  grow  with  astonishing  rapidity  and  vigor.  It 
seems  reasonably  certain,  therefore,  that,  whatever  may  be  tlie  fate  of  tlie  forests  which  now  cover  western 
Washington  territory  and  Oregon,  they  will  be  succeeded  by  forests  of  similar  composition,  and  that  this  whole 
region,  ill  adapted  in  soil  and  topography  to  agriculture,  will  retain  a  permanent  forest  covering  long  after  the 
other  great  forests  of  the  continent  liave  disappeared. 

During  the  census  year  37,910  acres  of  woodland  were  destroyed  by  fire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $713,200. 
These  fires  were  set  by  Indians,  by  whites  in  clearing  land,  by  hunters,  prospectors,  etc. 

Tiie  forests  bordering  the  shores  of  Puget  sound,  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  the  lower  Columbia  river 
have  been  culled  of  their  best  trees  for  a  distance  inland  of  1  or  2  miles  to  snpjdy  the  important  lumber- 
manufacturing  interests  of  this  ])art  of  the  territory.  The  product  of  western  Washington  territory  during  the 
census  year  was  153,980,000  feet  of  lumber,  0,550,000  latlis,  910,000  shingles,  and  23,000,000  staves— by  far  tlie 
largest  part  being  nmnufactured  in  the  mills  located  on  the  waters  of  Puget  sound. 

The  first  saw-mill  built  \\\w\\  Puget  s<uind  was  erected  in  1851.  It  was  a  small  water-power  mill,  with  a  daily 
cajiacity  of  about  1,000  feet.  Two  years  later  a  similar  mill  was  erected  at  Seattle,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  fron\ 
8,000  to  10,000  feet. 

Tiie  centers  of  manufactures,  now  are  Port  Gamble,  Port  Madison,  Port  Blakely,  Port  Discovery,  Seabeck, 
Utsaladdy,  Tacoma,  and  Seattle.  At  the  last-named  ])lace  there  is  a  large  establishment  manufacturing  sugar-barrel 
staves  from  eottonwood  for  the  San  F'  mcisco  market. 

Tiie  lumber  manufactured  njion  Puget  sound  is  largely  shiiijied  to  San  Francisco  and  directly  to  China, 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  Mexican  and  South  American  Pacific  ])orts. 

Tlie  po])ulation  of  the  southeastern  iiart  of  the  territory  is  })rineipally  supplied  with  lumber,  largely  coarse 
yellow  jtine  of  inferior  quality,  cut  on  tlie  lUue  mountains  in  small  jiortable  mills,  and  delivered  at  Dayton,  in 
Walla  Walla  county,  by  a  flujue  several  miles  in  length.  No  statistics,  however,  have  been  received  of  llii^  aniouut 
of  lumber  manufactured  in  this  county. 

The  methods  adojited  by  the  lumbermen  of  western  Washington  territory  are  wasteful  in  the  extreme.  Loggers 
cut  only  timber  growing  witliin  a  mile  or  a  mile  and  a  hall'  of  shores  accessible  to  good  booming  or  shijiping  jioints, 
or  which  will  yield  not  less  than  30()00  feel  of  lumber  to  the  acre.  Only  trees  are  cut  which  will  produce  at  least 
three  logs  24  feet  long,  with  a  minimum  diunieter  of  30  inches.  Trees  are  cut  not  less  than  12  and  often  20 
fe«'t  iioni  the  ground,  in  order  that  the  labor  of  cutting  through  the  thick  bark  and  enlarged  base  may  be  avoided, 
while  40  or  50  feet  of  the  top  of  tlio  tree  are  entirely  wasted. 


(1  occasional 

this  county 

occidental  is), 

the  county, 

slope  of  the 
density  and 
1th  an  open 
la  succeeded 
k,  while  the 

and  density 

3i)urs  of  the 

1,  which  are 
?repole  pine 

a  scattered 

:  knowledge 
r  in  western 
,  while  over 
V  would  not 

lie  Cascade 
mutely  less, 
revents  the 
Tinal  forest, 
il  ^■iJ;or.  It 
•or  western 
this  whole 
ig  after  the 

•f  $713,200. 

iimbia  ri\er 
int  hunber- 
duriiiK  the 
by  far  the 

lith  a  daily 
ity  of  from 


S',  Soabcck, 
ugjar-barrcl 

;  to  Cliina, 

gely  coarse 
Dayton,  in 
[lie  amount 


:■ 


.  Lojjgers 
ing  points, 
ICC  at  least 
(1  often  20 
)e  avoided. 


36 


1! 


m 


■  1 ' 


I 


I 


I 


i   ' 


4\: 


:  ii  i; 


TKNTH  rKNSllS  Of'THE  UNni-.r,  STK-V.E 


Vi 


i 


\] 


i  i 


I'.iliY 


iiihi.^i; .tii-.itiii 


II'.:, 


* 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


575 


The  following  notes  upon  tbe  forests  of  cistern  Washington  territory  nre  extriictetl  from  Mr.  Watson's  rcjiort : 

"Walla  Walla  county  (1,2C0  square  miles). — This  connfy  is  wholly  without  timber,  which  is  supplied  I'rom 
the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon. 

"Columbia  county  (2,1G0  square  miles). — A  spur  of  the  Blue  mountains  traverses  the  southern  portion  of 
this  county,  occupying  about  a  fourth  of  its  area,  which  is  partially  timbered,  chicHy  with  red  (ir  (Psendottiutjn)^  ])ino 
(Pinus  ponderosa),  and  some  Ficca  Engchnanni,  none  of  it  large.  Elsewhere  the  county  is  nearly  destitute  of  trees, 
though  some  of  the  streams,  especially  the  Touchet,  were  at  the  first  settling  of  the  county  bordered  by  scattered 
pines. 

"Whitman  county  (5,000  square  miles). — This  county  is  destitute  of  timber.  Some  of  the  townshii)s  along 
the  Idaho  line  wore  originally  sparingly  wooded  with  scattered  pines  upon  the  ridges,  but  these  have  nearly  or 
wholly  disappeared,  and  the  supplies  for  fencing  and  fuel  are  brought  from  the  ueigliboiing  mountains  of  Idaho. 
There  is  a  saw-mill  on  the  Palouse  river,  at  Palouse,  the  logs  for  which  are  lloated  down  from  about  9  miles  above. 

"Spokane  county  (8,500  square  miles). — The  portion  of  this  county  to  the  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  SpoKaue 
river  is  wholly  destitute  of  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  high  point  or  plateau  opjiosite  to  tlie  nioutii  of  the 
Okiuakane  river.  Here  there  is  a  small  area  thinly  wooded,  probably  with  yellow  pine  and  red  fir.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  county  spurs  from  the  mountains  bordering  Occur  d'Alene  lake  enter  between  Bock  creek  and  Spokane 
river,  and  are  covered  more  or  less  densely  with  a  growth  of  yellow  pine,  often  small,  with  some  Douglas  spruce  and 
tamarack  in  the  ravines.  There  is  a  sawmill  at  Bock  creek  supplied  from  its  immediate  neighborhood.  Crossing 
Hangman's  creek  a  scattered  growth  of  i)iue  appears  upon  the  ridges  between  Deep  creek  and  the  Spolcane  river, 
and  as  far  west  as  the  head  of  Crab  creek.  Trees  also  bv^rder  the  Spokane  river  below  tlie  falls  and  to  within  a  lew 
miles  of  its  mouth.  The  region  between  the  Spokane  and  Little  Spokane  rivers  is  mostly  a  broad,  open  valley,  the 
hills  bordering  it  upon  the  north  being  very  thinly  wooded.  There  are  two  sawmills  at  Spokane  Falls,  but  the  logs 
for  them  are  floated  down  from  near  Coeur  d'Alene  lake. 

"The  total  area  more  or  less  covered  with  trees  may  be  estimated  at  from  400  to  500  square  miles. 

"Stevens  county  (14,700  square  miles). — This  county  is  broken  and  mountainous  throughout,  but  with  no 
high  ranges  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains.  The  portion  lying  east  of  the  Hi)i)er  Columbia  and  north  of  tlie  Sjxjkane 
river  has  several  small  prairies  upon  C  jamokane  creek  and  Coi .  ille  river,  and  there  is  a  narrow,  open  valley  along 
the  Columbia  for  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Colville.  The  mountains  are  all  low,  the  ridges  most  frequently 
thinly  wooded  or  nearly  bare,  with  the  timber  becoming  denser  in  the  ravines,  esi)eci;illy  northward.  The  most 
common  tree  is  the  yellow  pine,  but  in  the  ravines  red  fir  is  frequent,  with  tamarack  and  lodge-pole  jiiue.  Xear  the 
Colville  river  were  seen  Picea  Engelmanni,  Abies  graiidin,  sniall  Thuyas,  and  fine  specimens  of  Pinus  mont>colu,  as  well 
as  Populus  balsnmifera,  Betula  papyracca,  and  Ahius  of  considerable  size.  The  hills  bordering  the  Columbia  above 
Old  Fort  Colville  are  treeless.     The  drift-wood  brought  down  by  the  riveris  said  to  be  chiefly  cedar  (77(«yrt  fiffV/rt/irf^). 

"The  Colville  Indian  reservation,  lying  between  the  Okiuakane  and  the  Columbia  eastward,  is  comparatively 
little  known,  being  crossed  by  but  two  trails,  one  leading  directly  westward  from  Old  Fort  Colville,  the  other  following 
the  Kettle  river,  and  for  nnich  of  the  way  not  far  distant  from  the  British  boundary.  As  seen  from  the  Columbia 
and  from  the  heights  bordering  the  Okiuakane,  this  portion  appears  to  be  more  open  and  grassy  than  that  east  of 
the  Columbia,  and,  especially  toward  the  south,  more  like  the  bare  plateau  of  Spokane  county.  Okiuakane  valley 
itself  is  narrow,  with  mainly  a  desert  vegetation  of  sage-brush,  Purshia,  and  other  like  representatives  of  the  Great 
Basin  flora,  which  seems  to  find  here  its  only  passageway  northward  to  the  British  boundary.  The  hills  eastward 
have  thinly-scattered  pines,  which  occasionally  descend  into  the  valley.  The  northern  trail  from  Old  Fort  Colville 
shows  the  lower  valley  of  Kettle  river  to  be  well  wooded,  but  abo\e,  ojiening  out  into  grassy  i)rairies  and  bordered 
by  grass-covered  hills  or  with  scattei'cd  yellow  pine,  red  fir,  aud  larch.  Upon  the  more  densely  wooded  ridgos  and 
ravines  were  also  found  Picca  Engchnanni,  Abies  subalpina,  Pinus  Murraynnn,  and  Thui/a. 

"  The  main  ridge  separating  Kettle  river  from  the  Okiuakane  (about  5,000  feet  high  and  12  miles  from  the  latter 
stream)  was  well  grassed  upon  both  sides  with  large  Picca,  Pscudotsuga,  J'inns  pondcnmi.  and  Lari.v  alon;;  the  creeks 
upon  the  eastern  side,  and  on  the  west  the  Piuusjmndcrosa  only.  The  ridges  above  the  Okiuakane  to  the  north  appenred 
treeless,  wliile  the  northern  slopes  of  the  nearer  hills  l^o  the  south  were  i)retty  well  covered  with  underl)ru.sh.  West 
of  the  Okiuakane,  between  that  river  and  the  Jlethow,  the  country  is  much  like  that  to  the  east — high  and  broken, 
wiiii  scattered  patches  of  timber,  which  becomes  more  general  toward  the  northern  boundary.  U|;ou  the  Metliow 
aud  Similkanieen  creeks  there  are  oiien,  grassy  valleys  of  (lonsiderable  extent,  but  for  12  miles  from  the  moiilli  of 
the  Methow  the  hills  close  iu  upon  it  and  are  considerably  wooded.  The  rest  of  the  county,  from  the  Metliow  to 
the  Weuatchee,  is  occupied  by  spurs  from  the  Cascade  mountains,  which  reach  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  ;  these 
are  exceedingly  rugged  and  almost  inqiassable,  being  seldom  traversed,  even  by  Indians.  A  loot  trail  leads  from 
the  headwaters  of  the  Jlethow  over  t(»  the  Skagit,  and  a  trail  which  has  been  passable  for  horses  crosses  the  ridges 
between  the  upi>er  Chelan  lake  and  the  Weuatchee,  but  it  is  described  by  the  Indians  as  dangerous  and  long  disused 
by  them.  The  whole  region  is  ])robably  lor  the  most  part  well  timbered  excei>t  along  the  Cohnnbia  river,  where  the 
mountains  for  from  10  to  15  miles  back  are  but  scantily  wooded,  the  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  and  rod  tii  occasionally 
reaching  to  the  river.     Heavy  tiuiber  is  reported  about  the  head  of  Chelan  lake,  commencing  at  about  15  miles  from 


1 

u 


m 


ii 


^ 


i 


I  >  '  I 

If'  r 

ill 


r)7(? 


'IMII-:  KOHIOSTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


p*}' 


•i;?. 


t-i 


H 


|« 


1  ■      !  W  ^k 

li  .4Uu 

tlu»  fool,  mostly  yollow  piiio,  but  iilso  red  i\v,  soiiio  ryff>-/,r,  ami  Hinall  Tliujiit.  Tlid  oiith't  to  IIiIn  luko  is  Ihruiif^Ii  a 
«l(>op  <*iirioii,  1111(1  IS  obstructed  l),v  tails  iiiul  rapids.  Tlio  Woiuit«;IuH«  Hows  (liroiif^li  a  more  open  valley,  and,  at  leaHt 
in  lii^li  water,  eoiihl  lie  iise<l  tor  tloatin;;  timber  to  the  (\)lumbia.  For  7  miles  iVoiii  its  nioiitli  tlio  lid^eH  on  oauh 
side  are  only  Ncaiilily  wooded,  but  IVom  that  point  tlie  trees  (yellow  pine  and  red  tlr,  mostly  yomiK)  oceupy  tlm 
valley,  and  at  L'O  miles  the  tliiek  timbiT  b(><j;iiis — ])ine,  tlr,  red  tlr,  lareh,  whil«^  pine  (I'iiiits  moiitivolii),  and  cedar,  thu 
wliite  pine  sometimes  t  teet  tliron};li,  the  eedar  not  hirjjc. 

"Yakima  coi'Nrv  (S,!((»0  sipiaie  miles).  — Immediately  south  of  the  Wenalehee  the  hi;;hest  of  tlie  eastern  Hpnrs 
of  the  (\iseail(<  laonntains  i>\tends  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  tlit<  Columbia,  Ibrcin^  that  river  to  mak«^  a  bend 
eastward.  Tiiis  .spur  has  an  altitude  of  about  r>,()(>()  feet,  and  its  higher  iKMtherii  slopes,  ov*>rl<iokin^  tln^  nuiuth  of 
the  M'enat'-hec  and  eastward,  are  soiiunvhat  densely  covered  with  pine,  r«>d  tlr,  and  lar(^li.  The  .southern  hIo])(\  as 
seen  from  I'.llensburf;,  appeared  nearly  bare.  1  ero.ssed  the  ridne  about  17  miles  abovt'  the  mouth  of  the  Wenateliee 
and  a  few  miles  *'ast  of  tlu>  hi^jli,  exceediii;;ly  rocky,  ami  snow  covered  peaks  ealletl  by  IVIet 'lellan  '  Rbiiinl  Stuart'. 
It  was  found  mostly  well  wooded,  but  the  trees  not  exceedin;;  I  or 'J  feet  in  diameter,  and  nsnally  small  red  tlr  and 
yellow  piiu>,  with  at  leii};lh  some  Ahirn  i/rnnilis  and  riinis  moulivoUt,  rarely  a  small  Tliiii/d,  on  the  hi;;her  rocrky 
ridges  small  larches,  ami  at  the  summit  some  riinis  M  una  nana.  The  same  trees  weri^  found  on  \\n\  southern 
descent,  exceptiu";' the  I'iniis  moiilirola.  Larj^c' »'ottonwoods  (/'<»/)»//«.%•  ^r/<7/(*(7(»7«r)  occurred  on  lIuM^rceks.  Month 
«>f  this  raii^ic  the  spurs  rec»>de,  Icaviii';;  a  comparativ«'ly  Unci  sajiebrush  rcfjion,  wholly  treeless,  from  TiOlo  70  iniliis 
broad,  between  the  Colnmbia  and  Yakima,  and  crossing'  the  lower  portion  of  the  latter  river. 

"  Helow  tlii^  month  of  the  Schwaiik,  which  is  at  llu^  head  of  what  is  known  as  '  Killitas  valley',  on  the  Yakima, 
the  fiiot  hills  of  the  4'ascade  moniitains  extend  to  the  Yakima  river,  a  distance  of  about  .~>0  miles  from  tlu^  summit, 
of  the  r.iuij*';  but  the  lowt>r  portions  of  these  spurs  are  bare,  or  with  only  scattered  ]Mnes  on  their  nortlK^rn  slopes, 
antl  the  chief  rcliaiu'c  of  the  settlers  for  fenfiu>»aiid  fuel  is  upon  the  asjiens  and  cot  ton  woods  borderinj,'  theHtream.s. 
Followin,:*  up  the  Yakima  Irom  the  mouth  of  the  Schwauk,  the  valley  for  lOor  IJ  miles  is  thinly  tilnb(^red  with  ])ine 
and  red  tir.  I'or  17  miles  more  there  is  some  larch  on  the  ridfjcs,  and  in  tlit>  bottoms  t^ouw  Ahiis  ()ra>iilis,  »:u\ 
rarely  a  small  Tliiiiia.  Timber  and  lit>s  ha*l  been  «>xtcnsively  cut  here  for  tiie  railroad  and  lloated  down  the  river. 
At  this  jioint  the  yellow  pine  and  tamarack  ceas(>d,  ami  a  deiis(>,  heavy  growth  be;;aii  and  continued  formostof  the 
way  to  the  summit  (L'O  or  L'."i  miles),  consistiiifj  of  red  tir,  hemlock,  Ahiis  unuidis  ami  .1.  aiiiahilis  (all  thesti  from  'A  to 
6  feet  tliriiiifih  and  L'OO  feet  liifih  or  more),  I'iniis  iiii>nliivl<(  (IS  im-hes  fhroiijjh),  and  'riiiii/a  ('2  feet  in  diameter). 
One  siiruce,  not  over  L'.\  feet  throufjh,  had  a  hei,y;ht  of  L"-'r»  feet. 

"  In  like  •naiinex,  iii»on  the  Nachcss  river,  the  open  sam'brnsh  coiintr,>.  extemlcd  iiImmH  lOor  12  miles  from  its 
month,  with  only  cottonwood  alon<;  the  stream.  Scattered  pines  then  comnuMice,  with  at  leii^tli  red  tlr,  but  it  is 
some  L'.">  or  ;>'•  miles  more  befort>  lii'avy  timln'r  is  reached.  -V  small  ^rove  of  oak  ((,>Hrr('H,v  (r'(f»v7/((»i(f)  is  found  al 
the  mouth  o\'  the  Schwauk.  the  only  i)()inl  upon  the  Yakima  where  it  occurs.  It  is  also  fre(|iienl  aioiifif  th(>  Nai^hcss 
for  ;>  or  I  miles,  commenciiij;' at  about  1-  'nilcs  from  its  mouth,  but  small  and  rarely  over  (I  inches  in  diameter  «)r  15 
feet  in  hciiilit.  In  Satas  valley  it  is  abtiiulant.  .Vloii;;  the  southern  border  of  the  ct)niily  there  is  apiiii  a  Ion;; 
spnr  extendin^i  east  troni  mount  Atlams  to  within  about  XMuiles  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yakima.  This  spur  has  an 
altilmle  of  about  l,."i(>(t  feet,  and  is  nutslly  covered  with  a  scattered  {•rowth  of  y«>lIow  pine,  red  llr,  and  Ahivs  unnulin. 

"Tlu"  entire  wooded  area  of  the  county  may  be  estimatetl  at  about  I, .">((()  .scpiare  miles. 

"Ki.iKiTAT  corNTV  (LVUH)  sipiaic  miles). — The  spur  eastward  from  mount  Adams,  just  spoken  of,  covers 
much  of  the  northern  portion  of  this  county  an«l  atlbrds  a  }jood  supply  of  excellent  timber.  The  area  may  be 
estimated  at  7r>0  sipiare  miles.  The  hiy;h  ridjie  overlookiiij;  the  Columbia  from  The  Dalles  eastward  is  perfectly 
bare  of  trees." 

OT{E(U)N. 

The  heavy  forest  of  western  AYasliinjrttin  territory  extends  throU{;h  western  Orcfjon.  The  m«»st  valuable  timber 
tree  of  the  rejjion  is  the  red  or  yellow  tir  ( IWiuiotsiiya  Poiifilasii),  which  forms  fully  seven-eijjhtlis  of  the  forest.  The 
tide  land  si»ruce  (I'Ura  Sitclniisis)  abounds  aloiifj  the  coast,  ami  the  red  cedar  (Thuya  fjiffanlca)  and  the  hendook 
(Tsupa  Mtrtt'itsiana)  are  common  and  of  larjje  size.  South  of  Coos  bay  an  important  forest  of  I'ort  Orford  cedar 
{Chamariiparit  iMirsoiiiana),  mixetl  with  the  red  tir  and  the  tide-land  spruce,  occurs. 

The  valleys  of  the  ^Yillalnette,  rmpqua,  and  l{o};ue  rivers  contain  an  open,  scattered  growth  of  wliite  oak 
(Quereuti  Oarrpana),  now  jrraduiiUy  iuereasiiifj  by  the  recent  {irowth  of  yoiin<j;  trees  protected  from  the  tires  which 
formerly  swept  every  season  through  these  prairie  like  valleys.  South  of  the  Koftne  River  valle.v  the  supir  jiiiie 
(Phtus  lAimbcrtiana),  the  chestnut  oak  (Qiurcu.i  th-imijlora),  and  other  trees  of  the  California  forest  occur  in 
sutlicient  numbers  to  add  economic  value  to  the  forests  of  the  state. 

The  bottom  lands  of  western  Orejjon  are  lined  with  a  coutiiiuous  growth  of  cottouwoods  of  imtncnso  size, 
willows,  maples,  ashes,  and  gigantic  alders ;  those  in  the  southwest,  near  the  coast,  contaia  great  bodies  of  splundid 
\iard  maple  [Acr  macrophfillum)  and  lauii'l  {VmheUularia  CaHfornica). 

East  of  the  Cascade  luoiiutains  the  forests  are  contiued  to  the  luoautain  ranges;  they  are  open,  scattered,  and 
generally  composed  of  conipanitively  small  trees. 


ko  i8  tliruntfli  a 
>,v,  luul,  lit  liMiat 
ritl^tw  on  cnuh 
UK)  (KHUipy  tho 
iuhI  vt'tliir,  tho 

0  oiiHlcrn  HpiifH 
()  iiiaU(^  a  bend 
i;  Dio  inoutli  of 

tlinil  Hl(»]tO,  UN 
(llO  Wt'Mllti^lllW 

Moiml  Stiiurt,'. 
null  rctl  fir  and 
'  liij;lu'r  nxiky 

1  tho  Hontliorn 
urccks.  Houth 
I  r»(l  to  70  niihm 

Ml  llit>  YaUiiiia, 
1)111  tli(^  Htiiiiiiiit. 
oi'tluu'ii  nIoihvs, 
i;,'  tlioHtn'mns. 
KM'cd  with  pino 
t'H  jirinidis,  and 
lowii  tho  riv»M'. 
loriiiost of  tho 
llioso  tVoin  ',i  to 
t  ill  diaiiM^toi). 

!  iiiilos  IVoiii  its 
hI  llr,  but  it  is 
>('()  is  I'oniid  at 
i{j  the  Na(i|ioss 
diaiiiotor  or  I  ft 
s  a^aiii  a  lon^ 
lis  spur  lias  an 
1  Ahitu  ff  rand  is. 

tkoii  of,  «'.ovor8 
0  aroa  may  bo 
ird  is  i)crfoctly 


ahiablo  tinibor 
lio  forest.  Tiic 
d  tho  hondock 
't  Orford  ccchir 

h  of  wliito  oak 
tho  tiros  which 
tho  8U}?ar  pino 
brost  occur  in 


iinnicnso  size, 
[io8  of  splendid 

scattered,  and 


37 


i!r 


'  §  I 


3         i 


1*. 


i 

If 


If  '^ 


TJPIV-.P"'MKNT    of  THH-  WTKrUJK 


.. 


f»n 


'I'FHTH  CKN.'?!;.-;  [It' TMK  MTJiTVPI  P'!V>,'1'.'-.S 


%> 


i'  * 


11 


Ui 


,1         -I 


iM 


r 

'ij 


'■'*|  .  if  if  i! 


»^ 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


577 


^ 


Till*  forostH  of  Wasco  Romity,  on  the  weatern  alopp  of  the  Cascade  range,  when  alwve  3,000  feet  elevation 
Rre  ii!il)()rtaiit.  The  most  valuable  trees  are  the  red  flr,  the  yellow  pine,  and  the  larch.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
ctmiity  is  (!ovcred  with  a  lijrht  prowth  of  pine,  principally  yellow  pine. 

The  sIoi)Ps  of  the  IMue  mountains  in  Uniatillii  and  Union  counties  are  covered  with  an  oi)en,  stunted  forest, 
consisting  4)f  jed  flr,  yellow  pine,  larch,  and,  above  4,000  feet  elevation,  a  lieavier  continuous  growth  of  lodgopolo 
pine  {PinuH  Mtirrayana). 

Luke  county  is  destitute  of  timber  except  on  the  eastern  h\o\w  of  the  Cascade  mountains  and  the  southern 
part  of  the  county,  which  contain  a  light  forest  growth  contined  to  the  high  ridges  of  the  mountains,  and 
principally  composed  of  yellow  pine. 

(Iraiit  and  IJalier  counties  are  treeless  except  in  the  northern  i)art,  wLere  the  Uhie  mountains  are  covered  with 
»  light,  open  growth  composed  chic^fly  of  yellow  pine,  with  some  larch  and  scrub  iiine. 

The  forests  of  Oregon  have  suffered  serious  hisses  from  forest  Arcs.  Along  the  Coast  Range,  from  the 
Colund)iii  river  to  Port  Orford  and  through  the  entire  length  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  tires  have  raged  nearly 
every  summer  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  state,  destroying  thousands  of  acres  of  noble  llr,  spruce,  and  cedar. 
Forests  similar  in  composition  to  those  destroyed  soon  spring  up  again  and  cover  the  burned  surface,  but  the  loss 
in  material  which  the  state  has  suH'ered  in  this  way  i.s  incalculable. 

Forest  fires  are  increasing  in  frequency,  especially  west  of  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  mountains.  During  the 
census  year,  however,  only  13L*,l}-'()  acres  of  wootlland  were  reported  destroyed  by  tire,  with  an  estimated  loss  of 
t593,8."i().     These  fires  were  set  by  hunters,  Imliuus,  and  by  farmers  clearing  haul. 

The  abundant  sj)ruce,  cedar,  cottonwood,  ivsh,  maple,  and  alder  of  western  Oregon  have  developed  flourishing 
industries.  At  Portland  large  quantities  of  ash,  maple,  and  alder  are  manufactured  into  furniture,  and  cottonwood, 
spruce,  and  cedar  sui)[»'y  numerous  establishments  engaged  in  the  i)roduction  of  (loojierage  stock  and  all  kinds  of 
woodeuware.    The  supply  of  this  material  is  large  and  of  excellent  ((uality. 

The  principal  celiters  of  the  I  amber-manufacturing  interests  are  at  Portland,  where  flr,  spruce,  cottonwood,  and 
hard  woods  are  sawed  for  the  local  n)arket,  and  at  Emi)ire  City  and  MarshUeld  upon  Coos  bay.  Port  Orford  cedar 
and  red-fir  lumber  are  n)anufaetured  here,  and  ship])etl  by  schooner  to  Portland,  8an  Francisco,  and  Mexican  and 
South  American  Pacific!  iiorts.  The  first  mill  was  established  upon  Coos  bay,  at  North  Bend,  4  miles  above  Empire 
City,  in  18r)3;  other  mills  were  soon  built,  and  in  1854  the  first  shipment  of  Port  Orford  cedar  was  made  to  8an 
Francisco.  Great  quantities  of  this  timber  have  been  cut,  while  fires  have  destroyed  even  more  than  the  ax.  The  tire 
which  raged  through  the  forests  of  Coos  bay  for  three  months  in  the  summer  of  1807  destroyed  cedar  estimated  to 
amount  to  between  200,000,000  and  300,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  This  tree,  however,  reproduces  itself  very  rapidly, 
and  after  the  forest  has  been  burned  over  it  is  the  first  arborescent  species  to  reappear,  springing  up  generally  in 
the  third  year. 

The  heaviest  continuous  l)ody  of  I'ort  Orford  cedar  now  standing  is  on  cape  Gregory,  extending  south  to  and 
beyond  the  mouth  of  the  Coquille  river.  It  is  about  20  miles  long  by  an  average  widtV  "  ""^  miles,  and  lies  along 
the  western  slope  of  the  foothills  of  the  Coast  Range,  extending  to  within  3  miles  of  t.  i.    In  this  forest  two- 

thirds  of  the  trees  are  Port  Orford  cedar,  the  others  tide-land  spruce  and  a  lew  red  firn.  «  is  ereat  danger, 

however,  that  the  Port  Orford  cedar,  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  the  American  forest,  will  si,  iiuinated 

as  a  source  of  lumber  supply,  so  far  as  this  generation  is  concerned. 

The  following  notes  upon  the  forests  of  Wasco,  Umatilla,  Union,  Grant,  and  Baker  counties,  the  oidy  portion 
of  the  state  visited  by  Mr.  Watson,  are  extracted  from  his  report: 

"Wasco  COUNTS  (17,700  square  miles). — The  timber  of  this  county  is  contined  almost  wholly  to  the  steep 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  range;  the  low  spurs  of  the  Blue  mountains,  which  enter  the  county  on  the  east, 
bordering  .lohn  Day's  river  and  scmthward,  being  only  i»artially  supi)lied  with  pines,  etc.  I  know  nothing  about 
\Valker's  range  and  the  Paulina  mountains  in  the  southwest,  but  they  are  probably  low,  with  little  or  no  wood. 
The  trees  of  the  Cascades  are  doubtless  nearly  the  same  as  those  to  the  north  of  the  Columbia,  the  larch  reaching 
to  the  headwaters  of  the  Deschutes  river,  the  most  southern  locality  for  it  that  I  have  seen  mentioned. 

"The  total  more  or  less  wotided  area  may  be  estimated  at  from  2,500  to  3,000  square  miles. 

"Umatilla  county  (G,100  square  miles). — The  Blue  mountains  occupy  the  southern  and  eastern  borders  of 
this  county,  aud  are  the  only  source  of  timber.  They  are  for  the  most  part  well  wooded,  especiall}'  in  the  ravines, 
the  trees  growing  to  a  fair  size,  and  consisting  of  yellow  and  scrub  pine,  spruce  aud  balsam  (Abies  stibalpina  and 
A.  grandis). 

"The  wooded  area  is  about  1,500  square  miles. 

"  Union  county  (4,300  square  miles). — This  county  has  the  main  range  of  the  Blue  mountains  on  the  west 
and  north  and  the  Cedar  mountains  on  the  east,  separated  by  the  valleys  of  the  Grande  Ronde  and  Wallowa 
rivers.    A  large  portion  of  these  mountains  is  well  timbered,  the  amount  decreasing  toward  the  east. 

"The  wooded  area  may  be  estimated  at  about  2,000  square  miles. 

"Grant  county  nouth  op  latitude  44°  (5,800  square  miles). — This  portion  of  the  county  is  traversed  by 

the  valley  of  John  Day's  river,  to  the  north  and  east  of  which  lie  tLe  main  ranges  of  the  Blue  mountains,  which 

are  to  a  considerable  extent  well  wooded.    The  mountains  to  the  south  are  low  and  probably  scantily  timbered. 
37  FOB 


'  f  i 


:     •! 


if,; 


578 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


•'Fifteen  linndrod  square  miles  is  probably  a  liberal  estimate  for  the  wooded  area. 

"Bakkb  county  kobtii  ov  latitude  440  (3,801)  square  miles). — This  section  is  bordered  ou  the  west  by  a 
hig'i  range  of  the  iJlue  uiountaius,  which  is  well  limbered.    The  remainder  is  almost  wholly  without  timber. 
"The  estimated  wooded  area  of  this  ooiuity  is  ')00  square  miles." 


CALIFOKNIA. 

The  heavy  forests  of  California  are  confined  to  the  Coast  llange,  the  eastern  and  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  the  groiii)  of  mountains  joini'tg  these  ranges  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  They  extend  from 
the  Oregon  boundary  south  to  latitude  34°  30'  north.  The  most  important  trees  of  the  Coast  Range  forest  are  the 
rer.wood  and  the  rod  iir.  The  tide  laud  spruce  and  the  hemlock  of  the  Northern  Coast  Forest  extend  as  i'ar  south 
as  cape  Meudocino,  although  less  generally  multipiied  and  less  valuable  than  in  Oregon  and  Washington  territory. 
The  chestnut  oak  [Quercim  denni flora),  <tf  which  the  bark  is  largely  used  in  tanning,  is  still  common  in  the  coast 
forests  of  ilie  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  most  valuable  forest  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  is 
confined  to  a  belt  between  4,000  an.i  8,000  feet  c'ovation,  consisting  of  the  sugar  pine  (PiniiH  Lambertiana),  the  yellow 
pine,  and  the  red  iir.  Small  scattered  groves  of  the  big  trees  {Sequoia  gigantea)  stretch  along  the  southern  portion 
of  this  belt.  The  western  slopes  of  these  mountains  below  4,000  feet  elevation  are  more  or  less  densely  covered 
with  varioii.>  species  of  pine  of  little  economic  importance,  and  the  broad  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  the  San 
Joaquin,  lying  betwi-.en  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  are  covered,  except  at  the  south,  with  an  open 
growth  of  oaks,  often  of  immense  size,  although  of  little  value  except  as  fuel.  The  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  are  covered  with  a  heavy  forest,  in  Tliieh  yellow  pines  {Finns  ponderosa  and  P.  Jcffreyi)  are  the  prevailing 
and  most  imiiortant  trees. 

South  oi  latitude  .50°  30'  the  forests,  both  of  the  Siena  Nevaoa  and  of  the  Coast  Range,  become  gradually  less 
heavy  and  less  valuable  tluui  those  covering  the  mountains  farther  north.  Two  degrees  still  farther  south  Uiey  arc 
open  and  scattered,  and  have  little  economic  value.  The  i)ine  and  fir  foree.3,  however,  which  cover  the  upper 
slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges  are  important  on  account  of  their  isolated  position  in  a  region 
«lestitute  of  tree  covering,  and  supjdy  a  considerable  local  market  with  lumber. 

The  northeastern  and  nearly  all  the  southern  and  southeastern  portions  of  the  state  are  almost  entirely  destitute 
of  forest  covering.  Oaks  and  occasional  pines  and  junipers  are,  however,  dotted  over  the  low  mountains  of 
southwestern  California,  and  willows  and  cottonwoods  line  the  banks  of  streams.  Forests  of  pine  crown  the  highest 
ridges  of  the  Inyo  and  other  mountain  ranges,  rising  from  the  desert  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevatia,  and  arborescent 
yuccas  {Yiicm  brevi/oUn)  form  upon  the  high  Mohave  plateau  an  open  forest,  more  remarkable  in  the  strangeness 
of  its  growth  than  in  economic  value. 

The  narrow  belt  of  redwood  which  extends  along  tuo  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  from  the  bay  of 
Monterey  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  is  the  most  important  forest  of  similar  extent  now  standing.  Few 
trees  equal  the  redwood  in  economic  value.  No  other  forest  can  compare  with  this  in  productive  capacity,  and  no 
other  great  bodv  of  tiinber  in  North  America  is  so  generally  accessible  or  so  easily  worked.  Single  trees  capable 
of  producing  75,000  feet  of  lumber  are  not  iincommon,  while  a  yield  of  from  1,000,000  to  2,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
per  acre  is  by  no  means  rare.  The  redwood  has  already  been  practically  destroyed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sau 
Francisco  bay,  both  north  and  south,  and  thiough  the  entire  extent  of  this  forest  the  trees  most  accessible  to 
streams  and  railroads  have  been  culled.  Heavy  bodies  of  redwood  are  still  standing,  however,  in  the  Sinta  Cruz 
region,  and  in  Unmboldt  county  in  t-he  valleys  of  Eel  and  Mud  rivers  and  Redwood  creek.  The  largest  nnmber 
of  mills  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  redwoo<l  lumber  are  located  upon  Humboldt  bay,  principally  at  Eureka  and 
Areata.  The  logs  which  supjdy  these  nii'.ls  are  generally  cut  within  a  distance  of  1  or  2  miles  from  the  shores  of  the 
bay,  to  which  they  are  hauled  by  teams,  made  into  rafts,  and  towed  to  the  mills.  Attempts  made  to  raft  logs  down 
the  mountain  streams  watering  the  redwood  forests  have  not  been  successful.  The  rivers  flowing  west  from  the 
California  (Joast  Range  are  short  and  rapid.  Floods  following  the  winter  rains  are  sudden  and  severe,  breaking  up 
rafts  and  driving  the  logs  out  to  sea,  or  lodging  them  far  from  the  banks.  At  periods  of  low  water  numerous  bars 
close  these  rivers  to  the  navigation  of  the  enormous  redwood  logs.  The  general  destruction  of  these  forests  must 
therefore  be  accomplished  by  means  of  short  logging  railroads  specially  constructed  to  bring  logs  to  the  mills. 
Such  a  road  has  been  built  along  Mad  river,  and  there  are  others  either  built  or  projected  near  Trinidad  an<l  at 
other  jMiints  along  the  coast. 

Besides  the  mills  upon  Unmboldt  bay,  there  are  others  devoted  entirely  to  the  manufacture  of  redwood  lumber 
at  Crescent  City,  in  J)el  Norte  county;  Trinidad,  Rohnerville,  and  Bridgeville,  in  Humboldt  county;  Westport, 
Kibesillah,  Albion,  Little  River,  Caspar,  Mendocino,  Cuft'eyV  Cove,  Punta  Arena,  and  CUialala,  in  Mendocino 
courity;  Duncan's  mills,  in  Sonoin;i  county;  and  at  Santa  Cruz. 

Redwood  lumber  is  jiriucipally  shipped  by  schooner  to  San  Francisco,  the  great  jwint  of  lumber  distribution 
ni>on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  also  direct  by  water  to  Wilmington,  San  Diego,  and  other  ports  of  southern  California, 
and  to  Mexico  and  South  America. 


1  the  west  by  a 
t  timber. 


8  of  the  Sierra 
!y  extend  from 
'  forest  are  the 
titl  as  fai'  south 
igton  territory, 
on  in  the  coast 
erra  Xevaila  is 
ma),  the  yellow 
•iithern  portion 
lensely  covered 

0  and  tlie  San 
,  with  au  open 
s  of  the  Sierra 

1  the  prevailing 

>  gradually  less 
south  tliey  are 

)ver  the  upper 
tiou  ill  a  region 

itirely  destitute 
7  mountains  of 
own  the  highest 
nd  iii'boresceut 
Lhe  strangeness 

"oiu  the  bay  of 
standing.  Few 
ipacity,  and  no 
le  trees  capable 
feet  of  lumber 
borhood  of  San 
st  accessible  to 
;ho  S'lnta  Cruz 
largest  number 
•  at  Eureka  and 
le  shores  of  the 

>  raft  logs  down 
;  west  fronj  the 
ro,  breaking  up 
numerous  bars 
iso  forests  must 
?s  to  the  mills. 
Trinidad  and  at 

■edwood  Inmber 
nty ;  Westport, 
,  in  Jlendocino 


ber  distribution 
hern  Oalifornia, 


38 


'  n , 


P 


n 


11 


tr''     ■ 


In 

IF 


i    I 


p 

III 


111! 


IIIIIE 


/ 


•\ 


/ 


t 


/ 


::<^-. 


s 

^ 

H 

•r 

Z 

.> 

X 

y 

1 

."^ 

? 

-^ 

Y 

-» 

>^ 

•tt 

r^ 

3 

^ 

^ 

1 

^■^ 

£ 

- 

^<^ 

z^ 

■■^ 

'J. 

4- 

»w 

-iv:^- 


/ 


r.. 
I  1 


i.^w>,'i:Jw'j!iy^W.'i«)i 


J, ;. 


fV, 


I      i 


u: :.>   ...  .1  'y  oS* ^---H 


'  %, 


VSrjH? 


,?^''"' 


THE  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


579 


The  followiuy  estiuiatvs  of  the  ainomit  of  accessible  redwood  stiinding  May  31,  1880,  were  propaied  by  Mr. 
E.  L.  Alloa,  secretary  of  the  lledwood  Manul'acturers'  Association  of  San  Francisco.  They  enibnice  only  such 
portions  of  the  forest  as  can  be  reached  by  water,  or  may  in  the  future  be  penetrated  by  railroads,  and  do  not 
include  the  small,  isolated  bodies  of  tind>er  growiiif;'  in  inaccessible  caflons: 

IJEDWOOD  (.St'f/Moirt  etmpirvimiH). 


Rpgious. 


Fi'Ot.  bnnid 
incasuic. 


From  the  Orcgiin  b4iiindary  to  tli«  iiionili  nf  Iti'dwiuxl  inrk     ,  8O.1, 00;), Cop 

From  tlio  inmitU  of  Kcihvood  I'lKik  to  tliu  iiioutli  of  Slad  river  II,  OOli.  Olio,  000 

From  till'  moutli  of  Jlud  rivi:r  totlin  luoiitli  of  Kel  liver '.',  145,000,000 

From  li;e  moutli  of  Kel  river  to  tlie  iiioulli  of  Maltoli  river 4,  4."iO,  iinO, 000 

From  tlie  looulii  <if  llftltoli  river  to  tiui  luoutli  of  Cotoimviii  creek.  'JOO,  000, 000 

From  till!  moiilli  of  Colnmivia  ercek  to  tlio  moiiili  of  Itu»8iiiii  river.  7, 080,  OOii,  UOO 

III  the  Santa  Cru/,  region 1,  .")50,000,000 

Total 25,  K2,''),  001),  000 

Eatimated  ent  for  the  icukiih  ,vear  ending;  Hay  111,  1!*.S0: 

Sawed  lumlier r2r.,300,000 

ShiDKlea  and  iiliakes •  2.-.,  380,  000 

Split  railroad  tic» ,  '£1, 2«.">,  000 

rests,  etc 12,000,000 

Total  ISO,  0.35, 000 


Xo  estimate  of  the  amount  of  pine  and  fir  lumber  standiiij;  in  the  state  is  now  possible,  and  none  has  been 
attempted.  An  enormous  amount  of  pine  of  excellent  quality,  both  white  and  yellow,  is  contained  in  the  sierra 
forests.  These  forests  have  been  invaded  by  the  lumberman  at  only  a  few  points;  their  inaccessibility  and  the 
cost  of  getting  to  market  the  lumber  manufactured  in  these  mountains  have  thus  far  preserved  them,  and  these 
sierra  forests,  if  protected  from  fire,  will  serve  as  a  reservoir  from  which  the  whole  Pacific  coast  can  draw  its  lumber 
supply  long  after  its  more  accessible  forests  have  disappeared. 

The  forests  of  California  sutfer  seriously  by  fire;  during  the  census  year  3.')6,815  acres  of  w.oodland  were 
reported  thus  destroyed,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $440,750.  These  fires  were  set  by  careless  hunters,  prospectors, 
and  by  farmers  in  clearing  land.  Great  injury,  every  year  becoming  greater,  is  inflicted  on  the  mountain  forests  by 
stockmen  starting  fires  to  improve  the  herbage  of  the  alpine  pastures.  These  fires  destroy  undergrowth  and  young 
trees,  and  often  consume  great  quantities  of  valuable  timber,  which  does  not  grow  again  upon  these  exposed  mountain 
slopes. 

PASTURAGE   OF  MOUNTAIN  FORESTS. 

The  permanence  of  the  mountain  forests  of  Califoi'nia  is  severely  endangered,  moreover,  by  the  immense 
herds  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  horses  driven  into  the  mountains  every  year,  at  the  commencement  of  the  dry  season,  to 
graze.  From  the  foot-hills  to  the  highest  alpine  meadows  everj^  blade  of  herbage  and  every  seedling  shrub  and  tree 
is  devoured.  Young  trees  are  barked  and  ruined,  and  only  the  most  rigid  and  thorny  chaparral  shrubs  are  able 
to  resist  the  attacks  of  these  ravenous  herds.  The  sharp  hoofs  of  sheep  winding  around  the  steep  acclivities  tread 
out  the  roots  of  grasses  and  other  perennial  plants  and  loosen  the  surface  of  the  stony  soil,  which,  deprived  of  the 
protection  of  its  vegetable  covering,  is  gradually  wjished  into  the  valleys,  choking  the  bottoms  of  streams  and 
preparing  the  way  for  the  disastrous  torrents  which  must  follow  the  destruction  of  the  siena  forests;  and  the 
destruction  of  these  iorests  is  certain,  if  the  practice  of  using  them  indiscriminately  as  sheep  pastures  is  continued. 
The  life  of  any  forest  in  which  all  young  trees  are  destroyed  as  soon  as  they  appear  above  the  surface  of  tlie  soil  is 
limited  to  the  life  of  the  fully  grown  individuals  which  compose  it.  A  period  of  unusual  climatic  conditions,  the 
demand  of  an  increased  population  for  lumber,  or  the  novr  unforeseen  attacks  of  some  insect  enemy  may  at  any 
time  sweep  awsiy  the  old  trees  of  the  sierra  forests.  There  are  no  young  trees  growing  to  replace  them,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  forest  could  ever  regain  its  foothold  upon  the  steep  and  exposed  slopes  of  these  mountains  once 
entirely  stripped  of  the  protection  of  their  present  covering  of  trees. 

The  sheep  which  threaten  the  destruction  of  the  sierra  forests  threaten  alsc  *he  agricultural  prosi)erity  of  tlic 
state;  the  streams  heading  in  the  sierras  and  watering  the  great  interior  valleys  of  California  are  i)rotectcd  in 
their  flow  bj'  the  forests  growing  about  their  upi)er  sources.  If  these  forests  are  destroyed,  and  the  protection  to 
the  surface  of  the  ground  which  they  afford  removed,  the  immense  accumulation  of  the  winter's  snows  must  melt 
suddenly  in  the  spring;  brooks  will  become  torrents,  sweeping  with  irresistible  force  gravel  and  stones  from  the 
.iiountain  sides  down  into  the  valleys  beh)w,  and  burying  rich  bottom  lands  in  ruin.  And  this  is  not  the  only 
danger  which  must  follow  the  destruction  of  these  forests.  If  the  snow  which  supplies  the  mountain  streams  melts 
slowly,  a  steady  flow  of  water  will  be  maintained  late  into  the  season;  i",  on  the  other  hand,  the  snow  melts  siuldenly 
and  rapidly  during  the  first  warm  days  of  spring,  the  unnatural  flow  of  water  in  the  stream  must  be  followed  by 


I  ; 


M 


MM 


580 


.     TIIR  FORESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Li    J 


$   I 


its  <'(|null.v  siuhloii  (lisiippcaraiifc,  and  the  torrent  will  suddenly  diminish  to  a  slender  brook  or  entirely  disappear. 
Irrigation,  without  which  agriculture  in  a  large  part  of  the  Pacific  region  is  impossible,  is  dependent  upon  the 
constant  and  steady  flow  of  streams  formed  by  melting  snow,  and  as  the  forests  which  cover  the  mountain  sides 
are  essential  to  prevent  the  sudden  melting  of  snow,  their  preservation  is  necessary  for  successful  irrigation  on  any 
large  or  comprehensive  scale. 

The  forests  of  California  sufl'er  from  wasteful  methods  of  cutting.  Oidy  the  best  and  most  accessible  young 
trees  are  cut;  often  a  noble  pine  capable  of  producing  25,000  or  30,000  feet  of  lumber  is  felled,  a  few  split  shingles 
Unide  from  the  buttcut.  and  the  rest  of  the  tree  left  to  rot  upon  the  ground.  The  preference  of  the  railroad 
companies  of  the  state  for  split  rather  than  sawed  redwood  ties  causes  an  immense  and  needless  waste  of  this 
valuable  timber.  A  great  amount  of  material  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  is  wasted  in  splitting  out  the 
ties,  and  when  trees  after  being  cut  are  found  to  split  badly  from  any  defect  in  the  grain  they  are  abandoned  and 
left  to  waste. 

The  forests  of  California,  unlike  those  of  the  Atlantic  states,  contain  no  great  store  of  hard  woods.  The  oaks 
of  the  Pacific  forests,  of  little  value  for  general  mechanical  i)urpose8,  are  unfit  for  cooperage  stock.  No  hickory, 
gum,  elm,  or  ash  of  large  size  is  found  in  these  forests.  California  produces  no  tree  from  which  a  good  wine  cask 
or  wagon  wheel  can  be  made.  The  cooperage  business  of  the  state,  rapidly  increasing  with  the  develojjment  of  grape 
culture,  is  entirely  dependent  upon  the  forests  of  the  Atlantic  region  for  its  8ui)ply  of  oak.  Woodenware  and 
small  cooperage  stocic  are  manufactured  in  large  quantities,  however,  from  cottonwood,  spruce,  alder,  and  red  and 
white  fir.  Wiue-butts  and  water-tanks  are  universally  made  from  redwood,  which  is  probably  uii8ur])assed  for  such 
purposes.  ' 

The  large  tanning  industry  of  the  state  consumes,  in  preference  to  all  other  material,  large  quantities  of  the 
bark  of  the  chestnut  oak  (Quercua  densiflora),  once  a  common  tree  in  the  forests  of  the  northern  Coast  ranges,  but 
uowbecoming  scarce  and  in  danger  of  speedy  extermination. 

The  princii)al  centers  of  lumber  manufacture  outside  of  the  redwood  belt  are  situated  along  the  line  of  the 
Central  Pacific  railroad,  upon  both  fianks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  in  Butte,  Tehanm,  and  Mono  counties, 
and  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains.  Lumber  nmnufactured  npou  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  is 
largely  shipped  eastward  by  rail  to  supply  Nevada  and  Utah.  The  product  of  the  mills  situated  west  of  the 
mountains  is  largely  sent  to  San  Francit  <i0  for  distribution,  or  direct  by  rail  to  the  mining  centers  of  southern 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

ALASKA. 

Little  is  known  to  me  of  the  present  condition  or  productive  (sapacity  of  the  forests  of  Alaska.  Their  distribution, 
as  shown  on  the  forest  map  of  North  America,  is  based  upon  notes  made  by  Mr.  Ivan  Petroff,  a  special  agent  of  the 
Census  Oflfice,  who  has  traced  the  timber  limits  of  the  territory,  aided  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Nelson,  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  by  whom  the  northern  limits  of  the  spruce  forest  are  laid  down. 

The  forests  of  the  territory  of  any  commercial  value  are  confined  to  the  islands  and  Coast  ranges  east  and 
south  of  Prince  William  sound.  The  most  valuable  tree  of  this  region  is  the  Sitka  cedar  {Ghamcecyparis  N'utkaensis). 
The  hemlock,  the  tide-land  spruce,  and  the  red  cedar  ( Thuya  gigantea)  attain  here  also  a  considerable  size.  The 
importance,  however,  of  these  forests,  both  in  extent  and  in  the  value  of  the  timber  they  contain,  has  generally  been 
greatly  exaggerated.  The  Coast  Forest  north  of  the  fiftieth  degree  of  latitude  rapidly  diminishes  in  density  and 
quality,  and  there  is  nothing  in  the  climate  or  soil  of  Alaska  to  produce  a  forest  growth  more  valuable  than  that 
covering  the  Coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia. 

A  few  saw-mills  of  small  capacity  are  located  at  difl'ereut  points  in  southeastern  Alaska  to  supply  the  local 
demand  for  coarse  lumber.  Alaska  is,  however,  largely  supplied  with  lumber  from  Paget  sound.  The  treeless 
Shumagin  and  Aleutian  islands  and  the  southern  settlements  of  the  peninsula  are  supplied  with  fire- wood  brought 
from  other  portions  of  the  territory. 


if  I'll  ¥\i 


.J-* 


a 


LEPAKTMKNT  OP  THE  INTEHIOR 


TKNTH  CENiiUH  OF   THE  UNITFJJ  STATER, 


ua*' 


\  \   '  Vv'VV.  >     '  ■ 


^-M' 


AtftitJi  o/y 

'  '/'■''■'A 


MoiitA,  i^, 


MAP 

OF  A  PORTION  OF 

CALIFOriNIA 

SIU»WIN(iTilK  niSTIUnrTU»N(»K  Till- 

iih;F)W()()i)  r()Ki;srs 

WiTII  SriHLU.  IlKI'MltKXCl-;  TOTMK 
MWIUKU  INUrSTHV. 

roMI'll.Kli  rxUKIl  THK  IJIMKITION  UP 

{'..S.SAIUJKNT,  SI'KCIAl.-MiKNT. 

laiu. 

•  -  i.i:i.i:m) 

lim  Stiinilin*^  KiMuinhI  lb(M|U'>i.i  K<-in|Hnvin<its  . 

^^^^1  Slt'iiiilinu  KcdwiMjil  av('iiiuini> 

^^HSI  ^tc'^iini  (-iiiitiii.Miiic  Hi'atti'nnlj  IhmIic:.  ttf  imirti'sKil'lt* 

HHB    hits  Ih^ci)  i-i'iiuivfil 

•  f.uritr  «fnunhtits  i^t'h'fiinnotl  Umbt'v ha*T  hfi'n  nit 
(hvri  Ihe.vf  nrrns  ofnfni//v  tilonu  Iftr  .vtrrtims  antf 
III  fHHln\r  ttio  .rma//  to  b^  ituli.-atni  on  thf  nittp  ■ 

-^BT 


.hiliii<.f'irn:<('«.lilh 


■IH)    Mlill' 


n.i,. 


ik'U 


III 


t>i?h 


Effi 


If!  II 


«5i 


m 


s  • 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


[NOTR — In  this  Index  the  names  of  familien  are  liiiUratoilby  "Small  cai'h  ".  (if  npcclcH  In  "Uomnn"  typo,  Bni)  of  nynonymB  by  "  Italiet".] 


Abl«» , 11,12,16,573 


A  bieii  alba  ( Pifca  iil  ha) 

AbifM  atba  (Picoa  IJogclmaoni) . 

Abim  nlba  ( Picea  iiij^ra) 

AbicnUba,  var.  aretica 

Abus  alba,  var.  cierulea 

Abies  Albertiana 


204 

205 

203 

204 

204 

208 

Abie  3  aiiiabili.s 213, 250, 253, 250,  346, 412, 478,  573,  570 

Abieit  amabiliff  (Abit'A  oonoolor) 212 

Abies  amabilis  (Abies  graniliH) 212 

Abie»  rmabilia  (Abies  iuu;;nlfli.'») 214 

Abies  A  laericana 203 

Abies  aretica  ( Plcpa  alba) 204 

A  bies  aretica  { Pipi'a  nigra) 203 

Abies  aromMtiea 212 

Abies  balsaiiiea 210, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478 

Abies  baLiamea  (Abies  concolor) 212 

Alnesbalsamea,  var.  Fraaeri 210 

Abies  balnami/era 211 

Abies  hifiilia    21 1 

Abies  braeleata 8,213,240,316 

207 

214 

204 

206 

207 

207 

204    I 


Abies  Uridfjesii 

Abies  eampyloearpa 

Abitt  Canflrfen«i«  (I'ieea  albn) 

Abies  Canadensis  (Tstiga  Canadensis)  . . 
Abies  Canadensis  (Tsuga  Merteusiana) . 

Abies  Carntiniana 

Abies  ccenUea 


Page. 

214 

202 

203 

205 

266 

205 

207 

215 

20» 

209 

205 

203 

203 

Abica  iiobilia    214, 2.-i0, 2.')5, 259, 346, 412, 478,  .173 


Abies  mugnifim  (Abies  niibilis) 

Abies  Mariana 

Allies  Mart/'Mndica 

Abies  Memitsii  (Picea  pungens)  .. 
Abies  Menziesii  (Pieea  SiU'liensis) . 

Abies  ileiiziesii  J'arryana 

Abies  Afertensiana 

A  bies  tti  icroca  rpa 

A  bies  111  itcroiiata 

A  bies  mucronala  palustris. 

Abicti  nii/ra  ( I'ieea  Kngeliuanui) 

Abies  niffya  (Pic*  a  nigra) 

Abies  niijra,  \ ixr.  nibra 


Abies  eoneoliir 9, 212, 251, 255, 259, 204, 346, 412, 478, 570 

Abiet  denticutata  203 

Abies  Douglasii 209 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  tnaeroearpa 210 

Abies  Douglasii,  var.  taxifolia 200 

Abiet  EttgelmaniU 205 

Abies  Engehiianni  ptauca 205 

Abies  falcata  206    ! 

Abies  Fraseri 210,251,256,259,346.412,478   !j 

Abits  Oordotiiana 212 

Abies  grandis 7, 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478,  505, 566, 572, 573, 575-577     j 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  amabilis) 213    , 

Abies  grandis  (Abies  coneolor) 212 

XdiM  grandis  (Abies  siibalpinn) 211    ij 

Abies  grandis,  var.  densijlora , 213    ji 

Abies  grandis,  var.  Lowiana 21 

Abies  Iteterophylla 2C 

Abits  Ilniikerianii 20 

Abies  Ifudsoniea 21 

Abies  lasioearpa  (Abies  coucolor) 21 

Abies  lasioearpa  (Abies  subalpina) 21 

Abies  laxa  26 

Abies  Lowiana 21 

Abiet  maeroearpa 21 


Abies  niihilis  (Abies  maguiilca) 

A  bies  iwhiiis  rohusta 

Abies  Parsonsii 

Abies  Patliyni 

Abien  I'attoniana 

Abies  I'attuuii  (Tauga  Uertenaiana)  . 
Abies  I'altiinii  (Tsiiga  Pattoniana) . . 

A  bies  pcndiila 

Abies  religiosa 

Abies  rulira 

Abies  rubra,  var.  aretica 

Abies  rubra,  var.  cairulea 

Abies  l^itcbensit 

Allies  spi'eies  (Tsnga  Caroliniana)  . .. 


214 

214 

212 

208 

208 

208 

'  208 

215 

185 

203 

203 

204 

206 

207 

Abies  subalpina 211, 2.51,  255, 259, 204, 346, 412, 478, 504-.'i67, 672,  .';73, 575,  677 

Abie„  sutialpina,  yar./allax 211 

A  bies  tari/olin  (Pseudotsuga  Douglasii) 209 

Abies  taxifolia  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 208 

Abies  trigona 206 

Abies  venusta 213 

Abies  Willianisonii 208 

Acaeia 6,10-12,14 

Aeaeia  Jiahamensit 64 

Acaeiii  Oerlaudieri 63, 248 

Acacia  biceps 62 

Acaeia  csculenta 63 

A  eaeia  frondosa 62 

Acacia  glauea 62 

Aeaeia,  Green-bark 60,280,362,426 

Acacia  Oreggii 13,63,249,262,362,426 

Aeaeia  latisitiqua 64 

Acacia  leucoeephala 62 

Aeaeia  pulverulenta 63 

Acacia  tephroloba 63 

Acaoir,  Threotbomed 69,280,360,426 

Aeaeia  Wrightii 63,249,282 

Acer ■ 10-12 

48 

48 

51 


Acir  barbatmn  (Acer  glabrum) 

Acerbarbatnm  (Acer  sacchariDum). 
Acer  Odlifomicum 


% 


681 


i  h 


582 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


I  I 


hp'  m 


Pane. 

Ae«rOanadmtt <• 

Aetr  (Mroliniana 8* 

Acor  I'Irilnntnm 47, 240, 2,13, 2S(1, 274, 338,  «2 

Act'r  eocciiitiim IM) 

AiorilMMVcinium 4»,  280, 2r>3, 238, 278, 358, 424 

Acrr  Dt>iifflanii 48 

.\(u^r  I>rum7no7idii 50 

-livr  t'Hoi'(ir]nnn ..  40 

AniKl.ihrum  47,2.'i0,274 

Ai'cr  ifltnieum  50 

Actrniiindlilcntatiim Ill,  48,  L' 10, 270 

Act  iiiMcroiili.vIlnni 47,  250, 2!i3, 258,  S.W,  274,  358. 422,  .'.70 

Arrr  niottlamim 48 

Acer  Xot'intto 51 

Acfr  iiiiirttvt 49 

Acer  jntltnatum 47 

Acer  jiarnjtoruvt 40 

Aoci-  rinimylvuulcuiii 40,  250, 274 

Affr  Penimtilrnnicuin  (Acer  fipioatnin) 40 

Acer  nilinim 60, 250,  2.')3,  2.")C,  250, 27B,  ;i 58, 424 

Acpr  rnliriini,  rar.  Ornnimonilii f.0,2.)0,27fl 

Acfr  riihnim,  var.  paltUlum 40 

Acer  HA'chiirinuni 48, 240, 253,  2.''ifl,  259,  270, 358, 422 

A  rcr  firrhnrimim  ( AciT  (In.syrarpum) 40 

Aerr  pnrcAn -iiiuwt  (Acor  finrclmrinnm,  car.  nif;nitn) 49 

Acer  fliiuclinnnum,  var.  iii),'nmi 40,  240, 2,53, 250, 2,59, 270, 350,  358, 424 

Acer  tia<^eharum 48 

Arer  nanijiiineiim 50 

A  iM  r  s|ii<'!it  iim 40, 2.50, 274 

.1  (?<•>•  Ktrialii  III 46 

.t err  trijia rlitiim 48 

Acer  rir^nlnm 47 

ArhriiK  runrifoUa 103 

Aefiran  m^mmoiia  103 

Acliran  pallida 101 

Arhrtia  taliei/iiliu 101 

A  chriiK  terrain 09 

AehraH  /apotilla,  var.  parrijlora 103 

Actual  t'nol  valno  of  some  of  tho  more  important  woods  of  the  Uiiltod 

Stnti-« .• 850-3,53 

Adelia  acuminata 112 

.fflscnina 10-13 

bacillus  Culifoniica 43,250,25,1,2,56,274,422 

JF.tetilut  camea 42 

J^uetiliig  discolor 43 

J^gml'iiiecliinata 42 

yT;s<^iil lis  tlava 43, 250, 274 

iF^siwliis  lluva,  rar.  pur])iira3ceii8 43 

iEHOuIus  Rl.ibra 42, 260, 253, 256, 274, 422 

JKteuliiii  Ilippocaatantim,  var.  glabra 42 

Jiteulut  V ippocattanvm,  var.  Ohiomtit 42 

jEteulun  Uippoeantanum,  var.  pallida 42 

JCseulim  hybrida ; ; 43 

JCkcuIuh  lutea 43 

JEteulua  neglecta 43 

.Xtculu»  oetandra 43 

JEieuluf  OhioenHn 42 

J5»cuZ««  pallida 42 

.Xneuliit  fnn'a,  var.  di»eolor 43 

.^Meulun  Watnoniana 42 

Aga*tianit  tecundifiora 67 

Ageria  Ca»»ena 86 

Ageria  geminata 36 

Ageria  heternphytta 35 

Ageria  obovata 88 

Ageria  opaca 35 

Ageria  paluttrin 36 

Alabama,  central,  pine  bolt  of 529 

Alabama,  evpreas  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river  in 62S-S27 

Alabama,  rnstern,  foreatH  of  the  Ch,ittaboacheo,  mixed  forest  growth,  etc., 

In 527,628 

Alabama,  forests  of  the  Tennessee  valley  in 628,  .529 

Alabama,  liirabf-r  indnatrj-  and  mannfactnres  from  wood  in 486, 487, 524,  ,525 

Alabama,  Moliilc  the  principal  center  of  wood  manufnotura  in 625 

Alabama,  pine  forests  of  Baldwin  county  in 327 


Page. 

Alabama,  pine  region  of  the  Ooora  in 629 

Alabama,  production  of  naval  storeii  In 617,627,6211.5,10 

Alabama,  rank  of,  according  to  valneof  Inmber  prodaota 4H7 

Alabama,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohron  the  forests  and  the  turpentine 

industry  of 625-5.10 

Alabama,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  Ores,  standing  timlwr,  etc.,  In...40l,524-.''i10 
Alabaniii,  taliular  Htatement  of  the  amount  of  Long-  and  Slioitloavcd 

Pino  standing  In  tho  forests  of.  Slay  31, 1880 524 

Alaliania,  the  forests  of  Pike  county  in 528 

Alabama,  the  Mailtime  Pine  lieglon  In 626 

Alnskit,  HtntlntlcH  of  fiirvsts,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  etc..  In .'iXa 

Aliieka,  the  Northern  ('oast  Forest  In .VO 

Albany,  Xrw  York,  rank  of,  as  a  Inniber  market .003 

AMrr  ( Aliiim  oblonglfolia) 103, 3':«,  3tit,  400 

Alilir(Alniis  rliomblfolln) 10,1,  321i,  394,4 1«) 

Ahlir<AlnMM  rubra) 103,3i(t.3».'.41fl.4,5H 

Alder,  lilai'k  ( Alniis  Incana) 105,  32U,  3B4,  IIIU 

Alder,  llliiek  (Alnus  serrulatn) 101,320 

Alder,  lloniy 105,820,304,400 

Alder,  Seaside 102,320.458 

Alder,  Smooth 1I)4,.12B 

Abler,  Speckled .165,  326,, 104,4110 

Alpirobii ." 62, 265, 280, 30J,  1  ;fl 

Algarobia  glaiidulona 01 

Alnus 11,12,16,575 


Alniie  A  merieana  (Alnus  Incana) 

Alniia  Americana  (AInns  sermlata) 

Alnxm  argiila 

Alnue  Canadmeie 

Alntui  geiHiinit 

Aln  118  glauca 

Alt!  u«  glutinoiin  (Alnus  rubra) 

Alniu  glutinoga,  var.  rugoga 

Alnim gtulinota,  var,  terrulata  (Alnus  rhombifolla) . 

Alnin  glulinofa,  var.  gerrulata  (AInns  sermlata) 

Alniiy  Intbrida 


104 

1114 

102 

]l!4 

, 104 

104 

103 

104 

103 

104 

104 

Alnus  incana 12,164,260,320,394,400 

Almix  Incana  (Kegel) 1 04 

Alnug  incana,  var.  glaitea  (Alnus  Incana) 104 

Alnue  Inrnna,  var.  glauea  (Aluns  Incana,  var.  viresceos) 105 

Alnue  incana,  var.  ritbra 103 

Alnus  incana,  rar.  virescens 105 

Alntia  Japoniea 102 

AInuK  marlllma 102, 250,  .120, 4.5fi 

A Inus  maritiina  iypiea 162 

AlntiK  nblongala  (Alnus  marittma) 102 

Alnu»  oblongata  (Alnus  sermlata) 104 

Alnus  oblongifolia 163,250,255,268,320,394,400 

Almie  obluti/olia 104 

AIniu  Oregana 103 

Alnus  rliomblfolla 163,260,255,258,326,394,400 

Alnn»rabi« 168,260,255,258,202,326,392,416,458 

Alnut  rubra  ( Alnns  serrul&i^t) 164 

Alrme  rugota 104 

Alnns  sorralata 164, 2.50, 3(M 

Alnua  serrulata  (Kegel) .'64 

Ainu*  temUUa  genuina    164 

A!n««««Tuiato.  var.  Iai(,^c(iV 164 

AInvji  ««rrttla(a,  var.  maer  phytta 164 

AiniM  terrvlala,  var.  oblongata 164 

Alnue  gemUata,  var.  obUmg\fotia 163 

AIntui  temtlata,  var.  rugota  (Alnus  incana,  var.  viieaoens) 165 

Alnvt  aerrulata,  var.  rt/{7o«a  (Alnns  rhomblfoUa) 163 

Alnue  terrulata,  var.  rugota  (Alnus  sermlata) 164 

Alntw  ««rru{a(a,  var.  vtilgarie 164 

AIniM  undulata 164 

Amelanchier , 10,12,14 

Araelanchier  alnlfolia 85 

AmcIancAi^  Jiartramtana 84 

Atti«IancAt«r  Jlotryapium 84 

Amelanchier  Canadensis 84, 240, 253,  258, 3«,  4.1* 

Amelanchier  Canadetui*,y»r.  oblongifolia 84 

AnieIaacAi«r  Oanadeiwif,  var.  olt't^oearpa 84 

Amelanchier  Oanadeneit.vtr.  rotundi/olia M 

Amelanchier  intermedia 85 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


583 


Amslanehier  obtoni/ifolia 

A tiu  lanchirr  oralU  {A  molunuhli'r  Canu<li'nalR) 

Amtlaiiehier  oralit  (A invlanililcr  Cauiidcuain,  car.  obloDftlfnlla) 

AmelauehiiT  tpieata 

A mulanehifir  n'angi.iiheimiana 

Anicrliuu  Cnib 7?;'iM, 

Aiuoi'li'uu  Cmb  A{)plu 

AnnTlciin  Elm 123, 304,  :i5». ''74, 

Amerlmti  llollv aR,270, 

Aniui  Icnii  I.iiiilpn    27, 2(W,  1180, 

AiiiDiiiit  niid  vuliiu  of  t'liiircoiil  uoud  I'ur  ilumuHtlti  anil  niauuructuriuK 

purpnHfrt  ilurinj;  tliu  couhiih  yrnr 

Aiuoiiiit  au<1  valii»  of  wooil  iihiiI  im  fUnl  In  manufiu^tiirpH,  otc,  iIiiiIiik 

tho  renHUH  yonr 

AiiiDiint  noil  value  uf  wuoil  um^il  for  duuiutitio  purpoHvii  during  tlio 

consuH  year 

Aniyrirt *. 

Atnyrit  cymoaa 

Amyru  dyatrlpa 

Amyrii  eUm'/era 

Arnyrin  Floridcina 

Amyriii  mar  lima 

Amifris  I'ttim  icH 

AniyrlH  Hylvnllra 33, 240, 253,  26fl,  270, 

A.NACAiiiilAc  E.1-; 52-54, 253, 250, 276, 

Anamnmit  piiiiclata 

Anuqim 114.300, 

AndrniiK'da  

xindr&iiiiida  arboren 

Andromeda  arhoreiic*t\» 

AiidicimiMlrt  fi>rni;{iuca 06, 249, 254,  257, 202, 

Andromeda /erriigiiua,  viir.  arboretotnt 

Andromrda/ermginfa,  var./rulicoia 

Andromnda  ])lu)nata 

Andromeda  rhomboidalit 

Andromeda  riijida 

Anona 

Anona  gla)>rn 

Anuna  laiivllolift 23,250,253,258,208, 

Anona  pcndula 

Anona  «pe«ir»  ( Auona  lanrifolia) 

Anona  triloba  i 

ANONACKyK ! 23,253.250,260, 

Anonyvioft  aquatica 

AnthoineUg  (fsfivalit 

AntAomelai  Douglarii 

Anthi>:i den /lava 

Anthomelet  glanduloia 

Anthomtle»  rotundtfoUa 

Anttktmetm  turbinata   

AnU'  vYood 103,294, 

Apple,  Ainurlcnn  Cmb 

Apple,  Cnatard 23,206, 

Apple  Haw 82,286, 

Apple,  Oregon  Crab 

AppkPond 23,260, 

Apple,  Sevon-yoar 

Apple,  Soathem  Crab 

Arbol  do  Hk-rro 66,278, 

Arbor-Titffi 176,330,350, 

Arbntua 


Page. 
85 
84 
85 

85 
84 

3U4, 428 
7:,  284 
4N,44U 
;iri0,  420 
350,418 

4H0 

480 
10, 13 
33 
33 
31 
33 
33 
33 

a.'iO,  420 

300,  424 
88 

372. 4:;8 

11,15 

»8 

!I8 

3flH,  4;:2 

nii 

06 

37 

uu 

06 

10,13 

23 

3.M,4I8 

23 

23 

23 

354,418 

124 

82 

75 

82 

82 

77 

82 

308,  434 

72, 284 

354,418 

364,  430 

73,  2M 

351,  418 

95,  290 

72,284 

360, 426 

396,462 

11,12,15 


Arbutus  lauri/otia 07 

ArbutuM  maerophylla 9? 

ArbatusMonzleali..,. 87,249,254,257,292,368,432 

Arbutus  Itemictii  (Arbntaa  Texana) 97 

Arbutus  Mm;:ieiii  ( Arbntua  Xalapensls) 97 

Arbutus  proeera 97 

ArbutUH  Toxana 97, 219, 292 

Arbutus  varietis 97 

ArbutOH  Xalnpensia 97,249,254,257,292,368,434 

Arbutus  Xalapemit  (Arbutus  Texana) 97 

Ardlsia 11,15 

ArdiaUk  I'iokerlngia 100, 249, 292 

Areas  bamod  over  and  value  of  property  dsxtroyml  by  fonwt  Area  during 
tba  oensas  year  (««,  also,  nndor  atate  headings) 491, 492 


I'age. 

Ari/.(ina,  lunilM<r  Inilnstry  and  manufacturra  froni  wood  In 4N6, 487,  MO 

Ailiiiiiiu,  rank  of,  acmrding  to  value iiflunilur  produvls  487 

AiizDiia,  ntiillsUnnofroroato,  formt  flren,  ntitnding  limber,  etc..  In  ..  .491,568,  560 

Aikaiinim.  Inmbni'  industry  and  ninnufnrtures  from  wimd  In  486,487,  r4l 

ArkiiiiHiiH,  rank  of,  iiceoiding  In  viiIiiK  cifluniliiT  products  487 

AikiiusH'i,  HtatlHlicB  nf  furi'sts,  fnrrsl  llris,  sta.idliig  lliiilicr,  cli..  In    401,  .M3,  Ml 
ArkunHiiH,  talmlai  stalt'meutof  th«  umuuutof  8>iorMoavi'd  X'iuostnndlug 

in  I  lie  liiiesiHof,  May  31, 1880 .-41 

Aroniaarhorea R4 

A  ronia  arhut\folia 8:1 

*1  fonia  Jtntryapium 84 

Aronitt  rordata 84 

A  ronia  oralis 85 

ArrowwiMnl 38,272 

.1  miirofa  tpinosa 55 

Ash 107,206,208,870,434 

Asli  and  spcelflo  giavlty  nf  wood* ;48-2.M 

Asli,  llla<k Ill,  208,  372, 43H 

A.  b.  Blue lll,208,.T7n,  43(1 

AhIi,  Oivcn    100,208.370,4311 

Ah.i,  (iioiind 111,208,  372, 4.'l.'< 

Asli,  Tlcid]! Ill, 298, 372, 1''H 

Ash,  irnuntnln  (Pyi-ns  AnuTleana) 73, 281.  t'-'H 

Asli.^lountaln  (Pyrns  sninlmelfolla) 74,  284, 3<H,  428 

A«li,Oic|.'nn 111,208, '..:,  4;ii 

Asli,  I'lickly  (Xantlio.tyluin  Aracricanuni) :>, ?nM 

AhIi,  Trlrkly  (Xnnllioxyluni  Clava-IIcrculU) 30. 270, 3.'i0,  I  " 

A  sli,  lied 109,  290, 370, 430 

A  sll.  .'Si'ii 30.  270,  350,  4-.'0 

Ash.  spi'ciflo  gravity,  and  wciglit  per  oubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  tlir 

w Is  of  tho  United  States 'iW-wW 

AHh.Waf.r 31,270 

Aali,AVatpr 110,208,370,436 

Ash,  "Whito 107,  200.  350, T,v,  4;iii 

Ash,  Y.llow 57, 278,  ,3f.O,  4Jfl 

Axhl. lived  Maple 61,276,300,424 

Asiiiilnii 10,11,13 

Animinu  eampaniflora 

Asimiiia  triloba 23,250,253,250, 

Anp,  i^uikin;: 171,328,350, 

Aspects,  rconomii'.  nf  the  foreata  of  the  United  States 

Aspen   171,328,350, 

Atlantie  Plain,  Deciduous  Forest  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the 

Atliiiitlc  region,  the 

Athmllo  ret;'""'  western  third  of  the,  reniarka  on 

AvoniKe  runiher  of  hands  employed  in  the  lumbering  indnstry  of  the 

rnited  States 

Avenige  size  and  product  of  saw-mills  iu  each  state  and  territory 

A  vi('enni£ 

Avieennia  nititla 

Ariccnnitt  ohlongtfolia 

A  ricmnia  tomenlosa 


23 

3I>«,4I8 

394,400 

483-r.KO 

304. 400 

4 

3-0 

4 

4H0 

488 

....      11,15 

.117,240,302 

117 

117 


B. 

BiiM  Cypress 184,334, 

Biilni  of  Gilead 173, 

Balm  of  Gilcad  Fir 211 

Balsam  ( Abies  Fmseri) 210. 

Balsam  (Abiussubalpina) 211, 34fl, 

Balsam  (Popnlna  balsamifera) 173, 

Balsam  Cottouwoo<l 174, 

Balsam  Fir  (Abies  balsamea) - 211, 

Balsam  Fir  (Abies  concolor) 213, 

Bidsftiii,  She 210, 

Banana,  Mexican 

Bartram's  Oak '''3, 

Basket  Oak 141,310, 

BasswtHid 27, 

Bassw^od,  AVhito 28, 

Bastard  Cedar 176, 

Dastard  Pino 202,342,352, 

liatodendron  arboreum 

Bayonet,  Spanish  ( A'ucca  baccata) 

Hiivmiet,  Spanish  ( Vnuca  canaliculata) 

Baynnut,  Spanish  ( Vucea  elata) 

Bn.v,Bull  19,260, 


350,  398, 
328,394, 
346,412, 
340,  412, 
412,478, 
328,394, 
330,394, 
346, 412, 
346,412, 
346, 412, 
..  219, 
320, 390, 
384,410, 
268, 366, 
268, 350, 
330, 396, 
400,410, 


...  219, 
...  218, 
...  219, 
354,414, 


400 
400 
478 
478 
577 
460 
462 
478 
478 
478 
348 
456 
450 
418 
420 
4fi2 
474 
90 
348 
:i48 
348 
,418 


584 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


.5 


Bay,  Loblolly 28,215,268, 

Bftj,R«l 118,302, 

Bay,  RoBO 0fl,M2, 

Bay,  Swpet 20,2«0,;i54, 

Bay,  Tan 2,5, 265, 1'68, 

Bay  Tree,  California 120.  ML', 

Bay,  White 20, 2(K5, 3,">4, 

Bay  berry Illfi,  ;U'J, 

Boan,  Indi.-in 115,  ;)U0, 

lieuii  Tree 115,  ,100. 


Bearberry 41, 

Btwrwoml  41, 

He.ivfr  Trio 20, 2Gfl, 


aS4, 


Page. 
354, 418 
372, 438 
a(<8,4:tl 
414,418 
.154,418 
374,  440 
414.418 

:i80, 44n 
aT2,  i-M 
rt7'j,  4.if! 
.■:.W,  4'.".' 
.•|58, 422 
414,418 


111' 


llfcch,  Bluo i,''n.  :!'.'2. .in.'. 4.10 

Bee<!h,  Water  (C'arpiuna  Carollnlana) 109, 322, 3112, 456 

Be<  jh.  Water  (Platauiis  occidentaiiHi 120. 30B,  ?.M.  .iTtl,  U:' 

Biofwooil 117, 302,  ;i72,438 

Bee  Tree 27, 208,  3.')0, 418 

Bebavior  of  seifctcil  wonda  of  the  United  States  nnder  tranHvoreo  strain : 

ar     imcns  eight  centimeters  sqiiaro 414-417 

Dehuviorof  the  principal  wuo^tsof  tlie  (Tniti.d  States  under  cooiinessiou  41S-4i>l 
Behavior  of  tho  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under  transverse 

strain .154-415 

Benthamidia  fiorida 90 

BetuJf       11, 12, 15 

JieliUa  acuminata 158 

lletiila  allia,  subspecies  cotmnutala 100 

Bftula  aUia,  subspecies  oeeidentaUn  typica 160 

Betula  alba,  subf .  eciespapi/ri/tfra 100 

Jictula  alba,  subspecies  ^apj/ri/ern,  var.  eommunit 160 

lietula  alba,  subspecies  papyr\f'era,  var.  eurdi/olia 160 

Bftula  alba,  sul)8peci'»s  populiJ,>Ua ITiO 

lirtula  nlba,  var.  papyri/era 160 

Bclulaalba,  rar.  populifolia 159, 250, 255, 258, 324, .150, 4.'i8 

Bttiila  alba,  var.  populifolia  (Betula  papyrifera) 100 

Bilula  angulala loi 

Bftula  Canadensis IGO 

Betula  ca '•pini/olia 162 

Betula  eordi/olia 160 

BrtuUi  excelia  (Betula  lenta) 102 

Betula  ixtelsa  (Betula  latea) ici 

Betula  jjtandi  i 100 

Betula  ineana ; 164 

Betula  lamUota joi 

n,  lulu  lenta 162, 249, 255, 258, 324, 302, 4.-8 

Betula  Icnta  (Betula  alba,  var.  popalifolia) LTO 

/JcfiiJa  (I'lXa  (Beluialutea) 161 

lietul.i  hue.i  181.  250,  255,  21)8,  202,  324,  392,  i-iS 

!;<■  tula  nigra 161, 250, 255, 258, 262, 324,  .192, 458 

lletula  nigra  (Betnla  lenta) 162 

iMuIa  nkjni  (Betula  papyrifera) ICO 

Bol  ula  oeci.leutalis 160, 2:10, 256, 2.18,  324, 392, 458 

Betula  o<xi:lenlalis  (Betula  papyrifera) 100 

Betula  papiiraeea 159, 576 

Betula  papyrifera 12,159,250,255,258,262,324,350,392,458 

Betula  populifolia 1,19 

lietula  rubra  I  Betula  ni({ra) IGI 

Bilula  rubra  (Betula papyrifera)  160 

Betula  rugoia    ]S1 

Betula  nerrulata 104 

Betula-  Almu  glauca 164 

Bi'tuliiAlnut  maritima 102 

Betula  Alnti*  rubra 164 

Betula- Almu,  var.  $.ineana 104 

llKi LI.ACK* 180-165,  255, 2,18, 324, 392, 468 

Bii^bud  llicliory 134,310,350,380,444 

BigCottonTood 175, 330, 3SU,  306, 482 

Bi)S  t! vpreas  regi^in  of  Flc  .da 523 

BiK  Laurel 19, 266,354, 414, 4. << 

BiK  Shell  bark 13,1.310  ,)7H,  441 

Bij.-Tr..'  184,334,39*1,4(16 

Biijeloiia  acuminata 112 

Blgu'inia  Calalpa 115 

Bijinonia  UnearU lin 


BiaK0!4lACK.«..   115,ll«,2B4,257,800,a72,«8 

misted 88,288,350,864,414,430 

Birch,  Black  (Betula  lenta) 162,324,392,458 

Biich,  Black  (Betukt  ocoideotalis) 160,324,392,458 

Birch,  Canoe ...180,324,350,302,458 

Birch,  Cherry 162,324,  J92, 458 

Birch.  Gray  (Betula  alba,  tar.  populifolia) 169,324,3,10,392,458 

Birch.  Cray  (Betula  Intea) 161,324,392,458 

Birch.  Mahogany  162,324,392,458 

Birch.  Uhl.flold 150,  .K4, 3,-,o,  :;n2. 458 

•Birch,  Taper 160,  324. 3'.0, 302, 4.',g 

Birch.  Iti'd 161,324.392,458 

Birch.  Bivcr 161,  324,  ,192, 458 

Bircli.  , Sweet   162,  3: 1,  W2,  458 

Birch,  We.'<t-rndL'»u.. 33,  $70, 350,  366, 420 

Birch,  White  (Betula  alba,  ear.  populifolia) 169,324,350,392,458 

Bitch.  White  (Betula  iiapyrifera) 160,  324,  :i"0,  ^'!)2, 4,18 

Bircli,  Yellow 161,324,302,4.18 

Bishops  T'ine 200,340,404,472 

Bitter  Nut 136,310,350,380,448 

Bitter  I'ecau 136,310,360,380,414,446 

lil.ieU  A'lb  I-  (Ahins  iucaua) 165, 320,  394, 400 

Black  A Idcr  ( A Ums  serrulata) 161,  r;28 

Black  and  WhiteSprncesthecharacteristic  treesof  theNortfaemForest  3 

Black  Ash ' Ill,  21>8,.172, 438 

Black  Birch  (Betnla  lenta) 162,324,302,458 

Black  Birch  (Betula  occidentalis)  160,324,392,468 

Bind;  Calaljaah  Tree 116,300 

Bhick  Cherry,  Wild 68, 2.' 2,  302,428 

Black  f 'ot tonwood  ( Pnpulns  angnst ifolia) 174,  330.  ;in t,  4(52 

Black  Cottonwood  (Pupaluatricbocarpa) 1 174, 330, 391,402, 576 

Black  (.'.vprtss 184,334,3.10.398,466 

Bla.k  I ; i.m 02, 20(1, Mii. 432 

Black  Unw    94,200,380,432 

Black  Hickory  (Caryo  porcina) 134,310,  S.'lO,  380,448 

Black  Uickory  (Carj  a  tonientosa) 134,310,3.10,380,444 

Black  liills  region  of  Dakota,  remarks  by  Mr.  Bobert  Douglas  on  thb 

foreotsof  the .161,562 

Black  Ironwood 39, 272, 3.18, 422 

Black  .Tack  (Quercus  Cateebwi) 151,320,388,454 

Black, Tack  (Quercus nigra) 160,265,320,350,388,484 

Black  .tack,  1- orkedleaf 1.11, 320, 38«,  4,14 

Black  Uieb 216,  346, 3.12, 41?,  478 

Black  Locust  (Oleditschia  tria<!antho8) 69,280,300,426 

Black  Locust  (Uobinia  Psendacacia) 65,278,350,360,414,424 

Black  Mangrove 117,302 

Black  OaU  (Quercus  Emory i) 146,205,318,3X6,452 

Black  Dak  (Quercus  Uelloggil) 149,265,320,388,416,464 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  rubra) 148, 265, 318, 350, 3h(!.  452 

Black  Oak  (Quercus  tiuctoria) 149,265,318,350,  3«8, 454,  .128 

Black  T'ersininran 103,294 

Black  I'iuc  ( Pinus  .Teffreyi) 103,  33f ,  402, 470 

Black  Pine  (Pinna  Murrayana) 105, 338, 3 Jll,  4()4, 4 70 

Bhu'kSloe 07,282,428 

Black  Spruce 203, 265, 342, 352, 408, 474, 490 

Black  Sugar  Maple 49, 276, 3.10,  ,1.18. 424 

Black  Thorn 79,280,364,430 

Black  Tree 117,302 

Black  Walnut .131,808,350,376,414,444 

Bluek  W  illuw  (Salix  tiavescena,  var.  Soonleriaua) 170,  .128, 394, 460 

Black  Willow  (Salix  nigra) 166, 326, 304, 460 

Blackwood 117,302 

Blue  Ash 111,208,370,430 

Blue  Beech 159,322,302,456 

BluoJiuik  ; 153,320,390,458 

Blue  Myrtle 41,272 

Blue  Oak 143,310,386,460 

Bine  Spruce 206, 844,  <'),'<,  474 

Blue\viio<l 40,271 

ilolsd'Arc 128, 306, 876,  442, 64J 

BonKAoINArit* lis,  114, 254, 2.17, 300, 372, 4.M 

Uorya  aeuminata 112 

UoriiB  liijuHrina —  112 

Biirya  liitid,!   lU 

Tloltom  Shellbark 133,110,378,444 


GEXKliAL  INDEX. 


585 


P«BB. 
1, 2M,2S7, 300,372, 488 
l,28«,3S0,3M,414,430 

162,324,302,458 

....  ISO, 324, 392, 4i)s 

.180,324,350,302,458 

162,324,?92,45S 

.  ISO,  324, 3S0, 302. 498 
....101,32.|,302,458 

162,324,302,458 

.150,  .124,  a:;o, :;!):'.  458 
160,  324, 3'.ii,  ?.K,  4.18 
....  161,324.392,458 
....161,  324,30:',  458 

162,  .TM,  r!02, 458 

.83,570,350,366,420 
159, 324, 350, 3»2. 458 
160,  324, . I '0,  ;;».•,  .(.la 
....161, 324,  ,182, 4.58 
...  200,340,404,472 
136,310,350.380.448 
,310,350,380,414,446 
. .  165, 320,  304, 460 

104,  326 

lern  Forest  3 

....   Ill,  208,  .372,  438 

162,324,302,458 

160,324,392,468 

110,300 

68.  2(2,  .102,  428 

174,330.  .int,  462 

174,330,391,402.576 
184,  334,  350.  398, 466 

02,  2011,  *«,  432 

94, 200,  ;)«(1. 432 

134, 310,  3.10,  .380,  446 
134,  310,  S.'iU,  380, 444 
igliw  on  thb 

.561,568 

39, 272,  358,  422 

....151,320,388,454 
265,320,350,388,454 

1.51,  320,38s,  4,54 

215,  346, 3.'i2, 41?,  478 

60,280,300,426 

278,350,360,414,424 

117,302 

146, 205,  318,  386, 452 
265,320,388,416,454 
265,314,  350,  Uhti.  452 
318, 3.)0,  388,  454,  .528 

103,294 

...  19,3,  3.18,  4i;2,  470 
10,5,  338,  3."i(l,4('4,4T0 

07,282,428 

342,352,408,474,400 

.49,276,3.50,3.18,424 

...70,  286,  ,164,  430 

117,302 

808,3.50,370,414,444 
....170, .'128,  394,460 
....166.326,394,460 

117,302 

...111,298,370,430 
. . .  159,  322,  302,  456 
....  153, 3:'0,  300,458 

41,272 

...143,316,386,450 
....205, 344, 4').^  474 

40,271 

128, 306. 876,  442, 543 
!54, 2.57, 300, 372, 4,3M 

113 

113 

It* 

...133,310,378,444 


Page.    ' 

Hoiin«ria 11, 15 

Bonrrerin  Havanensls 114, 249, 264, 257,  300, 372, 438   | 

Bourrui'ia  IIiivancnsiH,  var.  radula ^^^   I 

BourrcHi.  ui:ata 114   ■ 

Jiuurrrria  radula 114   i 

Bonrreria  rrcvrva 114   j 

Btrttrreria  tomentoga 114   j 

Bourrerin  tomtntosa,  \aT.  Haranmnt 114    \ 

Box  i;;il  r  (N('t;iiU(lon<wroiiles) 51,276,360,424 

Hox  I'ldiv  (Ni-KntKloCiilifoniicnm) 51,276,360,424 

lloxwooil  (Coriius  llori(la) 91,288,360,430 

Boxwiiud  (Schu'ffeiiafi'iitcsveus) ..--    30,272 

Braliea  ilutcit 217 

Brahea  filamentoaa 217' 

KiicklpyTlialch 218,348 

llriltlf  Tliatcli 218,348 

!iloiul-leilv..(l  Muplo 47,274.358,422 

J^rouHstniclia  ureundijlora 57 

Brotuniiiiciin  llnctoria 128 

Brown  llicUuiy 134, 310, 3,50, 380,  41'> 

Bueida  Bucerat 87 

Biicke.ve,  California 44, 274, 3.1,o,  422 

Biicliiyn,  Fetid 42,274,3.18,422 

BiRkpye,  Ohio 42,274,3.18,422 

Bnikcyi',  Spanish 44,274,422 

Bnckoye,  SwfOt 4.1.274 

Backthom,  Southm-n 103,204,368,434 

Buckwheat  Tree 38,2"2,3,i(l,42(^ 

Bull  Bay 19,208,354,414,418 

Unll  Xiit 134,310,350,3,sil,444 

Bull  I'ine  (Pinnn  Ji'ffnyi) 193,338,4(12,470 

Bull  Pine  (Pinna  mitis)  200, 340,  3.10, 400,  472 

Bull  Pino  (Piniwpondoi-osa) 193,  3,18, 350, 40L',  408 

Bull  I'inr  (PinuBSahiniana) 105,338,350,401.470 

Biinu'liti •.       II,  15 

liuindia  (tnfiiitti/olia 103 

Biimella  nrhorea 102 

Btinu'lia  chryguphyUoiden 101 

Bunielia  runcata -. 103,249,254,294,368,434 

BumcUa /iiruffinea 102 

Btimeliu  ja'tidiimima 101 

Hnmili:ihinni;inoK:i 102,250,2.54,257,204,308,434 

BuincUa  lanvginota,  var.  maoroearpa 102 

Buiuc.'ialv.'ioidia 102,249,264,257,294,368,434 

Bunielia  lyi'ioides,  ear.  reclinatam 103 

Bituieliit  uiiicrocarjm 102 

Bujnelia  Mastichodendron 101 

Bumilia  vtttr9im/oUn 103 

Bumt^iia  obluniji/otia 102 

Iltintiiid  pallida 101 

Binnrli't  ]inn''/!<lin 103 

lliimrlia  rrdinnln  (Bumiliu  cunrata) 103 

Jlumrlia  ri;  linatn  (Hituiflia  lycioldea) 103 

Biiiitdia  lecl'untii  (Vumelia  tvnax) 101 

IJiimflia  Kttlict/itlia 101 

Hmnflia  grrrata 00 

Ititnu-liu  HpinoBa 102,249,204 

'Uini.4i;i  lenax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 

Jiuiiifliit  tiiinfntoga lO'J 

I'uiii'.vood .54, 278,  ,1011, 424 

BMilinu'ton,  Verinont,  aa  a  lumber  market,  importance  of 400 

Hurnind  BmhIi 38,272 

lluirOiik  140,  266, 314,  ;ia4, 448 

;iii:sciii        10,13 

lluriira  nniminata 32 

Bumcra  uuuiniifcra 32,  251, 263, 250,  270. 3ii0,  3.50,  420 

;il!IIHElLl(  KA; 32,  33,  2j3,  2.56,  270,  3,16, 4"0 

Bustii-  101,  294.3(18, 434 

Biilti'rnut 130, 300, 376, 442 

Button  hall  'I'reo 129,  308. 3!.0, 376. 442 

llnl lonwooil  (Con»ran><i«  erecta) 87, 288, 364,  430 

Bill tonw  iioii  ( Platanna  nccidentalia) 129,  306.  3,10,  ,176, 442 

Biitiiinwond  (Plut»niiH  racenioaa) 120,300,370,442 

Biitlonwood,  White 87,188,364,430 

Byri'oninin 10, 13 

Byrwin'ma  luclda 28,260,268,26(1,268,3.56.420 


.o. 

Page. 

CabbnKO  Palmetto 217,348,352 

CaliliiiKoTrec 217,348,352 

Ciballeria  Coriaua 09 

C.VCTACKJ.; 8!*  00, 288 

CaotuH,  Giant 10,288 

Cugiput 120,302,374,440 

Calabaah  Tree,  BInok 110,  ilO 

Calico  Bush 08,  292,  3U!I,  434 

(.'alicowood 100.  ^96 

CaliloiTiia  Bay  Tree 120,302,374,440 

California  Bnekoyo 44,274,358,422 

California,  economic  value  of  the  Kedwood  of 579 

Californiii  Holly 84,286 

Ci'.lifornia,  in.iury  liy  grazing  cattle  to  the  ninnntain  foreats  of .170 

California  Laurel 120,302.374.440 

C:ililoruia,  liiuibir  induHlry  and  mauufacturea  from  wood  in 486, 487, 578, orO 

California  NutniOj; 186, 334, 400, 406 

C.-iliforuia  Olivo 120,302,371,440 

(..'alifot-nia,  pasturago  of  mountain  forests  in 570,580 

(.'alifornia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

(California,  htiitislics  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .  .491, 578-680 
California,  taliiilar  statement  of  the  amount  of  Kedwood  standing  in  the 

foreslsol,  Xlay;;l.t880 579 

Ciilollii/rittis  Culi/ornica 43 

Culjiitranthca 10, 14 

CalviitranlhesChytraculia 88,249,288 

Ciiiiaila  Pl;.m 05,282,302,426 

Canolla 10,13 

Caiiclla  alba 24,249,253,256,268,3,14,418 

Caiu'llii  Ittiirifulia 24 

f'andla  Winterana 24 

(•aski.i..\cka; 24,253,256,208,354,418 

Canoe  P.ir.h 160,324,3.10,302.418 

Canoi.Oilai 177,  330,  .196,  462 

Canolia 10,12,13 


Canotia  litilocantha 32 

C.M'rAlllHACK.K , 

<;:>l<l""is 

CujipnrU  Itrfj/nia 

Vupimris  cituophyllophora 

C,ij)pnrig  ctiiai-iiinata 

Capparia  .1  amaicensia 24, 

C'apparit  siliquoiia 

Capparis  tundom 

Vappnrig  vncinata 

(;Arim.oi,iACK.K 93,94,253,257,290, 

Cardwlffiig  olituga 

Ciirolinu  Poplar 175,330,860, 

Carpinus  

Carpi n tig  .1  mcri'cnnrt 

Ca  rpUt  ug  Bftiilim  Virjiniana 

Carpinus  Caroliniiina 158,249,255,258,322, 

CiirjitiiiM  Ogtrya 

Carpiims  (hinja,  var.  Amtrieana 

Carpinug  trijinra 

Viirpiniig  Virginiana 


Carya 

Caryaidba 132,249,254,267,261,308,350, 

(Sirijn  alba  (Carya  tomentoaa) 

..'aryaaniara 135,240,264,257,810,360, 

Vanfit  anutra,  var.  myrutiet^ormis 

Cari/n  atnara,  var.  porcina 

Ctiri/ii  anifiigtifoUa 

Carva  aquatica 136, 249, 254, 267, 261, 310, 350, 380, 

Carya  itatharlira 

Cart/a  eordi/urmig 

Carya  i/labrn 

Carya  1  Itinoengit 

Carifa  intriiri/olia  

Carya  m  tcmearpa 

Carva  niyri»ticu'forml« 135,249.254,257,310,3,50, 

Car.vaolivieformis 132, 240, 2.54,  2.57,  .108,  3.10, 

Carya  porcina  184,249,254.2.57.201,310,350, 

Carya  sulcata  ., 133,249,254,257,261,310, 

Carya  Mrapltra 


24(1,2/0 

24, 238 

10,13 

24 

24 

24 

249,268 

24 

24 

24 

366, 432 

41 

306,  402 

11,18 

1.58 

1.58 

392, 456 

158 

1.58 

168 

168 

4, 11,  IS 

378,444 

134 

380,446 

1.15 

134 

1.13 

414, 446 

130 

133 

134 

133 

135 

133 

380,416 

378, 444 

380,  4 «a 

378, 444 

133 


586 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


f       ! 


Page. 

Carya  tomontosa 188,249,254,287,810,850,380,444 

Canja  lomentosa,  var.  maxima 134 

Caryolaxus  Myrutiea 186 

Caryotaxut  taxifotia 180 

Ca««iila 101,294,368,434 

C'aswnn 36,272 

Cngnine  Oaroliniana 36 

Castine  Peragua 36 

Cattine  ramuloaa 30 

Castnnen  11,16 

Caatnnea  nlnl/olia 150 

Caslanea  AmericaiM 157 

Cnstanea  cfm/gophylla 156 

Caslanea  chryiitphyUa,  var.  minor 156 

Cattanea  nana 156 

t"a»tanea  jnimila 156,250,255,258,322,800,450 

Caslanea  sempervirevn 1 56 

Caslauea  resca  (Castanea  paniila) 156 

dastanm  rexca  (Castanen  vnlgarix,  var.  Americana) 157 

Caslanea  resca,  vnr.  Aviericana 157 

flastiuua  vuljjnrm,  var.  Americana 157, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390, 456 

CiwtnnopsiH 11,12,15 

(,'a«trtiioi)»i»  clirysophylla 156, 250, 265, 258, 322, 390, 4S6 

Oastanoptiis  ehry»t*phyUa,  var.  minor 156 

Castaimpsis  ehrytiiphylla,  var.  pumita 156 

Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees .' 17-219 

Catalogue  of  Forest  Trees,  Index  to 220-243 

Catalpa 11,16,115,300,372,438 

Catalpa  bignonioiiles 115, 250, 254, 257, 300, 372, 4^8 

Calalpa  bignonimdea  (Catalpa  speoioaa) 115 

Calalpa  connnums 115 

<  'alalpn  eordi/olia  (Cgtalpa  bignnnioldes) 115 

Ciitalpa  cordi/olia  (Catalpa  specioga) 115 

Cutfllpa  Hpeeiosa 116,  250, 254, 257, 300, 350, 3:2, 414, 438 

Catalpa  tyringatfolia 115 

Catalpa,  Western 116,300,350,372,414,438 

Catawba 115.300,372,4,18 

Cut's  Cluw  (Acacia  Greggil) 83,282,362.426 

Cat's  Clan-  (Acacia  Wriglitii) 63, 282 

Cat's  CI.iw  (Pithecolobium  TTngcisnati) 64,282 

Cctiuntluis 10, 12, 13,  .573 

Ceanolhits /erreug  39 

Ceanolhus  ItTvigalus 30 

Ceanolhits  reclinatus 41 

Coanol  bust  byrsifiorus 41, 250, 272 

Cellar,  Alaska,  Tide-land  Spruce,  and  Hemlock  the  characterlstio  and 

most  valuable  trees  of  tbe  Northern  Coast  Foreat 7 

Cedar  an  important  tree  in  Texas 640 

Cedar,  Bastard 176,330,396,462 

Cedar,  Canoe 177, 330, 396,  40'.' 

Cedar  Elm 122,304,374.440 

Cedtti,  Iiuenso 176,330,390,402 

Cedar,  Ore-on 179,332,350,398,464 

Cedar.  Pini-il,  of  Florida ,522 

Cedar  Pine 201,340,406,472 

Cedar,  Port  Orford 179,332,350.308,464,576 

Cedar.  Post 176,330,396,40? 

Cedar.  Red  (.rnnipems  Vlrginiana) 183, 332, 398. 464,  .544 

Cedar,  Red  (Tbnya  gigantea) 177, 330, 896, 462,  573,  575,  .570.  .IW 

Cedar,  Stinking  (Toireya  Callfomics) 186,334,400,460 

Cedar.  Stinking  (Torreya  taxifolia) 186, 334. 400, 466.  Wl 

Cedar,  W'bltit  (Chomiecj-paris  Lawioniana) 179, 332.  ,350. 398. 464 

Cedar,  Wliite  (Clianiivoyparia  sphasroldea) 178,  330, 391,  410, 464 

Ced.ir,  White  (Mbocedmsdecurrens) 176,  33( ,  396, 402 

Cedar.  While  (Tliuya  ociddentalia) 176, 330, 3,50.  306,  402 

Oedrut  ilahngmi 33 

ClIulsTKACB.B 38,  39, 1!72 

Celtic  11,12,15, 


\m 


Ctllisalba 

(V/'M  A  vdiberliana 

Otitis  /(u(/>6ert<ana,  rar.  obUmgaUi  ■ 

Osltis  Audibertiana,  var.  ovalm 

Ce!tis  Jlertandierl 

Oeltisb  rteipes 

OtUiieanina 


■J51 
125 
126 
126 
126 
120 
126 

m 


Page. 

Oettis  cordata 125 

Oeltis  cratil/olia 1J5 

Oeltis  erastifolia,  var.  euealyptifoHa 125 

Cellis  erass\folia,\ai.morifoKa 125 

Celtls  craisifolia,  var.  tUice/olia 125 

Celtis  Douglasii r,;6 

Cellis  Floridiana j 25 

Celtis  fuscata 125 

Cellis  heterophylta 126 

Oeltis  inUgrifolia 125 

Otitis  Uwlgata 12J 

Celtis  Lindheimtri 12J 

Oeltis  longifolia 125 

CeUi<  mari'tima  (in  Am.  Monthly  Hag.  and  Crit  Rot.) 125 

CeUt«7nar<({nia  (in  KewFI.  andBot.) 125 

Otitis  Mistissippittuil .' 125 

Celt  is  mori/olia 1 25 

Otitis  o'lliqua 125 

Celti.s  occidentalis 12, 125, 249, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376. 414, 442 

Celtis  occidenlalis,  var.  eordata 125 

Cellis  occidentalis,  var.  erastifolia 120 

Celtis  oeeidentttlis,  var.  grandidmtata 125 

Cellis  oceidenlalis,  var.  integri/olia 125 

Cellis  occidentalis,  var.  pumila  (Ccltia  occidentalia) 126 

Cellis  occidentalis,  var. pumila  (Celtis  oocidentalis,  var.  reticulata) 126 

Celtis  uccidentaiis,  var.  reticulata 126,  C49, 254, 257, 306, 376, 442 

Cellis  occidentalis,  var.  teabriuseula 125 

Oeltis  octidenlalis,  var.  semlata 125 

Celtis  occidenlalis,  var.  tenuifolia 125 

Oeltispalula 125 

GeUis  jmmila 125 

Oeltis  rttictUala 126 

Otitis  talicifolia 125 

Celtis  lenui/olia 126 

Celtit  Teaann )?.» 

Central  pine  bills  of  MlMiasippi,  forests  of  the rM, 

Ccrasvs  Americana 0- 

Ccratiis  borealis  66 

Oerastis  OapoUin 68 

Ctrasus  Capult 68 

Ceramis  Oaroliniana 60 

Ctrasus  Ohieaea 66 

Otrasvs  dtmissa 69 

Ctrasus  tmarginata 67 

Otrasvs  ereeta 67 

Cerasua  gijnduloia 6T 

Cerasus  hitmalit 05 

Oerasiis  iliei/olia 70 

Ctrasus  mollis 67 

Ceriisfis  nigra 63 

Cera«ii>  i'enn«!/li)anica 66 

Ctrasus  persici/olia 06 

Cerasus  serolina  (Pronns  demlss*) 69 

Cerasus  serolina  (Pmnos  serotina) 68 

rern«M«  tpha^oearpa 70 

Cerasus  umbeUata t7 

P«ro»«»  Virginiana t» 

Cercidium  floridum 60 

Cerris 10,12,14 

CeiTis  Canadensis 81, 260,  US,  256, 280, 362  42« 

OerHs  Oanadtntit,  var.  pubsietm 61 

Ctrcis  occi^lentalis  61 

t'crc in  oceidenlalis,  var 61 

Oercis  occidentalis,  rar.  Ttxmtit 61 

Cerei^  renlformis 61,249,280 

Cercmuiipus   0,10,12,14,560,671 

r'ri'oriirjiwi  Mn/ir/oHiM 71 

Oercocarjius  betuloidSB 71 

Cerrnrnrpus  lireri/olius 71 

Crrrorarpvs  intrieatUM 71 

Cer.ocarpiis  ledil'oliun M,  71, 249, 284, 350, 428 

Cericuarpiis  ledifollns,  var.  intriCfitas ' Tl 

t^ercoearpus  parvlfulina    71, 24tl  Mt 

Cen'ororpus  parvlfollus,  rar.  glaber 71 

Uercorarpus  parvil'olius,  var,  paaoldontatut Tl 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


587 


Ctreus 10, 12,U 

Ccrtns  KlRRDtPue 89,251,-JKS 

105 


Chap«»t«  . 


i,21U 

Chttnupcyparia 11, 12, 1  (1   | 

ChamaeyparU  Bourrierii  (ChanifDOypariB  Lavrsonlann) 178   ' 

Ohamaxj/parlii  Baurtierii  (Jnniperus  occlrti'Titalls) 181 

ChamteejtjMirU  cxcHta  178   1 

Chanin'O.vpftrls  LuwBoniana 8, 178,  2,'W,  255, 2,')8, 3m,  398, 404,  B76 

Chamircypniis  ..\itka™«i8 178,  250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, ^,64, 580    ! 

Ohamacmtarit  Nulkamirii,  rar.  glauca 178   , 

Vhamtecifparin  Xulkanut 178 

Cliamu'Cypniis,  one  (if  the  cliarncturistlo  and  most  valuable  trees  of  thi> 

(;oa^<t  Korcst 7    j 

Charaiucypnris  Hpliajroidea 177, 251, 255, 2,58, 262, 330, 306, 416, 484   | 

Chamieropi  Palmetto 217   j 

Charcoal  uxed  for  doineHtic  and  mannfactnring  purposes  dnrin);  the  cen- 

sns  year,  amount  and  value  of 489 

Cheiranthodendron  Califomieum 26 

Cherry 100,292 

Cheny  Birch 162,324,392,458 

Cherry,  Indian 40,272,358,422 

Cherry,  May 84,286,304,430 

Clierry,  Pigeon 66,282,428 

Cherry,  Pin 66,282.428 

Cherry,  Rum 68,282,362,428 

Cherry,  Wild  (Pniniis  Capuli) 00,282,428 

Cherry,  AVild  (Pranus  demUsa) 69,284,362,428 

Cherry,.'\Vild  Blaclt 68,282,362,428 

Cherry,  Wild  Red 66,282,428 

CheBtuut    157,  265,  322, 3,-|0,  390, 456 

Chestnut  Oak  (Querciis  densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 5711,  .578,  SI'O 

Chestnut  Oiik  (Quercns  prinoides) 143, 26,^ ;'!«,  384. 450 

Chestnut  Oak  (Quercns  Prinus) 142, 265, 316,  SM,  384, 41 6, 450 

Chestnut  Oak,  Rock 142,265,316,3.50,384,416,450 

Chicaga,  nuiouut  of  lumber  jod  shingles  receive<l  at,  during  tlio  year  1880    5sH,  .549 
Chiciign,  commercial  importance  of,  with  reference  to  tlie  lumber  industry  .548 

Chicago,  early  lumber  trade  of .  549,  -560 

Chicago,  the  principal  source  of  supply  of  lumber  for  Colorado,  Utah,  and 

Now  Mexico 568,669 

Chickasaw  Plum 90,282,362,486 

Chilopsi-    ._ 11,12.15 

Ohihpnti  ijlulinoia 116 

Ohiiopfrin  linearis 1 16 

Chili.psis  saligna 13,116,260,254,257,300,372,438 

Chimanthus  amygdalinv$ 69 

China,  Wild 44,274,3,58,414,422 

Chinc)r-.piu  (Ca«t»uea  pamila) 156, 322,  .390, 4.56 

Cliinquapiu  (Castanopsis  chrysophylla) 156.  322, 390,  456 

Chinquapin  Oak 143, 26.'),  310,  384, 4.50 

Chituianthus 11, 15 

OhionanUtus  angiittifolia 112 

Ohionanthus  heterophylla 112 

OhionanthuH  longyfolia 112 

ChinnaiUhus  maritima 112 

ChitinantJivti  montana 112 

OhionanthitM  trijida 118 

Chlonnnthus  Vlrginica 112,2.50,298 

OhUinanthuii  Virgiiiica,  vnr.  angiut\folia 112 

Ihiotuintkuii  Virginien,  var.  lat^olia 112 

OMonanthiiK  Virgmica,  var.  maritima 112 

Ohionnnlhut  Virgiiiiea,  v»r.  mcntana 112 

Chlttamwood 62,276 

Chhroiiirlea  nemptrrirent 72 

ChryHobnliiiiun 10, 14 

ChryHiibalaiiUR  Icaco 64, 249, 282, 362, 426 

Chrytohalannii  Irnco,  var.  pellocarpa ....'. 65 

ChrytohalainiH  pellotarjia 65 

Chrysophyllum 11,15 

Ohr^iHophiillum  Itarbatea 190 

VhrynttphyUum  Caneto,  p 100 

OhniHnphylliim  /ernigineum 100 

OhrynDphitUum  inicruphjtllum 100 

Ohryiophyllum  nionopiirenum 100 

Chrysophyllum  olivlfurme lOO,  249, 284. 257, 292, 368, 434 

Cigar  Tree 11 6,500, 372, 438 


Page. 

Cinchmia  Caribtm... 95 

Ci}u;ltona  Carnliniana 95 

Cinehimn  .TamttUervnt 95 

Cinnaimm  liiirk 24,268,354,418 

CiniinaHin,  Wild 24, 208, 3.54, 418 

Cltbarexylnm 11,15 

Citliarexylnm  villosum 116, 249, 254, 257.  .'OO,  372,4:18 

Oladriistis 10,11,14 

Clddratlii)  lutea ,57 

Cludrnatis  linctnria 57, 250, 25,3, 2,56,  278, 360, 426 

Clammy  Locust 66, 278 

CliiTElm... 121,304,374,440 

Clift«nia  liguhtrina 38,250,2.53,256,272,356,420 

Clusia 10,13 

ClUHia  (lava 25 

Oliiain  roiea  25 

Coa«t  Forest  in  the  Pacific  region 7 

Coast  Forest,  Northern,  in  Alaska 680 

Coast  Live  Oak 147,318,386,452 

Coast  Pine  Belt  in  South  Carolina .". ,518 

Ciiecoloiia 11,  13 

Cof  colidia  Floridana 117, 249, 254, 257, 302,  372, 438 

Coccoloha  Ltygatieiuis 118 

Ooecolnha  panifolia 1 17 

Coccolol)a  uvifera 118,240,302,372,448 

Coccnloba  iivifeni,  var.  La'gHneusis 118 

Ciiecobiba  uvifera.  var.  ovalifolia 118 

Coekspur  Thorn 70,280,304,430 

Cocoa  Plnm 05,  282,  302, 426 

ColTee  Nut 58,280,300,426 

Ciitfee  Tree,  Kentucky .58, 280,  3(!0.  420 

Colorado,  lu.nlier  industry  and  mannfactnres  from  weod  in 486, 487,  507,  .5(i8 

Cnliirado.  rank  nf,  aecording  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Colorado,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in . .  491,  5iB7,  .'68 
Colorad  >,  TTtaii.  and  New  Mexico,  Chicago  tlie  principal  source  of  supply 

of  lumber  fur ,5(i8,  ,56(< 

Coliibrlna Id,  13 

Oolubrina  reclinata 41,249,274,3.58 

CoMllRKTiCKiK 87,  25:t,  257,  288.  304,  430 

Comparativi'  value  of  woods 252-2.55 

ConipriHsion.  liehavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States  under    418-481 


Condalia 

Comhilia  feiToa 39,249,253,2,56,272, 

Cunilalia  obovata 12, 40, 

COXIFEU.K 4, 176-216,  255,  258,  330,  382,  396, 

Couiieclient,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486,487, 

Connect iiut,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 

Count  cticut,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  ... 

C'onnecticut.  tlu:  N"orthem  Pino  belt  in 

ConocarpuM  

Conoearpui  aejit\fi)lia 

CuuocarpuH  electa 87,249,253,2.57,288, 

Conoca/ptm  erteta,  var.  proeumbsna .V 

CaiU'Cttrpitu  procv  mbent - 

Conocarpus  raeenima 

Consumption  of  wood  for  domestic  purposes  daring  the  census  year,  esti- 


mated. 


10-12 

3.58, 422 

249,  272 

410,  525 

600,  .501 

487 

500,  .501 

500 

10,14 

87 

364,  430 

87 

87 

87 

489 

(Niral  Sumach .54, 278, 360, 424 

Cordia   1i.l5 

Cordia  BolsNieri 114,249,800 

Cttrdia  Fhridnna 114 

Cordia  jityhndi/oHa 113 

Cordia  .S'besteua 113,249,300 

Cofdi't  ittieeintta 113 

Cork  Kim   123,304,374,440 

Corkwood  117, 302, 372, 438 

CoiiNAC-K.'K 90-93, 253,  257, 288,  .166, 4:10 

Conuis 10-12,14 

Corn  tin  (ilti'rna 90 

Cornu^iilteniifolia 90,240.288 

Cornus  Ihirida 90,249,263,2,57,260,288,300,432 

Cornut  florida  (Comns  Nuttallli) 91 

CoriMis  Nutlallil 91,249,253,2.57,288,380,433 

Vorjiidin  ralmrllo 217 

CoUniiK  Amrrir.^iiui 6B 


!;l 


r.88 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


I     s 


li  ^ 


r-i^ 


V-  fV- 


Pnpc. 

Oolinut  coggygria 52 

Cotton  Guin 93,290,350,360,432 

Cottoiinnwl  (Populiis  Fremontii) 17.i,  300, 300. 4ii2 

Cottiinwooil  ( Popiilus  Freinontii,  nar.  VTisHzenl) 175, 300,  :i!ia,  4(i-J 

Cottonwood  ( Populii:!  nioniUfcra) 17.^  330,  3,-)0,  31)0, 402 

CottonwoocI,  Italsiini   174,  330, 3114,  402 

Cottonwool!,  I!i); 175, 330,  3.'iO,  30(1, 4C2 

Cottonwiioil,  lilac  U  (I'opulas  an;;n8tit'oIia, 174,  330,  304, 4CJ 

('(ittoiiwiiMil.  liliiik  (Topulns  trichocarpa) 174, 3,30, 304, 4C2. TiTO 

Coiti.nw.ioil,  Rlvrr  172,328,304,400 

Cot  ton  wnoil.  S  wauip 172,  32ti,  304,  ■iCO 

vJoUiinwouil,  White 17.^  3.30,  300, 402 

(i.wthik   141,310,  3.«4,  410.  4.-)(l,. -133 

Crab,  Ainiriian 72, 284.  304, 428 

Crab,  .Swr.ts.cn^fd 72, 28 1, ,304, 428 

Crub  Applf,  American 72,284 

Crab  Appli'.  (JruKou 73,284 

Cruli  Apjile,  Sontliern 72,284 

Crabwooil 121. .301 

CrnfiCRUH 10-12.  530.  .'.73 

Cratiejriis  O'stivalig 82, 250, 23,3, 2.'iO.  280.  3(U.  430 

f!rftta';;uH  ajiiit'olia j'l,  240, 280 

Cratajins  arliorim'ens 75, 250, 253, 2.iO, 284, 304, 428 

Oratmfiin  (irhitti/olia 83 

Crata-vuH  li.'jtierifolia 82,248 

CraUf'r/uit  I^''nciana 77 

CrafaMiii.i  lir.uhyai'antha 7."),  249,  284,  i)30 

Cratfgna  I'arnliniana 82 

Crane,   is  eoeiinoa 77,240,280 

CrattV'ius  co^cinea  (Cratu';;urt  toiueutoHa) 70 

Cra/'rrjjts  '•occiiira.  var.  cordata 70 

Orafa'-r^it  ■'ocrinrii,  var.  jnollis 78 

Crata*;;iis  eoceinea  var.  olif^anilra 78 

t 
Crata-uu.s  etterinea.  vfir.  piiptili folia 78 

Crat(rgu8  t'occinra,  var.  tjipira 78 

Cratavuus  I'oc*  'oea,  >-ar.  viridin 78 

CratiV;vts  coccinea,  var.  liritlid  (Crata'jius  tonientosa) 70   i 

CratiUtf lis  .onlnta 80, 249, 280 

Crafayi'.*  roniU'iria 72 

Ci-attrijMA  Vounetitinr.  70 

Cratir-ii»  ( 'i  iis-:;alli 70.  240, 253, 2.56.  280, 364, 430 


Cralfrfjvti  Crus'jiiV.i  (f'rata'ijuseooeiuea) 

CraUV'jtta  i'ntAfja'M  H-'rata'gns  tomentosa,  rar.  puuetata)  

Crata';;u.H(.'ruagalIi,  lar.  linearis 

Crat.Ti;ns  Cni.'< -salli.  rar.  ovalifolia , 

Crata';iii.-»  Cro.spalli,  rar.  priinifoiia 

Crata'trUM  (?rii.-*-;raIii.  var.  pyraeanthifolia 

CrahrfiuH  Crun  'jalti,  var.  pyracatithi/olia  (Cruta'jnia  arboreaeeus) . 

VrtttvjUH  Cni.--'iafli,  var.  mtici/vlia 

Vrattfatm  Cruit-ifalli,  var.  npUndrns 

Ctatt'fjiiK  ciinei.htlia 

Cratiej;uH  l)oii;:li,Aii 

Cralirgim  lUipHea  (( 'rata',;u9  aHtlvalinl 

CratcrijuaeUiiiUca  (Crati>'(;ii8  flava,  ror  pnbesreiiB) ,.. 

CratH'i;ii9  llava , 

Crnttriiutt  rfara  (t>at)P;jnH  tlava,  rar.  puboaoenii) 

Cratcffjitu  Hara  (Crata'UUrt  t(Hneuto.Ha) 

Crat(P'.iit:tf1ara  (Ciata-^riLs  tonii'UtoHa,  var.  ptinetata) 

Cratir>jitit  tfiira.  vai-.  lobata 


77 
80 
76 
70 
77 
70 
75 
70 
78 
80 
.75,249,284 
...  .  82 
83 
.82,  249, 28C 
83 
T« 
80 
82 


CratiTKiis  riiva,  var.  pubrHeena . .  83, 249, 25,3,  250, 280, 364, 430 

CratiTgru  Ittzvona 

Crat<rjiiu  ijlanUuloiia  (Cratn'niia  coecinea) 

Vrattrgua  fihinittilimt  (Crata-iriiH  DnuKliMii) 

CratirfjuM  ■jlandutvtia  (Crata'<rn^  1av.il 

Cratrrgin  jla ndiilosa  (CraliPttus  flavii,  rar.  piibeaceoi)) 

Crattrguti  gtanduloHa.  var.  macracantha 

CralirguK  clandtdom.  var.  rvtumiifulia 

Cralirgut  Uttifntia  ((Jrala'uii.i  toiiientiLia) 

Crattriiun  lalifoUa  (Ciatirnim  tonientosa,  var.  pnnitata) 

Cratmjiii  lenrorephaUtu 

Crat<rgujt  leut'ophtceos 

Cratcp^jtm  linetirig 

Cralirgm  lnhala  (C'ratiegiis  (lava) 

Crat(rgiii  li.batii  (Cratd'tiiiii  tomrntoiia) 

Oratcrgui  liicida  (Oat irtfiiH  n>«t<TaUs) 


80 
77 
75 
77 
83 
77 
78 
79 
80 
79 
79 
77 
82 
79 


Page. 

Oralcegut  lucida  (Cratiegns  CniB-jaUi) 78 

Crata-gus  viacracantha 77 

!    \y'ratti-gtis  ilic/iau.rii 83 

j    Cratagug  tnicrocarpa 81 

Cratngut  mollis 78 

.    i'raUi-guH  obufatifolia 80 

t'ratit'giiRopitca 82 

;    C'riitii;iut (iruli/vlia 70 

Cratngun  oxtiacantha 81 

;    Cralcrgun  nx]iacnntha,\ar.ap\ifiilia 81 

,    Crala'Kiis  parvrlVilia 81 

CrnltvivH  yirpuUMla  (Cratii'Siia  cocriiiea) 78 

j    CraUvgiis  jiiij,uli\Mia  (t'rata'gUM  eordata) 80 

'    Craftrijtw  pruurlti/nlia 70 

;    CrattegtfM  pnini/olia 77 

Crala'gim  punctata 80 

Craliigiig jHiiiftata,  \ur.  brcvitpina 75 

Crata'ifKS  pinit'tafa,  var.  rubra  and  a  urea 80 

CralirguK  i.uiiclnia,  var.  jranthncarpa 80 

Cratit'gun  pf/r\/'uUa 70 

Vrntngus  raccmoaa 84 

CratH'KUH  riviilaris 13,  74, 240,  L'64 

Crnfu^Hn  nriiinrid  (Ciata'SOM  Diiiiglnsii) 7,'; 

Cratatjuk  a^.tlu-i/nha 76 

Crata'guimaiiguinea 75 

CratteguH  nanguinea.  V'lr.  Vouglanii  (Crata*;ii;8  Douglanii) ',:, 

Ciat<rijus  mnipiuiftt,  var.  Douglasii  (Cratwcns  rivnlaris) 74 

Cratirgiiii  iianguinea.\.\r.  villoga 78 

Crata'jius  spatliulata 81, 249, 2,"i3,25«,  280,  .304. 4.iJ 

CrattrriuK  Kpatliulata  (CratagUR  flava, rar,  pubesceus) H3 

Crat  ujttn  tpicata , 85 

Crata>in«  subvlllosa 78,249,253,256,286,304,430 

Ci'altigim  Tvxana T8 

Cri!tii;:iis  to ntiwa 12, 70, 249,  2.53,  i;56, 280, 3m.  130 

Cru'aijiiH  ti.inrntota  (.SmelancbiKr  Canadensig) 84 

Crattrgun  toinvjitona,  var.  molliit 78 

^''•'atirguti  Oimrntom,  var.  plicata 8i> 

Crata';:ii..i  tin>ieutosa,  i*..r.  piinetata 80 

Cnittpguit  tnmentoHU,  var.  pyri/olia..^ 79 

Crat(rg'is  turbinata 82 

iyattrtjuH  Virginiea 83 

Crutif'tjuM  viiidm  (Crata'jiUrt  coceinea) 78 

CrattrfftiK  viridis  (CratH'guB  llava,  rar.  pubenccns) 83 

Cralirgi'K  Watnoniana 70 

Ct-i  Hi'entia 11, 15 

("r-'Bcentia  ciiciirbltina 110, 250, 300 

Cifimiliit  latl/tdia 110 

Crvnrentia  Uthift'ra    lift 

Crt'timitiii 'ih'irata 116 

Cri'gcpntia  nrata 110 

Crcscnititi  toxicaria 110 

Crop,  I'ori'Mt,  of  llii^  United  Ualea  lor  the  census  joar 48,'i 

Cneninlier  Tree  (^tlajiuoli'  acnmiData) 20, 200,  3r>l,  418 

Cnennib.r  Tree  (Mage  .liaeordaM) 21,200.3.54.418 

Cuenmber  Tree,  Largo-leaved 21,200,354,418 

( 'ucuiiilicr  Tree,  Long-leaved 22,  200,  3.''.4, 418 

Cuprei>]>iiiurita  ditticlia 183 

Cupns.-iii.-t 1,  r.'.  10 

CiiprrsxuM  Americana 178 

Cuprcitmin  .{rbor-vitir 170 

CiipregKua  Arizonica ' 180 

Ciiprcg/itiH  attenuata 1"8 

Cti}ircintun  t'.ili.f'-rnica  • ■"'* 

Cupromt  Califiirniea  graeilU  (CnpressiiaOoveiilana) 179 

Cupretsut  Cali/nrniea  graeilit  (Cupresaua  Marnabiana) 1*<0 

Ctiprcfuuttcvrnuta I'O 

Vvprfgtug  dittieha 183 

riipreanuM  diiiticha,  var.  imlricaritt , 18.1 

(^ipri'HAUH  dinticlui,  vnr.  hutani 183 

CuprfHuuH  dititicha,  var.  patent 1*^3 

(JuprcuHuit fragrans    ' 1"8 

Ciiprcnun  (jlandulom l'*' 

CnprrnHiiH  f-.ov,  niana 179, 2B0, 25S,  258,  332. 398, 464 

CiipresMim  (j  uiidaliipeuaU 180, 250, 332,  .W8, 569 

Ouprnnti  UarUmgii '"" 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


589 


Page. 

70 

77 

83 

«1 

7d 

80 

«2 

70 

M 

n 

81 

7S 

80 

7r, 

77 

80 

75 

80 

80 

7il 

84 

..13,74,2.|'J,L'S4 

75 

76 

75 

74 

78 

3, 200,  280, 364. 4aJ 

p.t 

85 

5,  256,  286,  364.  43U 

7S 

1,  -56.  •JSi;,  ri(M,  .tun 

84 

7rf       , 

M 

80 

70 

82 

83 

78 

81 

70 

_ 11,15 

...110,  250,300 

116 

116 

116 

IIU 

116 

485 

20,260,  li.y,  418 
21,  206.  S.'H,  118 
Jl.  260.  354,418 
.'2.  206.  3.^4.  418 

183 

I.',  12. 10 

178 

17« 

ICO 

178 

171 

170 

180 

1  TO 

I8.I 

IH.I 

183 

183 

178 

ICO 

S.  ,132.  31)8.  464 
I,  3:12.  ."68.  .'i«0 

i:n 


Ouprofut  Bartwegii,  vbt,  fattigitUa 

OuprutuM  Lnmbertiana 

Oupretiiu  Lawsoniana 

Cupieasua  Uncnnbinnn 

CupresaUH  iniicrocarpa 8,179,250,332, 

Oupretiru  macrocarpa  (Cuprcgans  Oiiadalupensis) 

Oupreaut  macroearpa,  var.  fattiffiata 

Oupretfiu  Xootkatentit 

Oupretnufi  Xutkaenais 

Ouprengug  thyoidet 

CUPIILIKKU* )  37-150, 254, 257, 258, 312, 380, 

Ciirlisn,  A.  n.,  remnrkii  on  the  forests  of  Florida  by 

Custard  Apple 23,260, 

Cvpress,  Bald 184.3.14,350, 

Cypn-ss,  Black 184,3.14.3.50, 

CyiirenB,  Docidaons 184,334,350, 

Cj  press,  LawBon's ''"'.  332, 3.50. 

Cypress,  Monterey ''''■  ''^-i 

ci  press,  Kcd 184,334,3.50, 

Cvpress,  Sitka 178,332, 

Cypress,  Southern,  next  to  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  the  characteristic  tree 

of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pine  Belt 

C.vpress  swamps  of  the  Tensas  river  in  Alabama  — 

Cypress,  White 184,334,350, 

Cypress,  Yellow 178,332, 

CVRli.LACK^ 37,38,253,256,272, 

Cyrill.1 ' 

CyriUa  CaroUniana 

Cyrilla  futca  ta 

CyriUa  panicxdata 

CyriV.d  parvi/olia 

CyrUla  polyfitachia 

Cyrillii  racciniflorft 37,249, 

CyriUa  raremoaa 


Pago. 
179 
179 

178 

IflO,  248 

398,  464 

180 

179 

178 

178 

177 

114,446 

521,  .522 

•3.54,418 

398,  466 

308, 466 

398,  460 

308.  404 

898,  404 

398,  466 

398,  464 

4 

52f>-527 

,  308, 406 

398,  M4 

356, 420 

[9, 11, 13 

37 

37 

100 

37 

37 

272, 356 

37 


Dfthoon 35,270,356,420 

DahoonUolIy 35,270,356,420 

Dakota,  luni1>er  industry  and  mnnnfoctnrers  from  wood  In 486, 487, 561 

Dakot;t,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  pioducts 487 

Dakota,  rem.irks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of  the  eastern 

portinn  of 501 

Dakota,  remarks  l)y  fir.  Kobert  Douglas  on  the  forests  of  the  Black 

Hills  region  of  ....'. 561,562 

Dakota,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  (ires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  In 581,  -562 

Dalea  IJ.  12,14 

Dnlia  spinosa '•5, 2,'i0, 278 

DarlinsI'lun  39,272,358,422 

Daiifta  hirta 52 

I).  ciduouB  Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 

DeeiduoiiH  Kcirost  of  the  Misaiwi  <pi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain 4 

Deiaware,  hiuilier  industry  aad  HKinufaotures  from  wood  in ..486,487,511 

Di'lawure,  rank  of,  accnrdinj;  to/aluoof  lumber  pro<lucta 487 

Delaware,  stjitisl  ies  of  forests,  forest  Area,  stnuding  timber,  etc.,  in *91, 611 

DermatophyUum  tpecioium 57   i| 

Desert  Willow 116,300,372.438   j 

Dovilwood. 113,300,372,438   | 

Diamond  Willow 170,328   1 

Digger  I'lno .• UK,  338, 350, 404, 470   | 

Dllly,  Wild 108,294,368,134   ' 

DiospyniH 11,15   ' 

Diotpyrot  angtutifolia 

Diiitpyroi  calyeina 

Diotpyrnt  eiliata '. 

Dio'pyroi  eoneolor 

Diotpyrot  (hia  inrana 

Diotpyrot  itttermedia 

Dionpyrot  liiciita 

Dintiiyrnt  I'erti.'ion 

Diiitpyrot  pul-etceut ^ 

Dhtspyros  Tex  ana 


104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

104 

106,240,294 

Dlospyroa  Virglnlana 104,249,254,257,200,294.350,368.434 

Diotpyrot  Virginiana,  var.  r.^neolor    104 

IHonpyrtft  Virginiana,  -'at.  ^naerornrpa 1U4 

Dionpyrot  Viryiniarta,  \  ar.  mt«ro«arpa 104 


Page. 

Diotpyrot  Virginiana,  var.  puheictni .  104 

Dipliolis   11, 16 

Diphulis  salicifolla 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 

Distribution  of  genera 10 

Distribution  of  species 12 

District  of  Columbia,  Iqmber  iudastry  and  manufactures  from  woo)l  in. .  486, 487 
District  of  Columbia,  original  forest  of,  replaced  by  Oak,  Scrub  Pino, 

olc 511 

District  of  Columbia,  rink  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

District  of  Columbia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  Area,  standing  timlwr, 

etc  ,  in ."ill 

Division  of  the  North  American  continent  with  reference  to  its  forest 

geography 3 

Doctor  Oum  54,278,300,424 

Dogwood   90. 288 

Dogwood,  Flowering  (Comus  floridn) 01, 288, 300, 430 

Dojwood,  Flowering  (Comus  Nuttallii) 91,288,300,432 

Dogwood.  .Taniaiea 57,  278, 300, 420 

Dogwood,  Striped 46,  274 

Douglas  Fir 209,26.5,344.3.52,410.476 

DouglHs,  Robert,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  the  Black  Bills  region  of 

Dakota  by 561,562 

Downward  Plum 103,  294, 30i'',  43 1 

DrimophyUum  pauci/lorum 120 

Drypetes 11,15 

Drjipeles  alba,  var.  latifolta '. 121 

Drypetes  erocea  120, 219, 254, 2.57,  302, 374, 440 

Drypetes  erocea,  liar,  latifolia 121, 240, 254,  257, 302, 374,  440 

Drypetft  croeea.  var.  }ongipe9 120 

Drypttet  glauca  (Drypetes  erocea) 120 

Drypetet  glauca  (Drypetes  erocea,  var.  latifolia) 121 

DrypeUg  tettiliflora 120 

Dry  wood  of  trees  of  the  United  States,  weight  of ■. . .  249-251 

Duck  Oak 152,  .120, 350,  388,410,4.54 

Dwarf  Maple 48,274 

Dwarf  Sumach 53,278,360,424 

B. 

Ehkxaciub 104, 105, 254, 257,  294,  .168, 4!)4 

Eiimomic  aspects  of  the  forests  ofthe  United  States 483-580 

Ebretia 11,15 

Ehrelia  Bourreria    114 

Ehrotiu  elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438 

Ehrelia  Ilaranentit 114 

Ehretia  radula 114 

Ehrctia  lomentoia .' 114 

Elaphrium  integerrimtim 32 

Eld.>r  (Sambucus  glauca) 93,290,360,432 

Elder  (Sanihucus  Mexicana) 94,290 

Elder,  Box  (Negundo  aceroides) 51, 270,  .100,  424 

Elder,  Box  ( N'egiindo  Callfomlcum) 51,  276,  .160, 424 

Elder,  Poison ,M,  278 

Eleiui,  Gum 33,  270, 3.'*  3."0, 420 

Elkwmfd 21,200,3.54,418 

Elm,  American  123, 304, 3.50,  ,174. 414, 440 

Elm,  Cedar  122,304,374,440 

Elni,  Cliff a23,  304, 374, 4 10 

Elm.  Cork 123,  .104, 374,  440 

Elm,  Hickory 123,304,374,44" 

Elm,  Moose 122,  .101, 374, 440 

Elm,  Ked 122,304,374,440 

Elin,  Rock 123,304,374,440 

Elm,  Slippery  (Freniootia  Caiifomica) 26,268 

Elm,  Slippery  (Ulmus  fulva) 122,304,374.440 

Elm.  Water 123, 304,  350. 374, 414, 440 

Elm,  White  (Ulmus  Americana) 123,304,350,374.414.440 

Elm,  White  (trimusnuemosa)  123,301.37,,  140 

Elm,  Winged   124,304,374,440 

Emetila  ramulofa    36 

Eneeno 147,318.380,4.52 

Endolropit  vlri/olia 40 

EuiCArK.f  96-09,254,257.292,308,432 

l^rylhrina  pitcip^Ua    .57 

F,u;:inia 10, 14 

Eugenia  axiUarin 80 

Eugfiiiio  JtnrueitHit  . 88 


590 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


I'liKf. 

EiiRcniu  huxifollft 88, 2<a,  'JSa,  ;;57, 288,  .■180, 4110 

KiiKiiiia  (lifliotoiiift 88,249,288 

lCu,ii:ii,u  dU-lioloma,  var.  fragrant 88 

J:u>ji'nia  tliniricala 88 

]:ui;ciii.i  l.iiitflpca 80,24«,288 

/.'i/f/i'/im  motitatia 88 

F,HK<'iii;im()nlUi>In 89, 240, 25;i, '257, 288,  aofl,  4;i0 

Ku'jmiit  witrtoides 88 

r.uiji'iiia  pc.lUna    88 

Kii-iMii.i  pniTOni  80, 2411, SM,  257, 288,  ;IU«,  430 

J'xnji'nHi  iti'iiijenf 88 

Ihhjcuui  trijtltiwrfiti  (lun^tMiia  Itnxifolln)^ 88 

J^iri;fniii  h'it'lincrriti  (liu;;fiii.i  iiiuiiticoln) 80 

Klioujimlt.     10,  13,  i;i 

KuonyiiuiM  Dlroiiiivpui'iMis 38,240,  272 

I'Koni/tHim  i'aroh'nfrmiit :I8 

t^uonytnvit  Utti/tdius \iH 

Kri'lioui'.iACK.l-; 120, 121, 2M,  257,  302,  ;t74, 440 

Exftrcarhi  Iticida 121 

Kxustcniiiiii 10, 14 

Exdstinnnii  CaribiCHin 05, 240, 203, 257, 205, 200,  300,  432 

Hxuthea  oblomji/idin 45 

ExiHiimuutii  bv  Mr.  S.  P.  Sharpies 247,2.51,204,265 

Eysiiiliaiiltia  10,12,14 

Ki/Sfiihixriitia  amorphoides 55 

JCyMiihardfia  amorphind4'ii,  var.  orthocarpa 55 

EyHi'iilianUia  orthocar]ia 1.1, 55, 249, 278 

F. 

Fa<ja  ra/raxin  {folia 30 

Faga  ra  U-n tisci/olia 31 

Fagara  Vtcrota 31 

l'"a(!ii8 11,10 

FiiffuaaVia 157 

FaguD  Amftitnna 157 

Fagus  Anitricana  latifolia 1.17 

Fa(fun  Cantitiu'-ti 157 

Faijtt:<  Cajitatiea  dcntntd 157 

Fagus  Caiitanea  pvmila 1.5C 

Fajrua  firriiKinca 157, 249, 255, 258, 262,  322, 3.10,  .100, 4.58 

Fayun /errvginra,  var.  Caroliniana 157 

Fagiit,  pumila 156 

Fagus  piimila,  viir.pravox 106 

FaguM  sytvatica , 157 

Fagus  sulratica  atropunicea 157 

Fagus  syLvatica,  \i\r.  Americana ■ 157 

Fagus  syhestris 157 

Fail-leaf  Palm 217,348,414,480 

Faiktelwrcy 90,202.432 

Fetid  Buckoyn 42, 274.  .13»,  422 

Mnim 11,15 

Ficus  HHiiMi 126,  251,2.54,2.57, 300. .176, 442 

Flcus  a  11  r«a,  var.  lalifolia 1 20 

Ficim  lirpvlftilin 127. 2.50. 306 

Ficus  cnmplicata 127 

Fic'iis  piMlimciilata 127,250,254,257,300,370,442 

FiddlcwoiKl 110, 300,  .■172, 438 

FiR,  Willi  .. , 1 27,  ■jm,  37li,  412 

Fir,  Halinof  Cille.id 211,340,412,478 

Fir.  Balxnin  (Allien  balHamea) 211, 340, 412,  478 

Fir,  Ualsiiiu  (Allies  cuncolor)     213, 340, 412, 478 

Fir,  llim;;l:l«   209,  26,"i,  ;i44,  :),"i2,  410,  470 

Fir.  Hill  (Abiin  iiiatrnifloa) 214.:i4C,4rJ,478 

Fir,  Kill  (A  bics  nnbilis) 214.  340, 412, 478, 573 

Fir,  Kril  (Pufmlolsuj;!!  Dniii-lasii) 209, 20,'i,  .144,  3.'>'.',  410,  476,60.5,  .578 

Fir,  Ui'il,  thr  uiiist  iniportant  tiiulier  tii^eof  the  Pacillc  re;;ion 7 

Fir,  White  (.Vbii'^ .  oiioolor) 213,  .146, 412,  47R 

Fir,  White  (.Vbies  ^'raiiilln) 212, 340, 4r2, 478 

Fir,  Yellow 200, 265, 344,  352, 410, 476,  .570 

Fires,  etl'ei'l  <il'.  ii|iiiii  the  Uin  ats  of  TauiieaHie .540 

Fires,  fiiie.si.  itiiriu;;  the  i-eimtiH  year,  causes  of,  aii'as  burin-il  over,  anil 

losses  eutajii'il  by  (^i**:,  ii/#(i.  eniler  stale  hea(liu};s) 401,492 

FMres,  foM'rtt,  in  Miehi^ai).  ileritnietiveness  of .'t.'iO 

Fires,  fiirest,  forests,  stanilini:  liinlier,  ete.,  uxtent  of,  in  the — 

North  Ati.iutie  ilivisiou 

Uorthem  Central  ilivlsiou 


Fires,  forest,  forests,  slanilliiK  timber,  etc.,  extent  of,  In  the— continued. 


Pane. 


.Soul  1i  A  tian I  lo  division 51 1-,523 

Sontliern  ('i-ntnil  <li vision. 52l-.'i4rt 

\VeHt*»rii  division 504-580 

Fires,  forest,  forests,  stauiliuK  timber,  etc.,  statistics  of,  In — 

Alalia  ma 491,  524-.'i30 

Alaska 580 

Arl/.oim 491 ,  .508,  M» 

Arkansas 491,  54^1, 544 

Califoriila 491,  ,578-5K0 

( 'iilorado 491.  507.  nOK 

Coiiiieelieiit  .'lUii.  .'nl 

I  laki  11  a    491,  Sill ,  5112 

1  )ela » lire 401,511 

IM.Hh'iel  of  (^iitumbiu ,-,11 

KliTidii 491,,52li-:.Jt 

(iiiiri;ia  491,  5ll\  .■,-J(l 

Iilaho        491,. 571 -.173 

Illinois 401.5i:-,',5n 

Indiana  491,  r,47 

inilian  teiritory 491, ',43 

Iowa 491,500 

Kan.iar,    , 4iil,.'-f;'i,  .'.in 

Jvellllleky 491,.'hI5.  540 

IjOiiisiana    40l,5;iO-:ifl 

Maiuo       491, 4114-400 

.Mai'vland  401, , 'ill 

Slan'siuhnsotta 491,  .5(10, 501 

Alieiiltian 491,5.-.0-r.54 

Minni'siita .491,.5.^iS-,5ii() 

^lississiii|ii 491 ,  ,53li-.',:!0 

MisH.iuii  491,500,  .501 

Montiiiia    401,.50l-.-.lifl 

Nebraska 502 

Nevada  .; 491,. 571 

New  Ui.inpshire 491,490  498 

Now  .lersey 401,  5i!fl 

New  Mexico  491,  .5118 

New  Yoik 491..501-."iiin 

Korth  Carollntt 491,51.5-518 

Ohio  ■»91,,'.47 

Dretlon 401.. 570-578 

Peniisvlvatiia 491,  .500-510 

Uhnde' Island 491,. 500,  .501 

South  t;aiolina 401.51s,  .•iiit 

Tennesaoo 492,  514,  ,545 

Texas 492,  .54ll-,543 

Utah 492.  .509-.5-1 

Vonnont 492, 408-,5(i0 

Virjzinia   49'2,  511,512 

Wasliington , 492, 573-570 

West  VirRinia 49'.',  5I2-.M5 

Wisi-oiisin 492,  5.54-.5.5H 

Wyom  ins  492,  .500, 5117 

Fires,  forest,  remarks  respecting  prevalence  of  and  losses  occasioned  hy    401-493 

Florida,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487,  .521-523 

Floriila,  Peneil  Cedar  of 522 

Florida,  produetion  of  naval  stores  in 517 

B'lorida,  rank  of  arenrding  to  value  of  lumber  prmlneta 487 

Florida,  remarks  liy  Dr.  Cdarles  Mohr  on  the  forest*  of 522,  .523 

Florida,  remarks  by  Mr.  A.  U.  Curtiss  on  the  forests  of .521,522 

Florida,  Si-mi-troiiical  Forest  ui 6 

Florida.  Simtliein  Pine  llelt  In 520 

Florida,  statistirn  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  otc.,  in 401,  520-523 

Florida,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  long-leaved  pine  staildlnft 

in  the  forests  of.  May  31, 1880 5'21 

Fbiriila.  the  Ili^  Cypress  region  of 522 

nowerin^  I)o«w<M)d  (Curnus  lloilda) 91, 288, 360, 430 

Flowerini;  Doawood  (Comns  Nuttallll) 91, 288, 366, 432 

Firtalaxvs  mnntana 186 

Fik'tataxw  MyrisHca 180 

F'orestiera 11,12,15 

F'orestiern  nrnminata  112, 250,  254,  267, 208,  372,  41R 

Forest  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  census  year,  value  of  the 485 

Foi'e,it,  UceiduouB,  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Athintic  Plain 4 

Forest  llres  during  the  census  year,  causes  of,  areas  burned  over,  aud 

lo.ises  entailiMl  liy  {sre,  alto,  under  state  headings)  401,  492 

Fon*Hl  llres.  reniarks  resneetinp  prevalence  of  and  losses  occasioned  by.  491-493 

Forest.  lulerior,  in  the  l*aeiflc  region,  extent  of  tkc **-10 

Forest,  Mexican,  of  sunt  hern  Texas,  extent  of  the 6 

Folest  of  Florida,  Senii-tropieal 0 

Foi e.-l  Tiees,  l^italogue  of 17-210 

Fon-st  Tn'cs,  Index  to  Catalogue  of 220-243 

Forests,  fmi  st  llres,  staniiiiig  timber,  etc.,  extent  of,  in  the — 

Noil  It  A  tianlie  division 404-510 

Niirl belli  Central  division 547-.563 

Son  III  Atbiiitlr  division 511-523 

Sonliiem  Central  division .524-546 

Weslein  ili\isiiin , 504-580 

Fori'sts,  luiest  tiles,  htauding  timber,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in— 

Alnbaina 491,  .524-6:10 


.\Ia.ski 


404-510 
.547-5<i3 


5S0 

.\iizi,n:,     491,.56S,.509 

Arkansas 491,543,044 

Califiiinia 401, 578-680 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


591 


■""orcBts,  forust  Hii'h,  HianclliiR  lliiibui',  i«t«.,  statinlics  (if,  ill— I'uudiiiicil. 

Coloiiul" 'lOl. 

CnillHMlloilt 

Uiikdlu ^l". 

Ill  lawn  II' 

DtHtrict  oC  (/nliinibiu 

FUni.la ■1»1. 

41)1, 

4111, 

41»l, 


lilalio 

IllinoJN 

Iniliaiia  

liiiliiiii  tiTiltoiy 


507,  r>08 
soil.  Bill 
r>lil,9U2 
■l!)l,.'ill 

r>ii 

620-.Tj;i 

riiii,,vjo 
.i7i-r.7» 
ri4V-ri.")U 
401,  niT 
401,  r>4:i 

41)1,. iro 


108 
106 


I 

KiiiitiiH 401, 

Ki'iilmky 4»l. 

I.diiii'iana 401, 

SLihic        401, 

AIllVN  IiiihI  

M.IHHlCllllHUttX  401, 

Miclilftiui    401. 

Jliiiiii  M)ta 401, 

Mlsiiisiippi 401, 

MiHHUiiu 401, 

llontiiia 401, 

KobrasUa  -• 

N  i^vailn 

Nmv  Ilaiiiimliii'o 401, 

New  Jora(\v 

New  iMcxico 

Ni-w  York  J 491, 

Nortli  Ciiroliim 401. 

Olili.     

OiOK"" 401, 

IVniiMvlvaiiia 401, 

RliDdo  iHlaml 491, 

.S.Milli  Ciiroliiin 401, 

'I'oimeBHCO 40'J, 

Toxns    40.', 

Utah 402, 

Vciiuimt 402, 

VliBiiila 402, 

WaNtiillU'tnu 402, 

West  VirRiiila 402, 

Wisr-dllniu    402, 

Wynminir 402, 

iMmalH,  iiiiiHiilaiii,  ol'Caliloriiia,  liOury  by  griiziiiK  <'attloti)  Ibti 

FoivHtH  111*  North  America,  guuiTAl  iDiuarkH  on  t\w 

ruicnt.i  of  tlio  I'l'iili'iil  pi  lie  liillH  of  MiHHi)4rii)>pi 

roi-dHlii  of  tbc  (Jliallaboocbiio,  uiixcd  forest  urowtb,  etc.,  in  eastern  Ala- 
bama   

Forests  of  tbo  Northern  I'ino  Bolt  once  extended  over  the  state  of  Maine .         401 

FohhU  of  tiio  TeniieHsne  valley  in  Alabama 528, 520 

ForiHl-iof  llin  Uuiteil  Slates  in  their  economic  aspect* 483-,i)80 

ForcHtt  iif  the  Va/.ooilelta  in  Mississippi 535,530 

ForesU  of  \\;estern  Mississippi 534, 535 

Forests  oit  iudiau  leservations iu  Minnesota 550.  .500 

Forlieille.if  lilaekJaok  151, 320, 388  454 

Foxtjiil  I'in.. 101,386,402,468 

40 

41 

40 

40 

41 

26 

25 


5i;_', .'.«:) 
515.  .Md 
.03il-,-i4(i 
401-4i.m 
401,511 
5(111,  501 
.ViO-554 
55S-n(iO 
03i|-.MIfl 
.5011,  .Mil 
5U4-5(i() 

5i;2 

■10 1,. 571 
40O-40H 
401,  SOU 
401,rill8 
601-.M)B 
51.';-518 
•t01..517 
5"(i-.57H 
500-510 
500,  501 
518,510 
544,  .MS 

5.io-,-,n 

5UO-.571 
408-511(1 
511^512 
.57;i-.'.70 
512-515 
554.  558 
5(l«.  507 

570 

3-10 

634 


527,  528 


J^Vatigulu  Cftli/iiniica 

FriDigula  Oulij'orniea,  vai',  tomtnttUa  . 

Frangula  CnroUniana 

Framjula  fraijilla 

Frangula  Piirthiana 

Frauklinin 

franklinia  AUitamaha 


Fraximis    11,12,15 

107 

112 

107 

108 

108 


Fraxinuf  itciiminata 

Fraxinns  allia 

iiVdj-iH iM  alba  ( Frax inns  A niorieaun) 

Fraxiiiuii  utUcan»  (I'raxiiius  Auerir.ana,  iiai'.  nilcrooorpa). 
Fraxinu.H  alliitiann  (Fraxinus  .\niericana,  var.  Texensis)  .. 


FraximiM  A  niericana 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 206, 360, 370, 436 

■Fra.rin no  ,4 mmcana  ( Fraxinus  phitycarpa) VI 

Fraxinna  Americana,  Vitr.  Oaroliniana 110 

Fraxiiivg  A  lurrieana,  var.  Jwjlantii/olia 100 

FraxiitUH  Americana,  var.  lati/olia 107 

FiaxiiniM  Aineriraiia,  rar.  micioeitrpa 108 

FrnxiniiH  Americana,  vnr. pittieiteeng 108 

/Vaxi»«».lwii'n'can(i,  var.  iiuadrangiilala .- 110 

Fraxinut  .1  incrieana,  var.  <iuadrangulala  mreota IIC 

Fruxiniin  Ameiirana,  var.  nautbuci/iilia Ill 

FraxiiiiiB  .\iu.  lieaua,  rar.  TcxensiH 108, 249,  254, 257, 200,  370, 414,  438 

Fraxinus  A  incrieana,  var.  triptera 110 

FraxiuiiM  amHiiala  13,106,240,200 


Fraxinug  ItcrlamUeriana 

Fraxinus  t'nnadentit 

Frarinun  Camliniana  (I'Vaxinus  platyenrpa) . 

FraxinuH  C'aroliniana  (Fraxinus  vlridis) 

Fraxinwi  Carolinenititi 

FrnxtnuR  cineron 


100 
107 
110 
100 
107 
112 


Fraxinut  coriacta  (Fraxinus  Amoricaoa,  var.  TexonsiB)  .  ■ . 

Fraxinun  curiacra  ( Fraxinus  pistaelmfolia) 

Frtixinun  criHpa 

Fraxinnx  iUtrtimii 

FraxinuM  curvidcni 

FraxiiiUH  ruspidata 

FiaxiniiN  dipetala 

Fraxinua  liinc'tlur 

FraxiuiiH  i-Ulpliea 

FraxinuH  epiplera 

FraxintiH  exeeUior 

Fraxinntt  expantia 

l''riiximis  fusra 

I'ra.iinuH  ijrandi/alia 

I''rH\iims  (Jre^Kij 

Fraxintm juiilandiJ'olUi  (Fraxinus  Americana) 

FriixiniiH  jiitjiiindifnlia  ( l''ruxiniis  viridis) 

Fra.t-inuu  jinjtiindilhlia,  \nr.Herrata 

FraxinuH  ji(glandi/ulla,\nv.  gubintegcrrima 

Fraxinut  jiifiUindi/olia,  var.  tubiierrala 

i-Vaxin...  .    <  cea 

FraxinUH  lonfji/olia 

FiaxiniiH  mixta 

Fraxinux  nervosa 

Fraxinus  ni^^ra 

Fraxinwi  ntgra  ( l.'raxiuus  puboseons) 

Fraxinua  nigra  ( Fraxinus  saiuhueifolia) 

Fraxinus  nigrcscens 

Frtixln  us  ynrre-A  ntjliiv  (Fraximis  sambnr.ifolia) 

Fraxinris  fimxr.-Anglur  ( Fraxinus  viridis) 

Fraxinus  SuUallii 

Fraximis  ttblnngocarpa ■ 

FraxiiiiwOrcRaiia 111,2.10,2.54,2.57,298,372,438 

Frax inus  oviita 112 

Fraxinus  pallida '. . 

Fnixiiiim  paniiiisa 

Fraxinus  paucifiara 

Fraxinus  I'mnsylraniea 

Fraximis  pistaiiiel'olia 13, 10(1, 219, 254 

Fraximis  pistacitrfvtia  (Fraxinus  Amoricnna,  var.  Texensis) 

Fraximis  pishmir/olia,  var.  coriacta 1 00 

Ii'iaxinus  platycarpa 1 10,  251, 2.54,  257, 208, 37ii,  4:;0 

Fraxinus  piilieHcons 108, 2.'i(i,  254,  2.57,  200, 370, 436 

Fraximis  pubescent 110 

Fraxinus pubesceiis,  var Ill 

Fraxiiius  pubiscens,  var.  latifoiia 108 

Fraxinus  puhescens,  var.  longij.  Va 108 

Fraxinus pubesecns,  var.  siibpubiwens 108 

Fraxinus  pulverulent  a 112 

Fraximis  iiuadrangularis 110 

Frivxiuns  ipiadranKulata 110,  240,251,2.57,200,  208,370,  4::0 

Fraxinus  qtuidrangulata,  var.  nervosa 110 

Fraxinus  liicbardi 112 

Fraxinus  nibininda 112 

Fraxiuns  lufa 112 

Fraxinus  samlimifolia 111,250,254,267,208,372,4.38 

Fraxinus  santbiuiifolia,  var.  onspa Ill 

Fraxinus  Srhiedeana,  vor.  panifolia 1 00 

Fraximis  stibvillosa 108 

Fraxinus  tctragona 110 

Ft'itxinus  tonmntosa lOH 

Fraxinus  Irialata t I'lO 

Fraxinus  tripUra 110 

Fraxi  nut  •■^tiitina 1  "O 

Fraxinus  viridis 12, 109,  240,251,254,257,260,  298,  37(1,436 

Fraxinus  viridis,  var.  Ilerlandieriana 100,  2.'j0, 298 

Fremnntia 10.12,  13 

FreninnliaCalifomlca 2(1,219,208 

FriKoIilo , 58,278 

Fringe  Tree 113,208 

Fuel  in  manufactureR  during  the  census  year,  amount  nnd  value  of  wowl 

used  as 489 

Fuel  value,  actual,  of  some  of  tho  more  Important  woods  of  tbc  II  lited 

States 3,50-:i.->3 

Fuel  value  of  woods,  method  of  dctcrmluiuR  tbo , 247, 251, 252 


Ill 

108 

110 

112 

112 

107 

112 

107 

110 

109 

112 

Ill 

.100,240,251,206 

i07 

109 

107 

100 

107 

107 

108 

112 

110 

112 

108 

Ill 

110 

Ill 

100 

110 

108 


110 
112 

110 

1IIK 

200, 1170,  434 
108 


p.. 

'm.  1 


m 


i 


592 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


t  «' 


i . 


(7 


t  u 


n 


Ifi 


Fage. 

Gardenia  elvaio'/olia 85 

OolgurTrw 113,300 

Gonmii,  (listribntioD  of 10 

Guncral  rpnmrks  on  the  forOHts  of  North  America 3-10 

Oonipn 10.14 

r.onipa  <lu8iiefoll» 95,249,290 

Oeurcia  Iturk 05, '.'90. 3011, 43'2 

Ocoi-^itt,  IiiniluT  Industry  null  manufacti'irea  from  vood  In 486,487,  519.  .wn 

OiMirsii'  Pino 202, 342, 352, 400, 41. •!  472 

Georgia,  jMoilurtion  of  naval  Atores  In 517 

Gi;orgia,  rauk  of,  nccnriling  to  value  of  lumber  producta 487 

Ciuur;:iii,  amtistica  of  fureiita,  forest  flrcB,  standing  timber,  et«.,  in  . .  .401,  S19, 520 
Gt<or;:ia.  tabniur  statement  of  the  amount  of  Loog-leaved  Pino  standing 

in  thi.  forests  of  May  31, 1880 520 

Georgia.  thi>  Maritime  Pine  Brit  in 519 

GiMHf  (Juittus    90,'.>S8 

Oil/a ntabiei  t(tx\foUa 185 

Uiganlalnrf  W'rllinglonia 1 84 

Oinjicr  I'ino    179,332,350,308,404 

(Jlaniberry 28, 208, 356,  ^^0 

UUuic.uH  Willow 169,328 

OI.MlitRclii.i 10,11,14 

69 

59 

50 

59 

50 

50 


QtfdiUchia  aquatica 

Olnlitschia  bracfn/carpa 

Ukdi  tehia  Carolitientin 

Oleditfrhia  eietjans  

OleditKchin  iniTin  it  (Glcditschia  monosperma) 

Gledituchia  inerm  is  ((ileditschia  triacanthos,  var.  inermis) 

Glcditschia  macrantha 59 

GMilschia  Mclilobn 69 

Glfdilailiiamcnospemia 59,249,253,256,280,362,426 

GlediUsch  ia  npinosa 59 

Gledittchia  triacantha 59 

Gloilitschia  triacnntlios 69,240,253,256,280,300,426 

Gli'ditmkiu  triacuutlioH.  par.  brachycarpos 50 

Gkditscliia  triarantbos,  car.  inermis 50 

Glediltchia  triaeanlJioii,  var.  monotpenna 59 

Goojte-foot  MapU> 46,274 

Gopher  Plum 91,  290, 366, 432 

Gopht-rwood 67,278,360,426 

Gonlonia 10,11,13 

Gordonia  Franklini  2.^ 

Goribmia  Laaiauthus 26, 250, 253, 286, 265, 268, 3M,  418 

Gordouia  pubesceus 2,').  248 

Gordonia  iij/ramidali* 2."i 

Grape,  Si-a 118,302,438 

Gravity,  specibc,  ash.  and  weight  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  speciinous  of  the 

wooiIh  of  the  United  State* 266-349 

Gniy  nir.h  (netula  alba,  var.  popnlifotia) 159, 324,  3.'KI,  392, 4.i8 

Gray  Bireli  (Betula  lutea) 161,324,393,4.^8 

Gray  Pine 201, 342, 35J,  400, 472 

Great  Laurel    90, 292,  .308, 434 

Great  Plains,  the 4-6 

Gri>en  Ash 109,298,370,430 

G  reenbark  Acacia 60, 280, 362, 426 

Grtmml  Ash 111,208,372,438 

Guiiiacum 10,13 

Oiiaiacitm  anffittti/olium 29 

Guaiaeum  sanctum 28,240,263,266,268,336,420 

(hiaiaann  rertieaU 28 

Gui'ttarda 10,15 

Guettardaelliptica 06,240,290 

Guetlarda  Blodgettii 96 

Guiana  Plum 121,302,374,440 

Guilanditia  dioiea 58 

Gum,  Bl.ick 02, 290, 366, 43J 

Gum.  Cotton 03,290,350,300,432 

Gum.  Doctor 54,278,360,424 

Gum  Elastic 102,294,368,431 

Gum  Klcml 33,270,360,366,420 

Gum,  Red 88, 286, 350, 36(,  414, 430 

Gum,  Soar 92,290,366,432 

Gum,  Star-lMved 86,286,3.50,304,414,430 

Gum,  Bweet 86, 288,360, 361, 414, 430 


Pngi». 

Gnm,  Tupelo 03,290,350,366,43: 

Gumbu  Limbo 33,270,356,420 

Gurgeun  Stopper 88,288,366,436 

Gl'TTlFEll/P,  23 

a^mnnnlhfg  lueida 121 

ai/mnobalanui  Catetbyana lit 

Gyninocladus 10, 11  14 

Gyniuucladus  Canadensis 88,240,253,256,280,360,420 

Gtjmnocladiii  dioiea 58 

H. 

Ilai'kliorry  (Ccltia  occidentalls) 126,300,376,414,442 

ILickb.ny  (Cdtis  occidentalls,  par.  reticulata) 126, 3o6, 370,  4 »2 

Ilaikuialack 215,340,352,412,478 

Halosia 11,15 

IlalcMin  diptera 106, 250, 254, 257, 294,  afl.^,  434 

llalcsia  parviflora 106 

llalesia  rttieulata 105 

Halesia  ti-lrnptera 106,250,290 

Unlm  ia  eorni/clia 80 

7/n Itn in  Jlnbellata . .  7T 

llalmia  lobala 79 

llalm  ia  punctata 80 

Ilnlmift  toittentosa 7i) 

I1AMAMKI.ACR.A!.- 85,86,253,250.286,364,414,430 

Ilaniiunelis 10,11,14 

llamamelit  androgyna 85 

IlamavicliM  cori/ti/oUa ttt 

Ilamamditt  dioiea    ' 85 

UamamHiit  macrophylla 85 

JIamamflis  parnfolia 85 

Ilamanmlis  Virginianq,  vat.  panifolia 85 

Hamamelis  Virginica 85, 249, 288 

Hard  Maple 48,276,358,422,676 

Hard  Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472 

Haw,  Apple 82,286,364.430 

Ilaw,  Black 94,290,306,432 

Haw,  Hogs' 7,'>.  284 

Haw,  M.iy 82,286,304,430 

Haw,  Parsley 81,286 

Haw,  Pear  79,286,304,430 

Haw,  Purple 40,2rj 

Haw,  lied  (CratiEgns  ooocinea) 78,286 

Haw,  Ret  (Cratajgus tiava,  rar.  pnbescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 

Haw,  Scarlet  (Cratiegus  coccinoa) 78, 280 

Haw,  Scarlet    :;rat«egus  snbTlUosa) 78,286,364,430 

Haw,  Sniall-K    it<'d 81,286,304,430 

Haw,  Summer  (Cratasgusflava) 83,286 

Haw,  Summer  (Crahegus  dava,  var.  pubescons) 83, 286, 304, 430 

Haw,  Yellow 33,280 

Hsjel,  Witch 85,286 

Hemlock  and  White  Pine  standing  in  tho  forests  of  Pennsylvania  May  31, 

1880,  tabuliir  statement  of  tho  amount  of 5u« 

Hemlock  (P.seu(lot8Uga  Douglasii,  var.  macrucarpa) 210,348,412,478 

Hemlock  (Tauga  OanartensLs) 207, 265, 344. 352, 408. 474,  50f5 

Hemlock  (TmigaCaroliniana) 207,20.5,344,410,476 

Hemlock  (Tsuga  Mortenaiana) 208, 265, 344, 410, 476, 673, 676 

Heteromchs 10,  ",14 

Heteromeles  arbutlfolia 83,249,286 

neierometet  Frrmontiarui 83 

JTcyderia  decurren* 170 

Ileymattoli  rpinoia 3* 

Hickiirea.  apiiies 133 

Hicldriit*  amara 135 

Hickory,  Bigbud 134,310,360,380,444 

Hlckor}-,  Black  (Carjoporoina) 134,310,350,380,446 

Hickor.v.  Black  (Carya  toraentosa) 184,310,350,380,444 

Hickory,  Brown 134, 310,  .350, 380, 446 

Hickory  Elm 123,304,374.410 

Hickory.  Nutmeg 13^  310, 350, 380, 448 

Hickory  Pine  ( Piniis  Balfonriana,  var.  aristata) 191, 336, 40 J,  468 

Hickory  Pine  (Finns  pungens) 109,340,350,404,472 

Hickory,  Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444 

Hickory,  Shell-bark 183,308,350,378,444 

Hickory,  Swnmp  (Cary»  amara) 135,310,350,880,446 

Hickory,  Swamp  (Carya  aqtiatloa) 186,310,860,380,414,446 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


593 


Page. 

Hickory,  Switclibud 134, 310, 350, 380, «a 

UlcUory,  Water 186,310,350,380,414,448 

Hickory,  Whito-Iiimt. 134,310,350,380,444 

Uicoriua  intcgri/olia 135 

liicroithylliii  Castine 30 

Hippoumuo 11,15 

Uippomnno  Mnncibolla 121,250,304,400 

Hoary  Aider 105, 3.'0, 394, 4C0 

Ilogriumd'niuusanguitifolia) 80,282,302,420    i 

lIo^IMiiiii  (Kliiis  Motopiiim) 54,278,300,424   1 

Ho;;  I'liim  (Ximonia  Americana) 31,270  I 

Uo;;n'  Iliiw 75,284 

Holly,  AiiHTlcan .36,270,358,420 

Holly,  Ciiiiforula 84,280   \ 

Holly,  Dahoou 35,270,350,420 

Honey  Locust  (rtloditscliia  triacanthoa) 59,280,360,428   ' 

Honey  Locust  (Proaopisjuliflora) 62,206,280,350,362,426 

Honey  I'od 02,265,280,350,362,428 

Honey  Slmcks .50,280,360,426   ' 

Hoop  Ash 111,298,372,438   '• 

Ilopea  iinetoria 105   ' 

HopHornbcnm 11>8, 322, 300, 4.58 

Hop  Tree 31,270   I 

iIorDl)cnin 150,322,392,458 

Uombiain.  Hop 158,322,390,450 

Horse  rium 85,282,362,428 

Hone  Sugar 105,294,388,434 

Hypi'nte 10 

llypeiate  oblonffyfotia 45 

nypciate  paniculata 45,240,272,358,422 

Hypelatotrifollnta 45,249,272,422 

Hyperanthera  dioiea 58 

Hypericum  Larianthiu 25 

I. 

Idaho,  lumber  indostry  and  mannfactnres  from  wood  in 486, 487, 572 

Idaho,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Idaho,  rcniai  ks  by  Mr.  Sercno  Watson  on  the  forests  of 572, 573 

Idaho,  statistics  ol  forests,  forest  fltes,  stAnding  timber,  etc.,  in 491,571-573 

11.1!: 10,11,13 

Ilex  tKsliviilii 37 

Ilex  avtH;iuiit 87 

Ilexangustifolia 85 

Jlex  aqui/oUum 36 

Ilex  Ca)iailcn8i« 85 

Ilex  Caisena 86 

IlcxCassine 86,249,272 

Ilex  Casdine  (Ilex  Dahoon)  85 

Ilex  Cansine,fi 36 

Ilex  Caisine,  var.  angiuti/otia 85 

Ilex  Catslne.  var.  latifolia 35 

Ilex  canninoiites 35 

lloxDiihoou 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 

Ilex  Dnhoon,  rar.  nngustifolia 35 

Hex  Dahiion,  ror.  niyrtlfolia 38,250,270 

Ilexdecidua 37,249,272 

Hex  Floridana 86 

Ilex  laurl/olia 36 

Ilex  laxiflita 85 

Ilex  liguttrifolia 36 

ilex  Iir;u«(rina  (Ilex  Cassino)  38 

Ilex  ligustriHa  (Ilex  Dahoou,  var.  angustifolia) 36 

Ilex  myrtifolia 36 

Hexopaca 84,260,263,256,270,356,420 

37 

35 


36 


38 


Ilex  prinoidet 

Ilex  quereifolia 

Ilex  religiota 

Ilex  rotmari/olia 

Ilex  romitoria 

Ilex  WaUoniana 

Il.lCINE.E 34,253,256,270,356,420 

liUnois,  lumber  industry  and  mannfactnres  from  wood  in... 488,487,648-550 

Illinois  Nut 132,308,350,378,444 

Illinois,  rank  of,  aciiording  to  valdo  of  lumber  products 487, 648 

Illinois,  atatistir*  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,647-560 

38  FOR 


Page. 

Incense  Cedar 176,830,396,462 

Index  to  riatalogue  of  Forest  Trees 220-243 

Indiana,  1  imlicr  industry  and  nianufncturcs  tr^m  wood  in 488, «.  7,  .547 

Indiana,  rank  of,  according  to  valuoof  lumber  products 4»7, 547 

Indiana,  HtatiHtirn  of  forests,  forest  flrrs,  standing  timber,  etc..  In 491,547 

Indian  Beau 1 15, 300, 372, 438 

Indian  Cherry 40, 272, 368, 422 

Indiiin  territory,  stutiatics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in .  491, 643 

ludia  rubber  Tree 127,  306,  376, 442 

Industry,  lumber,  commercial  importance  of  Chicago  with  reference  to 

the 548 

Industry,  lumbering,  of  the  United  States,  average  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed in  the 488 

Industry,  luniboring,  of  the  United  States,  general  remarks  en 486-493 

Industry,  lumbering,  of  the  United  States,  statistics  of,  for  year  ending 

May  31, 1880 486,487 

/113a  /or/ex ; S4 

Inga  OuaJalupcjuit 04 

Inga  microphj/lla  64 

Inga  rotea 64 

Inga  VnguU-cati 64 

lukwood 46,274,358,422 

Interior  Forest  in  the  Pacific  region,  extent  of  the 8-10 

Iowa,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  In 480, 467, 560 

Iowa,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487,500 

Iowa,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491, 500 

loxylon  pomi/erum 128 

Iron  oak 139,312,38?  448 

Ironwood  (Bnmelia  lycioidce) 103,294,308,434 

Irouwood  (Carpiuus  Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456 

Ironwood  (Cllftouia  ligustrina) 88, 272, 350, 420 

Ironwood  (Cyrilla  racemillora) 37, 272, 356 

Ironwood  (Hypolate  paniculata) 45,274,358,422 

Ironwood  (Olneya  Trsota) 60, 278, 360, 426 

Ironwood  (Ostrya  Virginiea)  158, 322, 390, 4.56 

Ironwood,  Black 89,272,358,422 

Ironwood,  Red 39,272,358,422 

Ironwood,  AVhite 45,274,422 

Islay 70,284,304,428 

lUaCyritta 37 

Ivy 98,292,368,434 

J. 

Jack,  Black  (Quorcus  Catesbmi) , 151,320,388,454 

Jack,  Black  (Quercus  nigra) 160,206,320,350,388,454 

.lack.  Blue 153,320,390,458 

Jack,  Forked-leaved  Black 151,320,368,4,54 

Jack  Oak 160, 205, 320,  S.IO.  388, 454 

Jack,  Sand 153,320,390,450 

Jacqnlnia 11,15 

Jacquinia  armillaris 100,249,292 

Jamaica  Dogwood S7, 278,  .300, 428 

Jersey  Pine 199,340,350,404,470,548 

Joewood 100,292 

Joshua,  ThA 219,348 

Joshua  Tree 219,348 

Judas  Tree 61,280,362,4.8 

JUQLAXDACEvS 130-136,254,257,300,378,414,442 

.11,12,15,251 

133 

133 

134 

135 

132 

135 

135 

132 

135 

131 

I  Juf7latM  catAartica 130 


Juglans 

Juglant  aVba  (Carya  alba) 

Juglantalba  (Carya tomcntesa) 

Juglanialba  aeuminata 

Jixglantalba  minima 

Juglant  alba  ovata 

Jvglani  amara 

Juglana  angustifolia  (Carya  amara) 

Juglant  angustifolia  (Carya  oliveorormis) 

Juglant  aquatiea 

Juglant  Calif omiea 

Jiiplan*  catAartica 

Juglans  cinerea 130,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 

Juglant  compretta 132 

Juglant  cordiformit 135 

Juglant  eylindriea 132 

Juglant  exallata 132 

Juglant  glabra 134 


*   'l 


Mi 


594 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


' 


Fage. 
182 
183 
133 

136 


Juglttiu  IllinoincniU 

'  Juglam  larinioia 

J'uglatu  mucronala 

Juglam  myriatiea-formU 

Juglanii  uigra 131, 2S0, 251, 2S4, 2S7, 200, 308, 350, 870, 414, 444 

131 

134 

130 

180 

132 

132 

182 

182 

134 

134 

184 

134 

132 


Jugtani  nigra  oblonga 

Jvglmu  obeorilata 

Juglam  oblonga 

Juglatu  oblotiga  alba 

Juglatu  olivcr/ormit 

Juglam  oualU 

Juglatu  ovata 

Juglam  Pecan 

Juglatu  porcina 

Juglant  poreina,  \ar.  obeordata 

Juglann  porcina,  var.  puifarmU 

Juglam  pyri/ormii 

Juglam  rubra 

JuRlttns  iiipeBtris 18,181,250,251,254,257,308,378,444 

J,.glaiu  rupettria,  vnr.  major 131 

Juglant  tq  uamom . .         132 

Juglam  luleata 133 

Juglana  tomentoaa 134 

.luncberry 84,  236, 3W,  430 

Juniper  (Jimiperus  Cnlifoniica) 180,832 

JnnlpiT  (Juuiperna  Californica,  var.  Utahensis) 181,332 

Jnnipor  (Juiiiperus  occiduntnlis) 182,332,464 

Juniper  ( Juniperus  occidentalis,  car.  coi^ugens) 162, 332, 3118, 464 

Juniper  (Tunipcrus  uccidentalis,  var.  monosperma) 182, 332, 350 

JunipiT  (Juniperus  pacliyphlffia) 181, 332, 398 

Jnniporus 11,12,16 

Juniperua  Andina  —  - 181 

Juniperut  arboreseeng 182 

Juniperui  aromatiea 170 

Juniperut  Sarbadentia 182 

Juniperus  Califomica 180,250,332 

Juniperut  Californiea,  vnr.  osteotperttta 180 

Junipi'ru9Californico,Tor.Utalion8i8 180,250,332 

Juniperut  CaroUniana 182 

Juniperiu  Cerrotianut 180 

Juniperut  ezeelta 18J 

Juniperut foelida,v!ix.  Yirginiana 182 

Juniperut  Hermanni  (Jnniperua  occidentalis) 181 

Juniperut  Hermantii  (Junipcrus  Yirginiana) 182 

Juniporna  occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464 

Juniperut  oecidtntalit  (<Tuniperns  Californiea) 180 

Juniperut  oecidentalit  (Jnniperua  Californiea,  tior.  Utahensis) 180 

Junipcnia  occidentalis,  tnr.  coi^ugens 182,240,355,258,332,308,464 

Juniperua  occidontalia,  rue.  monosperma 181,249,332,350 

Juniperut  oeeidentalit,  var.  pUiotperma 181 

Juniperut  oeeidentalit,  var.  Ulahetuit 180 

Juniperua  pachyphloca 13,181,250,332,398 

Juniperut  plochyderma 181 

Juniperut  pyriformit 181 

Juniperut  Sabina  paehyphloea 181 

Juniperut  .Sabina,  var.  Yirginiana 182 

Juniperut  tetragona  (Juniperua  Californiea) 180 

,Tuniperut  tetragona,  var.  oateoapenna 180 

,  Juniperua  Virgiuiana 12,182,250,255,258,263,332,398,464,544 

Juniperut  Yirginiana,  var.  CaroItnuiTUi 182 

Juniperut  Y^iryiniana,  var.  Ilermanni 182 

Juniperut  Yirginiana  vulgarii 182 


Kalmitt 11,12,15 

Kalmia  liitifolia 08,249,254,257,202,388,434 

Kampmatiia/razinifolia 30 

Kanaaa,  lumber  industry  nnd  manufacturca  from  wood  in 486,487,563 

Kansas,  runl<  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  prodacta 487 

Kansas,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  firoa,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 401, 562, 6<>l' 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 58, 280,  u60, 42b 

Kentucky,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  woo<l  iu 486, 487, 546 

Ivintucky,  pasturage  of  woodlands  iu 646 

ICentucky ,  ranic  of,  according  to  valuo  of  lumber  pimlucts 487 

Koulucky,  statistica  of  forests,  forest  llres,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. 491, 645, 54U 
King  Nut 134,310.350,380,444 


Fago. 

Knackaway - 114,300,372,438 

Knob-cone  Pine I'M,  340, 404, 470 

Ii. 

I.aeathea /torida 25 

Lagunoularia  glabrifotia 87 

Laguncularia  racemoM 87, 249, 253, 257, 28#304, 430 

Lancewood 110,302 

Larch 21.^  340, 352, 412, 478 

Larch,  Black 215,346,352,412,478 

Larch,  Western,  the  largest  and  moat  valaablc  tree  of  the  Columbian 

Basin  iu  the  Interior  Forest] '...  0 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree 21,260,354,418 

Largo  Tupelo 93,200,350,306,432 

Larlx 11,12,10,576,676 

Larix  Americana 216,250,255,259,264,346,352,413,478 

Larix  Americana  rubra 215 

Larix  Americatia,\aT.  brev\folia 210 

Larix  Americana,  var.  pendula 215 

Larix  Aii:iricana,vaT.prol\fera 216 

Larix  dteidua,  var.  Americana 215 

Larix  intermedia 215 

Larix  Lyallii 216,248 

Larix  tnieroearpa 216 

Larix  occidentalis 216, 249, 26^  250, 264, 348, 414, 480, 505, 57 ' 

Larix  pendula 215 

Larix  tenuifolia 215 

Lauhace^ ,  118-120, 254,  i57, 302, 372, 438 

Laurel 98,202,308,434 

Laurel,  Ilig 10,266,361,414,418 

Laurel,  California 120,302,374,440 

Laurel,  Great 99, 292, 3fltf,  434 

Laurel,  Mountain 120,302,374,440 

Laurel  Oak  (Queroua  Imbricaria) 154,322,300,456 

Laurel  Oak  (QuorcuslaurlfoUa) 153,320,300,454 

Laurel,  Swamp 20,266,354,414,418 

Laurel,  White 20,266,354,414,418 

Lauroc iratut  CaroUniana 60 

Latiroceratua  iliel/olia 70 

Laurut  Borbonia 118 

Laurui  CaroUniana 118 

Laurut  Carolinenait 118 

Laurut  Carolinenait,  var.  glalira 118 

Laurut  Carolineiuit,  var.  obttita 118 

Laurut  Carolinemit,  var.  pubeteem 110 

Laurut  Catetbiri 110 

Laurut  Cateibyana 119 

Laurua  regia 120 

iaun/*  »an(7««n<!o 110 

Laurtit  Sattafrat 119 

Lawsou's  Cypress. 179,332,350,308,404 

Leaf,  Sweet 105,294,308,434 

LeoumixoS-E 56-64,253,256,278,300,414,424 

Leguniinosse  (Mexican) 0 

Leptocarpa  CaroUniana 69 

Letter  of  transmittal ix 

Leuciena 6,10,12,14 

Lencoina  glanca 62,249,260 

Leuca<na  pulvcrulenta 63,249,280 

Levcrwood 158,322,300,456 

Llbocedrns 8,11,12,10 

Libocedrus  decurrena 176,250,255,258,330,306,402 

Lignum-vitffi 28,268,356,420 

LlLIACEiE  218,210,348 

Lime,  Ogfc^-ueo 91,290,306,432 

Lime  Tree 27,208,356,418 

Lime,  Wild  (Xanthoxylum  Ptorota) 31,j70 

Lime,  Wild  (Xlmenia  Americana) 34,270 

Lin •>7, 268, 330, 418 

Linden,  American 27,268,350,350,418 

Liquldambar 10,11,14 

Liquidambar  maerophylla 86 

LiquidambarStyraciliua 86,250,253,250,260,286,350,304,414,430 

Liquidambar  Styraeiflua,  var.  Mexicatui 80 

Liquldamber 86,286,350,304,414,430 

Liriodendron • 10, 11, 13 

Liriodcndron  procera 22 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


595 


Vugfi. 

Lirlodendron  Tnllpircra 22,250,253,250,259,206, 180, 3M,  418 

Live  Oak  (Quereus  chr>-»olep';> 140,318,386,482 

Live  Oak  (Quorcnu  vlicns) 145, 26j, 316, 380, 452 

Live  Oak  (QiienUB  WlnUzcni) 147,318,380,452 

Live  Oak,  Ciast 147,318,380,452 

Loblolly  liny 25,20:1,208,354,418 

Loblolly,  LuiiK'  iind  Short-Icaycd  Pinu  standiDg  in  th«  forosln  of  Tuxiim 

May  31, 1880,  tabular  fitatemcDt  of  the  nmonntof 541 

I,«blolly  I'ino 107,340,380,404,410,470,510,841 

Locust  (Robiiiia  NeoMexicana) 66,278,300,426 

LocHHt  (Kobi-ila  PBeudacacIa) 55,278,350,3^0,414,424 

Locust,  111   Jk  (Ok'dltdcbiu  triacanthos) 50, 280, 300, 428 

Locust,  Black  (Koblnia  PseudacaclB) 55, 278, 350, 300, 414, 424 

LocUMt,  Clammy 86,278 

Locust,  Ilonoy  (Gledltscbla  trlacantbos) 59, 280, 300, 426 

LocUHt,  lloucy  (rronopis  jnlillorn) 62, 205, 280, 350, 302, 426 

Locust,  Swwt 59,280,360,420 

Locust,  WatiT 60,280,362,426 

Locust,  Yellow 55,278,380,300,414,424 

Lodgopole  riue 196,338,350,404,470,564,574,577 

Logs  rafted  out  of  tlie  Susqaohanna  boom  at  WlUiamsport,  Pennsyl- 
vania, from  1802  to  1880,  nnmbor  of 608 

Logwood 40,272 

Long-  and  Sliort-leavod  Pine  ataudlng  in  the  forests  of  Alabama  May  31 , 

1880,  tabular  statenicDt  of  the  amount  of 624 

Long-  and  Short-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Louisiana  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 337 

Long-  and  Short-leaved  Pino  standing  iu  the  foi-ests  of  Mississippi  May 

31, 1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of.  631 

Long-leaved  Cucumber  Tree 22, 280, 354, 418 

Long-loavi'd,  Loblolly,  and  Sbort-leaved  Flue  standing  iu  the  forests  of 

Texas  May  31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Long-leaved  Pino 202, 342, 352, 400, 416, 472, 510, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 

Loug-leaved  Pino  standing  in  the  forests  of  Florida  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 521 

Long-leaved  Pine  staiiding  in  the  forests  of  Georgia  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statement  of  tiio  amount  of 520 

Long-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  North  Carolina  May  31, 1880, 

tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 516 

Long-leaved  Pine  standing  iu  the  forests  of  South  Carolina  May  31, 1880, 

tubular  stntoment  of  the  amount  of '      510 

Long-leaved  Pine,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Southern  Maritime  Pino 

Belt .■ 4 

Louisiana,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  ftrom  wood  in 486, 487, 530, 537 

Louisiana,  moss-ginning  industry  in 537, 538 

Louisiana,  prwiuction  of  naval  stores  iu 517, 536, 637   I j 

Louisiana,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487   j ; 

Louisiana,  remarks  by  Or.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of 538-510 

Louisiana,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .491,  536, 540   ! 
Louisiana,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-  and  Short-leaved 

Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of.  May  31,  1880 537 

Lumber  and  sbiugles  received  at  Chicago  during  the  year  1880,  amount  of.  548,540   ''' 
Lumber  for  Colorado,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico,  Chicago  tlie  principal  | 

sousce  of  suppl y  of 508, 569   } I 

Lumber  industry  and  manuntctures  from  wood  iu —  y, 

Alabama 486,487,524,525 

Arizona 480,487,809 

Arkansas 480,487,844 

California 480,487,578,580 

Colorado 480,487,567,508 

(Connecticut 488,  •'87, 500,  .'Wl 

Dakota 480, 487,  ,661 

Delaware 486,487,511 

District  of  Columbia 486,487 

Florida 480,487,521,523 

'Georgia 480,487,819,520 

Idaho 480,487,572 

Illinois 480,487,548-850 

Indiana 480,487,547 

Iowa 488,487,500 

Kansas 486,487,503 

Kentucky 480,487,546 

Louisiana 480, 487,  536.  ,537 

Maine 480,487,494  190 

Marvlnnd '. 486,  48'/,  .ill 

Masmieliusetts 486,487,500,501 

Michigan 486, 4.S7,  .551  .6.62 

Minnesota 480, 487,  .658 

Mississippi 480,487,531 

Slissouri 480, 487,  .600, . 501 

Jlimlana  480,487,5114 

Nebraska 480,487,  .502 

Nevada  480,  487,  .571 

New  llampsliire 480, 487, 407, 408 

New  Jersey 4t-0, 487,  .5(10 


P.ige, 
Lumber  Industry  and  manufaoturoa  from  wood  In— coutinncd. 

Now  Mexico 480, 487,  .5(iH 

New  York 480, 4n7,  .502-.W. 

Noitb  Carolina 480,487,51:. 

Ohio 480,487.  .547 

Oregon 480,  487,  .577 

Penuyslvania 486,  487,  ,500-510 

KluHle  Island 480, 487,  .500,  ,501 

South  Carollutt 480, 487,  ,618, 510 

Tennessee 480.  487,  ftlS 

Texas 480, 487,  W I ,  M2 

Utah 480,  487,  .500 

Vermont 486, 487,  498-.500 

Virginia 480, 487, 512 

Wasliington   480,487,574 

West  Virginia 480,487,512-615 

Wisconsin 480.487,5.64,5.56 

Wyoming' 480,487,867 

Lumber  industry,  commercial  importance  of  Chicago  with  reference  to  the         .548 

Lumber  industry  of  the  Saginaw  valley  in  Michigan 552 

Lumber  industry  of  the  United  States,  general  remarks  on 485-493 

Lumber  market.  Importance  of  Burlington,  Vermuut,  as  a 490 

Lumber  market,  rank  of  Albany,  New  York,  as  a 503 

Lumber  trade  of  Chicago,  early 54fl,  5.60 

Lumbering  industry  of  the  United  States,  average  number  of  band.s 

employed  iu 

Lumbering  industry  of  the  United  States,  statistics  of,  for  year  ending 

Moy31,  1880 

Lumbermen  of  Washington  territory,  wasteful  methods  of 

Jjj/onia  arborea 

Lyonia  femigitiea 

Xj/onin  rigida 

Lyslloma 

Lyuiloma  Jiahammtii 

Lyslloma  iatisliiqaa 64,250,282, 


Madura . 


m. 


480 

480,487 

.674 

98 

06 

90 

10,14 

64 

302, 420 

11,15 

Madura  aurantlaca 128, 249, 254, 257, 306,  .370, 442,  542 

Madeira 34,270,350,3.50,420 

Madrofla 97,292,308,432 

Magujlia 10,11,13 

Magnolia  acuminata 20, 250, 253, 256, 259,260,35*,  418 

Magnolia  a urimlaris 22 

Magnolia  auriculata 22 

Magnolia  eordata 20,250,253,230,266,351,418 

MtignoUa  De  CandoUii 20 

Jlagiwlia  fragrant 20 

Magnolia  Fraseri 22,250,253,250,266,351,418 

Magiuilia  glauca  19,250,253,2.50,206,354.414,418 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  lati/olia 20 

Magnolia  glauca,  var.  longifolia .' 20 

Magnolia  granditiora 19,250,253,250,200.  354,  414, 418,  .534 

Magnolia  grandijtora,  var.  elliptica  and  obovata 10 

Magiwlia  arandijlora,  var.  lanceolata- 10 

Magnolia  tongifolia 20 

Magnolia  mncrophylla 21,250,253,250,200,351,418 

Magnolia,  Mountain 20,260,354,418 

Magnolia  pyram  idata 22 

Magnolia  trijtetala 21 

Magnolia  Umluella 21,  RSO,  253,  250,  200,  .3.54, 41? 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  a. glauca 2'; 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  p,/oetida 19 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  c 20 

Magnolia  Virginiana,  var.  tripetala 21 

M.VONOLI ACE.B 10-22, 253,  250, 266, 354, 414,  418 

Maliogany 34,270,3.50,3.50,420 

Mahogany  JJirch lOJ,  324,  .'t'.e,  4.58 

Mahogany,  Mount;iiu,  and  the  Nut  Pine  the  most  important  trees  of  tlii^ 

Interior  Forest 0 

Jlaliogany,  Mountaiu  (Cercooarpus  ledifolins) 71,  284, 3.50, 428, 569,  ,671 

Mahogany,  Mountain  (Cercooarpus  parvifoiius) 71, 284.  ufl'.i,  571 

Maine,  forests  ol  tlie  Northern  Pino  Belt  once  extended  over  the  state  of.  494 

Maine,  lumber  industry  and  mauufacture.s  from  wood  in -186, 487, 494-490 

Maine,  rank  of,  according  to  voluo  of  luml>er  jiroducts 487 

Maine,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  (ires,  standin  ;  timber,  etc.,  in 491, 494, 490 

Maine,  taliulur  statement  of  the  amount  -if  Pine  .ind  Spruce  stauiliug  iu 

tlio  forests  of,  May  31,  1880 494 

Jl,\i.i'ir.iu.ui;.K 28, 2:^,  250, 20.1,  .156,  420 

Maliiigli ia  luciJa 28 

Malut  nngusli/olia 72 

Jf«It(«ciiroii«ii« 72 


5i)G 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


^^nt'l 


1  I 


r. 


3; 'I 


I'i'  I '., 


MitlitH  tllrcrti/oliii 

MiilifH  micrvi'itriui  curonariit  

Maluti  rivuhi  Ha 

MatiiH  umtpffi'iri'tm 

MaltiH  util't'iiritiittt 

MalK-ltillrrl 

Muurli<,nc'i'l.  Moiintitiii 64,  IITH, 

Matuunvllti  vfim'}i(tta 

Mau-r.>v.i 87,285,288, 

Maiijjiiivo,  Dliick 

Man!.T(iv.-,  Wliltii 87,288, 

Mnplp,  Axli'Iinvcil 51,276, 

Maiilci.  Illmk  Sueur 1», 270, 3,50, 

Mopli',  lliDadloav.'d .% 47,274, 

Maple,  Dwarf 

Maple,  G<)ime-fm>t 

Maple   Ilaiil 48,270,358, 

Maple,  Miiiintaln 

Maple,  Kill M,  270, 

Maple,  i:mk 48,270, 

Maple,  Silver 40,270, 

Maple,  Soft  (Aeer  ilaA.vcar|>iiiu) 49,  JIB, 

Maple,  Soft  (Acer  nibnim) .50,270, 

Maple,  Stripcil 

Maple,  Sugar 48,270, 

Maple  Hiigar  aiicl  moIantteR  protluiml  in  the  Cnitetl  Sliitea  in  1870,  amount 


of. 


Mapio,  Swamp 50,270, 

Maple.  Vino 47,274, 

Majile   Water 50,270, 

Maple,  White 49,270, 

Maritime  I'ine  DeUin  GeorKia 

Maritime  I'ino  Delt  in  MiHHlssippi 

Miirilinie  Pine  llelt  in  North  Carolioa 

Maritime  Tine  Region  in  Alabama 

Marlbcrry 

Maryland,  lumber  induHtry  and  manufactiireH  from  wood  in 460, 

Maryland,  rank  of,  acconlin^  to  value  of  lumber  product 8 

Maryland,  atatiHtics  of  forosts,  forest  firen,  standing  timber,  ote.,  in 

Mns.saeliUflettH,  lumber  indnntry  and  '  'anufacturea  from  wood  in.  .480, 487, 

Ma».iasbuHettfl,  rank  of,  accord '.,};  to  value  of  lumber  produets 

Maa!<achU8ett8,  Htati8tic8  of  forentB,  Ibreat  fires,  standin);  timber,  etc.. 


in. 


.401, 


Ma.siiachuaettH,  the  Nortliem  I'iuo  Belt  in 

Ma»tio 101,202, 

Maul  Oak '. 140,318, 


Ma 


.84,280, 


M.iy  Haw 82,260, 

Meadow  Pine 202,342,352,400, 

Meuack.k 33,34,253,256,2/0, 

JfWtVoccn  paniculata 

JUelilobiis  hctcroph>/Ua 

Mmpitun  acfri/ttUa 

Mffipilus  (T-stirdtin 

ilefpiltis  apii/olia 

Iffjtpilus  a  rhnrea 

ilefrpiius  arhuti/olia 

Mespilnit  AznrnUia 

Me*qiil\i»  hcrheri folia 

llcepiliie  lioseiann 

Mcupiluti  Calpodendroti 

Mttpiliit  Canadentit ». . . 

ilespiluK  Canadctuit,  var.  cordata 

Mespitut  Canadenrit,  var.  obovalit 

Meitpilui  Caroliniana 

Mft'-piluJi  coccitiM. 

MftpUus  ciirdata 

MrgpiUts  corni/nlia 

2[c8piliis  Cnts-fjalti 

MenpiluH  Cruigalli,  var.  pyraeanlhi/olia 

MexpiluM  CritK-fjoUi,  var.  saliei/olia 

Mtipiliis  cunelfnlia  (Cratn-ung  Cms  galli) 

Mcipilut  ciitwi/iilia  (CratteguH  tomentOHa.  var.  punctata) 

ifrtipiluti  cunei/ormis 

ihtpilut  tUiptiea  (Crattcgua  Cms  gallii 


PoKe. 

73 

72 

7il 

13 

73 

121,304 

300,424 

121 

304, 430 

117,302 

364, 430 

360,  124 
358, 424 
358,  422 

48, 274 

40,274 
422, 070 

40,274 
358, 424 
358, 422 
358,424 
358,424 
358, 424 

40, 274 
368,422 

485 
358,424 
358, 422 
358,424 
358, 424 
510 
.'>32 
515 
625 
100,202 
487, 511 
487 
401, 511 
,500,501 
487 

600, 501 

500 

368,  434 

386, 4.'i2 

361,  430 
364,  430 
410, 474 
350,420 

45 
50 
80 
82 
81 
84 
83 
81 
82 
77 
70 
84 
84 
86 
82 
77 


76 
76 
70 
70 
80 
76 
76 


itttpilut  eltlptiea  (Crato-'gua  flava,  var.  pubeweni) 

iletpilu.  flabcUnta 

Metliilut  ilara 

ifffipitugilrjcitipina 

Mfnpiliin  tjhmdidosa 

Metipilut  hiemalin 

ilrnpHuH  InHfuUa 

Mtfpitui  liiieariii 

iUtpUut  tobala 

Mftpitiiit  Iticida 

3fefpiliia  lucida,  var.  anffuili/oHi. 

MetpiUit  Michauxii 

Metpiliit  monngi/na,  var.  apii/oUn 

MetpiliiM  niiea 

ilfifjiUut  odorata 

MettpiluK  orali/tilia 

ilctplliit  I'hamopymvi 

Mfiliiliit  populi/olia 

itvtipituH  pruinoaa 

Iteipilim  pninflH/olia 

ifenpUuH  pnini/ulia 

ile»pilu»  pubetem* 

ilffpiliit  punctata 

Menpilui pyri/olia  (Cratagtis  lomentoMt) 

MetpiUii  pyri/olCa  (Cratu'gns  tomentosa,  far.  punctata) 

MetrpUut  Totundifolia  (Cratn'gua  cncclnea) , 

Mftpiltif  rotundi/olia  (("raln'gnH  Cniagalli,  tor.  prunifolia) 

Metqjiluit  »aliH/vlui 

Mefpilut  tpalhulttta 

Met.pi'ti»  tilitr/olia 

Metpiluu  turbittata 

Me*pilu$  viridif 

Mrfpilus  Walsoniana 

Mapilut  Wendlnndii 

Meaquit    02, 205, 280, 3,'iO, 

Mcsquit,  Screwpod 02,280, 

Meaquit  the  moxt  Impoitnut  species  in  the  valleys  of  the  Atlantic-Mexi- 
can region 

Method  of  determining  the  fuel  value  of  woods 247, 

Alethod  of  determining  tlie  Htrength  of  woods -. 

Metopiiiiii  Linna'i 

Mexican  Banana 

Mexican  Forest  of  southern  Texas,  extent  of 

Mexican  Mulberry 

Mexican  Persimmon 

Michaitria  sesiilU 

Michigan,  deslructivi'nessof  forest  fires  in 

Michigan,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 480,487, 

Michigan,  lumber  industry  of  the  Saginaw  valIe,Y  in 

Michigan,  nuiple-sngar  product  of 

Michigan,  rank  of  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 

Michigan,  remarks  by  Mr.  II.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of 

Michigan,  statisties  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in.. 401, 

Miidilgan.  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pino  standing  in 
the  forests  of.  May  31,  1880 

ifimo€a  biceps 

Mimosa  frondom 

Miinoia  glauca 

3limosa  Ouadaliipctitis 

Mimoia  latitiliqua 

Mimosa  leucoecphala - 

Mimosa  rosea 

Mimosa  Vnguitcati 

Mimnsops 

Mimvsops  disieela 

Mlmusops  Sieberi 103,240,254,257,294, 

Minnesota,  forests  on  Indian  reservations  in 

Miuur-iota,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 480, 

Minnesota,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 

Minnesota,  remarks  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Putnam  on  the  forests  of 

Minnesota,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  Arcs,  standing  timlwr,  etc.,  in..401, 

Minnesota,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  standing  in 
the  forests  of.  May  31,  1880 

Minnesota,  the  Korthom  Fiuu  Belt  in 

Mississippi  Basin  and  the  Atlantic  Plain,  Deciduous  Forest  of  the 


Page. 

8» 
77 
82 
82 
77 
8:1 
70 

711 
76 
77 
83 
81 
34 
70 
70 
80 
78 
TO 
70 
77 
77 
80 
79 
80 


7(1 
HI 
78 
82 
78 
70 
77 
362, 426 
362,420 

0 
251, 252 


219,  S. 

(i 

126, 3(10 

105,204 

25 

.MO 

551,653 

532 

551 

487, 552 

553, 554 

5:0-.554 


551 

62 

62 

02 

04 

64 

62 

64 

04 

II,  15 

103 

368, 434 

S!>9,660 

487, 658 

4»7,5i:0 

550, 60(1 

5.58-5C(' 

65.". 

558 

4 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


597 


Mil  iHHtppI,  forpMH  of  tliii  (TDtral  pine  lillla  of R'l^ 

JIlBsliiHlppl,  foirstH  of  til"  Yiizoo  iIbUii  ill M.I,  b'M 

MlniiiBKlppI,  liiniliiT  iiiiliiHlrv  unci  innnufiicluiid  from  wootl  In 480,  487,  Ml 

MlrtHiHHippI,  piiii)  f'iin>H(H  nf  Ihu  iiortliciiHtfi'ii  count it'H  of .'i.l'J-ri34 

MlHHlHHlppl,  pniiliii'tlon  ol'  iiiival  HlorcM  In .'>17, 5111,  53'J,  5IIU 

.MlnginHippi,  rank  of,  acrorillii);  to  vnliiu  of  liiinbor  iirotlucta 487 

MiHKUnippl,  iciimrkH  liy  Dr.  Chiirli'B  Molir  on  tlic  forenlH  of KU-.iat) 

MUnlHHippi.  Hoiitlii'in,  pliiii  I'oriiHlH  of r>;il,.'):i2 

.MiHulsslppI,  ntiitlstii'u  of  forcKtu,  foront  llri'n,  Htniiiliiig  timber, «(«.,  in. .401,  .lillO-KIU 
Mi««l«Hi|ipi.  tabulur  Htiitiiiicul of  tlio  nmoiint  of  l.oiin- nncl  Sbortleovwl 

rini' HtuudiuK  in  tbo  forests  of,  Miiy  III,  1880 Ml 

Ml8«iH,ippl,  thoMuritimo  I'lmi  Belt  in M2 

Mi:iHiHHippi,  wc8t»«rn,  forentH  of 5114,  M5 

Minnouil,  lumber  IniliiHtry  and  manufactnroii  from  wood  in 48e,  487, 50(1,  SOI 

MiHaouri,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  liimlicr  products 487,  .'iol 

MisRouri,  stiitiaticH  of  forests,  forest  flres,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in..401,560,  501 

Mobile  tbo  principal  contor  of  wood  manufacture  In  Alabama 525 

Mocker  Nut 134,810,350,380,444 

MockOningo 70,284,302,428 

Mobr,  Dr.  Cliarles,  remarks  on  the  forests  and  tne  turpentine  industry  of 

Alabama  by 

Mohr.  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Florida  by 

Mobr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Louisiana  by 

Mohr,  Dr.  Charles,  remorks  on  the  forests  of  Mississippi  by 

Mobr,  Dr.  Charles,  remarks  on  tho  forests  of  Texas  by 

Molasses  and  sugar,  maple,  prwluced    in  tho  United  States  in  1879, 

amount  of 

Montana,  lumber  Industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 480, 

Montana,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  pioducta 

Montana,  remarks  by  Mr.  8ereno  Watson  on  the  forests  of 

Montana,  stntistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  .  .491, 

Monterey  Cypress 179,332, 

Monterey  I'ine 196,340, 

MiWHoElm  122.304, 

Mo080W(Hm1 

Jforiu  Caiiudi'H*!*  (Lamarck  and  Riifinesnue) 

Morns  microphylla 12, 128, 

-Woriiji  ^[iseourientil) 

J/i<nnipnrn>!io  (Moms  microphylla) 

ilorunparri/olia  (Moras  rubra) 

ilunia  reticulata 

Moras  riparia 

Morua  rubra 127,250,254,257,260,806, 

ilorua  rubra,  var.  Ganadentit 

Mnriia  rubra,  viir.  itusita 

Jforiw  rubra,  viir.  tomentota 

Mortis  acabra  

MoruH  tommxtosa 

Moss-ginning  industry  iu  LoiiiBlana 

MoHsy.eupOuk 140,265,314, 

Mountain  Ash  ( Pyrus  Amerlaana) 73, 

Mountain  Ash  (l'yru.s  Bambueifolia) 74,284, 

Mountain  forests  in  California,  pasturage  of 

Mountain  Laurel 120,302, 

Mountain  Magnolia  20,206, 

Mountain  Mahogany  and  the  Nut  Pine  the  most  important  trees  of  the 

Intoiior  Forest 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Corcocarpns  ledifolins) 71, 284,  S.W,  428, 

Mountain  Mahogany  (Cercocarpns  parvifolius) 71,284, 

Moil Mt ain  Manchinoel M,  278, 

Mount. till  Maple 

Mountain  Plum 

Mountain  AVhite  Oak 143,316, 

.Mulberry,  Mexican 

Mulberry,  Red  128,  .306, 

Myguida 

Myglnda  pallens 38, 

Mtjlocaryuni  liguHtrinnm 

Myriea 1 


ilyriea  ecri/tra,  var.  arborfiiimiii. 
ityrica  ctri/er^i,  var.  latl/olia. . . .' 

itiirira  crri/cra,  viir.  iiietlia 

Miiriea  Cfri/cra,  var.  jminiln  

ytyrifit  I'l'iinni/lvanica 

Myrit-a  Xi'lajtensii 

MvtttiACK.B 

MVIISIXAI'ICK 

Myrsine 

MijrHine  Horibu nda  

Mlinine  FloriJana 

Myinine  Knpanea  

Mvin  AiK.E , 


525-MO 
522,  523 
.5:18-540 
531-530 
542,543 

485 

487,564 

487 

50.';,  500 

564-566 

308, 464 

404, 470 

374,440 

46, 27-1 

127 

249, 306 

127 

128 

127 

127 

127 

376, 442 

127 

127 

127 

127 

127 

.W7,  538 

3M,448 

284, 428 

364, 428 

579, 580 

374, 440 

3.->4,41H 


Myriea  Califoruico 137,249,254,2.57,312, 

Myriea  Carolinensit 

Myriea  cerifero 130,250,2.54,257,312, 

Ityriea  cerxfera  humilit 

Myriea  cerifera  tempervirens * 

ityriea  eeri/era,  \ar.  anriuiit\folia 


0 

309,  .571 

50il,  .I?! 

300,  424 

40,  274 

34,ir;G 

380,  4.50 
128,  306 
370,  442 
10, 13 
249,  272 
38 
1,12,15 
380,446 
130 
380,  440 
136 
136 
1,30 


.  ...136, 137,  2,T4,2,';7,312, 
(HI, 


Myrth',  nine 

Myitb.Wax 

^fyrtu»  azillaris 

Myrtut  buxyfoUa 

ilyrtua  ChytraeuUa . 
Myrliis  diehotoma . . . 
Myrtus  montieola  . . . 

MyrtUM  Poireti 

ifyrtuM  procera 


Page. 
136 
130 
136 
136 
136 
1.17 
3hO,  446 
100,  292 

11,15 

Ill) 

mt 

an,  2411,  292 

257, 288,  306,  430 

41,272 

130,312,380,440 

88 

88 

88 

88 


Naked  Wood  (Colubrina  recllnatu) 42, 274. 358 

Naked  Wood  (Kngcnia  diehotoma)  88,288 

Nannyberry * 1)4, 290, 432 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Alabama .517,  .527, 529,  .530 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Florida 517 

Natal  stores,  production  of,  in  (ieorgia 517 

Naval  stores,  pnidii' lion  of,  in  Louisiana 517, 536,  .537 

Naval  stores,  production  of,  in  Mississippi 617, 531,ra2,  .'>36 

Naval  stores, produitiiin  of,  in  .N'orlh  (.'urolina 516-518 

Naval  stores,  produetioi,  of,  in  South  Carolina 517 

Nebraska,  lumber  industry  andmanulaetiires  from  wood  in 486,487,562 

Nebraska,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  protliicts 487 

Nebraska,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  flre.H,  staiuiing  timber,  etc.,  in 502 

Necklace  Poplar 175, 330, 350,  .IftO,  402 

Nectandra 11, 15 

yectandra  Bredemeieriana llii 

Nectandra  AVilldenoviana 1  ]  n,  ^49, 302 

Xegutidiumfraxinifolium .'1 

Negundo l(^-i:t 

Negundo  aucroides 12, 50, 230, 253, 256, 270,  .160,  424 

Xegunio  actroides  (Negundo  Californicnm) 51 

Negundo  Californicnm 51, 250, 253, 2.50, 270, 360, 424 

Xegundo  Cali/omicum  (Negundo  aceroidcs) 51 

Xegundo/raxini/olium 51 

Xeg*'-'do  lobatuin  51 

Xegundo  Merieanum 61 

Xegundo  tri/oiiatuni 51 

Nevada,  lumber  in<iu8ti'y  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 571 

Nevada,  rank  of,  according  tolunilicr  products 487 

Nevada,  stalistii-s  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 491,  571 

Newcastle  Thorn 70, 286, 364, 430 

New  Hampshire,  lumber  industry  and  niauufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487. 

497, 498 

New  Hampshire,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  llauipsliirc,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  (1.  I'ringleon  the  forests  of 4J7 

Xew  Ilanipshiie.  statistics  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  etc.. 

in  491,406-408 

New  Uampsliire,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Spnice  standing  in 

the  forests  of.  May  31, 1680 496 

New  Jersey,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 480, 487,  .506 

New  .Icrsey,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  Jersey,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  (ires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. . .  401,  .506 

New  Mexico,  luuilier  industry  and  luunufacturcs  from  wood  in 486, 487,  ,568 

New  Mexico,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

New  Mexico,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  Urea,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in . .  401,  .568 
VcW  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Colorado,  Chicago  the  principal  source  of  supply 

(if  lumber  for .568.569 

New  York,  lumber  industry  and  mnnnfactiires  from  wood  in 480,487,502-505 

New  Voik,  ni;i|ili '-sugar  prodin.-t  of 501 

New  Yolk,  Link  ol',  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

N'ew  York,  rank  of  Albany,  ns  a  lumber  market .503 


598 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


ill 


!    } 


ir 


' 


i 


New  York,  romiirks  liy  Sir.  C.  O.  Prlngloon  tliii  foroitMof 

Nnw  York,  HtatifiticHuf  rorestH,  loroRt  Hrca,  Mtnnding  til.  bor,  oto.,  lo.tOl, 

New  York,  tUi'  Nortliorii  l*lro  Ilflll  In 

Nortli  Ami'rioaii  oniitiiioiit.  diviiiliin  of  tlio,  with  rofi>rpncn  to  Its  forcKt 

gengi-npliy 

Nortli  AmoiU'aii  foroatu,  gi'ucral  rpiimrk»  on  tlio 

North  Atlnntic.  lUvlHlon,  extent  of  foraatH,  Htniiilinf;  timlier,  fonwt  tIroH, 

ctr.,  in  till' 

Nortl:  C'liiolinn,  cnulra  of  tarnnil  roain  prodnceil  In 

Xortli  C.iinlinit,  Inmlicr  iiiilnntry  nnil  inanp.'ictiin'H  from  wo<mI  in 488, 

Xord'  Caiolinii,  proilnction  of  nnviil  Rtor«8  in 

Ni>r:li  ('iirolinii.  nink  of,  noronlinK  '.n  vnlui  r.^  luinlior  products 

Korlii  I'luiiliniv,  gtatiatics  of  Ibreiits,  <v>n.-t  tlroii,  stnnilinR  tiniliur,  otc, 

in  41X1, 

^'  >rtli  C.ii'dliiui,  tiilinlnr  ntnloniont  of  t)i«  uninuut  of  Long-Ivavrd  Pine 

jindiiinii.  tJic  forests  of,  Mny  :il,  18K0 

Nurtli  Caiolinii,  llie  JJnritiinc  I'iiie  Bel!  in 

Nortlieni  ('eiilrul  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timlM-r, 

etc..  in  t lie 

Xortlieni  Foieat  in  t!io  Atlaniie  rt»gion 

Xorlliern  Korest  in  tlie  Paeilie  re^iion,  extent  of  t lie 

Norlliiin  Pine  Helt.  foicataof  the,  onee  extended  over  the  State  of  Ma-no 

Xorthiin  Piin-  Hell  in  ('onneeticnt 

NortluTii  Pine  H(»ll  in  Miissaehiisetts 

Xortlu'iii  I'iiie  Itell  in  MiiineMit;> 

Norlliern  I'iiie  Ilelt  in  Mew  York 

Nt^rlliern  Pine  Ilelt  in  Klioth-  Island 

Nivrlhein  rine  Hell  in  I  lie  Atlantic  region 

Norway  Pine 1»J,  336, 350, 


.M3,310,3.'>0, 


Nut,  Hitter 

Knt,  Hull ..13t,310,3.'H), 

Nut.cotree S8,  :;80, 

\ut,  Illill.iis 13.',  308,  3.-.0, 

Nnt.  King    134, 31il,  3.1ip, 

Xul,.MiKker 


Page. 

S01-M6 

fiOI-TiOO 

Nl 

3 
3-16 

4IH-510 

517 

487,  515 

516-518 

487 

515-518 

516 
M5 

547-503 

3,4 

7 

404 

500 

500 

658 

601 

600 

4 

402,408 

380, 446 

380,  444 

300,  426 

37'*,  444 

380,  444 

.134,310,  3.'>0,  380, 444 


Nnt,  Pig  134, 310,  ,1,^iO,  380,  446 

Nut  Pine  mid  the  Mountain  2bInhogany  the  most  important  trees  of  tiio 


Interior  Fi 


Nut  Pine  (I'inus  eeniliroidea) 100,  :i3fl 

Nut  Pine  ( IMiiiis  edulLs) 100,  330, 40'J,  408 

Nut  PiiU'  t  I'inus  nionophylla)  100,  336,  3.'i0, 402, 408    ' 

i:  '  "ine  (Pinus  Parryaiia) 180, ,3:in,  403, 41^8   i, 

S        ..illi.w .■ll.L'TO    i 

/      •  ;-.g,  California 186,334,400,406   ij 

Nutmeg,  Hickory 13.->,  310,  3.'i0,  3K0,  440   | 

Nyct.\i;ixacb.1! 117, 254, 2.'«7,  302,  372, 438   j| 

Xvs.s« 10,11,14   II 


Xynmt 

.Xfifia 

Xi/^itn 
NysHa 
Xlitma 
Xtiiixa 
Xijfi^a 
Xjifna 

.Vl/JIJ((T 

Xygm 
Xi/ntii 

Xt/Hml 
Xiittxa 

.Vl/Mrt 
Xl/UKtl 

Nyssa 
Xijitiia 

XjJMKA 

Nyssa 
Kyt$a 


antjuligan$ 

II  lUJttlogd 

(tijurttica  (XyssA  sylvntica). 
ariiinliea  ijN'j'ssa  uniUora)  .. 
hiiiiirn  


Cannitfnats 

canttii'ans 

capitata 

Cftjtitata,  var.  ffraniiidentata  . 

<\irnlii\iana , 

cfivi  (jcn 

tl)^ntii'utata 

;irtuulidfntata 

Ill  ^  'jrij'olia 

fMoiifiinii 

iiiultirfont  

iniiltiilora,  var.  tylvaliea 

Otjtrhc 


..•1,250,253,257,200 


.92, 250, 253, 257, 260, 200, 


pdluittrit 

s\Ivatica 

ti'iiica (ii»n  ( Xyssn  cnpitJita) 

ttimfntota  (Nyssa  iinitlora) 

uiiinora 02, 250. 253, 257,  260, 200,  3.'iO, 

I'lVItXit 


03 
03 
02 
02 
»2 
02 
01 

366, 432 
03 
o:? 
01 
02 
93 
93 
91 
02 
»^ 
01 
03 

360,432 
91 
03 

386, 432 
02 


Oak,  Dliick  (Quorous  Emoryt) US,  2V,  318, 

Onk.Illack  (Quorcus  Kolloggtl) 140,265,320,388, 

Oak,  Black  (Quorcus  rubra) 148,265,318,350, 

Oak,  Black  (Qiicrcns  tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388, 

Oak,  Blue 143,310, 

Oak,  Burr 140,26,5,314, 

Oak,  Chestnut  (Qiiercus  densifloru) 155, 265, 822, 390, 458, 670, 

Oak,  Chestnut  ((jucrcus  priuoideg) U3, 2Cii,  316, 

Oak,  Chestnut  (Quercus  Priuns) 142,28.5,316,350,384, 

Oak,  Chinquapin 143,26,5,310, 

Oak,  Coast  Live 147,318, 

Oak,  Cow ,...141.310,384,416, 

"<ak,])iiek 152,320,350,388, 

Oak,  Iron 130,312, 

Oak,  Jack 150, 285, 320, 3.50, 

Oak,  Laurel  (tjnercns  imbricaria) 154, 322, 

Oak,  Lanrel  (Qiicrcna  laarifDlia) IM,  820, 

Oak,  Live  (Quercus  chrysolepis) ...146,318, 

Oak,  Live  (QneriMis  virens) 14,5, 265, 316, 

Oak,  Llvo  (QnerouR  Wislizeul) 147, 318, 

Oak,  Maul 146, 318, 

Oak,  Mossy-cup 140,205,314, 

Oak.  Mountain  White 143,316, 

Oak,  Ovorcnp  (Quercus  lymta) 140, 314, 3.10,  384, 

Oai    Over.cnp  (Quercus  niaerocarpa) 140,  205,  314, 

Oak,  Peach  (Quercus  densiflora) 165, 20!i,  322, 

Oak.  Peach  (Quercus  Pliellos) 1  ,>(,  322, 

Oak,  Pin 152,320, 

Oak,  Possum 162,  .320, 350,  388, 

flak,  Post 1,39,312,382, 

Oak,  Punk 152, 320, 3.'i0,388, 

Dak,  Quercitron 149, 26.'>,  .'118,  3.")0, 

Dak,  Ued  (Quercus  fnleata) 161,205,320,350, 

Oak,  Red  (tjiierei's  rubra) 148,  26.5, 318, , 3,10, 

Oak,  Ued  (Qnerciis  rnlira,  var.  Texana) 148, 318, 

(Jak,  Hoik  Chestnut 143, 265,  316, 3,';o,  384, 

Oak,  Scarlet 148,  318, 

Oak.  Scrub  (Quercus  Catesbiei) 151,  .'120, 

Oak,  Scrub  (Quercus  undiilata,  var.  Gambeiii) 139,311, 

Oak,  Sliingle 151,  .322, 

Oak,  Spanish 15I,2iW,.320, 3."i0,  Si.^ 

( )ak,  Swamp  Post 140, 314,  3.')li, 

Oak,  Swaniji  Spanish 152,320. 

0..K,  Swamp  White 141,311, 

Oak,  Tanlmrk 15.5, 20",  322, 

Oak.  Turkey 151,320, 

Oak.  T'pland  Willow 1.53, 3'JO, 

Oak.  Valparaiso 140,318, 

Oak,  Water  (Quercus  ai|uat  ica) 1,52, 320, 3,50,  388, 

Oak,  Water  (tincrcus  paliistris) 152,320, 

Oak,  Water  White 140, 314, , '1.10, 

Oak,  Weeping 138,  31'2, 

Oak,  Wliile  (IJnercus  alba) 137. 26.5, 312,  3.50,  3'<0, 

Oak,  While  (QucnnsGaiTyana) '. 138, 312,  3.50,  .'182, 

Oak,  While  (Quercus  griNCa) 144,310, 

tV.k,  While  (Quercus  lobalai 138,  :;|2, 

Oak,  White  (Quercus  oblongifolia) 144,  316, 

Oak,  Willow 1,54,32-', 

Oak.  Yellow  (l^ucreus  prinoides) 143,265,310, 

Oak,  Yellow  (Quercus  tinctoria) 140, 26.5,  318, 350, 

Oak.  Vellowbark 149, 205,  318,  3,''iO, 

Obispo  Pine 200,  .'140, 

tKnoc-arfutu  refjia 

Ogeeihie  Lime 91,290, 

t)liio  Buckeye 42,  •.'74, 

Ohio,  lumber  industry  and  niannfaeliiivs  fWim  wood  in 486, 

Oliio,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  prwincts 

Olilo.  statistics  of  forests,  forest  tires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  la   


tll.At'l 


Oak,  Bartram'a 1S3,  320, 30O,  .■„'W 

OaU,  Basket   141,316,384,410. 1.-.0 


Oldliehl  Hinh  150,  .324,  3.50, 

Obllli'ld  I'liio 197, 340,  3.50,  4(V4, 

Old  .Man's  Beard 

Oira  .Imrricantt 

Oi.K.vci* « 106-113,264,257,298, 

Olive,  California 120,802, 


Page. 
.388,453 
416, 454 
386, 452 
4.54, 628 
886,450 
284,  448 
578,  .580 
384,450 
416,4,50 
384,  4.50 
3B6,4{i2 
450,  533 
418, 4.54 
3K2,  448 
388,454 
390, 4.56 
300, 454 
3(^6,  452 
386, 452 

386. 4.52 
386, 452 
384,  448 
386,  4,50 
4.50,  533 
384,  448 
300,  4.5(1 
300,  4.56 
F98,  4.54 
410,  4.51 
448.  .5'J8 
416.4.54 
388,  4.54 
388,  454 
.'l!^0, 452 

388. 4.53 
410,  4.-.0 
.'188,  4.V2 
388,451 
3,S4,  4 18 
300,  4.56 
4,-.4,  5'J8 
381,4.50 

•.m.  4.54 

384,4.->0 
.303, 4.56 
368,  *H 
300,  4.56 
3K6,  4,52 
410.454 
388,  4.51 
384,  150 
.'l.'i2,  418 
414,440 
448,  576 
;i86,  4.52 
;18'J,  448 
380,  452 
:'!lll,  1.56 
384,  456 
3.S8,  4.5« 
3,^8,  454 
404, 472 
218 
.366, 432 
3.-18,  422 
<.--,  547 
487,587 
401, 647 
34,270 
.392,  458 
416.470 
113, '298 

lis 

370, 434 
374, 440 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


599 


Page. 

Olncya 10,12,14 

OlneyoTeaoto 66, 249, 2M,  256, 273, 800, 420 

Orange  Mock 70, 284,  :I62, 428 

Orange,  Onago 128,  i)06,  S70, 442 

Orange,  Wild  (Prnnua  Carolinlona)  70,284,302,428   j 

Omngc,  Wild  ( Xanlboxylnm  Clava-nercnlis) 30, 270, 350, 420  j 

Orchkloearpum  arittimim 23   ! 

Oregon  Ash 111,298,372,438 

Oregon  Cedar 170, 332, 3a0, 308, 404    i 

Oregon  Cni)>  Apple 73,284 

Oregon,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 480,487,577   | 

OroKonPine 200,205,344,352,410,470 

Oii'gon,  rank  of,  according  to  ralno  of  Innibor  pro<luctH 487 

Oregon,  roniarks  by  Mr.  Soreno  Watson   on   the   forests  of  certain  I 

omintlcHof 577,578 

Oregon,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  Arcs,  standing  timber,  etc.,  In 491,670-578 

Onodaphnt  CalifomUyi 120 

Oreodoxa 11, 15 

Oreodoxa  ottraeea 218 

Oreodoxa  regia 218,260,348,352 

Orlsiual  forest  of  llio  District  of  Columbia  replaced  bj  Oak,  Scrub  Pine, 

•f: 511 

GflageOranKn 128,800,870,442 

Oflnianthns 11, 15 

OsmnntbUH  AraerLianus 113, 249, 2M,  257,  300, 372, 438 

Osir.va 11,10 

Oiitrya  Virginiana 158 

0»trja  VlrKinlcB 168,240,265,258,322,300,450 

Oftrifa  i'irffinica,  vor.  etjtandulota 158 

Oilryn  Vinjiniea,  var.  glandulnia 158 

OvcriupOiik  (Quorcns  lyrata) 140,314,350,381,450,633 

OviTciip  Oiik  (QuiircuB macrorarpn) 140, 205, 314, 384, 448 

Oxydcndrnm li  15 

Oiydendnim  arboronm 08,249,254,257,202,308,434 

P. 

P.ioiflr  Const  Forest,  tho 7 

P.icidr  region,  the fl-l« 

Padux  t'ti  rtiliijinea 68 

Pailitx  detnin.ta 09 

PadtiK  gerotina 08 

Piidim  Virfflniana 68 

Piilm,  Fun-leaf 217,348,414,480 

Palm,  Knyul 218, 318,  .152 

Paliiiii  nryentec 218 

PAI.MArn.E 217,218,255,259,348,414,480 

Paliiii'l  to.  Cabbage 217,348,352 

Pnlnii'lto  Sabal 217,250,348,352 

Piiliiiitto,  Silklop 217,348 

Pulnu'lto,  Silver-top 218,348 

Palo  lUiuiio 120,300 

Palo  Verde 60,280,362,426 

Pnpiiw  23,266,354,418 

Paper  Itirch 100,  324, 353,  39-.',  4.18 

I'arndirte  Tree 32,270,350,420 

ParliiiiKOiiia 10-12, 14 

Par!> inMiiiia  aculeata 1 2,  (iO,  2.50, 280 

Pnr!> iusonia  iiiliropliylla 60, 219, 280 

Purliinsonia  Turreyana 80, 250, 253, 250, 380,  .362,  426 

Parxley  Ilaw 81,280 

PaHania  dejtuijlora 155 

Parirt  Cali/iirnica 43 

Pavia  canica 42 

Pitrin  dinffdor 43 

/'iiri(i/fiii« 43 

Piivitt  f/labm 42 

I'avia  htjhrlda 43 

■  Pavut  lutfn - 48 

y'ui'i'i  nrplrcttt 43 

I'a rill  iinllida 42 

Pnria  n'tilminiana 42 

PwuliOiiU  ((^iierrus  densiflora) 166,  26,5, 322, 300,  456 

Pencil  O.ik  ((Jm-rciis  Pbellos) 1.'4,  323,  300,  456 

Pencil.  Wild 70,384,362,428 

I'liir  Ilaw 70,28".  304,  130 


Page. 

Pecan 182,808,330,378,444 

Pecan,  Hitter 130,810,830,380,414,440 

Peran-nut,  the,  an  Importont  product  west  of  the  Colorado  river  iu 
Texas 


543 

Pencil  Ce<lar  of  Florida 522 

Pennsylvania,  lumber  Industry  and  niannfocturcs  from  wood  In .  .486, 487, 506-510 

Pennsylvania,  rank  »f,  according  to  value  of  lumber  prod nota 487 

Pennnylvania,  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  en  tbo  forests  of 507-510 

Pennsylvania,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 491,500-510 

Pennsylvania,  tabular  statement  of  tl'c  amount  of  White  Pine  and  Hem- 
lock stiuiding  in  tlie  forests  of.  May  31,  1880 506 

Popperidgo 92,290,306,432 

Pepperwood 80,270,3.50,420 

Percent,  of  tiuinin  in  the  bark  of  certain  species 265 

Person 11,15 

Pertea  Borbonia 118 

Persea  Carollnensis 118,260,2.54,267,802,872,438 

Periea  CiiroUneruiii,  var.  gtabriwmila 118 

Persea  Carollnonnis,  var.  palnstris 119, 250, 2.54, 257, 302, 372, 4.18 

Pemea  CnroUnmnt,  var.  piibueent 119 

Perna  Cateibyana 119 

Pertea  Sasiafrai 119 

Persimmon 104,  294, 3.50, 368, 431 

Persimmon,  lllaok 10.5,294 

Persimmon,  Mexican 105, 294 

Phcetwpyrum  areri/oKum 80 

Phceiiopjfruvi  arboretccns 75 

Phctnnpyrtim  Varolinianum 82 

Ph(mop>jrmn  coceineum 77 

Phwnopjpvm  eordatum 80 

Phfpno]>i/runi  elliptictiTn  82 

Phcmiiipynnn  pvpuliJiAinm 78 

Phamfipf/iinn  pruinotuin 70 

Phirnnpyru  m  upalhulitum 81 

Phn^nopfn'iiin  xiibrillomm 78 

Pho'ntipyrum  Virginicum  82 

Phit-nopyrum  viride 78 

Pliipunpjirum  Wtndlandii 77 

Phiilinin  arbuti/nlia 83 

Phntinia  aalici/olia 83 

Picen 11,13,10,575 

Picon  nll.ii 12, 204, 260, 256, 258, 263, 342, 40",  474,  .502,  564 

Pieeaamnbilit  (Abies  nmnbilin) 213 

Picon  ajnnbilis  (Abies  subalpina) 211 

/'ireo  baltamta 311 

Picea  baltamea,  var.  tongyfolia 211 

Picea  bl/nlia 211 

Picea  braelenta 213 

Picea  Cali/ornica 208 

I'icea  Canndemii 206 

Picea  C'triilea 204 

Picea  concohr 212 

Picra  conrnlor,  var.  violacea 212 

Picea  Ihntgtaeii 209 

Pie.'a  KnKcliniinni 0, 205, 251,  26.5,  258, 20.5, 342, 4C.8, 474,  .'■;61-.5fl7,  .572-.575 

PIcra  Franeri  (Abies  lialsaniea) 211 

I*i«<i  Fraieri  (Allies  F'raseri) 210 

Picen  glauca 2(f4 

Picea  grandit  (Abies  concol-ir) 212 

Picea  grandia  (Abies  grnndli) 212 

Pic-alaxa 204 

Picea  fjov'iana 212 

/Vert  vuignijica 214 

Picea  Mcmienii  (Pieen  pungens) 2li5 

Picea  ilemietii  (Pieea  Sitehensis) 208 

Picea  nigra 202, 260, 255, 2.58, 203, 205, 342, 352, 408, 174, 494,  406, 4U8 

Picea  nigra,  var  glnuea 204 

Pieea  ii i:nn ,  vnr.  rubra 203 

I'icea  vobitia 214 

Picea  piingens 13, 205, 251, 25.-i,  258, 344, 408, 474 

Picea  ndira 203 

Pieea  Ritehensls 206,2.50,255,238,26:1,344,408,474,676 

Pickeringia  panieulata 100 

PlgiHin  Cherry 66,282,428 


600 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Page. 

Pigeon  Plain 117,302,372,438 

Plgconwood 117,302, 372, 4P,8 

Pig  Nut 134,310,350,380,446 

Pikeronnty,  Alnbamn,  the  forests  of S28 

IHloeereua  i-'ngelmanni 80 

Pi:i  Cherry 00,282,428 

PinOnk 152, 320, 38  8, 4f)4 

Pinokneya 10,11,14 

Plnckneya  pubons 05, 250, 253, 2.'")7, 200, 360, 432 

JHnckneya  piibescens 95 

Pino  and  Spriu-o  gtanding  in  'he  forests  of  Maine  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statemt'ut  of  the  amount  of 404 

Pino,  BaHtnrd 202,342,352,400,410,474 

Fine  bolt  of  central  Alabama 520 

Pine,  Bisliop's  200,840,404,472 

Pino,  Black  (PinusJeffireyi) ]93,3;!8,402,470 

Pine,  Black  (Finns  Murrayana) 105,338,350,404,470 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinna  Joffreyi) 103,338,402,470 

Pine,  Dull  (Pinusmitis) 200,340,350,406,472 

Pine,  Bull  (Pinua  pouderosa) 103,338,350,402,408 

Pine,  Bull  (Finns  Sabinlana) lO."),  338, 350, 404, 470 

Pine,  Cedar 201,340,406,472 

Pino,  Digger 105,338,350,;:  i,  470 

Pine  forests  of  Baldwin  connty,  Alabama 627 

Pine  forests  of  soutbem  Uississippi 531,532 

Pino  forests  of  the  northeastern  oonnties  of  Mississippi 532-534 

Pine,  FoituU 101.330,402,468 

Pine,  Georgia 202,342,352,406,410,472 

Pine,  Ginger 170,332,350,308,404 

Pine,  Gray 201,342,352,400,472 

Fine,  Hard 202,342,3.52,406,410,472 

Pine,  Hickory  (Finns  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata) 101,  .'136, 402, 468 

Pino,  Hickory  (Pinus  pungens) 100,340,350.404,472 

Pine,  Jersey 100,  340, 350, 404,  470,  .546 

Pine,  Knob-cone 106,340,404,470 

Fine,  Loblolly 107,340,  3.50,404,410,470,516,541 

Fine,  Lodgopole 105, 338, 350,  404, 470, 504,  574,  .177 

Pine,  Lnnglcaved 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516,  61C-521,  524, 531,  537, 641 

Pine,  Long,  und  Short-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Alabama  Hay  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 524 

Pine,  Long,  and  Short-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  LoniBi.ina  May 

31, 1880,  t.i '  ^lar  statement  of  the  amount  of 5.37 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  Loblolly,  and  Short-lenved,  standing  in  tho  forests  of 

Texas  May  31, 1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Fine,  Long-leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Florida  May  31,  1880.  tabu- 
lar statement  of  the  amount  of 521 

Fine,  Long  leaved,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Georgia  May  31,  1880,  tabu- 
lar statement  of  the  amount  of 

Fine,  Long-leaved,  standing  in  the  forestsofNorthCarulina  May  31,  1880, 

tabular  statement  of  tho  amount  of 

Pine,  Long-leaved,  stiindiug  in  the  forests  of  South  Carolina  May  31, 1880, 

tabular  statemeut  of  the  amount  of 510 

Pine.  Long'loav«>d,  the  clinracteristic  tree  of  the  Sonthern  Maritime  Pine 
Belt 4 


I 

520   I! 

I 

I 

510   I 


Fine,  Meadow 202, 34:',  .3.52. 

Pine,  Monterey 106, 

Pino,  Norway 102,386, 

Fine,  Nut  (I'inus  rembroidesi 

Pino.  Vut  (I'iiins  edulis) 100, 

Pine,  Nut  ( I'inus  mouopbylla) 100, 330, 

Fine,  Nut  (Pinus  Parryana) inn. 

Pine,  Nut,  and  the  Mountain  Mahogany  the  most  important  trees  of 

Inlorliir  Forest 

Pine,  Oblspn 200, 

Pine,  Old-fleld 107,  3'10,  .UO. 

Pino,  Oregon 200,26.5,314, 

Fine,  Pitch 198, 340,  360, 401, 470,  5:'0, 

Pine,  Pond 108,  340,  .r.O,  404, 

Fine.  I'rinio'H 201.  312, 

Fine,  R.d 102,336, 

Pino  n-Kiiin  ofiboCnosa  in  Alabama 

Pine.  Uiincmary 197,340,3.50, 

Pine,  .'fond 100, 

I'iiie.  Serub  (I'inus  Ilaukaiana)  201, 3-1  J. 

Pine.  .Scrub  (Pious  clanaa) 199, 


406, 416, 
.340, 404, 
350, 402, 
...190, 
336, 402, 
350,  402, 
336,  402, 
tho 


340, 404, 
401,410, 
3.52,410, 
522,  .'i2."i, 
410,470, 
3/12.  4(16, 
350,  402, 


404,416, 

;m.  4114. 

3.VJ,  400. 
340, 404, 


474 

470 
468 
336 
468 
468 
408 

0 

472 
470 
470 
.531 
.527 
472 
(OH 
520 
470 
472 
472 
472 


Page. 

Pine,  Scrub  (Finns  contorta) 104,338,404,470 

Plue,  Scrub  (Pinna  inops) 100,340,350,40-1,470,520 

Pine,  Short-leaved 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531,  530, 53T,  541,  544, 560 

Pine.  Sbcirt-lcavid.  standing  in  tho  forests  of  Arkansas,  May  31,  1880, 

tabular  slntement  of  tlie  amount  of 544 

Pino,  Slash ...202,342,352,406,416,474,516 

Pine,  Southern •.'02,342,352,400,410,472 

Pine,  Spruce  (Finns  clausa) 109, 340,  404, 472 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  glabra) 201,840,400,472,527 

Pine,  Spruce  (Pinus  mitis) 200,340,350,400,472 

Fine,  Spruce  (Pinus  Murrnyana) 10.5, 338, 350, 404, 470 

Fine,  Sugar 188,338,350,400,460,576,578 

Pine,  Sugar,  an  important  tree  in  the  Coast  Forest 8 

Pino,  Swainp 202,342,352,400,410,474 

Fine,  Table-mountain 100,  S40, 350, 404, 472 

Pine,  Weymouth 187,334,350,400,466 

Pine,  White,  and  Hemlock,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania, 

May  31,  1880,  tabalar  statement  of  the  amount  of 606 

Pine,  White  ( Pinus  llexilis) 188, 336, 400, 468, 560, 670, 671 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  glabra) 201,340,406,472 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466. 564,  S74, 576 

Fine,  Whito  (Pinus  reHexa) 180,336,402,468 

Fine,  White  (Pinus  Strobns) 187, 334, 350,  400, 466,  .506,  551,  564, 658 

Fine,  While,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Michigan  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  tho  amonnt  of 661 

Pine,  White,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Minnesota  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  t  be  amount  of 558 

Fine,  White,  standing  in  the  forests  of  Wisconsin  May  31,  U'80,  tabular 

statement  of  tho  amount  of .554 

Pine,  White,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Northern  Pine  Belt 4 

Pine,  Yellow,  an  important,  characteristic  tree  of  tho  Coast  Forest 8 

Pine,  Yellow  (Pinus  Arizonica) 102,338,402,468 

Fine,  Yellow  (Finns  mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,520 

Fine,  Yellow  (Pinus  palustris) 202, 342, 352, 400, 410, 472 

Fine,  Yellow  (Finns  ponderosa) 193, 338, 550, 402, 468, 562, 665, 674, 578 

PiDon  (Pinns  edulis) 190,336,402,408 

Piuou  (Pinna  monophylla)  190,313,350,402,468 

Pinon  (Pinns  Parryana) 180,336,402,408 

Pinus 11,12,16 

Pin  un 
Pinua 

Pi  MM 

PinuM 
Pinut 
Pinus 
Pinut 
Pinua 
Pinua 
P'nva 
P'nua 
Piii'» 
Pinu* 
Pinus 
Pinua 
Pinus 
Pinua 
Finns 
Pinua 
Pinua 
Finns 
Pitiua 
Pinua 
Pinua 
I'inua 
Pinua 
Pinua 
Pinua 
Pinua 
J'inua 
Pinua 
I'inua 
Pinua 
Pinu.H 
Pinua 
Pinua 


Abica  Americatia . , 
Abiea  Balaam ea  ... 
Altiea  Canadenaia. 
adutica , 


alba 

albicaulis 189,260,255,268,336,400,468,565,572, 

amabilia  (Abies  amabilis) 

amabilia  (Abies  magnifica) 

amabilia  (Abies  snbulpina) 

Aiufrieana  (Picea  nigra) 

A  mericana  ( Tsnga  Canadensis) 

Americana  rubra 

ariatata 

Arizonica 102,250,255,258,338,402, 

auatrali* 

Bttllomiana 101,250,25,5,258,330,402, 

Balfouriana  (I'Iiiuh  Balfouriana,  rar.  aristatu) 

Bulfoii  riana,  rar.  oristata 191,  250, 255, 258,  .336, 402, 

bataa  ifa 

balaamca,  var.  Fraatri ' 

Banksiana 201, 250, 265, 268, 26:1, 342, 3.52, 40  J, 

Bankniana  (Pinus  contorta) . 

Bea  nitlryi 

Benlhamiana 

Bolanderi 

Bmiraieri 

brachf/f  'era 

brnrtcata 

Cttli/on\ica  (Pinus  insignis) 

Californica  (Pinus  tuberoulata) , 

Canadtnaia  ( Picea  alba) 

Canadenaia  (Tsiiga  Canadensis) 

Canadtnaia  (Tsiiga  Mertensiana) 

.•(■inliioldes 100,2.50, 

cr mbroidea  (Pinns  albicaulis) 

etmbroiiita  ( Finns  edulis) 


206 
211 
202 
100 
204 
673 
213 
214 
211 
203 
206 
202 
1111 
468 
201 
468 
101 
468 
210 
210 
472 
194 
103 
103 
104 
194 
103 
213 
196 
106 
204 
206 
207 
336 
189 
190 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


601 


rage. 
194,  nas,  404, 470 
ISO,  40-1, 470, 529 
137,541,  544,  560 
1,  1880, 

544 

406, 416, 474, 51G 
1)52, 400, 410, 472 
109,340,404,472 
340,  400,  472,  527 
340,  350, 40«,  472 
338, 350,  »04,  470 
400, 460,  576,  578 
8 

352,  400,  416, 474 
S40,  350, 404,  472 
334, 350, 400, 466 
rlvanin, 

506 

468,  560, 570, 671 
201, 340, 406, 472 
466,  564, 574, 576 
180, 336, 402, 468 
..•iOO,  551, 554, 558 
tabular 

551 

tabular 

558 

tabular 

1)54 

4 

Bt 8 

102, 338, 402, 468 
),  350, 406, 472, 529 
!,  352, 4CC,  416, 472 
!,  562, 565, 574, 578 
..190,330,402,468 
0,3:3,350,402,468 
.  180,336,402,468 

11,12,10 

206 

211 

202 

190 

204 

to,  468, 565, 672, 573 

213 

214 

211 

, 203 

, 206 

202 

101 

>5, 258, 338,  402, 468 

201 

>5, 258, 336, 402, 468 

101 

is,  258,  .336,  402,  468 

210 

•     210 

J3,342,3.''>2,40J,  472 

194 

193 

193 

104 

194 

193 

213 

196 

.., 106 

204 

208 

207 

100, 2.'>0,  338 

18S 

190 


PftKC. 

Pinus  ChUniahuana 194,250,255,268,338,404,470 

Pluusclauaa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 

Pinus  commutata 205 

Pinua  concolor 212 

Finns  contortii 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 

Pinus  eontorta  (Pinus  miiricata) 199 

Pinti»  eontorta  (IMiiu.i  Murraynna). 104 

Pinus  con'uWa,  v  ?.  Ilolaitderi 194 

Pima  eontorta,  var.  lalifoha 194 

Pinus  CouIt(rl 105,250,255,258,340,404,470 

Pinua  Craigann  193 

Pinus  Cubcusis 202, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406,  416, 474,  ,516, 520,  522, 525 

Pinu»  Oubcnsie,  var.  terthroearpa 202 

Pinut  drfltxa 103 

Pinu*  Douglatii 209 

Pinut  Douglaaii,  var.  brevibraeteata 209 

IHnu»  echinala 200 

Pinus  Edgariana 199 

Pinus  Bdulls I 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,402,468 

Pinua  EUiottii 202 

Pinua  Engelmanni  (Picea  Engelmanni) 205 

Pinua  Engelmanni  (Pinus  ponderosa) 103 

Pinus  flcxilia 13, 188, 250, 255, 258, 339, 400, 468,  5fl9-,571 

Pinua  flezUia  (Finns  albicaulia) 189 

Pinua  flexilia,  var.  aliteaulif 189 

Pinua  ftexilia,  var.  maeroearpa 188 

Pinua  flexilia,  var.  reflexa 189 

Pinua  flexilia,  var.  aerrulata 188 

Pinu*  Fraaeri  (Abies  Fraaeri) 210 

Pinua  I'raaeri  (Pinua  rigida) 197 

Pinua  Fremontiana 190 

Pinua  fulilia 190 

Pinuf.  glabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527 

r'inua  grandis  (Abies  amabilis) 213 

Pinus  grciidia  ( Abies  concolor) 212 

IHnua  grandit  (Abies  grandis) 212 

Pinua  Orozelifri 187 

Pt'nus  Uudaonica 201 

FinuRiunps 198,250,255,258,203,340,350,404,470,529,546 

Pinua  inopa  (Pinus  eontorta) 194 

Pinua  inopa  (Pinus  Murrajana) 194 

I'intu  inopa,  var.  (Pinus  mnricata) 199 

Pi'iiusiiiops,  var.  clauaa 199 

Pinus  insiRiiis 8,196,250,255,2.58,340,404,470 

Pinua  inaignut  maeroearpa 196 

IHnua  inaignit,  var.  hinata 196 

Pinua  intermedia 215 

Pinus .Joffreji  9,19,3,250,255,258,338,402,470,578 

Finns  Lambert  inna 8, 188, 251, 25,5, 258,  £36, 350, 400, 460,  576,  .578 

Pinua  Lambertiana,  var,  (Finns  flcxilis) If 8 

Pinua  Lambertiana,  var.  breri/ulia 188 

Pinus  iarici'na 215 

Pinua  Laricio,  var.  reaiiioaa 101 

Pimta  Larix 218 

I'iuua  Larix  alba 215 

Pinux  Larix  nigra 215 

Pinua  Larix  rubra 215 

Pinua  laaioear jKi  ( .Vbles  concolor) 212 

Pinua  laaioearpa  ( Abies  subiiipina) 21 1 

Pinus  Llateana  (I'inus  ci'nibroides) 100 

Pinus /.lai'L'amt  (I'inu.t  I'arryann) 189 

i"i?ius  Loddigeaii 197 

JHnua  lophoaperma 192 

Pinua  Lowiana 212 

Pinuj  Lyalli 216 

Pinua  maeroearpa ,      195 

l*inua  macrophylla 193 

Pimia  Mariana 202 

Pinua  Menziraii 200 

IHnua  Menzieaii,  var,  eriapa 206 

I'inut  itertrniiana i07 

Pinua  niierocarpa , 'il5 

Pinus  niitiH  4,200, 250, 2,")5, 2.' 8, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524,  ,'iJ7,  520-5.11, 

633, 530, 637, 541,  544,  ,^K)0 
Pfn'M  miiis,  vnr.  pauiMra 2U0 


I  Page. 

I    Finns  roonophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,408 

;    Pinus  niont  icoln 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 330, 400, 460, 584, 505, 573-576 

1    Pinus  inuricata 109,250,255,258,340,404,472 

Pinua  ynurieata  (Finns  eontorta) 194 

Pinus  ?  lurrayana 9, 104, 250, 25,5, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-.567,  .572-577 

i    Pinua  nigra 202 

t    Pinua  nobilia. 214 

j    Pinua  Xultallii 210 

Pinuaoateo.perwa 100 

j    Finns  palusti  is: 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 203, 342, 352, 406, 410, 472, 516, 519-321, 

i  524,531,537,5)1 

I    Finns  palustris  the  characteristic  tree  of  tho  Soutliem  JTaritime  Pine 

i       Belt 4 

i    Piuus  PaiTyana 189,250,25,5,258,3,30,402,408 

i    Pinua  Varryana  (Pinus  ponderosa) 19:1 

Pinua  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Mertensiana) 208 

Pintia  Pattoniana  (Tsuga  Pattoniana) 208 

Pinua  pcndula 2'  5 

Pinua  ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 203, 338, 360, 402, 468, 562, 565, 667, 

!)74,  575,  578 
Finns  ponderosa  an  important  characteristic  tree  of  the  Coast  Forest. . .  8 

Pinua  ponderoaa,  var.  Benthamiana 103 

Pinua  ponderoaa,  var.  Jeffreyi 193 

Pinua  ponderoaa,  var.  scopulorum 193 

Pinus  porphyrocarpa 187 

Pinua  pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472 

Pinua  radiata 190 

Pinus  reticxn 189,250,255,258,330,402,468,568,569 

Finns  resinosa 101,250,255,238,263,336,350,402,468 

Pinus  reainoaa  (Pinus  ponderosa) 193 

Finns  rigida ...197,260,255,258,340,350,404,470 

196 

200 

198 

203 

191 

204 

201 


Pinua  rigida  (Pinua  insignis) , 

Pinua  rigida  (Pinus  niitis) 

Pinua  rigida,  var.  aerotina 

Pinua  rubra  (Picca  nigra) 

Pinua  rubra  (Finns  resinosa) 

Pinua  rubra,  var.  eiolaeea 

Pinus  rupeatria 

Pinus  Rabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 

Pinua  Sabiniana  Coult*ri 105 

Pimia  Sabiniana  maeroearpa 106 

PinuH  serotina 198, 249, 25,5, 258,  ,140, 350, 404, 416, 470,  .527 

Pinus  Shasta 189 

Finos  SitKlairil 190 

Pinus  Sitchenaia 200 

Pinua  species  (Abies  subalpina) 211 

Finns  Strobus 4, 1«7, 251,  255, 2t>»,  -JOS,  334,  350, 400, 466, 404,  500, 551, 554, 658 

Finns  Strobus  tlie  characteristic  tree  of  the  Northern  Pino  Belt 

Pinua  Strobua,  var.  alba 

i'inus  Strobua,  var.  brerifolia 

Pinua  Strobua,  var.  eompretaa 

Pinua  Slrubua,  var.  monticola 

Pinua  Strobus,  vni.  nieea 

Pinua  ayleestris,  var.  divaricata 


4 

187 
187 
187 
187 
187 
201 

Finns  T.cda 197, 250, 266,  258,  263, 340, 350, 404, 410, 470, 512, 510,  .541 

197 
108 
202 
107 
197 
200 
19S 
209 
204 


Pinua  Tcvda,  var.  a 

Pinua  Trrda,  var.  alnpecumidea 

Pinuf  Ta-da,  var.  helerophylla 

Pinua  Ta'da,  var.  rigida 

Pinua  Tada.  var.  tenuifolia 

Pinua  Ta*da,  var.  variajilia 

Pinus  Tirda,  var.  VIrginiana 

Pinus  taxifolia 

Pinua  tetragona 

PliiUH  Torreynna 8,102,2,50,25.5,258,338,402,408 

Pinus  tuberculata 106, 251, 265, 258,  ,340, 404, 470 


Vinua  tuberculata  (Pinus  insignia). 

Vinw  variabilis 

Pinua  venuata 

Pinua  Virniniana 

Pinua  Yirginiana,  var.tehinata... 
ri«cldln 


109 

200 

218 

108 

200 

10,14 

Piacidia  CarthagenentiM 57 

Piscidia  Erythrina 67, 210, 253, 230, 278, 360, 126 

Plminia 11,15 


602 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


W-^ 


Page. 

rUautn  nculrata 117 

PisonlftobtiiBata 117,250,254,257,802,372,438 

ristacin 10-12,14 

Flstociii  Aloxicana M 

Pitch  IMno 198,340,360.404,470,520,522,525,531 

Piauxolobium/or/ex 64 

nnieeolobium  Ouadabipentit 04 

PiOiecolobium  mierophyllum 04 

Pithecololiinin  DnguU-cati 64,249,282 

Planera 11,15 

PlonoraMqiintica 124,250,254,257,306,376,442 

Plarura  Gmelini -• 124 

rianera  Itiehardi 124 

PUinera  ulmifolia 124 

Platanack.e  129,130,254,257,300,376,442 

Platanns  11,12,15,251 

Platanut  Cali/omica 129 

Plaianu I  hybridal 120 

rintamu  lobata 129 

Platanut  Mfxicana  (Platanns  racemosa) 129 

Platamu  Mexicana  (Platanns  Wrlghtii) 130 

Platanns  occiilcntalis 120,250,254,257,306,330,370,442 

Plata  n  iw  o<-Hdentall>  (Platanns  racemogn) 120 

Plalaniirt  racemosa 129,250,254,257,300,376,442 

Platanut  raccmoia  (Platanns  'WriBlitil) '. 130 

J'latanut  vubjarit,  var.  angulota 129 

Platiums  Wrightii 130,250,254,237,3110,370,442 

Plum,  Ciiiiaila 05, 282, 302, 4;6 

Plum,  Chickasaw CO,  282, 302, 420 

Plnm.  Cocoa  65,282,302,420 

Plum,  Darling 39,272,338,422 

I'him,  Downward 103,294,368,4:14 

Pinm,  Gopher 01,  290,. ■)00, 4.12 

Plum.  Guiana 121  302,  374,410 

Plum,  ITos  (Prunus  nngnstifoHa) 00,282,302,420 

Plum.  lIoK  (Rhus  Metopium) , 54,278,300,424 

Plum,  Hcij:  (Xinicnia  Americana) 31,270 

Plum,  Horse 0!;,  282,3(12,4:'H 

Plum,  ilonntain .U,  270 

Plum,  I'iReon 117,302,372,4.18 

Plum,  Saffron 103,  2M,  3t!8, 434 

Plum,  "Wild 6.-.,  282,  aOi,  426 

Poison  Elder 31,278 

Poison  .Sumach  31,278 

Poisonwood  (Rhns  Uotopinm) 54,278,300,424 

Poisoiiwood  (Sehastiania  lucida) 121, 304 

Poi.v<iONA(F..i: 117,118,254,257,302,372,438 

Polittjonitm  uv\fera 118 

Pond  .\pplc 23,  2(ti,  3.34,418 

Pond  Pino 198,340,350,404,410,4711,327 

Poplar 172,328,304,4(^0 

Poplar,  Carolina 173, 3.30,  3.30, 300, 402 

Poplar.  Xecklaco 175.330,330,300,402 

Poplar,  Yellow 22,206,3,34,418 

Populns 11,12,10 

173 
175 
175 
505 
174 
172 
17) 
573 
174 
173 
174 
174 
174 
400 
173 
173 
175 
174 
173 
172 


.  13, 174, 250,  2.35,  2.38, 39-1, 402, 


•opuln 

PopiiUis  aeladeica  . 
I'opultit  atignlata  .. 
Populut  anrjultita  . . 
Populus  all^UHtifoli; 

J'liindiit  aii'jHtlifiilin  (Populoa  trichocnrpa) 

l''>puUiH  arrjrntea 

Pninilut  Atbrnientit 

P()|iulus  lialsamifera 12, 173, 231, 255, 258,  328,  394, 460,  573, 

V'  pulut  bahami/era  (Popnlos  tricliocarpa) 

Popul.ii  bnltami/era  lancenlata 

Pnpuhit  baUa  m  i/era ,  vur - 

Pnpiiliit  baltami/era,  var.  anfftu)ti/olia 

Popuhit  haltamxfera,  var.  Cal^urnifia 

Pojiuins  l)al»amifer«.  inr.  candieaiis 173,250,2.3,3,258,330,394, 

Popxihinbabta mi/era,  vnr.  fftn^iintt 

Pt>j)»htK  Caiiatlcntit  (Populus  balnamitera,  ran  candicansl 

ViipiibiH  i'anadentit  (Populus  uionilifrra) 

Pnpuhit  ('anatlentit,  var.  anffH*t\folia 

Popuhin  eandicnnt 

P'lpulut  eurdi/olia 


Pace. 

Populiu  deltoide 174 

Populns  Frcmontil 176,250,255,258,330,300,463 

Popnlns  Fremontii,  tor.  Wlslicenl 175, 250, 265, 258, 262, 330, 396, 462 

PopuUu  glandtiloia 175 

PopnluB  grnndidontata 172,260,255,258,328,304,460 

Populus  grandidenlata,  via.  pendula 172 

Populus  hetorophj'lla 1V2, 26C,  256, 268, 328, 394, 460 

Populut  heierophylta  (Populns  balgamifum  var.  oandioans) 173 

Popului  heleTophyUa,vaT.  argentea 172 

Populut  lifHgata  (Populus  moniltfera,  .4fton,  e(o.) 175 

Popiiluj  tei>ti;a(a  (Populus  monilifem,  ITort.) 175 

Populut  lati/olia 173 

Populut  Ijindleyana 175 

Populut  maerophylla  (Popnlns  balsamtfera,  rar.  oandicans) 173 

Populut maerophylla  (Popnlns  monilifera) 176 

Populut  Marylandiea 175 

Popnlus  monilifera 174,251,256,258,262,330,350,396,462 

Populut  monili/era  (Popnlns  Fremontii) 175 

Populut  moniH/era  (Populns  Fremontii,  far.  WisUzcni) 175 

Pojiulut  negleeta 176 

Populut  On  tarientit 173 

Populut  Taeamahaea 1T3 

Populut  trcmuiiformit 171 

Popnlus  tremnloides 12,171,250,255,258,328,350,304,400 

Populut  Irepida 171 

Populus  trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,304,462,576 

Populut  Irichocarpa,  var.  cupulaUt 174 

Pojmlui  rimxpta 173 

Populut  Virfjiniana 175 

Porcdia  triloba 23 

Pnrkwood 117,302,372,438 

I'orliera  10-13 

Porlierivangustifolia 29,249,208 

Port  Orford  Cedar , 179, 332,  330, 308, 404,  ."0 

Possum  O.ak 152,320,350,388,410,434 

Post  Cedar  170,330,300,462 

Post  Oak  1.30,312,382,448,528 

Post  Oak,  Swamp 140,314,3.30,384,450 

PricUlv  Asli  (Xanthoxylum  Americannni) 29,268 

Prickly  Ash  (Xanthoxylum  Clavn-Hcrcnlis) 30,270,3.30,420 

Prince's  Pino 201,342,352,400,472 

Principal  woods  of  tho  United  States  under  compression,  behavior  of  the.  418-481 
Priueipnl  woods  of  the  United  States  nnder  tiansvcr-ne  strain,  behavior 

of  tho 354-414 

Prin;;le,  ^Ir.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  Inresta  of  Xew  Ilanipshire  by 497 

Prinsile,  llr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  New  York  by 501-508 

Pringle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  (he  forests  of  Pennsylvania  by 507-510 

Prin.ile,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Ycrmoutby 498-500 

Priuitle,  Mr.  C.  G.,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  West  Virgiaia  by 512-513 

Pn'jiojf  dealdutu 37 

Pritrlmrdia  fllatnentota 217 

Privet 112,298,372,438 

Product  and  average  size  of  saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory 4S8 

Prmluction  of  naval  stores  in  Alabama 517,  527,  529,  ,330 

617 

817 

517 

517 

.31. 

517 

.10-12,14 

02 

01 

420 

01 

62 

420 

.373 

420 

03 

420 

CO 

68 

68 

428 


Pi'oduction  of  naval  st(»rcs  in  Plnrida 

Produeticra  of  naval  stores  in  Georgia 

Production  of  naval  stores  in  Louisiana 

PrfMltictioii  of  naval  stores  in  ^lississippi 

PnMluclion  of  naval  stores  iu  North  Carolina  . 
Production  of  naval  stores  in  South  Carolina  . 
Proso|ds 


.  12, 61, 240, 253, 256, 265, 280, 350, 302, 


Proso/iit  Kinorjti 

PntunpiH  ijlanduloga - 

Prosopisjulitlora 

Protopii  odorata  (Prosopis  iuliflora) 

Protnpit  odorata  (Prosopis  pubescens) 

Prosopis  pnbescens 13, 02, 249, 253,  236, 280,  302, 

Prunus 10-12,14, 

Prunus  Americana 12,65,249,25:1,250,282,302, 

Pninus  Americana,  rar.  mollis 

Primus  angustifolia 00,249,2.3.3,2,38,282,362, 

I'ruuut  bnrealit 

Prunui  Canadfnii* 

Prunut  Ciipollin 

PruunsCapuU 68,249,282, 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


603 


P«g6. 

Pruntu  Carolina 60 

Pnmus  Caroliniana »,  249, 263, 258, 284, 382, 428 

Prunui  cartilaginea 88 

Pruniii  Chitata 88 

Prunui*  coeeinea 85 

Primus  dcmiSBa 89,248,253,256,284,362,428 

Prnnua  emargiuata 87,250,282 

Primus  einarj!ina1a,rar.mollta 87,253,256,282,382,428 

Ptiimit  hiemalU  (Pnmus  Americana) 83 

Priinut  hiemalU)  (Pranns  /  moricana,  var.  mollis) 85 

Prumm  ilicifolia 78,249,253,258,284,384,428 

Prvnut  inntitia 66 

Pruniia  lanceoUUa 86 

Prunua  lAuritaniea 80 

PniH'is  Mitiistippi 85 

Pninui  inoi^'i  (Pnmus  Americaua,  rar.  mollis) 63 

PninutmoUit  (Pnmns  omarginata,  var.  mollis) 87 

Pruntii  nigra 65 

PnniHS  Pcnnsylvanlca 12,88,250,282,428 

Prunvt  pertici/olia 60 

Pninitg  pumila 87 

I'ninng  gfi}nperrirena 89 

Piumiasmotina 68,250,258,258,259,282,303,428 

I  run i(«  tcrrati/oUa 60 

PiuuiiHspliiviocaipa 70,249,284 

Prii  n-is  spinosa 6') 

Pniuns  umboUnta 67,249,282,428 

PniuHs  Viiginiaisa 08 

Prtinit*  Virginiana  (Pnmus  serotina) 68 

Prtiiiua  Yirginiana,  var.demitsa 60 

Pscmlacacia  oiloratu 

Pgcuili>])etahm  glandulosum 

Pgftulopetalon  tricarjmtn 

]*seu(1otsu;;a 


Page. 

QuoiHa  Siinarfdm 32 

Qnorcitron  Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 

QuoTcns 11,12,15 

Querons  acutidcns ,. 155 

<iuitretu  aeutiglandit 148 

Quercus  agrifolia 148,240,254,257,318,388,452 

Querau  agrifolia.var.fruteieent 147 

QuoTcus  alba 137,  249,  254,  267,  281,  263,  312,  350,  380,  414, 446 

Qutreut  alba  minor 

Querau  alba  paliutrii 

Queretu  alba,  var.  Giinnitonii 

Quercuf  alba,  var.  mieroearpa 

Quereut  alba,  vai.  pinnatiftda 

Querctu  alba,  VAT.  pinnatifidoainuata 

Quereut  alba,  \iiiT.repanda 

Querent  alba,  var.  linuata 

Querextt  ambigna 

Quereut  nnnulata 


55   I 

30 

30 

7,9, 11,12, 10,  37.-1 

Psiudotsutfi  Di)U(;la8ii. .  .209,  230, 255, 259, 204, 205,  314, 352, 410, 470,  ."iOS,  509,  57:i,  .'•)7fl 

PaouilotSHKa  Douslnsil,  var.  uiacrocarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 340, 412, 478 

Parudottiiga  inaijnifica 214 

P/ieitil"tnitga  nobitit 214 

r.si'uil()t.snga  tlio  moat  important  timber  tree  of  tho  Puciflo.  region 7 

Pti'lia 10,13 

PU'lia  mottia 31 

Pteliiitriloliata 12,31,249,270 

I'ti'lia  t ril'iilinta,  tar.  niullia 31 

l^telia  vitiei/oUa 31 

PunliOiik 152,320,330,  388, 410, 4,'>4 

Purplo  Haw 40,272 

Pursliiii 573 

Putnam,  ilr.  II.  C.  remarks  on  f'C  forests  of  Micbigan  by 533,  SJH 

Putnam.  Mr.  II.C,  romarka  on  tbe  forests  of  Miimesoln  by 559,600 

Putnam,  Mr.  II.  0.,  romarknon  tlio  forebfs  of  tbecaatorn  portion  of  Dakota 

by   601 

Putnam,  Mr.  H.  C,  remarks  on  tbe  forests  of  Wisconsin  liy 5.'i5-658 

Pvrua 10-12,14 

Pyrus  Americana 73,230,284,428 

Pyrua  A  mericana  (Pyrns  aambueifolia) 74 

Pyrufl  Americana,  var.  mierocarpa 74 

l'yru»aii};u»lirolla 72,240,284 

l'lir:iii  aiifupa ria  ( Pyrus  Americana) 73 

Pjirua  a  iiiuipa ria  ( rvrus  samliueifolia) 74 

J'j/rita  Jlartramiana 84 

Pj/ruti  lUitrfiainum 84 

Pyrus  loriiiuuift , 72,  249,  253,  230,  269,  20O,  284,  304,  428 

Pjirua  rorunaria  (I'yius  augnstifulia) 72 

Pyrua  mninaria,  var.  anguitifolia 72 

Pijrua  dieeraifolia 73 

Pyrua  fuaca 73 

Pf/rua  gttiudiilftaa 77 

Pyrtta  uiicrocarpa 74 

Pyrua  ornlit 85 

Pynia  rivularis 73,243,284 

Pynia  naniluu'ifolia   12,74,2,10,253,230,284,384,428 

Pyrua  riibfoidain 73 

Pyrua  Wiingmhciuiiaiia 84 

Q* 

Quaking  Asp 171,  328,  330,  394,  ItlO 

Quattia  dioica   32 


139 

141 

, 139 

137 

137 

137 

137 

137 

147 

145 

Quercua  aqualiea 152, 249, 254, 258, 262, 320, 350, 388, 410, 464 

Quereua  aquatiea  (Qnercas  nigra) 

Quereua  aquatica,  var.  attenuala 

Quercua  aquatica,  v&r.cuneata 

^)i<('r(!i«  o^im'ica.  var.  t'/o;i(;oto 

Quereua  aquatica,  var.  heterophyVa 

Qucretia  aquatica,  var.  Iiybrida 

Quereut  aquatica,  var.  indiriaa 

Quercua  aquatica,  var.  laurifolia 

Quorcus  aquatica,  lor.  myrtifolia 

Quercua  ISaniateri 

QuercuH  1>erbcri(1ifo1ia 


150 

152 

152 

152 

16 

153 

152 

152 

155 

135 

155 

Quercua  bicolor 141,249,254.257,201,314,384,460 

Quercua  bictilvr,  vav.  Michauxii 141 

Quercua  bifulor,  var.mollit 141 

Quercua  bicolor,  var.  platanoidea 141 

Quercua  Urcwcri 155 

Quereua  Cali/in^iea 149 

Quereua  Caatanea  (Qnercus  prinoides) 142 

Quercua  Cualanea  (Qnercus  Prinus) 142 

(JiiercUH  (;atesba'i 151, 249, 254, 2,'i8, 320, 388, 4,'>1,  .323 

Quereua  Chinquapin 143 

Qui'icua  chrysolepis 148. 249, 234,23s,  318,  3Pfl, 452 

Quereua  chryaolepia,  var.  vaeeinifolia 140 

Qnercus  cinerca 153,250,265.2,-.8,3M,390,450,625 

Quercua  cinerca,  rar.  pumila 156 

Quercua  cinerta,  var.  serieea 1 53 

Quercua  coccinca 148,249,234,238,318,388,4.62 

, 147 

148 

147 

149 

134 

146 

150 

144 


Quereua  coeeinea,  var.  autbigua 

Quercua  coceitua,  var.  microearpa 

Quercua  coreiiieri,  var.  rulrra 

Quereua  coccinca,  var.  tinetoria 

Quereua  cou/erti/olia 

Quercua  eraaaipocula 

Quereua  cuncata 

Quercua  dccipieut 

Quel  cua  denait'.ora 154, 249, 2.34,  238, 205, 322,  390, 450, 070,  680 

Quereua  diacolvr 149 

Quercua  diaeolor,  vnr.  triloba li^l 

Qu.ircna  Dou-laMi 1^3,249,231,234,238,  310,  ;i8tl,4.-,0 

Quercua  Pouglaaii,  var.  Qamhelii 

Quercua  Douglaaii,  var.  Necei 

Quercua  Drunnnondii 

Quercua  dunu>aa 

Quercutt  duiuoaa,  r(ir.  bnliata 

Quercua  Durandii 

Quereua  echinacea 

Quer:^ta  echinoidea 

Quarcua  elongnla 

Quercua  Knioryi 

Quereua  ICmoryi  (Qnercus  undulata,  ear.  Gambelii) 139 

Quercua  lalcata 150, 249, 2;U,  2.38,  262, 265,  .320, 350,  388, 4.14,  523 


139 

138 

139 

135 

136 

145,  240,  231, 2.34,  238, 310, 380, 4.32 

133 

135 

160 

. . .  12, 140,  249, 254, 238, 205,  318, 3fi0, 432 


Quereua  fulcnln,  var.  Ludovieiana  . 
Quercuafnicnia,  var.  pagod<Tfolia . . 

Quercua  faleuta,  var.  (n7o6a 

Quercua  fulfCitcena 

Quereut  llambelii . 


151 
151 
151 
148 
130 


t)ui  ivua  (Jarryana 138,  249, 254, 257, 261, 312, 350,  382,448,570 


604 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


1  '•      ; 


' 


m<"i   ill  i 


ll'i 


I  'i 


Pnse. 

Quorcna  Gcorciana 155 

QncrcuaRrisOii  144,240,251,254,258,310,380,452 

Querntu  liantata  140 

t^iierfUK  ftfmiKfhtfrica 152 

Qumiig  liemifpliirrica,  var.  nana 152 

QuiTcMs  lu'tcropliylla 153,249,235,258,320,390,450 

Querci'K  Ilindsii - 138 

Qttercus  humilia 153 

(JiK.M .us  liyiiolouciv 154, 240, 2.5.->, 258, 322, 3D0, 450 

QiH'iTU8  ilicirolia 155 

Quiicusinibricaria..... 164,249,235,258,322,390,450 

Qucreun  Jaeobi 1 38 

(Jiioi  (118  Kcllopgli 140, 260, 254, 258, 201),  320, 388, 416, 454 

Quercus  lanin 1 51 

QuiTCua  liuirifolia 162,240,254,258,320,390,451 

Qiiercug  lauri/olia  hybrida 152 

Quercus  hurifitUa,  var.  aaita 152 

Quercus  lauri/olia,  var.  obtu»a 152 

Qu -reus  lobata 138,240,254,257,312,382,448 

Quorciia  lubata,  rar.  fraticosa 155 

Quercui  lobulata 139 

QuercuK  longi^landa 138 

tjiicrciis  lyiata 140, 240, 254, 257, 201,  314, 350,  384,  450,  533 

Quuicus  nmcnicarpa 140, 240, 254, 257, 261, 205, 314, 384, 448 

QucrcuH  macrncarpa,  var.  abbreviata 140 

Querent  ma'-rocarpa,  var.  minor 140 

QuercuM  macrocarpa,  v,ir.  olioce/ormia 140 

Querent  Uanjlandica 150 

(JiuTcus  Michauxii 141, 249, 254, 258, 201, 316, 384, 410, 450, 533 

Quercug  montana 142 

Qucreug  Morehus 147 

Quereut  iluhlenbergii 141 

(Jiierciig  myrtifolia LW 

QuercuH  nana 1,")2 

Querent  Xead 138 

QiiMciLs  niRra 150, 249, 254, 258, 265,  320, 3.i0, 368, 454,  ,525 

Quercut  nigra  (Qiicrcns  a(inatica) J  "i2 

Qticreus  nigra  (Qaercu.s  tinctoria) 149 

Querent  nigra  aquatiea l.')2 

Querent  nigra  digitata l.'iO 

Quereut  nigra  integri/olia 1,10 

<}tiercuH  nigra  tri/ida l.')2 

Quercut  nigra,  var.  (Qucreaa  heterophylla) 153 

Querent  nigra,  var.  latifolia 150 

QiHTi'iiR  obloiiRifolla 143, 240, 251,  254, 258,  316, 380, 452 

Quereut  ohlongi/olia \ 140 

Querent  oUimgi/olia,  var.  brevilobata 143 

Quercut  nbtuta ■ 1,52 

Querent  obtuti/olia.  var.  brtvihba 145 

Qucicua  obtUHilolin 138,240,254,257,261,312,382,448,52.1,528 

Quercut  obtutiloba,  var.  depretta 140 

Quercut  iibtuMluba,  var.  parvi/olia ISB 

Quercut  (Erstediana jsg 

Quercut  oleoidet 145 

Quercut  olieo'/ormit 140 

Querent  oxijaden  ia 146 

QiicrcMiB  jKiIiiHtris 161, 240, 254,  258,  .TJO,  388.  454 

Qutrcut  paluttrit  ((Jiierciis  rubra,  rar.  Texana) 148 

QiKTOiiH  parvifulia 130 

Quercus  Phcll.w 154,249,255,258,322,300,450 

Quercut  Phellot  anguttifuUa 154 

Querent  I'hellot  X  eoeeinea 1,13 

Qitercnt  Phellot  latifolia    154 

Qucrc.uH  I'liolloH  pumila 16,1 

Querent  J 'hellut  y,  tinctoria 1^3 

Querent  rhcllot.  viir.  (QucrcuH  hotiTophj-lla) 163 

Quercus  I'liellos,  var.  arenaria 155 

Querent  1  'licUut,  var.  eincrea 153 

Querent  I'hellot,  var.  humilit 1,14 

Querent  Vhetlot.  var.  imbriearia 154 

Querent  I'hellot,  var.  laurifolia 152 

Querctu  Phellot,  vav.  tempervirent 146 

Qni'rru"  rhellos,  var.  Bcrlcea 155 

Querent  Phellot,  var.  riridi* 154 

QucrcuR  priDoldes 142, 240, 251, 254, 268,  261, 202, 288, 318, 384, 450 


Pnge. 

Quercus  Prlnns 142,240,254,258,201,265,316,350,381,416,460 

Querent  Prinut  p.  (Quercus  cinorca) 15S 

Querent  Primis  (QuercuH  MichnuxU) 141 

Qyerent  Prinut  Chinqtiajnn 143 

Quercut  Prinut  humilit 142 

Qnrrens  I'rinnt  paluttrit 141 

Querent  Prinut  platanoidet 141 

Quereut  Prinut  purnila 142 

Querent  Prinut  tomentota 14] 

Querent  Prinut,  var.  acuminata 142 

Querent  Prinut,  viii.bicolor i4i 

Quercut  Prinut,  vav.  discolor 141 

Querent  Prinut,  vav.  lata 142 

Querent  I'rinut,  var.  lliehavxii 141 

Quercut  Prinut,  var.  »ion(i°coI(t 142 

Querent  Prinut,  var.  oblongata 14J 

Querent  I'rinnt,  vav.  prinoidet 143 

QuercuH  pumila 165 

Querent  pungent 144 

Querent  Jiantomi 138 

Quercus  reticulata 144,249,310 

Querent  retimlata,  var.  Qreggii 144 

Querent  retuta 145 

Quercus  rubra 147,250,261,264,268,202,266,318,350,386,452 

Quercut  rubra  p.  (Quercus  coccinea) 148 

Querent  rubra  (Quercus  IvellogRii) 140 

Querent  rubra  (Quercus  tinctoria) 140 

Querent  rubra  maxima 147 

Querent  rubra  montana 150 

Qfiercnt  rubra  ramotittima 151 

Querent  rubra,  var.  ditteeta 151 

Quercut  rubra  var.  latifolia 147 

Quereut  rubra,  var.  montana 147 

Querent  rubra,  var.  rnncinata 147 

Quercus  rubra,  ror.  T.'xana 148,240,254,258,318,388,452 

Qvercut  San-Sabeana 145 

Quercut  tempervirent 145 

Querent  tericea 155 

Ifuercnt  Sh umardii 1411 

Qncrcnii  tinuata 137 

Querent  Sonomensit 140 

Querent  tpicata 144 

Querent  ttellata 130 

Quercus  ttellata,  var.  depretta 140 

Querent  ttellata,  var.  Floridana 139 

Querent  ttellata,  var.  Utahentii 139 

Quercut  Terana 148 

Quercus  t iiictoria 149, 249, 254, 258, 202, 205, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528 

Querent  tinctoria,  var.  angulosa 149 

Querent  tinctoria.,  vav  Calif ornica 149 

Querent  tinctoria,  vav.  tinnota 149 

Querent  triloba 1,10 

Querent  nliginosa    152 

Quercus  uuilulat.'i 13, 155 

^«rci'«  undulata  (Quercus  Dnrandii) 14.1 

Quercus  uudulata,  var.  Oambelii 139, 249, 254, 257, 314,  .381, 448 

Querent  undi-.lnta,  vav.  gritea 144 

Quercus  undulata,  vav.  oblongata 143 

Querent  undulata.  vav.  pungent 144 

Quercut  undulata,  vur.  Wrightii 144 

Querent  vaceini,folia Mt, 

(fiurent  velutina 1 14!) 

Querent  tillotn 139 

Quercus  vireus 146,240,254,258,262,205,310,380,4.12 

Querent  Virginiana 145 

Quercus  Wlslizeui 147,240,254,258,318,386,452 

B. 

Randia  elutic^olia 05 

Itapanea  Ouyanensis 09 

Itat  tie-box 100,200 

R«I  Aali 109,  200,  .370, 130 

lU-ii  Buy 118,  ,302, 372, 438 

Red  Birch 161,324,302,458 

Ri'd  Cedar  (Juniperus  Virginiana) 183, 332, 308, 404,  !At 

Bed  Cedar  (Tliuya  gigautoa) 177, 330, 3»6, 462,  S7»,  675, 570,  .180 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


605 


Page. 

Bod  Cherry,  Wild 06,282,428 

KcflC.viircBS 184,334,350,398,460 

Kid  Elm 122,301,374,440    ; 

Hod  Fir  (AW««  niagnlfica) 214,340,412,478    i 

IJod  Fir  (Abies  no))ill8) 214,340,412,478,573    :; 

Kcrt  Fir  (PBCiidotsiiga  DoaRlasii) 20D,  205, 344, 352, 410, 470, 365,  575   '\ 

Red  Fir  tho  most  important  timber  tree  of  Iho  PociBo  region 7    i| 

ItedCium 86,280,350,301,414,430    ] 

lied  Haw  (Crata'gus  cocclnea) 78,280 

lied  Unw  (C'riitingus  flava,  rar.  pabeacens) 83, 260, 304, 430   . 

liodlnmwood 30,272,358,422 

JtedMapl.) 60,270,358,424    ' 

Red  Mulberry 128,300,370,442    j 

Bed  Oak  (Qiiercus  falcata) 151, 205, 320,  .150, 388, 404   | 

Red  Oak  (QuercuH  rubra) 148,205,318,350,380,452   j 

Rod  Oiik  (Quercus  rubra,  ror.  Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452   j 

Bed  I'ino 102,330,350,402,408   | 

Bod  Stopper 89,288,300,430   \ 

Redbud  (CorclH  Canadensis) 01,280,362,420  | 

Bedbud  (Cereis  renifonnis) 61,280   | 

Bedwood 185,334,350,398,406,579   i 

Redwood  Belt  the  m"st  important  feature  in  the  Coast  Range  of  the  { 

CoastForest 8   i 

Bedwood  of  California,  economic  value  of  tho 678  i 

Bedwood  standing  in  the  forests  of  California  May  31, 1860,  tabular  state- 
ment of  the  amount  of 579 

Region,  the  Atlantic 3-6 

Region,  tho  Pacific 6-10 

Remarks,  general,  on  the  forests  of  North  America  . . .  „ 3-10 

Reynosia 10, 13 

Rcynosia  latifolia 39,249,253,250,272,358,422 

Shamindium  revoluluin 30 

RiMMNACE.E 39-42,253,250,272,358,422 

RhamnuB 10-13 

Jihainnu8  atni/olius 41 

Rhnmnus  Califiirnicn 40,250,272 

Rhamnus  Cnlifoniioa,  far.  tomentella 41 

Rhnmnus  Ciroliuiana 40,250,253,250,272,358,422 

Jihamnug  ellipticus 41 

Itha  mmm  ferrea 39 

JUiamnuslirtijjatus 30 

lihammiK  lauri/oliiia 40 

Jihamnug  oleifoliua 40 

Khaiiinns  Piirshiana 41,250,253,256,272,358,422 

RhaiimuH  tamentellut 41 

Rhizophora 10,11,14 

lihiznphorn  Americana 86 

Rbizophiira  Mangle 86,240,253,257,265,288,304,430 

Hhizophora  racemoga 80 

RmzoriloUACE.B 80,87,253,257,288,361,430 

Rhode  Island,  limiber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  .  -486, 487,  5U0,  501 

Rhode  Isluud,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Rho:lu  Island,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc., 

In 491,500,501 

Rhode  Island,  the  Northern  Pino  Helt  in 500 

Rhodoilendron 11, 12, 15 

Rhododendnm  maximum 99, 250, 2!')4. 257, 292, 368, 434 

IthBdodendran  maximum,  var.  album 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var. purpureum 99 

Rhododendron  maximum,  var.  rogeum 9*) 

Rhododendron  procenim 99 

Rhododendron  jiurpurettm 60 

Rhododendron  I'urghii 99 

Rhus 10,12,14 

Rhug  arborcgeeng 33 

Rhug  Cwjidenge 52 

Rhuscopailiua 63,250,253,256,278,300,424 

Rhug  C'fxiUina,  var.  angugtialata 53 

Rhug  copallina,  var.  angugtifolia 53 

Rhui  eopalllna,  yar.  inteffri/olia 63 

Rhus  ropuUiua,  ror.  lanreolata 53, 260, 278, 424 

Rhug  eopalUna,  var.  latialata   53 

Rhug  eopalliita,  var.  lati/olia 53 

Rhus  ropallinfl,  rar.  leucantbs 63 

Rhut  eopallina,  var.  terrata 63 


Page. 

Rhus  cotlnoides 62,250,276 

Rhug  eotinug 52 

Jihug  glabra 53 

Rhug  hypgelodendron 52 

Jihug  leucantha .13 

RhusMetopium 54, 240, 253, 256, 278, 300, 424 

Rhug  Toxicodendron 64 

Rhustyphina 52,250,278 

Rhug  tijphina,  var.  laeiniata 52 

llhug  typhina,  var.  viridiftora 52 

Rhus  venenata .'>4, 2.')0, 278 

Rhug  vemix 54 

Rhug  viridijlora 52 

Hivcrairch 101,324,392,458 

River  Cottonwood 172, 328, 304, 4!)0 

Rohinia 10,13 

Kobinia  fragilig 55 

Itobinia  giutinoia 50 

Rohinia  Neo-Mexicana 13, 50, 249, 253,  i.lO,  278, 300, 426 

Rohinia  Pseudacacla 65, 240, 25?,  2.10, 2.10, 278, 350, 300, 424 

Rohinia  viscosa 50,240,278 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak 142,20.1,316,350,384.  410, 4.50 

Rock  Elm 123,304,374,440 

Rock  Maple 48,270,358,422 

Rocky  Mountain  region,  northern,  report  by  Mr.  Serene  Watson  on  the 

forests  of  tho 504,505 

ROBACK/E 64-85,253,256,282,302,426 

Rose  Bay 09,292,308,434 

Rosemary  Pine 107,340,350,404,416,470 

Rosin  and  tar  produced  in  Kortb  Carolina,  grades  of 517 

Royal  Palm 218,348,352 

RUHIACE.E 95,06,203,257,290,300,432 

Rum  Cherry 68,282,302,428 

RUTACKiB 29-32,253,250,208,350,420 

S. 

Sabal 11,10 

Sabal  Palmetto 217,2.10,348,352 

Saffron  Plum 103,294,308,434 

Sage-brush 578 

Saginaw  valley  in  Michigan,  lumber  industry  of 552 

Saguaro 00,288 

Salicace^e 105-17.1,255,2,18,320,304,400 

Salix 11,12,10 

Salix 170 

Salix  ambigua 105 

Salix  amygdoloidcB 13, 106, 250, 255, 258, 3;0, 394, 460 

Salix  argophylla 188 

Salix  ar,^uta 167 

Salix  arguta,  var.  lagiandta 107 

Salix  Bigeloiii 170 

Salir  Iligelocii,  var./ugcior 170 

Salix  brachyca  rpa 168 

Salix  braehystnchyg 170 

Salix  brachijgtachyg,  var.  Scouleriana 170 

Salix  Caroliniana 166 

Salix  chUirophylla,  var.  peUHa 171 

Salix  cordata 170 

SaXix  cordata,\ia./aXcata 165 

Salix  cordata,  rar.  vestita 170,250,328 

Salix  cragga 109 

Salix  euneata 171 

Salix  discolor 169,250,328 

Siilix  discolor,  var.  eriocephala 169 

Salix  discolor,  var.  prinoidea 109 

Salix  eriocephala .* 109 

Salix  exigua 168 

Salix  falcata 165 

Salix  Fendleriana 167 

Salix  flavescens 109,250,255,258,328,394,400 

Salix  flavegceng  (Salix  flavescens,  rar.  Scouleriana) 170 

Salix  fla»  escens,  rar.  Sconleriann 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460 

Salix  Jtavovireni 165 

Salix  fluviatalig 168 

Salix  Uartwtgi 171 

Salix  Jlindgiana 189 


« 


'M 


606 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Pase. 

Salix  IIindtiana,yaT.  tenuifoKa IW 

Salix  noffmanniana 167 

S:illx  Ilookcriana 170, 260,  M8, 460 

Salix  Itututoniana 16S 

Salixhuiiiilui,\iiT.  Hartwegi 171 

Salix  liEViKiitn 167, 280, 255, 258, 3£6, 394, 400 

Salix  Iiuvigato,  car.  angastifoUa 167 

Salix  licvigata,  var.  congesta 167 

Salix  lancifolia 167 

Salix  laalamlra 167,250,826 

Sjilix  laaianrtra,  rar.  Fcnilleriana 167,250,255,258,326,394,480 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lanclfulia 167, 250, 255, 258, 326, 394, 460 

Salix  lasiolepia 170,260,256,258,328,394,460 

Salix  laaiolepit,  var.  aiii;u«((/'olia 171 

Salix  latiotepit,  \aT.  Bigelovii 170 

Salix  la8iolepi«,\tit.faUax 170 

Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  lati/olia 171 

Salix  ligu»trina 165 

Siilix  luDKifulia 12,168,250,326 

Salix  longifulia,  var.  amjuitittima 168 

Salix  loDgir<iUa,  rar.  argyrophylla 168 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  angu$tit»lma 168 

Salix  longi/olia,\eir.  argyrophylla  opaca 1 168 

Salix  loDKifuIia,  var.  cxigaa 168,250,826 

Salix  longifolia,  rar.  opaca 16C 

Salix  longifolia,  yai.pedicellala 168 

Salix  longipes 166 

SalUc  longipen,  var.  pubeseeru 166 

Salix  lucida,  var.  anguitifolia,  forma  latiandra 167 

Salix  lueida,  va'..  maorophylla 167 

Salix  marginata 1 66 

Salix  melanopria 166 

Salix  nigra 12,165,250,326,304,400 

Salix  nigra,  var.  amygdaloides lOti 

Salix  nigra,  var.  angtutifolia 166 

A'aZu;  niyra,  var./afcnta 105 

Salix  nigra,  var.  (ati/o2ta 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longifolia 166 

Salix  nigra,  tar.  longipeg 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipet,  sabvar.  gongyloearpa 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  longipet,  subvar.  venulo$a 166 

Salix  nigra,  var.  marginata 166 

Sail X  nigra,  far.  Wardli 166 

S.ilix  nigra,  nor.  Wrightii 166 

Saii\-oeri(lcntalis 106 

Salix  pcntandra 165 

Salix  pentandra,  var.  catidata 107 

Salix  prinoidet 160 

Salix  I'urehiana 165 

Salix  rubra 168 

Sa  lix  Seouleriana 170 

Salix  ticngitiva 169 

Salix  seiwilitolia 168,250,328 

Salix  sessilifoliu,  rar.  Uindsiana 169 

Salix  nfgnili/olia,  var.  nllo$a 168 

Salix  Sili'licnuis 171,250,328 

S^Uix  SitckcusiK,  inr.  anguatifoUa 171 

Salix  upeciota  167 

Salix  tubcilloaa 166 

Salix  Wrightii    166 

Samara  Horibunda 09 

Samara  pentandra 90 

SunibiicitH 10-12,14 

Sambueue  Cali/ornica 93 

Snmbni;u»  gluiica 93,250,253,257,290,306,432 

Sambiiciit  gla uea  (Snnibucus  Mexicana) 93 

S.inil)iirnii  Mi'xicanu 12,9.1,250,290 

Sawbiirua  Mexicana  (Sambnciia  glanca) 93 

Samhueiu  rclutinn    93 

S.ind.Tnok 15.1,320,390,41)6 

S.-.niirinfl 109,340,  404,472 

Sun(ll)ar  Willow 108,326 

Sai'INIi.vck.k 42-61, 2I>3, 266,  274, 358, 414, 422 

SajilnduH 10-13 

Sajiiiidujt  acuminata 44 

Sapind lit  Dm m mondi 44 


Page. 

Sapindui  faUatut 44 

Sapindtu  inaquaXii ^^ 

Sapii'dasmarginatas.., 12,44,240,253,274,358,414,422 

Saplndna  Saponaria 46,249  274 

Sapindut  Saponaria  (Sapindus  marglnktas) 44 

SaI'otack* 100-103,254,257,292,368,434 

Sarcomphalut  Caroliniamu 40 

SasaafnM    120,802,374,438 

SasaafraH  otncinalu 110,250,264,257,260,302,874,438 

Satinwood 11,15,31,270,356,420 

Savin  (Janipomg  Virginlana) 183, 822, 308, 464 

Savin  (Torreyataxifolia) 166,834,400,466 

Saw-milU  iu  each  state  and  territory,  average  sice  and  prodnot  of 488 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cratffigua  coccinea) 78,286 

Scarlet  Haw  (Cratiegiu  aubvillosa) 78,280,364,430 

Scarlet  Oak 148,318,388,452 

Scha-fleria 10,13 

Schctffrria  buxi/olia 39 

SehiTjferia  eompleta 30 

Scbicfferia  friitcaccns 39,249,272 

Schafferia  lateriflora 120 

Schoutbaa  eommutata 87 

Schubertia  dittieha 163 

Sehvbertia  tempervireni 186 

Screw  Bean 62,280,362,426 

Screw-pod  Mesijuit 62,280,362,426 

Scrub  Oak  (Quercus  Catesbaei) 151,320,388,454 

Scnib  Oak  (Qiiercas  nndulata,  var.  OambeUi) 139, 314, 384, 448 

Scrub  Pine  (Pinus  Banksiona) 201,342,352,400,472 

Scrub  Pine  (Pinna  clansa) 199,3.10,404,472 

Scrub  Pine  (Pinna  contorta) 194,338,404,470 

ScnibPine  (Pinna  inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529 

Scutia/errea  (Condalia  ferrea) 30 

Scutia/errea  (Rejmoaia  latifoUa) 3D 

SeaAah 80,270,356,420 

Sea  Grape '. 118,302,438 

Seaside  Aldur 162, 326, 4.')8 

Sebaat  iania 11,15 

Seboatiania  Incida 121,240,304 

Sebettena  icabra 113 

Selected  woods  of  the  United  States  nnder  transverse  strain,  behavior  of: 

specimens  elgbt  centimeters  square 414-417 

Semi-tropical  Forest  of  Florida 6 

Sequoia 8,11,12,16 

Sequoia  gigantea 184,261,265,258,334,398,466.578 

Sequoia  gigantea  (Soquoia  sempervirens) 185 

Sequoia  Haflnesquei 206 

Sequoia  religioia 185 

Sequoia  aemperviress 184,260,266,268,263,334,350,398,466,579 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia 184 

Service  Tree 84, 286,  364, 4 SO 

Sevenyear  Apple 03,200 

Shad  Bush 84,280,364,430 

Shag.bark  Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 

Sharpies,  Mr.S.P.,  experiments  by 247,251,264,265 

She  Balsam 210,340,412,478 

Shecpberry 94,290,432 

Shell-bark,  Big 133,310,378,444 

ShcU-bark,  Bottom 133,310,378,444 

Shell-bark  Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 

Shingle  Oak 154,322,300,450 

Shingles  and  lumber  received  at  Chicago  during  the  year  1880 548, 549 

Shittimwao<1  (Bumolia  lanuginosa) 102, 201, 308, 434 

Shittimwood  (RbamnuH  Purahiana) 41, 272,  .LW.  42'2 

Short-  and  I..ong'leaved  Pine  atanding  In  the  forests  of  Alabama  May  31, 

1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 534 

Short-  and  Loug-leaved  Pino  standing  in  the  forests  of  Louisiana  May 

31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  tliu  amount  of 537 

Sbort-  and  Loug-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Misaissippi  May 

31,  1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  »f 631 

Short-leaved,  Loblolly,  and  Long  leaved  Piue  standing  in  the  forests  of 

Texas  May  31, 1880,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of 541 

Short  leaved  Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524,  587,  530,  531, 536,  537,  641,  64'1,  500 

Sbort-leaved  Pine  standing  in  the  forests  of  Arkansas  May  31, 1880,  tabu- 

lar  Rtatomcnt  of  the  amount  of 544 

Shrubby  Trefoil 31,270 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


607 


Page. 
44 


!>34 


537 


S31 


Pnge. 

Sideroxylon 11,15 

Sid*roxylon  Oarolineme 101 

Sideroxylon  ehryiophyUoidet 101 

Sideroxylon  euneatum 103 

Sideroxylon  deeandrum 103 

Sideroxylon  lanuginotum Ivi 

Sideroxylon  lave 103 

Sideroxylon  liieioidee 103 

Sideroxylon  Maatlcbodendron 101,240,254,257,292,308,434 

Sideroxylon  pallidum 101 

Sideroxylon  reeliruUum 103 

Sideroxylon  ealicf/oliuvt 101 

Sideroxylon  lerieeum 101 

Sideroxylon  tenax  (Bameha  luingliiosa) 102 

Sideroxylon  tenax  (Bamella  tenax) 101 

Siliqiuulrum  eordalum 61 

Silh-top  X'almetto 217,848 

Silky  Willow 171,328 

Silver-bull  Tree  (Haleaia  diptera) 105,204,368,434 

Silver-lioU  Tree  (Haleaia  tetraptera) 106,296 

Silver  Maple 40,276,358,424 

Silver-top  Palmetto 218,848 

Simarubii 10,13 

Simaruba  amara ^ 32 

Sitnarubaglauca 32,260,253,256,270,356,420 

Simaruba  medieinalie 32 

SiHAUUUEiE 32,253,256,270,350,420 

Sitlia  Cypress 178,332,398,464 

Size,  average,  and  product  of  saw-mills  in  each  state  and  territory 488 

Slash  Pine .202,342,352,400,416,474,516 

Slippery  Elm  (Fremontia  Cnllfomica) 26,268 

Slippery  Elm  (Ulmusfulva) 122,304,374,440 

Sloe 67,282,428 

Sloe,  BUick 07,282,428 

Sniall-fmitedHaw 81,286,364,430 

Smooth  Alder 181,326 

Snow-drop  Tree  (Halesia  diptera) 105,294,368,434 

Snow  drop  Tree  (Balesia  tetraptera) 106, 206 

Soapberry  (Saplndus  marginatus) 44,274,358,414,422 

Soapberry  (Saplndus  Saponaria) 45, 274 

Soft  Mnplo  (Acer  dasycarpnm) 40,276,358,424 

Soft  Maple  (Acer  rubruni)  50,776,358,424 

Sopliora 10,11,14 

Sophoraaffinis '....58,249,253,256,280,360,426 

Sophora  secnndiflora 57,240,278 

Sophora  tpeeiota 57 

Sorhtie  Ainerieana 73 

Sorbut  Amerieana,  var.  mieroearpa 74 

Sorbut  aueuparia  (Pynis  Americana) 73 

Sorbin  aueuparia  (Pyrus  H.imbucifolia) 74 

Sorb{iH  aueuparia,  var.  a.  (I'yrns  Americana,  var.  mieroearpa) 74 

Sorbtu  auctiparia,  var.  p.  (Pyrm  sambncifolin) 74 

Sorbut  aueuparia,  var.  Anierteana 73 

Sorbite  humifuea 73 

Sorbite  m  ieroea  rpa 74 

Sorbtu  riparia 74 

Sorbin  tambuci/olia 74 

Sorbue  SiUheneie 74 

Sorrel  Tree 08,202,308,434 

SonrGura 02,200,300,432 

.Sour  Tupelo 01,290,300,432 

Sourwoml 08,292,368,434 

SoHtli  Atlantic  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber, 

etc.,  in  the 511-523 

South  Carolina,  lumber  industry  and  mannfuctures  from  wood  in  .486, 487, 518, 519 

South  Cni-olina,  production  of  naval  stores  in 617 

South  Carolina,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Soulli  Carolina,  Htatistics  of  forests,  forent  Arcs,  standing  timber,  etc., 

in 401.  .'■.18,  519 

South  Carolina,  tabular  stuteme.-t  nf  the  amount  of  Long-leaved  Pino 

standing  in  the  forost*  of,  May  31,  1880 519 

Soulli  Caroliua,  tlie  Coant  Piue  licit  in 518 

Southern  Buoktliorn 103,294,368,434 

Southern  Central  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  tim- 
ber, etc.,  in  the 524-646 


Page. 

SonthemCrab  Apple 72,284 

Sontbem  Cypress,  next  to  the  LoDg-leaved  Pine,  tbechaTBOteristlo  tree  of 

theSoutboru  Maritime  Pine  Belt 4 

Southern  Maritime  Fine  Belt  in  the  Atlantic  region 4 

Southern  Pine 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 4i„ 

Southern  Pine  Belt  in  Florida 520 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  bacoata) 219,348 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  canallonlata)  218,348 

Spanish  Bayonet  (Yucca  elata) 219,348 

Spanisb  Bnckeye 44,274,422 

Spanish  Oak 161,265,820,850,388,454,528 

Spanish  Oak,  Swamp 152,320,388,454 

Spanish  Stopper 88,288,306,430 

Species,  distribntion  of 12 

Specific  gravity  and  ash  of  woods 248-251 

Specific  gravity,  nsh,  and  w  light  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 

woods  of  the  United  States 266-340 

Specific  gravity  and  transverse  streagthof  certain  woods,  relation  between  250-264 

Specimens  of  wooils,  where  deposited 247,248 

Speckled  Alder 165,326,394,460 

Spice  Tree 120,302,374,440 

Spindle  Tree 38,272 

Spiraa  Calif omiea 70 

Spoonwood 08,292,368,434 

Spruce,  a  species  of,  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  Colorado  mountains. .  0 

Spmce,  Black 203,205,342,352,408,474,400 

Spruce,  Blue 205,344,408,474 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  clausa) 109,340,404,472 

Spmce  Pine  (Pinus  glabra) 201,340.408,472,527 

Spruce  Pine  (Pinus  mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 

Spruce  Pino  (Pinus  Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 

Spruce  standing  in  the  forests  of  Xew  Hampshire  May  31,  1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 490 

Spruce  standing  in  the  forests  of  Vermont  May  31,  1880,  tabular  state. 

nient  of  the  amount  of 408 

Spruce,  Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580 

Spruce,  VThito,  the  most  iniportaut  tree  in  the  Pacific  reciou 7 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  alba) 204,342,408,474,502,564 

Spruce,  White  (Picea  Engelinanui) 205, 205  342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574 

Spnice,  White  (Picoa  pungens) 205,344,408,474 

Spruces.  Black  and  White,  the  characteristic  trees  of  the  Northern  Forest  3 

St.igllusb 04,200,366,432 

Staghorn  Sumach 53,278 

Standing  timber,  forests,  forest  fires,  etc..  extent  of,  in  the— 

North  Atlantic  division 404-510 

Korthern  Central  diviniou 547-563 

South  Atlantic  division 511-523 

Srnthern  Central  division 524-546 

WesV'-n  division 564-580 

Standing  timber,  forests,  fores'*  fires,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in — 

Alabama 491,524-530 

Alaska 580 

Arizona 491,568,509 

Arkansas  491,543,544 

California 491,578-580 

Colorado 401,567,508 

Connecticut 500,501 

Dakota 401,561,562 

Delaware 491,511 

District  of  Columbia 511 

Florida 491,520-523 

Georgia 491,510,620 

Idaho 401,571-673 

Illinois 401,547-650 

Indiana 491,6*7 

Indian  territory 491,643 

Iowa -.491,. WO 

Kansas    491,602,503 

Kentucky 491,545,540 

Louisiana 401,530,540 

Maine 401,494-490 

Maryland 491-511 

Mtts'sachuaetU 491,500,501 

Michigan  491,  5.')0-.')54 

Minnesota 491,558  560 

Mississippi 491,5,10-536 

Missouri  401,. 560-501 

Montana 401,504,566 

Nebraska 502 

Nevada   401,571 

New  Hampshire    491,496-498 

Now  Jersey 491,506 

New  Mexico 401,668 

New  York 491,501-606 

North  Carolina 401,615-518 

Ohio 491,547 

Oregon    491,  .'i7fl-578 

Pennsylvania 491,506-510 

Khode  Island 491,500.501 


608 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


»'li  t 


5    A' 

•  1.? 


ft    5  '  f 


Pace. 

StandioK  tinilinr,  foreatii,  furcat  Ores,  etc.,  statlatlcs  of,  in— continued. 

Sniitli  Ciiroliiia 401,  r.l8,  niO 

TcniHHHeo 41)2,  S44,  MS 

IVxiis 4«J,  M0-54;i 

Ittflh 41)'.>,riflll-.-)71 

Virmoiit 402,4118-fino 

Vii-cinirt    4l«,Ml,r>12 

WiiHliiuuton 4»2,  D'a-fwfl 

■VVwt  Virginia 41l-.',5ia-Sir) 

■\Vi8ionniu 40i!,  B54-r)58 

Wjoiiiiug 49J,r«l,0«7 

Slar-Icnv.iil  (iiim 80, 286, 350,  304, 414, 430 

StatlsticH  of  tlie  Itimbeilni;  industry  of  the  United  State*  for  year  ondiug 

May  31,  1880 480,487 

Stkkcim.iace  >; 28,268 

Stinkins(;ednr(TorroyaCalifornictt) 180,334,400,466 

Stinliiiig  Codar  {Torroyn  taxifolia) 186,334,400,406,521 

Stopper  (Uupcnia  lungipen) f^O,  288 

Stopper  (Eugenia  montlcola) 80,288,368,430 

Stopper,  CiurBcou 88,288,366,430 

Stopper,  Kod 89,288,366,430 

Stopper,  Spanish 88,288,360,430 

Stopper,  Wliito 80,288,360,430 

Strain,  trnuHverse,  bebnvior  of  selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under : 

speciuioiis  eiglit  contiuiotcrs  square 414-417 

Strain,  transverse,  behavior  of  the  principal  woods  of  the  United  States 

under 354-411 

Btren;!tli  of  woods,  method  of  determining  the 2S2 

Slreugtli,  transvorso,  and  specilic  gravity  of  certain  woods,  relation  be- 
tween   259-264 

Striped  Dogwood 46,274 

Striped  Mnplo 46,274 

Stroiitbocarpa  odorata 62 

Stro  mbocarpa  p  ub€icen9 62 

Strong  liarlc 114,300,372,438 

Styphnolnbimn  affiTie 58 

Stvkacai-k* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434 

Sugar  and  molnssos,  maple,  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1879, 

amount  of 485 

.Sugarlieny 126,300,370,414,442 

Sugar  Maplo 48,270,358,422 

Sugar  Maple,  Klack 49,270,350,3,18,424 

Sugar,  itiapic,  product  of  Michigan 551 

Sugar,  maple,  product  of  New  York 501 

Sugar,  maple,  product  of  Vermont 498 

Sugar  Pine  188,336,350,400,466,576,578 

Sugar  I'iue  an  important  tree  in  the  Coast  Forest 8 

Sugar  Tree 48,270,358,422 

Sumaeh,  Coral 54,278,360,424 

Sumach,  Dwarf 53,278,300,424 

Sumaeh,  Poison 54,278 

Sumach,  Staghorn 53,278 

Summer  Ilaw  (Crat.Tgus  flara) 83, 266 

Sum  aer  Haw  (Crata'gus  (lava,  var.  pabescens) 83, 280,  304, 430 

Susquehanna  boom  at  AVilliamsport,  Pennsj'Ivania,  number  of  logs  rafted 

ontof,  1802  to  1880 508 

Suwarrow    «...     90, 288 

Swamp  Cottonwood 172,  328,  ,104,  4("i 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  amara) 13!>,  310, 31)0, 380, 446 

Swamp  Hickory  (Carya  aquatica) 136,310,330,380,414,4)6 

Swamp  Laurel 20,206,354,414,418 

Swamp  Maple 50,276,358,424 

Swamp  Pino  202,342,352,406,416,474 

Swamp  Post  Oak 140, 314,  350, 384, 4.10 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak 152,320,388,454 

Swamp  White  Oak 141,314,  38J,  450 

Swamps,  Cvprcss,  of  the  Tensas  river  in  Alabama 525-527 

Sweet  nay 20,266,354,414,418 

Sweet  Birch 162, 324, 392, 4.'>8 

Sweet  Buckeyo 43,274 

Sweet  Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 

Sweet  Leaf 105,294,308,434 

Sweet  Locust  59,280,360,426 

Sweet-scented  Crab 72,284,304,428 

Swietenia 10,13 

Swietcnla  Mahogoni 83,210,253,256,270,350,356,420 

Swirtenia  Sene!)alenii$ 33 

Switch-bud  Hickory 134,310.350.380,446 


Page. 

Sycamore  (Plataoua  occidcntalis) 129, 300, 350, 076, 442 

Sycamore  ( Pla tanus  raeemosa) 120, 306, 370, 442 

Sycamore  (I'latauus  Wrightii) 130,300,376,442 

Sympiocos 11,15 

Symplocos  tinctoria 105,250,234,267,204,868,434 

T. 
Table-mouutalu  Fine 109,340,350,404,472 

Tacamahao 173, 328, 394, 100 

Tullowberry 28,208,360,420 

Tallow  Xut 34,270 

Tamarack  (Larix  Americana) 216,346,353,412,478 

Tamarack  (I.,arix  occidcntalis) 216,348,414,480 

Tamarack  (Pinus  Murrayana) 193,338,330,404,470 

Tamarind,  Wild 64,282,302,426 

TanbarkOak 165,265,322,390,456 

Tan  Bay 26,285,208,354,418 

Tannin  in  the  bark  of  certain  species,  percent,  of 265 

Tannin  values  of  the  bark  of  various  trees 265 

Tar  and  rosin  produced  in  Korth  Carolina,  grades  of 617 

Tar,  turpentine,  and  rosin  industry  of  North  Carolina 516-518 

Tattodii  species  (Sequoia  semperviiens) 186 

Tazodlum 4,11,18 

Taxodium  adaeendetu 183 

Taxodiuni  distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,308,168 

Taxodium  dUtiehum/a$tigiatum 183 

Taxodiuni  dittichum,  var.  mierophyUtttn 183 

Taxodium  dittichum,  var.  nutani 183 

Taxodium  dittiehum,  VAT.  patem 183 

Taxodium  nigantemn IM 

Taxodium  mierophyllum 183 

Taxodium,  next  to  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  the  charaGteriatio  tree  of  the 

Southern  Maritime  Fine  Belt 1 

Taxodiw^  eempervireiu 185 

Taxodium  }Vashingtoni%num 184 

Taxus 11,12,16,672,573 

Taxuabaecata  (Taxns  brevifolia) 185 

Tairuii  baceata,  var.  Canadeiuil 185 

Taxus  liouTsierii 185 

Taxus  brevifolia 185,250,255,258,334,400,406 

Tttxm  Canadeimt 185 

Taxus  Floridana 180,250,334,521 

Taxut  Lindlcyana 185 

TaxuK  montana 186 

Tennessee,  cCTectof  fires  upon  the  forests  of 546 

Tennessee,  lumber  iudustry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 486, 487, 545 

Tennessee,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Tennessee,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  la.492, 544, 545 

Tennessee  valley  in  Alabama,  forests  of  the 528, 520 

Tekx»TK(EMIACE* 25,26,253,256,208,351,418 

Tetranthera  CaliJ'omica 120 

Texas,  Cedar  au  important  tree  in 540  • 

Texas,  lumber  iudustry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in 186,467,541,542 

Texas,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 187 

Texas,  remarks  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr  on  the  forests  of 542, 543 

Texas,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in 492, 51(K543 

Texas,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Long-leaved,  Loblolly,  and 

Short-leaved  Pino  standing  in  the  forests  of.  May  31, 1880 641 

Texas,  the  pecan-nut  an  important  product  west  of  the  Colorado  river  in .         543 

Tliatch,  Brickley 218,348 

Thatch,  Brittle 218,348 

TlieJosh'in 219,348 

Thorn,  Black 70,280,361,430 

Thorn,  Cockspur 76,280,364,130 

Thorn,  Newcastle 76, 286, 3fl<,  130 

Thorn,  Washington 81,288 

Thorn,  White 78,286 

Throe-thorned  Acacia 50,280,360,428 

Tliriuax 11,16 

Thrinax  argontea 218,210,348 

Thrinax  Oarberl 217 

Thrinax  parviliora 217,360,348 

Thuya 7,11,12,16,666,672,573,575,576 

Thuya  Craigana 176 

Thuya  txeelta 178 

Tl>nya  gigantea .-.  .177,  251, 255, 258, 330, 306,  462,  685,  666,  572,  673, 575, 576, 680 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


609 


265 
617 

...  51&-518 
18S 

...  4,11,16 
183 

350, 398, 4ea 
183 
183 
183 
183 
181 
183 

the 

4 
185 
184 
!,  10, 072, 573 
185 
185 
185 

334,400,466 
185 

250, 334,  521 
185 
186 
540 

480, 487,  545 
487 

402, 544, 545 

...  528,628 

208,351,418 
120 
540- 

487,  541,  542 
487 

...  542,543 

402, 510-543 

641 

in.  543 

...  218,348 
...  218,348 
...  219,348 
286,304,430 
280, 364, 430 
286, 304, 430 
....  81,286 
...  78,286 
280, 360. 426 
...  11,16 
218,240,348 
217 
217,360,348 
573, 575, 576 
176 
178 
575,  576, 680 


Pngn. 

TAuya  ^antea  (Llbocedrus  deonrrena) 176 

Thuya  Lobbii 177 

Thuya  Stemieni 177 

Thuya  obtuta 176 

Thuya  orciilentali* 176, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350,  306, 402, 553 

Thuya  oeeidenlalU,  var.  plicata 177 

TIniya  otlorala 176 

Thuya  ptienta 177 

Thuya  Sihirica 170 

Thuya  nphceroidalit 177 

77i  Hi/a  tphctroUlea 177 

Thuya  IForeano 170 

Thuyoptii  borealU 178 

ITiuyoptit  eupretnidei  .         178 

Thuyopaii  TchugaMoy 178 

Thuyopiii  TchugaUkoym 17H 

Thylax^raxineum 20 

Tlilo-lund  SpniPO 206,344,408,474,580 

Tilla 10,11,13 

TUiaaUia 27 

Tllla  Americana 26,250,253,256,208,356,418 

Tilia  Amerii-ana  (Tllla  Amuriciina,  var.  pnbosccns) 27 

Tilia  Americana,  vnr.  heterojthylla 27 

Tilia  Anmricnna,  var.  iml)pHCini 27, 250, 253, 250, 2flS,  350, 420 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  Tfatteri  27 

Ti'Ii'a  Vannileuaia 20 


Ttiia  Caroliniana  . 


27 


glabra 20 

grata 27 

liotcropliylla , 27, 2.'i0, 233, 256, 208,  356, 42» 

heterophyUa,  var.  alba 27 

lall/olia 20 

laxiflura  (Tilla  Amrricana,  var.  pabescent; 27 

Uaiflora  (Tilia  Iiotoropli.vlla) 27 

neglecta 


nigra 

puheacena 

puhcMcenft,  var.  leptophylla  . 

stcnopetala 

truiicata 


Tilia 

TUia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilia 

Tilla 

Tilia 

TiU:t 

Tilia 

Tll.UCK.i; 20-28,  233, 250, 208, 3.W,  418 

Timber  tii'c  of  tlie  Pacific  region,  the  Bed  Fir  the  most  important 7 

Timber,  ntanilin^,  forests,  forcHt  Area,  etc.,  extent  of,  in  the — 

North  AtlnuticdiviHi(m 404-510 

>iortliern  Centi al  diviaion 547-50il 

South  Atlantic  iliviKiou 511-5J;) 

.Soutlieru  Central  diviaiou 6J4-540 

Wcsteru  divisiiin 504-580 

Timber,  Htanding,  forests,  forest  tiros,  etc.,  statistics  of,  in — 

A  iabamn 491, 

Alaslta 

Arizona 401, 

Arltansas 401, 

Oalifornia 401, 

Cohinidn 

Connecticut 491 , 

Dakota  401, 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 401, 

Oeorgia 491, 

Idaho  401, 

Illinois 401 

Indiana 

Indian  territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 491, 

Kentucky 491, 

Loiiisiana 491, 

Maine 491 , 

Maryland 

a\  iiHsachnset  ts 401 , 

M  icliigan 491 , 

Mluncpota 491, 

Mlsslssinpi 491, 

Misso-'rl 491. 

Montana 491, 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampahiro 491, 

Now  tlersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 491, 

North  Carolina 491, 

Ohio 

Oregon 491, 

I'ennsvlvania 491, 

lEhode  Island 491, 

S<Hith  ('arolina 491, 

Tennessee » 492, 

;}9   FOU 


324-530 
580 
308.  309 
.34:1.  .344 
ST.'i-iiHO 
307,  .308 
500,  .301 
301,. 36  J 
491,511 
511 
320,  523 
510,  .330 
571-573 
347-.550 
401,  347 
543 
491,  .300 

.302,  m:i 

513,  .340 
5:16-540 
494-490 
491,311 
.300,  .301 
3.30-3,34 
338-500 
.3:10-3:10 
500,  .301 
.3(M-.30O 
491,  .302 
491.571 
496-498 
4111,  300 
491,  30H 
.30 1 -.300 
31.3-518 
491,. 347 
.370-.3-8 
5UO-310 
500.  301 
518.  519 
344.  .343 


Timber,  •tandinn,  forest*,  foreit  flrsi,  eto.,  Itatlntloa  of,  In— contioaed. 

Texas , 492, 

IT  tab 493, 

Vermont 493, 

Virginia 493, 

WasliingtoD 492, 

West  Virginia 402, 

Wisconsin 492. 

Wyoming 492, 

Till 38,272, 

Tollou 


Page. 

540,541 
5«9-57t 
498.^0 
511,513 
57il-576 
5I2-5IS 
554-568 
600,567 

356,420 
84,286 

Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylum  Araorioannni)  20, 268 

Toothache  Tree  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-IIorculig) 30, 270, 350, 450 

Torchwood 33,270,356,420 

Tornilla 62,280,362 

Torreya 11,12,16,521 

Torreya  Cullfomica 186,250,255,268,334,400,466 

Torreya  Myrisliea 186 

Torreya  taxifolia 186,250,256,258,334,400,406,521 

Tuxicfidendron  arboreteent 83 

Tiixjilon  Madura 128 

Tojon 84,286 

Transmittal,  letter  of Ix 

Transverse  strain,  behavior  of  selected  woods  of  the  United  States  under : 

specimens  eight  centimeters  square 414-417 

Tiansvorso  strain,  Iwhavior  of  tlie  principal  woods  of  the  United  States 

under 354-4U 

Transverse  strength  aad  specitic  gravity  of  certain  woods,  relation 

between 250-264 

Trees  of  tlie  United  States,  weight  of  the  dry  wood  of 249-251 

Trees,  tannin  values  of  the  bark  of  various 269 

Treliiil,  Shrubby 31,270 

Trilopus  dentata 85 

Trllnpiig  nigra 86 

Triloptm  parri/olia 86 

Trili'pus  rotundi/olla 85 

Trilopua  '^irginiana 85 

Tsuga 11,12,10,573 

Tsuga  Canadensis 206, 2,30,  255, 258, 203, 204, 265, 344,  352, 400, 474,  .306 

Tsnga  Caroliniana 207,250,255,258,344,410,470 

Tmiga  Dmiglasii 209 

Tiu^a  Lindlcyana 209 

Tsuga  :Mcrtensiana 207, 260, 255, 258, 205, 344, 410, 470, 565, 572, 373, 376 

Tauga  Pati  iniaua 7, 208. 250, 255, 259, 205, 344, 410, 470,  .303, 573 

Tulipastruin  A merieanum 20 

TuUimntrum  Amcricanum,  vnr.  tubeordatam 20 

Tuliplfera  Liriodendron 22 

Tulip  Tree 22,266,350,354,418 

Tupelo 92, 290, 3CC,  432 

Tupelo  Gum 93,  290,  350.  ,100, 432 

Tupelo,  Large 03,  290, 3.30,  :!Cfl,  432 

Tupelo,  Sonr 91 ,  290,  .160, 432 

Turkey  Oak 151,320.388,454 


Uiiuus 
Ulmus 

ITlm  U8 
Ulraus 
Vint  uit 
Vim  us 
Vlwua 
Vtir.un 
VImua 
tim  ua 
VtiH  ua 
Vlmiis 
Vim  u:i 

riuius 

Vlmua 
Vlmua 
riinus 
Vlmua 
Vlmua 
llmua 
Vlmua 
Vlmua 
Vlmna 


alata 124,249,234,257,304, 

ulba 

Americ.ina 123,230,294,257,200,304,350,374, 

A mericana  (Ulmus  racemosa) 

A  mericana.  var.  alata 

A  mericana,  var.  alba 

A  mericana,  var.  aapera 

Americana,  var.  Jiartramii 

Americana,  var.  pendttla 

A  merica na,  var.  rubra 

Americann,  var.  scabra 

aquatica 

crassilolia 122,240,254,257,304, 

erit.pa 

Floridana 

fulva 122,249,254,257,260,304, 

muUi/olia 

nemoralia 


opaca 

pendula... 
pubeacena. 
pumila  ... 


11,15 

274, 440 
123 

414,440 
123 
:24 
123 
123 
.133 
123 
122 
123 
124 

374, 440 
122 
123 

374, 440 
123 
124 
122 
123 
123 
124 


'Hm/fiA 


610 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


i>;r 


.^    1     11 


Uf^ 


P«ge. 

Ulmiu  racomoM 133, 249, 3M,  2&T,  200, 3M,  374, 440 

VImuinibra 122 

nmbeUoUriit 8,11,12,15 

UmbcUulariaCalifonilM 120, 310, 2M,  2ST,  303, 374, 440, 576 

VmbnlUTreo 21,260,354,418 

VngDwlIk 10-31 

Vngnadia  heptaphyUa 44 

Vivnadia  hettrophyUa 44 

UnsnadU  apcclos* 13,44,250,274,422 

ITplnnd  Willow  Okie 153,320,300,450 

Uro§tigma  p»dunatlatum 127 

VBTICACKiK. 122-128,254,257,304,374,414,440 

ITUib,  Colorado,  and  Now  Mexico,  Chicago  ths  prinolpal  soaroe  of  supply 

of  Inmbcr  for 508,660 

(Tub,  lumber  Induatry  and  mannfacturea  from  wood  In 486, 487, 560 

Utah,  nuik  i>f,  orcordiog  to  ralue  of  lumber  productii 487 

Ctab,  remarks  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Hall,  on  the  forrata  of 600-571 

IT  tab,  statlatics  of  foieats,  forest  Hrea,  atanding  timb<>r,  cto.,  In 402, 500-571 

ITvaria  triloba 23 

V. 

VaeolneiB 7 

ya«:ininm 11,12,15,573 

Taccinium  nrboreum 06,240,292,432 

Taeeinium  diffiuum 96 

Taeeinium  mueronatum 06 

Val pnraiao  Oak 140, 31 8, 386, 452 

Value  and  amount  of  charcoal  used  for  domestic  and  mannfacturing  pur- 
poses during  the  census  your 480 

Value  and  amount  of  wood  used  an  fuel  in  mnnnfuctures,  etc.,  during  the 

ornsua  yiar 480 

Value  nnd  amount  of  wood  usi'd  for  domestlo  pur]>oses  during  the  census 


year  . 


480 
578 


Value,  rconomic,  of  the  Red  wood  of  Califoruia 

Value  of  property  di'Htroyi'd  and  arms  burned  over  by  forest  flres  during 

the  census  year  [tee,  alio,  nnder  state  beiulinKs) 401, 402 

Value  of  tile  forest  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  oenans  year 485 

Values  of  woods,  comparative 252-255 

Vanquelinia 10,12,14 

TauqueliHia  corymboia 70 

Vauqiioliiila  Torreyl ,70, 249, 284 

Vbuiiknack*       116,117,254,257,300,372,438 

Vonnout,  lumber  industry  and  mnnufacturea  from  wood  in 486, 487, 408-500 

Vermont,  nmple-sugar  protluct  of 498 

Vermont,  rank  of,  according  to  valuoof  lumber  products 487 

Vermont,  romurka  by  Mr.  C.  G.  rrini;le  on  the  forests  of 498-500 

Vermont  stiitiaticR  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in  ..492, 498-500 
Vermont,  tabular  statement  of  the  amount  of  Spruce  standing  in  the 

state  of,  May  31,  1880 408 

Viburnum 10-12,14 

Vilmnium  Lenlago 94, 249, 200, 432 

Viburnum  piunifallnm 84,240,253,267,386,432 

Tiburnum  pruni/ulium,  vur. /errugineum 94 

Viburnum  pyri/olium 94 

Vine  Maple 47,274,358,423 

Tirgilia  liiUa 57 

Tirijilia  teeu  niifiora 57 

Viriiiuiii,  Inmlior  industry  and  manufaotnres  from  wood  in 486,487,512 

Vireinia,  rank  of,  acoording  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

Virginia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc..  In  ..  .492, 511, 512 

W. 

Wafer  Ash ; 81,270 

Wahoo  (Euonymusatroparpureus) 38,272 

Wahoo(TiliaheteropbyUa> 28,268,358,420 

Wahoo  (CImnsalata) 124,304,374,440 

Wailiaeinerea 1,30 

WalKa  nigra 131 

Walnut    131.308,378,444 

Walnut,  Black 131,308,350,376,414,444 

Walnut,  Wbita 130,306,376,442 

Wasblngtonia 11,12,16 

Wasbingtimla  flilfera 217,250,255,259,348,414,480 

Washington  territory,  lumber  indiutry  and  manufactures  from  wood 

In ■. 486,487,574 

Washington  territory,  rank  af,  acoording  to  Talue  of  lumber  prodncta  . .         487 
Washington  territory,  remarks  by  Mr.  8ereno  Watson  on  the  forests  of.  S7S,  570 


Page. 
Washington  territory,  statlstlo*  of  forest*,  forest  flraa,  itandlng  timber, 

etc..  In 4»2,573-87« 

Washington  territory,  waateftil  methods  of  the  lombennen  of 674 

Washington  Thorn 81, 2M 

Water  Ash 110, 298, 370, 439 

WaU'r  Beech  (Carpinns  Carolinlsna) 150, 322, 393, 43« 

WaU-r  Beech  (PlaUnus  oMoldenUlis) 139,808,350,376,443 

Water  Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440 

Water  Hickory 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 446 

Water  Locust 80,280,382,426 

Water  Maple 60,270,358,434 

Water  Oak  (Quercns  aciaatica) 162,320,350,388,416,454 

Water  Onk  <Querous  palustria) 152,320,388,454 

Water  White  t)uk 140,314,360,384,450 

Watson,  E.  C,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Utah  by 509-571 

Watson,  8<'reno.  remarks  on  the  forests  of  certain  connties  of  Oregon  by.  677,578 

Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Idaho  by 872,573 

Watson,  Serono,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Montana  by 665, 666 

Watson,  Sereno,  remarks  on  the  forests  of  Washington  territory  by 675, 578 

Watsiiu,  Sereno,  report  on  the  forests  of  the  northern  Kocky  Mountain 

region  by 664,665 

Wax  Myrtle 136, 31?,  380, 446 

Weeping  Oak 138,312,382,448 

Wi;ight,  aKh.  and  npociflc  gravity  per  cubic  foot  of  dry  specimens  of  the 

woods  of  the  UniU'd  States 266-349 

Weight  of  the  dry  wood  of  trees  of  the  United  States 240-251 

WeUingUmia  Oali/oinica 184 

Wellingto^nia  giiianUa 184 

Western  Catalpa 115,300,350,372,414,438 

Western  division,  extent  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc  ,  in 

the   564-580 

West-Indian  nircb 33,270,350,356,420 

West  Virginia,  lumber  industry  and  manufactures  from  wood  in  ..486,487,512-515 

West  Virginia,  rank  of,  according  to  value  of  lumber  products 487 

West  Vliginia,  remaiks  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  on  the  forests  of 512-513 

Weil  Virginia,  statistics  of  forests,  forest  fires,  standing  timber,  etc.,  in. 402, 512-515 

Weymouth  Pine 187,334,330,400,468 

Whiatlewood 48,274 

White  and  Black  Spmces  the  characteristic  trees  of  the  Northern  Forest .  3 

White  Ash 107,296,350,370,436 

White  Basswood 28,208,350,420 

White  Bay 20,200,354,414,418 

White  Birch  (Betulaalbo,  var.  popullfolia) ISO,  324,  ,150, 302, 458 

\Vliito  Birch  (Betula  papyrif.^) 100,324,350,302,458 

White  Buttonwood 87,288,361,430 

White  Cedar  (Chamoicy paris  Lawsoniana)    179, 332, 350, 398, 40i 

While  Cedar  (Cliamicuyparis  spha>roidea) 178, 3.10, 308, 416, 404 

White  Ce<lar(Libocedrusdecurrens) 176,330,390,462 

White  Cedar  (Thuya  occldentalis) 178,330,350,398,403 

White  Cottonwood 176,330,396,402 

White  Cypress 184,334,350,308,400 

White  Elm  (Ulmus  American      123,304,350,374,414,440 

White  Elm  (Uimus  rac«mosa,  123,304,374,440 

White  Fir  (Abies  ooncolor) 213,346,412,478 

White  Fir  (Abiea  grandia) 212,346.412,478 

White  Ironwood 45,274,422 

White  Laurel  20,268,3,54,414,418 

White  Mangrove 87,288,304,430 

White  Maple 49,270,338,424 

Wliite  Oak  (Quercns  alba) 137,286,312,350,380,414,446 

White  Oak  (QuercusGarryana) 138,312,360.382,448,578 

White  Oak  (Quercns  grisea) 144,316,388,452 

White  Oak  (Quercns  lobata) 138,312,382,448 

White  Oak  ((Quercns  oblongifoUa) 144,318,386,452 

White  Oak,  Mountain 143,316,386,450 

White  Oak,  Swamp 141,314,384,450 

White  Oak,  Water 140,314,350,384,450 

White  Pine  (Pinus  flexilis) 188,336,400,468,500,570,571 

White  Pine  (Finns glabra) !. 201, 340, 406, 473 

White  Fins  (Finns  montlcola) 187, 338, 400, 486, 664,  .574, 576 

White  Pine  (Finns  refleza) 189,336,403,468 

White  Pine  (Finns  Strobns) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 608, 551, 554, 658 

White  Pine  standing  in  ths  forests  of  Uloblgan  May  31, 1880,  tabular 

statement  of  the  amount  of 351 

White  Pins  standing  in  the  foresta  of  MinneaoU  May  31, 1880,  UbuUr 

statement  of  ths  amonnt  of 63ft- 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


611 


P»ge. 
White  Pins  tUndlng  Id  the  fora*ta  of  Wiaoontln  May  31,  IBM,  UibnUr 

atatemeot  of  tho  *moant  of SM 

Whito  Pino  the  charactoriitlc  tree  of  tho  Northern  Pine  Bell i 

Whlto  Spraoe  (Plce»  »lb») 204,  M!,  40H,  474,  M2, 804 

White  Spruce  ( Pleea  Engelmannl) MS, »»,  342, 408, 474,  Se4,  r>73,  S74 

White  Spru«e  (Pleea  punffena) 20»,  344, 408, 474 

White  Spraoo  the  meet  importaot  tree  In  thePacUo  region 7 

White  Stopper 89,288,388,430 

White  Thorn 78,288 

White  Walnut 130,308,376,442 

White-heart  Hickory 134,310,360,380,444 

WhltewoocMCanellaalba) 24,288,354.418 

Whitowoo<l  (DryiietoR  crocrn) 121,302,374,440 

WhitewomI  (Lirlodenilron  Tallplfera) 22,266,350,354,418 

Wild  Black  Cherry 68,282,302,428 

Wild  Cherry  (PiiimiitCapuli) 69,202,428 

Wild  Cherry  (Prunua  demiaea) 60,284,302,428 

Wild  China 44,274,358,414,422 

Wild  Cinnamon 24, 268,  SM,  418 

WIldDIIly 103,204,368,434 

Wild  Fig 127,306,376,442 

Wild  Linio  (XuDthoxyluni  Pterota) 31,270 

Wild  Limo  (Ximenia  Americana) 34,270 

Wild  Orange  (Prnniia  Caroliniana) 70,284,362,428 

Wild  Orange  (Xanthoxylum  Clara-Hercolla) 30, 270,  SiiO,  420 

Wild  Peach 70,284,362,428 

Willi  Plum 05, 282,  «62, 426 

Wild  Red  Cherry 68,282,428 

Wild  Tamarind 64,282,362,426 

Willow  (Salix  amygdaloidoa) 1(16,326,304,460 

Willow  (Sail  xIiDviKata) 167,320,304,400 

Willow  (Sallx  laalandra) 107,326 

Willow  (Malix  laaiolopla) 171,328,304,400 

Willow,  lllaok  (Sallx  llaveaoena,  var.  Scooleriana) 170, 32K,  304, 460 

Willow,  Black  (Sallx  nigra) l(m,  326,  .'194, 460 

Willow,  D.wrt 116,300,372,438 

Willow.  Diamond 170,328 

Willow,  Olaucuns 169,328 

Willow  Oak 154,322,390,436 

Willow  Oiik,  Upland 153,320,390,456 

Willow,  Sand  liar 168,326 

Willow,  Silky 171,328 

WinpdElm 124,304,374.440 

Wintera  Candla 24 

Wiaconsiii,  Iuml)cr  Indnatry  and  mannfaotaroa  from  wood  in 486, 487, 554, 556 

Wiaconaiu,  rank  of,  accordlnj;  to  value  of  lumber  products 187,555 

Wisconain,  nimarka  by  Mr.  U.  C.  I'atnam  on  tho  foreats  of 555-558 

WiacnnHln,  Htatintica  of  foreata,  foreat  firea,  atanding  timber,  etc.,  in. 402, 554-558 
Wiaconaiu,  tabular  alatcment  of  the  amount  of  White  Pine  atanding  in 

tho  foreata  of.  May  31, 1880 554 

Witch  Uazel  85,286 

Woodlanda  In  Kentucky,  paaturage  of 546 

Wood,  manufacturea  from,  and  the  lumber  indnatry  in— 

Alabama 486,487,524,525 

Arirona    4H6,487,509 

Aikanaaa  480,487,541 

Calinimia 486. 487,  .578, 580 

Colorado 486. 487,  567,  .■)68 

Connecticut 486, 487, 500,  .501 

Dakoia 486,487,561 

Delaware  486,487,511 

Diatrlet  of  Oilumbia 466,487 

Florida  486, 487, 521, 523 

Georgia 486, 487, 510, 5J0 

Idaho   486,487.572 

llllnola     486,487,.')48-550 

Indiana 486.487,547 

Iowa 486.487,560 

Kanaaa     486,487,563 

Kentucky 486, 487,  .546 

Louiaiuna 486,487,636,537 

Maine   486,487.494-496 

Maryland    486,487,511 

•«  M«ai>achuaett« 486,487.600,501 

Michican    486,487,551,552 

Minneaiita  486,487.538 

Miaaiaaippi 486.487,531 

MlKROuri 466,487,560.561 

Montana 486.487,564 

Nebraaka 486,487,562 

Nevada     486,487,671 

NewUampahire 486,487,497,498 

Ncw.loiTMiv    486.487.606 

New  Mexico 486  487.508 

NewYoik        486.487.502-505 

North  Carolina 488,487,615 


Wood,  mannfactnrea  fron,  and  the  Inuher  iDdnatry  In— eontinned. 

Ohio 4H6, 

Oregon 486. 

PennavWanta 486,4X7. 

Rhode  lalund 480,487. 

South  Carolina 486,  4hv, 

Tennoaaeo 4HH, 

Texaa 480,487. 

UUh 486, 

Vermont 486,487, 

Vhvinia 4H6, 

Waahlngton    480, 

Went  VIrKlnIa .• 488,487. 

Wlac in 4l'8,487, 

Wyoming 486, 

Wood  uaed  aa  fuel  In  raannfaoturee,  etc.,  during  the  eenana  year,  amount 
and  value  of 

Wood  uae<I  tor  domeatio  purpoaea  during  tho  eenana  year,  amount  and 
value  of 

Wooila,  companitlvo  valuea  of 

Wooda,  metboti  of  dotrrrolDinglhu  fuel  value  of 247, 

Woo<la,  method  of  determining  the  atrongth  of 

Woo<la  of  the  United  Statea,  actual  fuel  value  of  aome  of  tho  more  im- 
portant   

Wooda  of  the  United  Statea  nnder  compreaalon,  behavior  of  the  principal 

Wooda  of  tho  Unito<l  Statea  under  tranaverau  atrain,  behavior  of  the  priu- 


cipal. 


Pag* 


487,647 
487,  577 
.'>00-510 
.'■00.  SOI 
518,519 
487,  M5 
.'41, 542 
487,  569 
4U8-50( 
4H7,  SI2 
487, 574 
612-516 
5.54, 6.'>6 
487,567 


489 
252-256 
261, 262 

232 

350-353 
418-481 

3,'>4-414 


Wooda,  relation  between  tranavorae  atrenglh  and  aprclflc  gravity  of 

rcrtaio 259-264 

WtMMla.  apeelHc  gravity  and  a«h  of 248-251 

Womla,  whore  apcelmena  of,  weru  do|iosltod 247, 248 

Wyoming,  lumber  induatry  and  maiiufacturea  ft'oni  wood  in 492, 567 

Wyoming,  rank  of,  acoonling  to  value  of  lumber  piwlucta 487 

Wyoming,  atatiatlca  of  foreata,  foreat  Area,  atanding  timber,  etc..  In.  .492, 566, 567 

X. 

Xanthoxylum 10,11,13 

Xautlioxvliini  Americanum 29,250,208 

Xanthoxlyiim  aromati«ui» 30 

Xanthoxylum  Caribieum 30, 240, 263, 256, 270, 356, 420 

Xanthoxylum  Carolinianum 30 

.YanfAori/Iuin  Catetbianum 30 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-IIercnlia 30, 250, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420 

XanOioxylmn  Olava-Herculi*  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 29 

Xanthoxylum  Clarallereuli»  (Xanthoxylum  Caribicnm) 30 

jroiitAox!/li(m.  Clacallereulit,  var 30 

Xanthoxylum  (JlavaHerculia,  ror.  frutiooaum 30, 250, 270 

30 

29 

20 

30 

30 

30 

30 

29 


Xanthoxyluin  Floridanum 

Xanthoxylum  /raxineum  

XanUioxylum  fraxini/oliwn  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 

Xanthoxylum  fraxini/olium  (Xanthoxylum  Clava-IIcrcuUa) 

Xanthoxylum  Aintutum 

Xanthoxylum  lanceolatum 

XaiitAoxj/luin  mocropAyUuin 

Xanth&xylwn  mitt 

Xanthoxylum  Pterota 31,249,270 

Xanthoxylum  ramiflorum 20 

Xan'AoxvIum  tri«arpum  (Xanthoxylum  Americanum) 28 

Xanthoaylum  triearpum  (Xanthoxylum  Clavo-IIercnlia) 30 

Ximenia 


Ximonia  Americana . 
Ximenia  montana  . . . 
Ximenia  multiflora  . . 


34, 


i0,13 

249,270 

34 

34 


T. 


Taupon 36,272 

Yazoo  delta  in  Miaaiaaippi,  foreets  of  the 635, 536 

Yellow  Aah 67,278,360,428 

Yellow-bark  Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 

Yellow  Birch 161,324,392,458 

Yellow  Cypreaa 178,333,398,464 

Yellow  Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,676 

Yellow  Haw 83,386 

Yellow  Loouat .55,278,350.360,414,424 

Yellow  Oak  (Qnorcna  prinoidea) 143,26.5,316,384,450 

Yellow  Oak  (Quercua  tinetoria) 149,265,318,350,388,464 

Yellow  Pine  (PinuaArizonica) 102,338,402.468 

Yellow  Pine  (Plnus  mitia) 200,  MO,  360, 406, 472,  S2B 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinua  palnatria) 202,342,362,400,416,473 

Yellow  Pine  (Pinusponderoaa)    193,338,360,402,468,602,666,674,578 

Yellow  Pine  an  important  and  ohanetariatie  tree  of  the  Coaat  Forest. . .  8 


(J12 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


TcUow  Poplar 

Tellowwood  (CladmstU  tiuctoria)  . . . 
YoUowwotMl  (Scbn-fforia  frntcscens) . 

Tew  (Taxus  brevilblia) 

Yow  (Taxus  Iloridaua) 

Topon 

yac-» .. 

Tuctia  angutti/olia,  var.  elala 

Ttic:^  angtutifoUa,  var.  radio$a 

Tiicea  baccata 

Yucca  brevifolin 


Tage. 

22,266,354,418 

67,278,360,426 

39,272 

18:),  334, 400, 466 

180,334,521 

36,272 

11,12,16 

219 

219 

6,12,219,251  WS 

.9,13,218,251,348,578 


Pago. 

Yacoa  kianalicDlata 218,249,348 

Tueca  Draeonii,  var,  arbore»eent 218 

Yucca  elatn 219,260,348 

Tueca  filamentoia ai9 

Tueca  Treeuliana 218 

X. 

Ziztjphut  Dominigentii 41 

Zizijjihm  cmarginatui 39 

ZTGOrUYI.LACIiB 28,29,253(266,208,350,420 


11, H' 


m 


ir? 


IP 


I 


f 


t'      -l.t 


Page. 

218,249,348 

218 

219,260,348 

319 

218 

41 

39 

253)  256, 208, 350, 420 


1 


